IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

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■iF.  «»' 


PC* 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  IVIicroreproductions 


Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  init  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  drns  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilmd  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


D 
D 
D 
D 


n 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet6es  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 


I      I    Showthrough/ 


Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualitd  indgale  de  ('impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppldmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6x6  film6es  6  nouveau  de  faqon  6 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


rii    This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

I — I    Ce  document  est  f\\w6  au  taux  de  rMuction  indlquA  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


>l 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grStce  d  ia 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  Images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  synboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^-signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  f  ilm6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

^Sl 


A\ 


Illustrated  Flora 


NORTIIHRX  UXITHI)  STATKS.  CAXADA 


AM)    ike; 


IIRITISII  POSSESSIONS 

From  Nkwi-oinhland  to  the  Parai.lki.  of  the  southern  Bouxdary  of  Virginia, 

AND  FROM  the  ATLANTIC  OcEAN   WESTWARD  TO  THE   I02I)  MERIDIAN 


BV 

XATIIAXIEL    LORD    J^RITTOX,   I'm.  D. 

E.MiKir:  -   I'niii  i>sou   m    liorwy   in  Commima   Inuiksi  rv.  and  Dirkctor-in-Ciiikf 

111       rili:    NlU     ^■(||<K     liillAMl    \I,    CiAKDF.N 
AND 

IIOX.  ADDISOX    BROWN 

I'KKMDKNI     ok    TMK    'J'oRKKV    IJoTANHAl.    CLIH 


Tin;    UKSCRII'TIXE    TEXT 

C'llll.l  l.Y    I'lU  I'M;KD    HV     PkoKKSSOR     liKIl  kin.    with     rill.    A,-.SISTAMK    OF    Sl'Efl  AI.IS  Is    IN 

m:\kk\i.  CJRoi  PS  :    riiE  Fuii  Ris  also   dkawn  undick   his  Sipkrvision 


IX     in  REE    XOLIMES 

Vol.  I 

CPHIOGLOSSACEAE    TO    AI20ACEAE 

iKKNs  TO  c.\Ri'i;r-\vi:i;n 


NEW  \ORK 

CHARLES  SCRlliNER'S    SONS 

1896 


!'i 


f  irT^i'-^faUT  full  i     'i 


-.f^. 


'~; 


•*■'  c 


/  ^-  '■] . 


\.  i 


Col'VKKJlIT    1S96 
II V 

CiiARi.Ks   St  Ri  li.Mcu's  Sons 


Tiiu  New  Eua  I'kintini;  Hmi  sh, 
Lancastbr,  Pa. 


-w 


I 


Contents  of  Volume  I. 


Introduction 


1.  Ophioglossackae  r 

2.  OSMUXDACKAE  4 

3.  HVXIENOPHYIJ.ACKAK  6 

4.  SCHIZAKACKAK  7 


I.  PiNACEAE 


1.  Typhackae 

2.  Si'ARGANIACEAE 

3.  Naiadaceak 

4.  SCHEfCHZERIACEAE 

5.  Ar.ISMACEAE 

6.  Vaijjsneriaceae 

7.  Gramineak 

8.  Cvperaceae 

9.  Araceae 
10.  I,ex;naceae 


1.  Saururacicaic 

2.  JrC.r.ANDACEAE 

3.  mvricackae 

4.  Leitneriaceae 

5.  Sai.icaceae 

6.  HETirr.ACEAE 

7.  Fagaceae 


PTERIDOI'HYTA  i 

5.  polvpodiackae  8 

6.  Marsii.eaceae  33 

7.  Salvintaceae  34 

8.  Equisetaceaic  35 


9.  LYCOPOniACEAR  39 

10.  Selaginellaceae      44 
ii.  isoetaceae  45 


SPERMATOPHYTA  49 

gvmnospermae  49 

49  2.  Taxaceae  61 


Angiospermae 


61 


Moiiocotyledoncs         62 


62 

II.  Mayacaceaic 

367 

20 

Conyai.i.ariaceae 

427 

63 

12.  Xvridaceae 

368 

21. 

Smii,aceae 

43S 

65 

13.  Hriocaii.aceae 

371 

22 

HAEMOnORACEAE 

442 

82 

14.  Bromei.iaceae 

374 

23- 

Amaryi.i,idaceae 

443 

«4 

15.  COMMEI.INACEAE 

374 

24. 

DiOSCOREACEAE 

446 

92 

16.  PONTEDERIACEAE 

379 

25- 

Iridaceae 

447 

94 

17.  JUNCACEAE 

381 

26. 

Marantaceae 

454 

234 

18.  Melanthaceae 

399 

27. 

nURlIANNIACEAE 

455 

360 

19.  LltlACEAE 

410 

28. 

Orchidaceae 

456 

365 

Diiotyledoiies          4S 
Choripetalae            48 

2 
2 

482 

8.   n.MACEAE 

523 

14. 

POI.VGOXACEAE 

541 

483 

9.  MORACEAE 

527 

15. 

ClIENOPOniACEAE 

569 

487 

10.  Urticaceae 

530 

16. 

Amaranthaceae 

586 

489 

II.  IvORANTIIACEAE 

534 

17- 

Phytoi.accaceae 

593 

49<J 

12.  Santai.aceae 

536 

18. 

Nyctagikaceve 

594 

506 

13.  Ari.stoi.ochiaceaic 

537 

19- 

Aizoaceaic 

597 

513 

KXGIJvSH    FAMIIA'   NAMES. 


FERNS   AND   FERN-AIJJES        1 


1.  .\|)I)1;R'S  ToNClK  1'"amii,V  I 

2.  Rdyai-  ii;kn  F.vmii.v  ( 

3.  I'lI.MY-l'KR.V  Hamiiv  h 

4.  Cl.IMIlIMl-IKKN   l''AMir.Y  7 


5.  I'lORN  I'".VMII.V  8 

6.  Marsh. KA  I'amii.v  33 

7.  Sai.vin'ia  1\\mii.y  34 

8.  lUlRSIClAII.  I'".\.MII.V  35 


9.  Ci.iii-Moss  Family  39 

10.  Hki.acinem.a  Family     44 

11.  (JriLi.woRT  Family         4,5 


■('  'nrtii'  ^  rrr-jM-iTT-rift 


IV 


CONTI'NTS. 
SKED-BKARINC,    PLANTS  49 

Si:i;i)s  NAKici)         49 
1.  riNi:  I'amii.v— C(>\iii:ks  49  2.  V|/\v  i.'.\:Mn.v 


1.  Cat-iau.  1'a:mii,v 

2.  U>K  Ri;i:i)  I'AMii.v 
,^.  riiNi>\VKi:i)  Family 

4.  Akkiiw-crass  Family 

,S.   \VAri;Kl'LAN-TAlN 

Family 

6,  Tai'ii-ckass  F'a.mils 

7.  Crass  Family 

5.  Ski)<;i;  I'amii.y 
9.  Artm  Fa.mii.\- 

10.  Di'CK-\vi;i;ii  l-"AMn.\- 


1.  I,IZAIil)S-TAIL  I'a.MII.Y  4S2 

2.  Wai.ntt  Family  .jS;, 

3.  Bayhkrry  Family  4S7 

4.  Curk-wooi)  Familv  jSii 
,S.  WiLi.dw  Family  4(p 

6.  Birch  Family  506 

7.  Bkixii  Family  51^ 


Skkds  knci.osi:i) 
Cotyledon  one 


61 


62 
63 
^5 
S2 

•^4 
92 

9-1 

2.S4 
360 

:,65 


r,2 

1 1.  Mayaca  I''AMILY  }ft- 

12.  Vi:i.i,(iu-i;yi;ii  C.kass 

F'amilv    368 

13.  I'II>i:\V()KI-  I'AMII.Y  371 
\\.  l'tM:AI>l'I.I.  I'"AMn.Y          374 

15.  Si'II)i;ru-(irt  I'amily     374 

16.  l'n.Ki:Ki.i.-\vi:i'.i) 

I''amilv    37v 

17.  RiSH  Familn'  3S1 

18.  BrXtlM-LOUKR    ' 

F'amily        399 

Cotyledons  two  4S2 

Petals  distinct,  or  none  4S2 


19.   I.II.Y  F'AMII.^ 
2.1.  I,ilY()i-tiii;-Vai.i.i;\ 
F"amily 

21.  ,S.MiL.\x  I'amily 

22.  Hl.dODWORT  I"aMILY 

23.  AM.VRYLI.IS  ]'"AMILY 
22.  Y.\M  F.\MILY 

25.  Iris  I'amily 

26.  Arrowroot  F'.vmii.v 

27.  l!rRM.\.NNiA  Family 

28.  Orciiid  Family 


8.  Kl:m  I'amily 

9.  Mii.iiKRRY  Family 

10.  Xettl..  Family 

11.  JIISLKTOL  I'aMII.V 

12.  SaxualwooI)  Family 

13.  BiRTnwoRT  Family 


410 

427 
4,S8 
442 
443 
446 

447 
154 
45.5 
459 


523  14.  HrcK\viii:.\r  Family     541 

.S27  i.s.  C.ooSKKoor  Family       569 

.s.^o  16.  Am.^rantii  Family       586 

,=i34  17.  PnKi'.-\vi;Ki)  Family       593 

,5,^(1  iS.  FOI.-R-O'CLOCIC  FaMI-.V    594 

5,57  19-  Cari'i;t-wi:i;i)  I'.vmily  597 


Latin  I.vdi'.x  oi-  n'ami;s  599 

IC.NOi.isii  I-\iii;.\  (.]■■  X.\.\ii:s  fxiS 


4if> 


IXTRODUCTIOX 


427 
438 
442 
443 
446 
447 
454 
455 
459 


541 
569 
586 

59.-? 
594 


1 


■  "^IIl';  prfsont  wiirk  is  Uit-  first  coinplcle  IlliislraUMl  I'Mcira  published  in  this  country.  Us 
aim  is  to  illustnilu  and  desiriiiu  every  species,  from  the  I'erns  upward,  recoj^ni/ed  as 
•  listinct  by  botanists  and  j;ro\ving  wild  within  the  area  adojited,  and  to  eoni])lete  the 
work  within  siieh  r.KMlerate  limits  of  size  and  cost  as  shall  make  it  accessible  to  the  public 
fienerally,  so  that  it  may  serve  as  an  independent  handbook  of  our  Northern  I'lora  and  as  a 
work  of  j^eiieral  reference,  or  as  an  adjunct  and  su])plenient  to  the  manuals  of  systematic 
botany  in  current  use. 

To  all  botanical  students,  a  complete  illustrate<l  mamial  is  of  the  j^reatest  service;  always 
useful,  often  indispensable.  The  doubts  and  diflicnlties  that  are  apt  to  attend  the  best  writ- 
ten descriptions  will  often  be  instantly  solved  by  fifjures  addressed  to  the  eye.  The  jjreatest 
stimulus,  moreover,  to  observation  and  study,  is  a  clear  aiul  intelligible  guide;  and  among 
the  aids  to  botanical  eiK|niry,  a  complete  illustrated  handbook  is  one  of  the  chief.  Thou- 
sands of  the  lovers  of  plants,  on  the  other  hand,  who  are  not  botanists  and  are  not  familiar 
with  botanical  terms  or  the  methods  of  botpnical  analysis,  will  find  in  the  illustrations  of  a 
complete  work  the  readiest  means  of  com])arisoii  and  identification  of  the  plants  that  grow 
around  them;  and  through  the  accompanying  ilescriptions  they  will  at  the  same  lime  accpiire 
a  familiarity  with  botanical  language.  Hy  these  facilities,  not  only  will  the  study  of  our  na- 
tive plants  be  stimulated  and  widened  among  all  .-lasses,  but  the  enjoyment,  the  knowledge 
and  the  scientific  progress  derivable  from  these  studies  will  be  proportionately  increased. 

Though  most  Huropean  countries  have  complete  illustrations  of  the  flora  of  their  own 
territory,  no  similar  work  has  hitherto  been  attempted  here.  ( tnr  illustrated  works,  some  of 
them  of  great  value,  have  been  either  sumptuous  and  costly  inonographs,  accessible  to  com. 
paratively  few,  or  confined  to  special  groups  of  plants,  or  have  been  works  of  a  minor  ,ind 
miscellaneous  character,  embracing  at  mo.st  but  a  few  hundred  .selected  species,  and  from  in- 
ccmipleteness,  therefore,  unsuited  for  general  reference.  Scarcely  one-(|uarter  of  the  species 
illn.strated  in  the  present  work  have  ever  been  figured  before.  That  no  such  general  work 
has  been  previously  attemjHed  is  to  be  ascribed  partly,  perhaps,  to  the  imperfect  exploration 
of  our  territory,  and  the  insnfliciency  of  the  collections  to  enable  such  a  work  to  be  made 
ajjproximately  complete;  partly  to  the  great  number  of  species  retpiired  to  be  figured  and 
the  consequent  difilcnlty  and  cost  of  the  uiulertaking,  and  partly  to  the  lack  of  any  apj)arent 
demand  for  such  a  work  sutTicient  to  warrant  the  expense  of  the  enterprise. 

The  increased  accumulations  of  material  in  our  largest  herbaria,  the  result  of  m.iltiplied 
explorations,  and  the  widely  extended  interest  in  the  study  (jf  our  native  plants,  seem  now 
to  justify  the  endeavor  to  sup])ly  a  complete  illustrated  work  ailaptecl  to  general  use. 

The  enterprise,  projected  liy  Judge  Hrown,  and  maintained  and  supervised  by  him 
throughout,  has  been  diligently  pro.secnted  for  the  past  six  years.  Its  execution  has  been 
mainly  the  work  of  Dr.  liritlon.  The  text,  founded  upon  a  careful  examination  of  living  or 
herbarium  s])ecimens,  has  been  chiefly  prepared  bv  him,  with  the  a.ssistance,  however,  of 
•siiecialists  in  a  few  gron])s  who  have  contributed  the  descriptions  for  certain  families  as 
stated  in  the  footnotes.  The  figures  also  have  been  drawn  by  artists  under  his  immediate 
supervision;  except  those  of  most  of  the  grasses,  drawn  by  Mr.  Holm,  under  the  eye  of  I'rof. 
Scribner;  while  the  work  in  all  its  parts  has  been  carefully  revised  by  both  authors.  The 
keys  to  the  genera  and  species,  ba.sed  upon  a  few  distinctive  characters,  will,  it  is  believed, 
greatly  facilitate  the  determinations. 

In  preparing  a  new  work  of  this  character,  the  authors  have  felt  that  there  should  be  no 
hesitation  in  adopting  the  matured  results  of  the  botanical  studies  of  the  last  half  century 
here  and  in  I;urope,  so  as  to  bring  the  work  fully  abrea.st  of  the  knowledge  and  scientific 
conceptions  of  the  time,  and  make  it  answer  present  needs.  .Vlthough  this  involves  changes 
in  systematic  order,  in  nomencliiture,  and  in  the  division  of  families  and  genera,  such  as  may 

(5) 


VI 


INTRODfCTloN. 


seeiii  to  sonic  to  )k  too  radical,  no  (loul)t  is  enturlaintd  Hint  tiiiiu  will  fully  justify  tliuse 
clianj;es  in  the  ju(l),'nicnt  of  all,  and  dcinonstralc-  that  the  pLTHianeiit  advantajjcs  to  Botanical 
Science  will  far  outweigh  any  temporary  inconveniences,  as  has  been  already  so  fully  sliown 
in  Ornitliolojjy  and  other  /txiloj^ical  sciences. 

The  work  will  he  completed  in  three  volumes  and  will  he  issued  as  rapidly  as  it  can  he 
priuteil,  the  text  being  already  written  anil  the  figures  drawn. 

Area. 

Tlie  area  of  tlie  work  e\-tends  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  westward  to  the  lo2d  Meridian,  a 
little  beyond  that  of  Ciray's  Manual,  so  as  to  include  the  whole  of  tlie  State  of  Kansas;  and 
northward  from  tlie  parallel  of  the  southern  boundary  of  X'irginia  and  Kentucky  to  the  north- 
ern limits  of  Labrador  and  Manitoba.  I'or  convenience,  the  whole  of  Nebraska  has  been  iii- 
cluiled,  thus  permitting  the  illustration  of  practically  the  entire  l''lora  of  the  northern  por- 
tion of  the  Great  I'lains. 

The  Flora  of  Canada  and  the  British  possessions  not  being  distinguishable  by  any  well 
marked  features  from  that  of  the  adjacent  parts  of  the  L'nited  States,  and  not  embracing 
more  than  about  ,^oo  additional  species,  it  was  deemed  best  to  include  this  more  northern  ter- 
ritory, in  order  to  present  a  manual  of  the  whole  Flora  of  the  northeastern  part  of  the  coii- 
ti'.ent,  with  the  exception  of  that  of  Greenland  and  the  Arctic  Circle,  which  is  much  the 
same  on  both  continents;  nearly  all  the  Arctic  plants  are,  however,  included,  as  but  very  few 
of  them  are  strictly  confined  to  the  Arctic  Zone. 

Figures. 

Within  the  ab  e  area  there  are  over  4,cxx)  recognized  species,  more  than  three  times  the 
number  in  Bentham's  Illustrated  Handbook  of  the  Briti.sh  Flora.  To  illustrate  all  these  in  a 
work  of  moderate  size  and  cost,  only  parts  of  each  plant  could  usually  be  figured,  and  these 
mo.stly  below  life-size.  To  exhibit  full-page  illustrations  would  have  added  fourfold  to  the 
bulk  of  the  work,  and  the  con.seciuent  more  limited  .sales  would  have  necessarily  increased 
the  price  in  a  much  greater  proportion,  and  thus  have  thwarted  the  primary  object,  viz.,  to 
supply  a  work  adapted  to  general  circulation  and  use.  On  the  other  hand,  it  was  found  that 
any  considerable  further  reduction  of  the  figures  in  order  to  reduce  the  size  of  the  work,  would 
be  at  the  sacrifice  of  the  clearness  and  usefulness  of  the  illustrations. 

In  the  general  plan  adopted  and  in  giving  parts  only  of  the  larger  plants,  it  has  been  the 
constant  aim  to  make  the  reduction  of  each  figure  as  little  below  life-size  as  possible,  to  select 
the  most  characteristic  parts  for  illustration  and  to  preser\'e  the  natural  proportions.  In 
these  respects,  it  is  believeil,  the  present  work  will  be  found  to  be  at  least  not  inferior  to  that 
above  nameil  and  often  superior. 

The  cuts  are  all  from  original  drawings  for  this  work,  either  from  life  or  from  heil)a- 
riuni  specimens,  though  reference  has  constantly  been  made  to  publislied  plates  and  figures. 
All  have  been  first  drawn  life-size  from  medium-sized  specimens,  and  afterwards  reduced  to 
the  proportion  indicated  by  the  fraction  near  the  bottom  of  each  cut,  most  of  them  being 
from  ^2  to  -J  of  medium  life-size.  By  this  method  the  illustrations  do  not  sutler  from  the 
use  of  a  magnifier,  but  are  improved  by  it  and  regain  their  full  expression. 

luilargements  of  .special  parts  are  ailded  in  most  of  the  illustrations  in  onler  to  show 
more  clearly  the  floral  structure,  or  minute  organs,  or  the  smaller  flowers.  These  are  in  vari- 
ous degrees  of  enlargeinent,  not  deemed  necessary  to  be  stated.  The  figures  are  uncolored, 
because  coloring,  except  in  costly  work,  obscures  the  fineness  of  linear  definition  and  injures 
the  cuts  for  descriptive  and  educational  uses. 

The  Classification  of  Plants. 

The  IMant  Kingdcjin  is  composed  of  four  Sulikingdonis,  or  primary  groups: 

1.  Thallophyta,  the  Algae,  I'ungi  and  Lichens. 

2.  Bryophyta,  the  Mosses  and  Moss-allies. 

3.  I'teridophyta,  the  F'enis  and  I'ern-allies. 

4.  Spermatophyta,  the  Seed-bearing  plants. 

The  subkingdoms  are  divided  into  Classes,  the  Classes  into  Orders,  tlie  Orders  into  l"am- 
ilies,  the  I"amilies  into  Genera,  and  the  Genera  into  .Species,  a  species  being  composed  of  all 
the  individuals  of  a  kind  capable  of  continuous  successive  propag.ilion  among  themselves, 
an<l  being  the  only  group  marked  out  by  nature  by  such  a  definite  and  positive  boundary. 


INTROUfCTIOX. 


VU 


111  iuldilioti  lo  tliusf  main  ranks,  subordinate  ones  are  soiiietiincs  employed,  when  further 
division  is  desirable:  thus  a  Class  may  be  separateil  into  Subclasses,  as  the  Class  Aii>{io- 
.s|)ermae  into  the  Subclasses  Monocotyledoiies  and  I)icotyle<lones;  I'amilies  may  be  separated 
into  Tribes,  as  in  llie  treatliient  of  Cramineae  in  tlie  following  pages;  Ceiiera  are  often  separ- 
ated into  Subgenera;  and  in  the  case  of  Species,  where  certain  individuals  are  found  to  ex- 
hil)it  features  of  structure  or  aspect  differing  more  or  less  constantly  from  the  majority  of 
the  kind,  these  are  set  off  as  Varieties  or  Subspecies.  Often  tlie  varieties  or  subspecies  are 
subsequently  found  to  be  distinct  species. 

The  variability  of  some  species,  caused  by  the  operation  of  the  forces  collectively  known 
as  the  factors  of  organic  evolution,  is  .so  great,  and  the  variation  being  often  toward  a  re- 
lated species,  that  it  is  sometimes  very  dillicult  to  determine  whether  certain  ir.divi<luals  be- 
long to  one  or  to  the  other,  or  to  a  variety  of  one  or  the  other.  This  leads  to  different  opin- 
ions. The  actual  fact,  whether  of  the  same  species  or  not,  may  usually  be  ascertained  by  the 
close  examination  of  a  large  number  of  sjiecimens,  or  by  growing  the  forms  in  (juestion  siile 
by  side,  when,  if  they  are  the  same,  their  rapid  approximation  will  be  manife.st;  though  if 
their  natural  habitats  are  in  different  soils,  this  latter  experiment  may  not  be  a  satisfactory  test. 

The  grouping  of  .Species  into  C.enera,  and  of  Genera  into  I'amilies,  though  ba.sed  upon 
natural  characters  and  relationships,  is  not  governed  by  any  definite  rule  that  can  be  drawn 
from  nature  for  determining  just  what  characters  .shall  be  sufficient  to  constitute  a  Genus  or 
a  I'amily.  These  divisions  are,  therefore,  necessarily  more  or  le.ss  arbitrary  and  depend  upon 
the  judgment  of  scientific  ex])erts,  in  which  natural  characters  and  aflinities,  as  the  most  im- 
portant and  fundamental  factors,  <lo  not  necessarily  exclude  considerations  of  scientific  con- 
venience. The  practice  among  the  most  approved  authors  has  accordingh'  been  various. 
Some  have  made  the  number  of  genera  and  families  as  few  as  possible.  This  results  in  as- 
sociating under  one  name  species  or  genera  that  present  marked  differences  among 
themselves.  The  present  tendency  of  expert  opinion  is  to  separate  more  freely  into 
convenient  natural  groups,  as  genera  and  families,  according  to  similarity  of  .structure, 
habit,  form  or  appearance.  While  this  somewhat  increases  the  number  of  these  divisions,  it 
has  the  distinct  advantage  of  decreasing  the  .size  of  the  groups,  and  thus  materially  facilitates 
their  study.  This  view  has  been  taken  in  this  work,  following  in  most  instances,  but  not  in 
all,  the  arran,ge«ient  adopted  b}-  Engler  and  I'rantl  in  their  recent  great  work,  "  Natiir- 
liche  Planzenfamilien,"  *  not  yet  (juite  completed,  in  which  all  known  genera  are  de.scribed. 

Systematic  Arrangement. 

The  Nineteenth  Century  closes  with  the  almost  unanimous  scientific  judgment  that  the 
order  of  nature  is  an  order  of  evolution  and  development  from  the  more  simple  to  the  more 
complex.  In  no  department  of  Natural  Science  is  this  progre.ssive  development  more  marked 
or  more  demonstrable  than  in  the  vegetable  life  of  the  globe.  Systematic  Arrangement 
should  logically  follow  the  natural  order;  and  by  this  method  also,  as  now  generally  recog- 
nized, the  best  results  of  study  and  arrangement  are  obtained.  The  .setiuence  of  I'"aniilies 
adopted  50  or  75  years  ago  has  become  incongruous  with  our  pre.seiit  knowle<lge;  and  it  has 
for  some  time  past  been  gradually  superseded  by  truer  scientific  arrangements  in  the  later 
works  of  European  authors.! 

The  more  .simple  forms  are,  in  general,  distinguished  from  the  more  complex,  (i )  by  fewer 
organs  or  parts;  1  2 )  by  the  less  [jerfect  adaptation  of  the  organs  to  the  purposes  they  sub- 
serve; (3)  by  the  relative  degree  of  development  of  the  more  important  organs;  (41  by  the 
lesser  degree  of  differentiation  of  the  plaiit-l>ody  or  of  its  organs;  1  5  1  by  considerations  of 
anticjuity,  as  indicated  by  the  geological  record;  (6)  bj-  a  consideration  of  the  ])henoinena  of 
embryogeny.  Thus,  the  I'teridophyta,  which  do  not  proilnce  seeds  and  which  appeared  on 
the  earth  in  Silurian  time,  are  simpler  than  the  Spermatophyta;  the  Gyinnospermae  in  which 
the  ovules  are  borne  on  the  face  of  a  scale,  and  which  are  known  from  the  Devonian  period 
onward,  are  simpler  than  the  Angiospermae,  whose  ovules  are  borne  in  a  closed  cavity,  and 
which  are  unknown  before  the  Jurassic. 

In  the  Angio.spermae  the  simpler  types  are  those  whose  floral  structure  is  nearest  the 

•■Berlin,  15  volumes,  iS9(t-iS96. 

t  ICiiglir  uiid  I'rantl.  "  NaliirliclK-  rflanzenfainilieii;"  WanniiiK.  "  Sysliinalic  liolany.  isc;5;" 
Vines.  "Sludent's  Hanilbook  of  Holauy,  lSi|,s;"  Riclilti,  "  I'lantae  luinipcae,  iSip;"  Thcinie,  "Flora 
von  Dinitschland,  OlCsterreioli  unci  der  Sclnveiz.  isSd-ivSi;"  rotoniu.  "  Illustrirte  I'lora  voii  Nord- 
uiul  Mittel-Diutsoliland,  iS.S;;  "  .Schleclitendalil,  bauKitlial  und  .Sclictick,  "  I'lora  von  Deulschland," 
firtli  i-dition  by  HallitT,  iSSo-i.SSs. 


VIU 


INTRODICTION. 


structurf  of  thu  hnmch  or  stt-tii  from  wliitli  the  tlowcr  luis  bueti  iiiftiinuirphosod,  that  is  to 
say,  ill  wliiili  tin-  ])arls  of  the  (lower  '  iiioililied  leaves  i  are  more  nearly  separate  or  distiiut 
from  each  other,  tlu'  leaves  nf  any  stem  or  liraiuli  luiny  noriiially  sei)arateil,  while  those  are 
the  most  complex  wliose  floral  parts  are  most  united.  These  priiieijiles  are  ap;)lied  to  the 
arraiineineiit  of  the  Subclasses  Monocotjdedoiies  and  Dieotyledones  iiiilependeiitly,  the 
Monoeotyledones  heiii}^  the  simpler,  as  shown  liy  tlie  less  clegree  of  (litTereiitiatiou  of  their 
tissues,  tlK)Ugli  their  floral  structure  is  not  so  very  different  nor  their  aiitiquily  much  ,i;reater, 
so  far  as  present  information  goes.  I'or  these  reasons  it  is  considered  that  Typliaceae,  S|)ar- 
ganiaceae  and  Naiadaceae  are  the  siiii])lest  of  the  Monoeotyledones,  and  ( inhidaceae  the  most 
complex;  Saururaceae  the  simplest  family  of  I  >icotyledoiies,aiid  Compositae  the  most  comidex. 

Inasmneh  as  evolution  has  not  always  been  progressive,  but  some  groups,  on  the  contrary, 
have  clearly  been  developed  by  de,i{radatioli  from  more  hi.'.hly  organized  ones,  ami  other 
groups  have  been  produced  by  divergence  along  more  th.m  one  line  from  the  parent  stock, 
no  linear  consecutive  se(|iieiice  can,  at  all  points,  truly  represent  the  actual  Hues  of  descent. 

The  se(|Uence  of  families  adopted  liv  b'.ngler  and  I'rantl,  in  "  Naliirliclie  rilan/eiifam- 
ilicii "  above  referred  to,  has  l)een  closely  followed  in  this  book,  in  the  belief  that  their  sys- 
tem is  the  most  complete  and  philosophical  yet  ])resente<l.  The  se(|uence  of  genera  adopted 
by  them  has  for  the  most  part  also  been  accepted,  tlujugh  this  secpience  within  the  family 
does  nut  attempt  to  indicate  greater  or  less  complexity  of  organization. 

ft  was  originally  inlendeil  to  ])reseiit  a  conspectus  of  the  orders  and  families  iiuiudeil  in 
this  work  in  the  Introduction,  as  is  indicated  uixiii  Jiage  62  of  this  volume,  but  as  the  printing 
proceeded  it  was  deemed  better  to  place  this  at  the  end  of  llie  thinl  volume. 


Nomenclature. 

The  names  of  genera  and  species  used  in  this  work  are  in  accordance  with  the  Code  of 
Nomenclature  devised  by  the  I'aris  botanical  Congress  in  1.S67,  as  modified  by  the  rules 
adopted  by  the  botanical  Club  of  the  .\mericaii  Association  for  the  Advancenienl  of  vScience 
at  the  meetings  held  at  Rochester,  Xew  York,  in  .\ugusl,  iSija,  and  at  Madison,  Wisconsin, 
in  August,  if^93.  These  names  were  mostly  elaborated  in  the  "  I.ist  of  I'leridophyta  and 
Spermatophyta  growing  without  Cultivation  in  Northeastern  North  America,"  prepared  by 
the  Committee  of  that  as.sociation  and  published  in  1S94  as  the  fifth  volume  of  Memoirs  of 
the  Torrey  botanical  Club.  The  synonyms  given  under  each  species  in  this  work  include 
the  recent  current  names,  and  thus  avoid  ain'  <lifricnlty  in  identification. 

The  necessity  for  these  rules  of  nomenclature  arose  from  the  great  confusion  that  has  ex- 
isted through  the  many  different  botanical  names  for  the  same  species  or  genera.  Some 
species  have  had  from  10  to  20  different  names,  and,  worse  still,  different  plants  have  often 
had  the  same  name.  I'or  about  2t)o,axj  known  species  of  plants  there  are  not  fewer  than 
7oo,aHi  recorded  names.  Such  a  chaotic  condition  of  nomenclature  is  not  only  extremely 
nnscientific,  burdensome  and  confusing  in  it-elf,  but  the  dilTiculty  and  uncertainty  of  identi- 
fication which  it  causes  in  the  comparative  study  of  plants  must  make  it,  so  long  as  it  con- 
tinues, a  serious  and  constant  obstruction  in  the  puiU  of  botanical  imiuiry. 

The  need  of  reforni,  and  of  finding  some  simple  and  fixed  system  of  stable  nomenclature, 
has  long  been  recogniz.ed.  This  was  clearly  stated  iu  i.Si  ^  by  .\.  1'.  I)e  CandoUe  in  his  Tlieorie 
Ivlementaire  de  la  Hotaiiique  1  pp.  22S-2501,  where  he  declares  priority  to  be  the  fundamental 
law  of  nomenclature.  Mo.st  systematisls  have  acknowledged  the  validity  of  this  rule.  Dr. 
Asa  dray,  in  his  Structural  botany,  says  (j).  ,^4Si:  "  I'or  each  ])lant  or  group  there  can  be 
only  one  valid  name,  and  that  always  the  most  ancient,  if  it  is  tenable;  conse(|uently  no  new- 
name  should  be  given  to  an  old  plant  or  group,  except  for  necessity." 

This  principle  was  applied  to  Zoology  in  the  "  Stricklandian  Code,"  adopted  in  1.S42  as 
Rules  of  the  Hritish  .Vssociation,  and  revi.sed  in  1S60  and  1865  by  a  committee  embracing 
the  mo.st  eminent  English  authorities,  such  as  Darwin,  Ilenslow,  Wallace,  Clayton,  balfonr, 
Huxley,  Hentham  and  Hooker.  In  .Vmerican  /oology  the  same  ditliculties  were  met  and 
satisfactorily  overcome  by  a  rigid  system  of  rules  analogous  to  those  here  followed  and  now 
generally  accepted  by  zoologists  and  palaeon'-ologists. 

At  an  International  Botanical  Congress  held  at  I'aris  in  1S67,  in  which  unfortunately  the 
English  botanists  did  not  participate,  A.  DeCandolle  presente<l  a  system  of  rules  which,  with 
modifications,  were  adopted,  and,  as  above  stated,  are  the  foundation  of  the  present  rules  of 
the  botanists  of  the  American  Association.  These  rules  were  in  part  adopted  also  liy  the  In- 
ternational Botanical  Congress  held  at  (".enoa  in  1S92,  and  l)y  the  .Vustro-C.ermaii  botanists  at 


INTUoDrCTION. 


IX 


I 


llieif  iiiuctiiin;  ill  SiptiiiiliLT.  iS).);  wIiIIl'  in  tlie  qlli  Ijlitioii  of  tlie  I.oikIoii  CiiliiliiKin.' of  liiil- 
i>li  I'ImiUn  piilili'-ln.-d  ill  iScj5,  tlu'x.'  niK's  as  ri.'S]K'Cts  the  ii.'inies  of  j^fiicra  arc  lar^'ily  foUowuiI; 
out  of  .\\'<  KL-iicra  in  ciminion  with  ours,  all  lull  is  hear  the  same  iianies  as  here  .i^iveii. 

It  eaniiol  lie  too  often  repealed  that  the  ohjeel  of  these  rules  is  not  to  iniroduce  new 
lianas,  hut  to  restore  the  old  and  the  true  ones.  The  rules  of  the  Ijotanists  of  the  American 
Association,  adopted  as  aliove,  are  as  follow-^.  A  brief  explanation  of  the  objects  attained 
by  them  is  appended: 

Kri.i:  1.  Priority  of  publication  is  to  I)e  regarded  as  the  fundatiieiital  ])riiicii)le  of  botani- 
cal nomenclature. 

This  has  been  i;eiieiallv  acknowledged  in  theory  as  the  guiding  principle  for  dcterniiiiinj; 
which  n.inie  sli<uild  be  borne  by  an  animal  or  plant  dilTereiitly  named  by  ilifferenl  writers. 
X'arious  causes  have  retarded  its  ap|)licatioii  in  practice.  Its  adoption  is  the  only  practicable 
way  of  securinji  sl.ibilily  to  the  orij^inal  names.  It  has  also  been  ,1,'enerally  considered  that 
the  author  who  first  deliiies  or  dc'-cribes  an  animal  or  plant  is  entitled  to  the  distinction  of 
having  his  own  name  permanently  associated  with  the  name  assigned  to  it;  and  this  is  also 
uecessarv  for  reasons  of  accuracy,  because  in  numerous  instances  dilTereiit  plants  have  lieeii 
called  by  the  same  name.  In  most  cases  the  synonyms  given  in  this  work,  with  the  dale  of 
pul)licalioii,  indicate  the  original  name  and  the  reason  for  its  restoration  under  this  rule. 

ki'i.i-;  2.  The  britanical  nomenclature  of  both  genetaand  species  is  to  begin  with  the  pub- 
lication of  the  tirsl  edition  of  Linnaeus'  ''Species  I'lantaruni  "  in  1753. 

Some  past  date  iiiu-t  of  necessity  be  taken,  in  order  to  fix  the  limits  within  which  prior- 
ity shall  be  reckoned.  Prior  to  the  publication  of  "  S])ecies  I'lantaruni"  in  1753,  the  ab- 
.seiice  of  any  general  liinomial  nomenclature,  anil  the  meagre,  uncertain  and  inaclequale  de- 
scriptions by  most  ]>rior  authors,  make  any  earlier  date  be.set  with  diflicnlties.  The  result  of 
much  discussion  has  been  to  fix  that  work,  with  which  modern  nomenclature  substantiallv 
begins,  as  the  "  point  of  dei)arture."  That  date  received  the  endorsement  of  the  International 
liotanical  Congress  at  <  'lenoa  in  1S92,  and  has  since  been  accepted  l)_v  most  botanists  in  Amer- 
ica and  I';uro])e.     Iiider  this  rule,  no  reference  is  made  to  names  used  prior  to  that  work. 

Rri.i';  3.  In  the  transfer  of  a  s])ecies  to  a  genus  other  than  the  one  under  which  it  was 
first  published,  the  original  specific  name  is  to  be  retained. 

l'"rom  dilTereiit  views  of  the  limits  of  genera,  or  from  further  knowledge  of  a  plant,  it 
often  liap])ens  tli.it  it  must  be  transferred  to  a  different  ,genus  from  that  to  which  it  was  first 
assigned.  Tpon  such  a  transfer.  Rule  3  requires  the  original  name  of  the  species  to  be  con- 
tinued, and  preserves  its  stability.  Thus,  out  of  the  genus  l\>ly(>odiuni  of  Linnaeus,  three 
other  groups  have  Iveii  since  carved,  vi/.,  /'>ivof>lt'ns  \  .tspii/iiiiii  ),  Cv.s/i>/>/f>-is  ii\u\  /'/iixo/>- 
lerls.  The  Long  Heech  I'ern  1  p.  191,  called  /')/i/(J(// //;;//'/;<<,'('/''''''' v  by  Linnaeus,  belongs 
to  the  generic  group  named  l'lici;of<leii<.  by  I'ee  in  iS.So.  Rule  ^  forbids  the  u.se  of  the  new 
sjiecific  name,  /yo/\pi><iiui(li-s.  given  to  this  plant  by  I'ee,  and  requires  the  former  .specific  name 
of  Linnaeus  to  be  preserved,  and  the  plant  thus  becomes  P/iCfiOplriix  P/iev^oftleris,  an  acci- 
dental re-diiplicatioii  that  occurs  in  but  few  instances  in  the  whole  field  of  nomenclature. 
The  Twin-leaf  was  called  /'iii/(if>/i  villi  in  dip/iv!liiiii  by  Linnaeus  in  I7,=;,i,  nuiX  /<\/'/?rso>ii(i  hiiiala 
by  liarlon  in  1793;  I'ersoon  in  i,So5  restored  the  Linnaeaii  specific  name,  making  the  jjlaiit 
JrJ/'crsciiiid  diphylhi,  the  correct  binomial  under  the  rule,  and  the  one  which  the  plant  has 
borne  for  nearlv  one  hundred  years. 

Ril.i';  4.  The  original  name  is  to  be  maintained,  whether  published  as  species,  subspecies 
or  variety. 

Plants  and  animals  are  continually  described  as  species  which  subsequent  authors  con- 
clude are  but  varieties,  and  those  first  understood  as  varieties  ])rove  by  subse(|ueiit  studv  to 
be  entitled  to  specitic  rank.  Rule  .)  maintains  the  first  desi.gnation  as  the  ijrojjer  one,  and 
avoids  much  confusion,     bixamples  are  numerous:  See  I'igs.  2.S,  ^.S,  61  et  set]. 

Rl'l.i-:  5.  The  ]niblication  of  a  generic  name  or  a  binomial  invalidates  the  use  of  the  same 
name  for  any  subse(|ueiitly  published  genus  or  species,  respectively. 

Thus  in  the  case  of  the  Long  Heech  L'ern,  above  cited,  though  the  specific  name  po/vfiodi- 
oiilc.\  is  held  to  have  been  improperly  given  to  it  by  b'ee,  the  binomial,  P/u;i;o/>/rris  po/y/nhfi- 
lu'i/rs,  cannot  be  applied  to  any  dilTereiit  Jilant;  for  if  the  earlier  name  should  for  any  reason 
be  lost  or  discarded,  the  name  polypihlioii/i's  must  remain  available  as  the  next  lawful  sub.sti- 
tule,  and  thus  the  principle  of  nonienclature — once  a  synonym  always  a  synonym. 

This  rule  ojieratcs  to  maintain  one  name  only  for  a  genus  or  species,  and  that,  the  first 
one  applied  to  it,  unless  this  was  jiidperly  the  name  of  another,  in  which  case  the  next  oldest 

■  I'or  a  fuller  discussion  of  this  subject  see  articles  by  Professor  Lester  1'.  Ward,  in  "  Hullelin 
ipf  the  Torrey  liotatiieal  Club.  '  22:  .V''^-.i2'l.  from  which  llie  above  suniiiiary  is  mostly  taken;  by 
Professor  C.  IC.  Hessey.  in  •■.\inericaii  Naturalist,"  29:  fii/j-ofjS ;  by  Professor  \V.  \.  KeUennaii.  in 
"Journal  of  the  Coluinbus  Ilurlieultinal  Society,"  10:  7-10,  and  in  "  Botanical  Ciazette."  20:  4i),S  (70; 
by  Professor  Conway  MacMillan,  in  "  Metasiiennae  of  tile  Minnesota  Valley."  17;  by  Dr.  II.  L. 
Kdbiiison,  ill  "  Holanieal  Cazette."  20-  <)7-io,^.  261-2')^:  by  llr.  1',  V.  CiiviUe.  in  "  liotatiieal  t'.azelte," 
20:  1O2-167,  520-122,  42s,  |2i);  by  Dr.  1".  II.  Knowlton,  in  "  liotanical  Cia/ette.  21:  S2-S5. 


X  INTROUrCTIOX. 

is  to  be  used.  By  mistake  or  inadvertently  the  same  name  has  fre<|uently  been  given  to  sev- 
eral different  genera  or  species,  and  it  has  repeatedly  occurred  that  a  name  believed  I)y  the 
author  to  be  a  synonym  is  shown  by  another  to  be  a  valid  designation. 

Rfi.K  6.  I'ublication  of  a  genus  consists  only,  (  i  I  in  the  distribution  of  a  printed  descrip- 
tion of  the  genus  named;  (2)  in  the  publication  of  the  name  of  the  genus  and  the  citation 
of  one  or  more  previously  published  •-pecies  as  examples  or  types  of  the  genus,  with  or 
without  a  diagnosis. 

Rfl.i-:  7.  I'l'blication  of  a  species  consists  only,  (  i  )  in  the  distribution  of  a  printed  de- 
scription of  the  jpecies  named;  i  2  )  in  the  publishing  of  a  binomial,  with  reference  to  a  pre- 
viously published  species  as  a  type. 

Rri.iC  S.  Similar  generic  names  are  not  to  be  rejected  oji  account  of  slight  difTerences, 
except  in  the  spelling  of  the  same  word. 

Thuii  Epidi'ihfru III  and  Epideiidyon  are  but  different  spellings  of  the  same  word;  only 
one  of  them  can  therefore  be  used;  the  same  of  Elodes  and  Elodea. 

Rii.K  9.  In  the  ca.se  of  a  species  which  has  been  transferred  from  one  genus  to  another, 
the  original  author  must  always  be  cited  in  parenthesis,  followed  by  the  author  of  the  new- 
binomial. 

Thus  Dryopteris  Lomhitcs  (  I,,  i  Knnt/c  1  Fig.  26  1  is  so  cited,  because  Linnaeus  lirst  gave 
the  plant  the  specific  name  Loiit/iiles,  while  Kunt/e  first  combined  that  name  with  the 
accepted  genus  Dryoptcris. 

Rli.K  10.  In  determining  the  name  of  a  genus  or  species  to  which  two  or  more  names 
have  been  given  by  an  author  in  the  same  volume,  or  on  the  same  page  of  a  volume,  preced- 
ence shall  decide.* 

The  Latin  names  of  families  have  mo^tly  Ijeen  adopted  as  currently  used,  without  refer- 
ence to  priority  or  terminations,  as  no  rule  on  tliat  subject  has  yet  been  formally  adopted  by 
botanists.  It  seems  desirable,  however,  that  the  scientific  names  of  families  should  also  fol- 
low some  uniform  system,  and  as  a  very  large  proportion  of  botanical  family  names  have  long 
been  formed  by  the  trrmination  accae  affixed  to  some  prominent  genus  of  the  group,  that 
this  rule  shoidd  Vie  ajiplied  to  the  few  remaining  families  otherwise  named.  All  would  thus 
be  brought  into  a  harmonious  system  of  nomenclature,  as  the  zoiilogists  have  done  by  the 
adoption  of  the  ending  /(/(.•,•  for  all  zoological  families.  The  Ivnglish  common  names  of  fam- 
ilies are  similarly  adopt  id  from  some  characteristic  genus  of  the  group;  as  Pink  Family, 
Mustard  F'amily,  Mint  l"aniily,  etc.  The  Carophyllaceae,  in  the  absence  of  any  genus  Cuiy- 
ophylhiiii,  might  thus  beccnie  Alsinaceae;  the  Cruciferae,  Brassicaceae;  the  Labiatae,  Men- 
thaceae  or  Lamiaceae, 

English  Names  of  Plants. 

The  general  desire  Uir  some  luiglish  name  to  the  ditTerent  plants  described  has  been  met 
so  far  as  possible.  .\11  i;aines  in  common  use  have  been  Inserted,  so  far  as  thev  have  come  to 
the  authors'  knowledge,  except  such  as  were  merely  local,  or  where  tliey  were  too  numeronis 
for  insertion.  An  exception  has  also  been  made  in  a  few  instances  where  a  common  name, 
from  its  false  suggestion,  as  in  the  name  of  Dog's-tooth  Violet  (  p.  4201  for  .\dder's-tongue, 
is  calculated  to  mislead  as  to  the  nature  of  the  plant.  Where  no  previous  names  in  common 
use  could  be  found,  the  names  given  are  founded  on  some  characteristic  circumstance  of  de- 
scription, habitat,  site  or  author.  Names  used  in  ICngland  have  been  freely  availed  of,  but 
the  use  of  the  same  common  name  for  different  plants  there  and  here  has  occasionalh'  re- 
quired the  omission  of  one  or  the  other.  The  use  of  the  same  name  for  different  plants  has 
been  rejected,  except  where  there  is  no  such  ckise  allinily  or  resemblance  between  them  as  is 
likely  to  cause  confusion. 

Pronunciation. 

In  botanical  names  derived  from  (ireek  or  Latin  words,  their  compounds,  or  derivatives, 
the  accent,  according  to  the  ordinary  rule,  is  placed  upon  the  penultimate  syllable,  if  it  is  long 
in  Latin  (|uantity;  otherwise,  upon  the  antepenult.   .Many  names,  however,  have  been  given  to 

■'The  rules  have  been  cliisely  followed  in  the  publicatidiis  uf  Tin-  I'liited  States  Xatioiial  Mu- 
seum; the  Divisions  of  Holaiiy  and  I'oreslry  of  the  t'nited  Slatis  Diparliiu'iit  of  .\tfricuUiire;  The 
-Missouri  Hotauical  ('■arden:  The  Torrey  liotaiiical  CUib;  Tlie  rnivtisity  of  Nebraska;  The  Hotati- 
ie\il  Survey  of  Nebraska;  The  De])arliiu'iit  of  liulaiiv  nf  Columbia  I'liiversity;  The  Ceolotjieal  and 
Natural  History  Survey  of  Minnesota:  The  liotaiiieal  Survey  nf  Indiana,  and  many  other  societies 
and  iiistilulioiis,  .Vlso  in  Professor  SarKeiils  "  Silva  nl"  North  .\nieriea;'  I'rofessor  I'liderwood's 
"Native  I'erus  and  tlieir  .Mlies;  "  I'rofessor  Kellennan's  "  Plants  of  Ohio;"  Mr.  Newhall's  ".Shrubs 
of  Northeastern  .\nieriea;''  and  by  a  lar^e  number  of  other  authors  in  less  extensive  wriliiij;s. 


INTRonrCTION. 


XI 


onlv 


plants  in  honor  of  individuals,  wliitli,  haviiif,'  notliing  Latin  ahout  thcni  except  the  terminal 
form,  and  the  j)roniinciation  jiiven  to  them  liy  botanical  authors  lieinj^  diverse,  are  here  ac- 
cented like  the  names  of  the  persons,  so  far  as  euphony  will  permit.  This  rule  is  followed 
because  it  is  believeil  to  agree  with  the  prevailing  usage  among  botanists  in  ordinary  speech; 
because  it  is  in  accord  with  the  commemorative  object  of  such  names,  which  ought  not  to  be 
obscured  by  a  forceil  and  unnatural  pronunciation;  and  because  the  test  applied  to  words 
properly  Latin,  viz.,  the  usage  of  the  Latin  poc's,  cannot  be  applied  to  words  of  this  class. 
We  therefore  give  Torreyi,  V:\seyi,  Careyi,  Jamesii,  .\lleni,  rather  than  Torrcyi,  Vaseyi, 
Careyi,  Jamesii,  Allcni. 

The  acute  accent  is  useil  to  denote  the  short  Knglish  sound  only;  as  in  b:it,  bet,  bi<l,  Tiot, 
niit;  ihe  grave  accent,  to  denote  either  of  tlie  other  i*;nglish  sounds,  whether  long,  broad  or 
open;  as  a  in  bale,  biill,  bar,  bare,  laud;  cin  eve,  there;  ;  in  pine,  pique,  machine;  o  in  note, 
move;  «  in  pure,  rude.  The  accent  for  the  short  or  longer  luiglish  sound  is  based  upon  cur- 
rent I'jiglisli  u.sage,  as  given  in  the  chief  English  dictionaries  from  Walker's  to  tlie  most  re- 
cent, and  without  reference  to  the  supposed  ancient  jironunciation. 

Much  diversity  has  been  found  in  botanical  works  in  the  accented  syllal>le  of  many  mod- 
ern Latin  adjectives  ending  in  -inns,  -ina,  -inum,  clerived  from  Latin  words.  As  these 
adjectives  are  derived  from  Latin  roots  and  are  regularly  formed,  their  pronunciation  sh  mid 
pro])erly  follow  cla.ssical  analogies.  When  signifying,  or  referring  to,  time,  material,  or  in- 
animate substances,  they  should,  therefore,  according  to.\ndrews&  Stoddard's  rule,  have  the 
penult  usually  short,  and  the  accent  on  the  ante])enult;  as  in  gossipina,  cannabina,  secalina, 
salicina,  amygdalina,  and  other  adjectives  derived  from  plant  names,  like  the  classic  nanl- 
inus,  cyprinus,  faginus.  When  these  adjectives  have  other  significations  than  those  above 
referred  to,  the  penult  under  the  ordinary  Latin  rule  is  usually  long  and  accented;  as  in 
lupulina,  leporina,  hystricina,  like  the  classic  ursiiia,  canina. 

The  Use  of  Capital  Letters. 

In  accordance  with  the  reconnnendations  of  the  Conmiittee  on  Nomenclature  of  the 
liotanical  Club  «( the  .American  As.sociation  for  the  .Advancement  of  Science,  specific  or  var- 
ietal names  derived  from  persons  or  ])laces,  or  used  as  the  genitive  of  generic  names  or  as 
sulistantives,  art  printed  with  an  initial  cai)ital  letter.  There  is  much  dilTereiice  of  opinion 
as  to  the  desirability  of  this  practice,  many  liotanists,  and  almost  all  zoologists,  following 
the  principle  of  writing  all  specific  names  with  a  small  initial  letter.  Should  this  custom  pre- 
vail, much  information  concerning  tlie  history  and  significance  of  t)ie  specific  names  would 
be  lost.  Thus  in  the  Tulip-tree,  /.in'ci/finfroii  7'ii/i/>.i/'i'i<i,  the  specific  name  riilipiftra  was 
tlie  ancient  generic  name;  and  tlie  same  with  I.ythntin  Siiliuin'n,  L.  /fyssofyl/(>liii.  /..  I'lil- 
iiocin'ii,  and  many  otlicr  species.  In  all  other  forms  of  writing,  personal  adjectives  such  as 
yiiltal/ii,  E>ii;tiiii(iii>ii  or  7'ontyi  are  printed  with  capitals.  We  adhere  to  the  ordinary 
literary  yyiii^t. 

Varieties 

are  panted  as  triiuMnials,  e.  g.,  Kyii<iiospora  i^loiiurala  paiiicm'nid,  the  contraction  v  ir.  or 
the  Crreek  1  tters  n  or  ^  commonly  inserted  lietweeii  the  specific  and  varietal  name  l)eing 
dispensed  with.  The  comma  sometimes  placed  between  the  specific  or  varietal  name  and 
I'l.;  name  of  the  author  is  omitted,  in  accordance  with  the  opinions  of  tlu  same  committee. 

Assistance. 

Cordial  acknowledgment  for  assistance  and  advice  is  hereby  tendered  to  I'rofessor  Tlu)mas 
C.  Porter,  who  lias  continuously,  from  the  iiicejilion  of  the  enterprise,  coi')perated  in  its  exe- 
cution !)'•  suggestion,  information  and  the  coiuribnlioii  of  specimens,  and  who  has  read  all 
the  proofs;  to  Mr.  luigene  1'.  llicknell,  who  h  is  supplied  many  specimens  and  read  the  proof- 
sheet->;  to  I'rofessor  Lucieii  M.  fiiderwood,  for  the  text  of  the  I'leridoiihyta;  to  Mr.  I'rederick 
V.  Coville,  for  the  text  of  the  Jimcaceae;  to  Dr.  John  K.  Small,  for  the  text  of  rolygonaceae 
i.iid  Huphorbiaceae,  and  for  assistance  and  critical  notes  <m  many  other  families;  to  Mr.  Ceo. 
V.  Nash,  for  the  text  of  the  Cirainiiieae;  to  I'rofessor  I".  Lam.son-Scribner,  for  supervising  the 
drawings  of  tlramineae,  and  for  manuscript  notes  on  many  genera  and  species  of  that  family; 
to  Mr.  .Arthur  lloUick,  for  supervision  of  the  drawings;  to  Mr.  Ivhnund  1'.  Shelilon, 
for  tile  text  of  Lemnaceae;  to  Mr.  Charles  !•:.  Smith,  for  critical  eNaminatioii  of  the  final 
proof -slieets,  and  to  many  others  who  l)y  the  contriliution  of  siiecimeiis  or  notes  h.ive  facili- 
tated tlie  imxluetion  of  the  work. 


Xll 


IXTRODrCTION. 


The  text  for  the  families  Tvphaceae,  Si)argaiiia  :eae,  Naiadaceae,  St'heuclizeriaceae,  Ara- 
ceae,  Kriocaulaceae,  I'ontederiaceae,  Smilaceae  and  Orchidaceae,  was  prepared  by  the  late 
Rev.  Thoiiias  Moroii.tf,  and  has  been  printed  with  very  little  change  from  his  niannscript. 

Draughtsmen. 

Most  of  the  drawings  have  been  executed  by  Mr.  V.  Ivtnil;  he  has  made  all  the  figures  of 
the  I'teriilophyta,  Gymnosperniae,  ami  nearly  all  of  the  Monocotyledones,  with  the  exception 
of  tho.se  of  t'.ramiiieae,  Melanthaceae,  Ijliaceae  and  Convallariaceae;  also  nearly  all  of  the 
apetalous  Choripetalae,  and  a  consi<lerable  jjortion  of  the  Sympetalae.  Miss  IMillie  Tinimer- 
inan  i  now  :\Irs.  Heinrich  Kies  i  clrew  the  bulk  of  the  polypetalous  Choripetalae,  the  enlarged 
parts  being  mostly  inserted  by  Mr.  .\rthur  Holliek;  she  al.so  did  some  work  on  several  of  the 
sympetalous  fanulies.  :Mr.  Joseph  nridgham  drew  the  Melanthaceae,  Liliaceae  and  Conval- 
lariaceae; also  the  Ericaceae,  rrimulaceae  and  several  related  families.  Mr.  Theodor  Holm 
drew  most  of  the  Gramineae.  Mr.  Hollick  has  made  .some  drawings  and  numerous  enlarge- 
ments of  special  parts  throughout  the  work.  :SIiss  Mary  Knight  and  Mr.  Rudolph  Weber 
have  al.so  contributed  drawings. 

Symbols  Used. 

°    is  use<l  after  tigures  to  indicate  feet. 

'    is  used  after  figures  to  indicate  inches. 

"  is  used  after  figures  to  indicate  lines,  or  twelfths  of  -in  inch. 

-■    over  syllables  indicates  the  accent,  and  the  short  blnglisli  .sound  of  the  vowel. 

V    over  syllables  indicates  the  accent,  and  the  long,  broad,  open  or  close  luiglish  sound. 

Ni;\v  VOKK,  August  l.sth,  iSy6. 


< 


ILLUSTRATED   FLORA. 


Subkingdom  PTERIDOPHYTA.* 


KI'KXS    AXI)    KI'RX-AI.I.IHS. 


Plants  containing  woody  and  vascnlar  tissnes  in  the  stem  and  producinjr 
spores  asexually  winch,  on  termination,  develop  small  flat  mostlv  -reen  stnic- 
tnres  called  prothallia  ( Rametoi)hyte ).  On  these  are  horne  the  sexnal  repro- 
ciictne  oi-Rans,  the  female  known  as  archejrones,  the  male  as  antherids  From 
the  tertih/ation  of  the  oosphere  of  the  archegone  by  s])ermato.oids  i)rodticed  in 
the  antliends,  the  asexual  phase  (sporophyte)  of  the  plants  is  developed  •  this 
phase  is  represented  1)>-  an  ordinary  fern,  I\copod  or  horsetail. 

Tliis  subkinploni  comprises  about  4000  liviiiK  species,  of  which  more  than  three-fourths 

those  Hvin'l  T  ,?'"'"'  '"'^T'-,?^^''  number  of  extinct  species  known  prol.aJ.Tj  e.xceeds 
t  ose  hvit  -  1  hey  appeared  on  the  eartli  in  the  earlv  part  of  the  I'alaeo/oic  Era  reached 
iu^^^'A  '*/'"""^'''"^''  "'  ^^"'■•'""ifenms  Time,  but'have  since  been  n.ahdv  replaced  by 
plants  of  higher  organi/^at.on,  so  that  at  present  tl>ev  form  o.ily  about  one-fiftkHh  of  t   e 

ScTreiarennitllre     "'°''""''  ''°'"''  ""'''^''  "'"■"  'P'''''  ''"'''''''''  ">«  season  at  which  ule 

Family   i.     OPHIOGLOSSACEAE  Presl,  Pterid.  6.       1836. 

Akdiir's-toncik  K.vmh.v. 

More  or  less  .succulent  plants  consisting  of  a  stem  and  leaf  urowinsr  from  a 

hesUy  root.      S])()ranj.es  formed  of  the  interior  tissues,  naked,  horne  in  a  spike 

or  panicle  and  openn.jr  at  maturit>-  l,y  a  transverse  slit.     Spores  copious,  ^•ellow. 

1  rothalluim  subterranean,  devoid  of  chloroi)livll. 

natiiJ3'I7sSen/Asia!'"""'""'  ''■^"''■^'"'"^  ""  '"'H'  OMUi.K.nts  ;  Hr.  tl.inl,  /r,i„n„//,„s,,u„n  is 


Veins  rcliculali-  ;  sporanKcs  ccilu'rinu  in  a  disticln.us  spike 
\  cms  iR-e  ;  spiiranKcs  iHstincl,  Ixinie  in  spikes  ur  panicles. 


1.  O/'liii'iilossii m. 

2.  tit)/ 1  Villi  It  III. 


I.    OPHIOGLOSSUM  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1062. 


175.V 


bow  plants  from  a  small  fleshy  rootstock,  with  slender  fleshy  toots,  the  bud  for  the 
following  year  formed  at  the  side  of  the  base  of  the  ste.n.  Leaves  solitary,  borne  on  the 
stem,  simple  in  our  species.  Spike  terminal,  forme.l  of  the  two  rows  of  larire  coalescent 
sporan«es.  \-euis  of  the  leaf  reticulate.  Spores  copious,  sulphur-vellow.  [Name  Vrom 
Iht  l.reck,  signifying  the  tongue  of  a  snake,  in  allusion  to  the  narrow  spike  of  sporanges.] 

r„inul'i",',".'l,."'  *'''m''*''  ','5'  ."••'•'-",  ff^'>'Kraphic  distribution,     liesi.les  llie  fnllowiiiK    three  ..lliers  -ire 
^'""''  '"  "'^'  "oiitllern  I'mted  .St.ites,  one  of  them  exlendinR  to  Calilornia. 

*Text  contributed  liy  Professor  LuciKN  M.  I'ndkrwood. 

I 


2 

"3" 


OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 

I.  Ophioglossurn  vulgatum  L. 

tdiisue.     (Fig.  I. ) 


Adder' s- 


Op//ii'i;/ii-:.S!lll/   :'llli;il/ll  III    I,.  Sl>.  I'l.   Iii(i2.      175,?. 

Rootstock  short,  ol)lic|ue  ;  stem  slender,  erect,  siiii- 
plp,  glabrous,  2'-i2'  liigli,  bearing  the  sessile  thiu 
ovate  or  elliptic-oblon,tj  leaf  ("sterile  segment)  near  its 
miiUUe ;  sterile  segment  i'-^'  long,  'j'-i'^'  wide, 
rather  firm  in  texture,  distiiicllv  reticulated;  spike 
solitary,  ','-1'  long,  erect,  the  axis  extending  beyond 
the  sporangcs  into  a  point. 


Ill  iiioist  nii'iiddHS  and  thickets,  or  soini-tinu-s  on  dry 
liillsidcs,  I'rinci-  Ivdward  Island  to  .\laska.  south  to  New 
Jersuy,  Ktntucky  an.l  .\rizoiia.  .Vlso  in  ICuroi)c-,  .\sia, 
.\frica  and  .\nstra1ia.     .May-.\us. 


2.    BOTRYCHIUM  S\v.  Schrad.  Joiini.  Hot.  2  ;  ,S.       iS( 


)0. 


Fleshy  plants  with  short  erect  rootstocks,  and  clustered  fleshy  roots,  the  bud  for  the 
succeeding  year  imbedded  in  tiie  base  of  the  stem.  Sterile  portion  (leafj  pinnatcly  or  ter- 
nately  divided  or  compound,  the  fertile  portion  pinnate  or  tripinnate  with  sessile  d'stinct 
sporauges  in  rows  on  either  side  of  its  branches,  forming  large  panicles  in  some  species. 
Veins  free.  Spores  of  varicius  shades  of  yellow.  [Cireek,  in  allusion  to  the  grape-like 
clusters  of  sporangcs.] 

.Vbont  lo  spt.-ci(_-s,  mostly  natives  of  the  nortlu-ni  lu-inisijliori-,  oni.'  or  two  occurrinsf  in  .Vustnili.i. 
Uesidc'S  the  followinsf.  another,  /■'.  Ihnruli-.  occurs  in  Alaska. 

Bud  for  the  I'ollowiny  year  enclosed  in  the  l):\sc  of  the  stem  :  plants  mostly  smill. 

Vernation  wholly  straight  :  sterile  portion  simple  or  2-')-lol)ed.  i.   />'.  siiiifthw. 

Wrnalion  jiartly  inclined  in  one  or  both  portions. 

iUids  glabrous  :  sterile  portion  ijiiniale  :  small  plants,  niature  in  early  summer. 
.Sterile  ixirtion  .alone  belli  in  vernation,  its  segments  fan-shaped. 

2.    /.'.   l.lllhin'il. 

lioth  portions  bent  in  vernation  :  segments  of  sterile  portion  narrow. 

,?.   /).    iiiii/iiiiiriiii/nliiiiii. 
Ihul  ))ilose  :  sterile  puitiou  leriiale,  loiiu  stalked  :  lartfer  plants,  mature  in  autumn.' 

4.  />'.  Iiiiiiiliiiii. 
Vernation  wholly  inclined,  recurved  in  llie  fertile  portion  ;  sterile  portion  trianitular.  sessile. 

5.  A',  laiu'ivliiliiiii. 

find  enclosed  in  a  cavity  .it  one  side  of  the  base  of  the  stem  ;  sterile  portion  ternate  and  coni))ouiid  ; 
plant  larse.  6.   /.'.    riixiiiniiiiiiii. 


I.  Botrychium  simplex  K.  Hitchcock. 
Little  (irape-feni.      (  Fig.  2.  ) 

Bolvyiliiiiiii  siiiiplii   !■;.  Hitchcock,  .\iiier.  Jouiii.  Sci.  6:  lo;. 

l.S2,V 

Plant  2'--'  high,  slender,  very  variable.  vSterile  por- 
tion ovate,  obovate  or  olilong,  entire,  lobed  or  pinnatcly 
parted,  borne  near  the  base  of  the  stem  or  higher,  some- 
times above  the  middle;  fertile  portion  a  simple  or 
slightly  compound  spike,  sometimes  reduced  to  only  a 
few  sporangcs ;  spores  large  for  the  genus,  minutely 
tubercnlatc;  bud  for  the  following  year  enclosed  in  the 
base  of  the  stem  ;  apex  of  both  fertile  and  sterile  portions 
erect  in  vernation. 

In  moist  woods,  meadows  or  swamps.  Prince  lidward 
Island  to  Maryl  ind.  w.'st  to  Wyoming  and  California.  .\lso 
in  northern  Huropc.     May  June. 


icssilo. 


^ 


ADDHR'S-TONOrH   l-A:\inA'.  3 

2.    Botrychium  Lunaria  ( I,,  i  S\v.     Mooinvort.     (  Fij;.  3. ) 

(hiiiiiii(/<i  l.iiinuia  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  t'*>^.     I75,v 

llnlrVili.'Kiii  I.iiiKji  iti^w.  Si'lind.  Joiirii.  liol.  2;  110.     iS(ki. 

riant  very  llesliy,  2'-i2'  high.  Sterile  portion 
usually  sessile,  home  at  or  above  the  middle  of  the 
stem,  ])innatc  with  2-S  pairs  of  lunate  or  fan-shaped 
lohes  which  vary  from  crenatc  to  entire  and  are  either 
close  and  iniliricaled  or  distant ;  fertile  ])ortion  2-,'- 
pinnate,  often  dense,  i'-2'  long,  often  about  tho 
height  of  the  sterile  ;  bud  for  the  following  year  glab- 
rous, enclosed  in  the  base  of  the  stem ;  apex  only  of 
the  sterile  portion  bent  over  the  nearly  straight  fertile 
portion  in  vernation. 

XiwfdundlaiK!  In  Alaska,  snutli  Id  Cntnu'cticul.  ciiitral 
N\\v  Vork,  Mit'liii;aii,  liritisli  Cnlunibi.i  and  in  tlu-  Kinky 
McpuiUains  in  Cdlnradn,  nioslly  in  fic-Uis,  AIsd  in  north- 
iru  luiropi'  and  Asia.     Jmu    July. 


I'.r. 


3.  Botrychium  matricariaefolium  A 

Matricar>-  ( ir.ipL-fcrn.      1  l-'i^-.  4.  ) 

Pi'liyiliiii  III  luiilriiiiriiii  /'I'liiiiii  .\.  lir.  in  Dcnll.  Kluin. 

Plant  2'-i2'  high,  often  very  fleshy.  Sterile 
portion  borne  above  the  middle  of  the  stum,  short- 
stalked,  ovate  or  oblong,  1-2-pinnatifid  or  rarely 
2-pinnate,  with  obtuse  divisions  and  narunv  toothed 
segments;  nndveins  disappearing  by  continued 
branchin.g:  fertile  portion  2-vpinnate.  often  nuu  h 
branched  ;  spores  tuberculate  ;  bud  for  the  follow- 
ing year  glabrous,  enclosed  in  the  base  of  the  stem 
rpex  of  both  sterile  and  fertile  portions  turned 
down  in  vernation. 

In  jfrassy  wiM ids  anil  swamps,  Xova  Scotia  to  New 
Jersey,  west  to  Ohio.  .Vlso  in  Washintflon  and  in  Ivu 
rope.     May-June. 

4.    Botrychium  ternatum  ( Tliiml),  )  vSw.    Teniate  Crape-fcrii.     (  Fij^.  5.  ) 

Osiii II  11,1(1  Iciiialii  Tliuub.  I'M.  Jap.  ,(29.     17^1, 
lioliwhiiiin  Iciniiliiiii  S\v.  Sohrad.  Jouni,  Hot.  2:111.    iS.hi. 

Plant  4'-i6' high,  very  fleshy,  often  slightly  pubes- 
cent. Sterile  portion  long-stalked  from  near  the  base 
of  the  stem,  broadly  triangular,  ternatc,  variously 
compound,  the  divisions  stalked  ;  ultimate  segments 
varying  from  round-reniform  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
their  margins  entire  or  finely  incised  ;  bud  for  the 
following  year  pilose,  enclosed  in  the  base  of  the  stem ; 
ajKx  of  both  portions  bent  down  with  a  slight  inward 
curve  in  vernation. 

In  moist  meadows,  woods  and  on  hillsides.  Nova  Scotia 
to  I'lnrida,  west  to  California.  .\lso  in  i;iiroi>e,  eastern 
.\sia  and  .\nstralia.  The  sterile  iHirtion  is  ])ersistent 
through  the  winter.     Sei)t.-IKe. 

Varies  greatly  ;  the  lariifc  forms  are  known  as  var.  mis- 
li  oh\  smaller  forms  with  ol)lii|iiely  lanceolate  segments 
as  var.  (ihlii/iiinii,  similar  forms  with  finely  dissected  sip- 
nieiits  as  var.  (/is.sii  /Kill,  and  small  forms  with  nmndisli- 
renifortn  segments  as  var.  liiiiaiioiilfs. 


OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 


5.  Botrychium  lanceolatum  i  8.  (',.  C.md.  )  An^s.      LancL-lcaved  ('.rape- fern 

(  Fi<r.  h.  ) 


Osiiiiiii(l(i  la.uriiliila  S.  C.  Cnu-l.   Xnv.  CdiiitiKiil. 
Ac:i(l.  I'Ltri'p.  12:  51(1.     x-hS. 

Jl(i/ivcliiii))i  lii:iii ulii/iiiii  AiiK^.  Hill.  Xolisc-r,  1854; 

Plant  3  -9'  liigli,  soinewlial  fleshy.  vSterile 
jiortioii  losely  sessile  at  the  suiniiiit  of  the 
stem,  I '  or  more  wide,  3-lol)ed  or  broadly  trian- 
gular and  2-pinnatirid,  the  ultimate  segments 
lanceolate,  acute,  oblique,  entire  or  dentate; 
midvein  continuous,  with  forking  veinlets ;  fer- 
tile portion  slightly  overtopping  the  sterile, 
short-stalked,  2-,vpinnate  ;  bud  for  the  follow- 
ing year  glabrous,  enclosed  in  the  base  of  the 
stem  ;  fertile  portion  recurved  its  whole  length 
with  the  shorter  sterile  portion  reclined  upon  it 
in  vernation. 

In  nK'a<lnus,  wciods  aii<l  s\v;ini])s.  N'uva  Scdlia  to 
Alaska,  soutli  to  Ni'W  Jc-rsuy,  Ohio  and  in  the 
Kiicky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  .\lso  in  ICmope  and 
.\sia.     June-July. 


6.    Botrychium  Virginianum  i  L.  )  vSw.      \'ir,i^inia  C.rape-fcrn.      (  V'w.  7. ) 


Osmiiin/a   Vir^iHiaiin  I„  ,S]).  Tl.  io6.|.      175;,. 
Jjolrviliiidii    I  '/i\- ill/an II III  Sw.  Sclmul.  Journ. 

Hik.  2.111.     i>;o<i. 
liolrvrliiKiii  i;iiii  i/r  I'ursli.   I'l.    Am.   Sipl.  6s6. 

isi,. 

Plant  4'~2°  high,  the  stem  slender.  Sterile 
portion  nearly  or  (juile  sessile  above  the 
middle  of  the  stem,  spreading,  thin,  ternate 
with  the  primary  divisions  pinnate  to  2-pin- 
nate  and  the  segments  1-2-pinnatirid  ;  ulti- 
mate segments  oblong,  more  or  less  toothed 
near  the  apex  ;  epidermal  cells  flexuons  ; 
fertile  portion  long-stalked,  2-3-pinnate ; 
bud  for  the  following  year  pilose,  enclosed 
in  a  glabrous  cavity  at  one  side  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  stem  ;  fertile  jjortion  recurved  its 
whole  length,  the  sterile  reclined  upon  it  in 
vernation. 

Ill  rich  woixls.  N'ova  .Scotia  to  Vlorida,  wist 
to  liiitish  Columbia  and  .\rizoiia.  .\lso  in  I-ai 
ropL-  and  .\sia.     June  July. 


FamiK-  2.     OSMUNDACEAE  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Moll. 


Rov.M<  Fkkn  1'.-^mii,v. 

I/ir^e  ferns  with  stout  often  erect  rootstocks,  1-2  jiinnate  leaves  coiled  in 
vernation,  the  veins  free,  mostly  forked,  running-  to  tlie  margins  of  the  pin- 
nules or  lobes.  Spnranges  lary;e,  jjlohose,  with  mere  traces  of  an  elastic  ring  of 
cells  or  none,  borne  on  modified  contracted  jjinnae  in  the  typical  genus  ;  in 
'/'odcii,  a  genus  of  the  southern  hemisphere,  in  clusters  (  sori )  on  the  lower  sur- 
faces of  the  piiuutles. 

Two  living  genera,  Osiii ii iniu  und  Todca. 


KOV.\r<    I'l-RN    FAMILY. 


I.    OSMUNDA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1063.       175;,. 

Tall  sw.iiiip  ferns,  i;ro\viii>;  in  larjjc  crowns,  with  the  fertile  1  sporc-liearin.i;;  portions 
very  niucli  contracted,  the  sliort-pedicelleil  naked  sporanges  on  the  margins  of  their  rachis- 
like  ilivisions,  which  are  destitute  of  chloruphyll.  Veins  forked,  very  re,i,'iilar  ami  prom- 
inent. Sporanges  thin,  reticulated,  openinj,;  by  a  lonyilndinal  cleft  into  two  h;  .ves,  a  few 
parallel  thickeninj;  cells  near  the  apex  rcpresentint;  the  ruditnentary  transverse  ring.  Spore." 
copious,  green.     [I'"roui  Osmunder,  a  name  for  the  god  Tlior.  | 


Only  tile  fcilldwiuH:  nccur  in  North  Anu-r'ca. 
1.   ().  rixalis. 


Six  species,  niiisllv  of  the  nortli  tinipcr.itc  /^unc 

Leaves  l)ii)inimte,  fertile  iil  the  apex. 
Sterile  leaves  hipinnalit'nl. 

Pinnae  of  sterile  leaf  villi  a  iMl'l  iif  tnuuntuni  .it  Imse  ;  I'erliU-  leaf  distinct  fnini  sterile. 

2.    If.  I  i inuinii^nitii. 
I'innae  nl'  sterile  leaf  witlin\il  a  tiifl  iif  tiinuntnni  at  b.ise  :  leaves  fertile  in  the  niiddk  . 

,i.   r>.  Cliivliiiiiiiiiit. 


^ 


oiled  in 
:he  pin- 
ring  of 
mis  ;  in 
tver  .snr- 


I.  Osmunda  regalis  I^.     Royal  Fern. 

(  I'i.i;.  S.) 

(fsniniiilii  iti;ijlis  \,.  .Sp.  PI.   iiXi.,.       ir.S.v 

Rootstock  stout,  hearin,i(  a  cluster  of  several 
tall  hipinnate  leaves,  2°-6°  high,  and  i"or  more 
wide.  Sterile  pinnae  6'-i2'  long,  2'-4'  wide, 
the  pinnules  ohlong-ovate  or  lanceolateohlong, 
sessile  or  slightly  stalked,  ,glal)rous,  finely  ser- 
rulate, especially  near  the  ajjcx  and  occasionally 
crenate  towards  the  base  which  is  truncate, 
oblitpie  or  even  cordate  ;  fertile  innmiles  linear- 
cylindric,  iianiclcd  at  the  summit,  withering 
and  shrivelling  with  age,  greenish  before  ma- 
turity, but  becoming  dark  brown  after  the 
spores  have  fallen. 

Ill    swaiiijis    and    luarslies.    New   Ilniiiswiek    to 
I'liirida.  west  to  tile   N'ortliwesl  Territory  and  .Mis 
sissippi,     .\lsii   ill    Mexico.   ICunipe  anil   .\sia.     .\s 
ceiuls  to  v««i  ft.  ill  X'ii'Kiiiia.     May  July. 


2.    Osmunda  cinnamomea  I.,     Cinnamon  Fern.     (Fig.  9.) 
\\'.    fit  0^.. 

'"  Osiiiiiiiihi  ( iiiiitiiiiinin\i  L.  Sp.  ri.  icni().      I7,S,V 

Rootstock  very  large,  widely  creeping,  bear- 
ing a  circular  cluster  of  sterile  leaves  with  one 
or  more  fertile  ones  within.  Stipes  1°  or  more 
long,  clothed  with  ferruginous  tomcntuiii  when 
young,  glabrous  when  old  ;  sterile  leaves  i^-s" 
long,  glabrous  when  mature,  except  a  small  tuft 
of  totiientum  at  ,  "■  base  of  each  pinna  ;  pinnae 
linear-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatiful  into  oblong 
obtuse  segments  ;  fertile  leaf  contracted,  bipin- 
natc,  soon  withering  ;  sporanges  cinnamon-col- 
ored after  the  copious  green  spores  have  been 
discharged. 

In  wet  i)laces.  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota,  south 
to  I'lorida  and  Mexico.  iMirnis  <pccurwith  leaves 
variously  intermediate  between  tlie  fertile  and  ster- 
ile; some  beitijf  sterili'  at  the  apex,  others  in  the 
middle,  others  on  one  side  only.  Ascends  to  56(X)  ft. 
in  Virginia.     May-June. 


»..  '*^fc^!rfi**t»w«*...;6;ej>^.:^»r 


^^A.>^ 


OSMfN'DACKAE. 

3.  Osmunda  Claytoniana  L.   Clayton's 


I''cni.      (  I"i 


10. 


(>\)iiiiiitlii  <'l,i\liiiiitiiiii  I,   Sp.  I'l.  i"H<.     175,?. 
Oui//iiii/,i  I'/i/ii  I  ii/>/,i    Michx.    I'l.   lii.r.   Am.  2  :  27V 

Rootstock  stout,  bearinjr  a  circle  of  2-piiinat- 
ifiil  leaves  2°-6°  lii><li,  6'-iu'  wiik- ;  sterile  pinnae 
wil'iout  tufts  of  toiiieiitum  at  the  base,  linear- 
lanceolate,  deeply  cleft  into  obloii).^  obtuse  seg- 
ments, some  of  the  leaves  contracted  in  the 
niiiMlc  and  bearing  25  jiairs  of  fertile  pinnate 
])innae  with  dense,  cylind.ic  divisions  which  are 
.greenish  at  first,  afterwards  dark  brown,  finally 
withering;  leaves  clothed  with  tonientuni  when 
young,  glabrous  when  mature,  the  fertile  ones 
taller  than  the  sterile,  and  rmally  widely  re- 
curving. 

In  swatii])saii(l  luciisi  scjil,  NiufcnnKlliiiul  IciMiii- 
nisiita  sniuli  t(i  Nnrtii  Can)liiia  and  .\[i>iS(iuri,  As- 
CL-nds  t<i  .s.NKi  t't.  in  \'irKinia.     Also  in  India.     Jlay- 

J"iy- 


Family  3.     HYMENOPHYLLACEAE  C.atul.  in  Freyc.  \'oy.  262.       1826. 

1"ii,:mn-i'i:kx  1'.\mii.v. 
Meiiibranaceoiis,  iiiosllx-  small  fcrii.s  with  filifonn  or  sk-nder  crcL-jiin.i;'  foot- 
stocks.      I.,eaves  ii.stially  imicli  diviclccl.      vSi):)ran,nes  SL-ssik  011  a  filiform,  usually 
eloiiiratc'd  receptacle,  surnmiuled  1)\-  a  traiis\erse  rinj.;  which  oi)ens  \ertically. 

TwoRcnera.  /fyini'iiiif>li)ihiiii  I,.,  and  Iht-  roUowinsr.  C(iiiii)risins;  smiK-  20  i  sixciis.  viiy  ;i1)und 
ant  in  tmpieal  reg-ions,  a  few  dccurring  in  llic  Icinp.rali-  zcmcs. 

I.    TRICHOMANES  L.  Sp.  PI.  1097.       1753. 

Delicate  filmy  ferns,  the  leaves  usually  much  divided.  vSjiorangcs  ilattencd,  surrounded 
by  a  broad  entire  transverse  ring  opening  vertically,  sessile  on  the  lower  jiart  of  the  slender 
filiform  receptacle.  Receptacle  surrounded  by  a  tubular  or  funnel-shaped  in<lusiuin  which 
is  truncate  or  slightly  adippe  1.  [Cireek,  in  allusion  to  the  thin  hair-like  segments  of  some 
species.] 

Abniit  Mil  species,  ninslly  ul'  lriii)ical  ret;iiiiis.    Ik-nidrs  Uk-  fiiUnwinj!-,  aiuitlier  occurs  in  .Mabaina. 


I.    Trichomanes  radicans  ,S\v. 
Hristle-fcrii.      (  V\\r.    i  1.  1 

Tri,  lioiimiic^  I tu/iitiii.s  i^w.  V\.  Ind.  ( )cc.  3:  17,16. 

1  Si  Kj. 

Rootstock  filiform,  wiry,  tomentose,  creep- 
ing. Stipes  I  petioles)  ascending,  i'-:;' 
long,  naked  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves  2'-S'  long, 
8"-iyi'  wide,  membranaceous,  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  2-j;-pinnatifid ;  pinnae 
ovate,  obtuse,  the  upper  side  of  the  cuneate 
base  parallel  with  or  appressed  to  the  nar- 
rowly winged  rachis  ;  segments  toothed  or 
cut  into  linear  divisions  ;  iudusia  terminal 
on  short  lobes,  1-4  on  a  pinnule,  the  mouth 
slightly  2  lipped ;  receptacle  more  or  less 
exserted,  bristle  like,  bearing  the  sessile 
sporanges  n'ostly  near  the  base. 

On  wet  rocks,  Kentucky  to  IMorida  and  .\la. 
baina.  Al.so  in  the  West  Indies,  Mexico,  trop. 
ie.il  America,  iCurope,  Asia  and  Africa.   Summer. 


.4*i 


i826. 


abiiiul 


I 


CLIMBING    I'KRN    lAMII  V.  ^ 

Family  4.     SCHIZAEACEAE  Rciclieiil).  Coi'.-j).  39.       1S2.S. 

I'eriis  of  various  lial)it,  with  siiaj)lL  (jr  jntiiu.t.'  leaves.  Six)ranj;L's  lH)riie 
in  spikes  or  i>aiiicles,  ovoid,  sessile,  provided  with  an  ajncal  rin^,  oi)eninj>  verti- 
call.v  hy  a  lon^iuidinal  slit. 

I'ivc  Ki"i-'':i  'IIkI  !il)()iit  7.S  sj)rciis,  llu-  foHiA.iiijf  ^I'li'Tii  i<l>rtstint(l  in  iIk-  iioitli  IcmiK-rate 
/(inc.  tlic  iitlurs  liciiiiiMl  in  (li^lnbuUim. 


SporanKis  in  t-lusi-  j  ratikiil  -.pike-  ;  Uaws  liUrcirni. 
S])ni.injfis  ill  aiiii)k-  panirks  ;  pinnnlis  iialniaU-. 


1.  Si//i:iiiir. 

2.  I.vviitliiiiii, 


I.    SCHIZAEA  J.  ]■;.  Sniitli,  Mem.  Acad.  Tor.  5:  419.    />/•  -"a  /•  9-       179.,. 

Small  slentlcr  ferns  with  filiform  or  liiicpr  leaves,  the  fertile  distinct  from  the  sterile. 
Sporan^cs  sessile  in  close  distichous  spikes  alonj;  the  single  vein  <  r  th  'larrow  divisions  of 
the  fertile  leaves,  provided  with  a  complete  apical  rinj;.  [(irerk,  in  allusion  to  the  cleft 
leaves  of  some  species.] 

.\  ttciuis  (if  1(1  sptciis,  iif  wide  jriMi;;r.i|)lii(.'  disliilni 
tiiiii.  incistly  ill  tr(i])ical  ic>riiiii>. 


I.  Schizaea  pusilla  Piirsli. 
(  P'ij!;.  12.  ) 


Curlv-orass. 


Silii-:ti,;i  f>ii.\ilUi  I'ursli,  I'l.  ,\iii.  Sipt.  I'S'-     1"^I4- 

Sterile  leaves  linear,  very  slender  and  tortuous, 
l-'crtile  leaves  longer,  3'-5'  high,  the  fertile  por- 
tion terndnal,  consisting  of  about  5  pairs  of 
crowded  pinnae,  forming  a  distichous  spike ; 
sporanges  ovoid  or  pyriform,  sessile  in  two  rows 
along  the  single  vein  of  the  narrow  incurved  linear 
divisions  of  the  fertile  leaf,  partially  concealed  by 
its  incurved  margins  which  are  hooded  at  the  apex 
and  c''.iate  ;  ring  apical,  the  sporanges  opening  by 
a  vertical  slit. 

In  wet  soil,  pini'  barniis  (if  New  Jirsiy  and  in 
Nova  Scotia.     Kar(.- and  bical.     .\utr. -Sii>l. 


2.    LYGODIUM  8\v.  vSclirad.  Journ.  Hot.  2  :    106.       1800. 

Twining  or  climbing  ferns,  the  lower  divisions  sterile,  variously  stalked  and  lobed,  the 
fertile  terminal,  panicled.  Sporanges  ovoid,  solitary  or  two  together  in  the  axils  of  indiri- 
catcd  scale-like  indusia,  provided  with  an  apical  ring,  opeiung  vertically.  Indusia  fixed  by 
their  broad  bases  to  short  oblicjue  veinlets.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  flexible  stipes.] 

Sixti'cn  sjH-cic'S.  iiKistly  (if  trdpic.il  distributidii. 


I.    Lygodium  palmatum  (  Bernli.  )  S\v. 

Climhini;-  Fern.     Hartford  I'\rn. 

(Kij;-.  1 3.  ' 

(I'hiif^lii  is  pii.'nald  IkTiih.  .Sclirad.  Jdiirii.  lint.  2:   I2(). 

iSim. 
/.\!;i>(/iiim  />iii'iii.i/iiiii  Sw.  ^yu.  l''il.  i,s4.     iSmi. 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping.  Stipes  slender, 
flexible  and  twining  ;  leaves  i°-3°  long,  their  short 
alternate  branches  2-forke(l,  each  fork  bearing  a 
nearly  orbicular  4-7-lobed  pinnule  which  is  more 
or  less  cordate  at  the  base  with  a  narrow  sinus ; 
surfaces  naked  ;  fertile  pinnules  contracted,  sev- 
eral times  forked,  forming  a  terminal  panicle  ; 
sporanges  siditary,  borne  on  the  alternate  veins 
which  spring  from  the  flexuous  inidvein  of  the 
segments,  each  covered  by  a  scaledike  indusiuin. 

Ill  nidist  thickets  and  dptii  Wdods,  Massachusetts  to 
I'cnnsylvaiiiii.  sdutli  tii  IMorida  and  Tciim-sscc.  As- 
cends to  2iii(i  ft.  ill  eastern  I'eniisvlvania.     Sunnner. 


,„ir^>:»-T;ri^^k;aw.i*r  •> -r 


8  POIA'PODIACFAIv. 

Family  5.    POLYPODIACEAE  R.  IJr.  I'ro.lr.  I-l.  Xov.  IIoll.  i:  145.      icSio, 

1'i:rn   1*amii,v. 

Ferns  of  various  lial)it,  the  rodstooks  horizontal,  often  elongated,  or  short 
and  erect,  tlie  leaves  sini])le,  ])iiniate,  ]>innatifi(l  or  deconntound,  coiled  in  ver- 
nation. Si)oran.ues  Ixn'ne  in  dusters  ( sori )  on  the  lower  side  or  niar^Mus  of  llie 
leaves  or  their  segments,  stalked,  ])rovided  with  a  vertical  rin^  of  cells,  open- 
injr  transversely.  Sori  with  or  without  a  nienihranaceous  coveriuj;-  ( indusimn  1. 
Prothalliuni  .y;reen. 

Abniit /.iciiuni  and  ^i^ihi  s|nciis  (if  vi  ry  widi- Ki.i>Ki'.i|)liic  distriliiition.  Tlu'  fiimilv  iiicliKK'S 
ny  lar  tin-  jtuaUr  miiiibir  nf  liviiiK  ferns. 

SporcbiarinK  leaves  cUisely  rolled  IdKelher.  with  necklace  like  seiimenls. 

Leaves  all  flat  iir  their  ed^es  only  slijjhlly  reviilnte. 

.Sori  dorsal  or  marginal,  provided  wiih  special  iiidusia. 

Sori  roundish,  indusi.-i  less  than  twice  as  lonn  as  broad. 
Indnsinni  wholly  inferior. 

Indusinin  roiiiKlish  (^r  stellate.  2.    U'lhiilun. 

Indnsinni  Clip  shaped  or  somewhat  2-valved.  ^.    />iii:s,iiii,i. 

Indnsinni  partly  inferidr.  fixed  by  a  bmad  base  and  eiielosiiiK  the  sori  like  a  h 1. 

.  (.    (  'vs/iif>/iris. 

Iiidiismni  sniierior,  fi.vcd  by  its  centre  or  sinns.  s.    Ih  viifi/ri  is. 

Sori  linear  or  oblong  ;  indnsia  more  than  twice  .as  lonj;-  as  broad. 

■Sori  ill  chaiiidike  rows  parallel  to  the  miilribs  or  rachises.  7.    lI'tHHluiinliii. 

.Sori  all  <ibli(iue  to  the  midrib  or  rachises  ;  veins  free. 

Sori  eonllneiil  in  pairs  with  an  apparciitlv  double  indusium  opeiiiiiK  in  the  middle  ■ 

leaf  simple.  S.  Sm/iipriu/i  iiiii/. 

Sori  sinjfle  on  the  upper  side  of  a  veiiilet  or  rarely  crossing  it. 

10.  .Is/i/ri/iiini. 
Son  partly  par.illel  to  the  midrib,  parti v  oblique;  veins  united,    q.    (  iiinplosunis. 

Sori  with  niaruiual  iiulusia  formed  of  the  more  or  less  altered  edije  of  the  leaf. 
.SporailKcs  at  the  ends  of  veins,  borne  011  a  refle.ved  i)ortioii  of  the  leaf. 

11.  AiliiUihnii. 
Sporauircs  borne  on  a  oontiunons  vein  like  receptacle   which  couuects  the  apices  of  the 

vii"^-  12.   I'Inii. 

SporaiiKcs  at  or  near  the  ends  of  nuconnected  veins. 

Leaves  of  two  forms  :  stipt'S  pale,  \x   Cry/>/,<i;i ,111111111. 

Leaves  uniform  ;  stipes  usually  dark  colored. 

Sori  mostly  forniiuK  a  conliiinous  indnsinni  around  the  segment. 

14.   I'liliUii. 
Son  niinnte  :  iudnsium  usually  interrupted,  if  coiitimioiis  the  segments  small  and 
liead-like.  i:;.   Cli<ilirii/li,s. 

Son  without  indnsia. 

•Sori  linear  and  marjfinal.  16.  .\,illi,<l,u'iia. 

Sori  roundish  or  not  more  than  twice  as  Iouk  as  broad. 

Stipes  articulated  to  the  rootstocks  ;  leaves  in  our  species  ])iiinalifid. 
,  .  .  17.   /'itlypihihini. 

Stipes  not  articulated  to  the  rootstocks  ;  leaves  in  our  species  2  -,vpi"iiatifid  or  ternate. 

6.   /'/iiXi>/>/<'''i.s. 


I.    ONOCLEA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1062.       1753. 

Coarse  ferns  with  the  fertile  leaves  closely  rolled  up  into  necklace-like  or  berry-like 
segments,  and  entirely  unlike  the  broad  pinnatifid  sterile  ones.  Sori  round,  borne  on  the 
back  of  the  veins.  Indusium  very  thin  and  membranous,  hemispheric  or  hood-shaped,  fixed 
at  the  inferior  side  of  the  sorus.  Sporanjjes  pedicclled,  provided  with  a  dorsal  rinj?,  burst- 
ing transversely.  Fertile  leaves  unrolling  at  maturity,  allowing  the  spores  to  escape,  and 
remaining  long  after  the  sterile  leaves  have  been  killed  by  frost.  [Name  ancient,  not 
originally  applied  to  these  plants.] 

Three  species,  natives  of  cold  and  temperate  rcR-i(ms.  Only  the  followiiiK  are  known  to  occur 
in  North  .\merica. 

Fertile  leaf  bipinnate  :  veins  anastomosinjf.  i.   O.  .U'iisi7>i7i.f. 

Fertile  leaf  simply  pinnate  ;  veins  free.  2.   ci  Shulliioplfiis. 


I'RRN    I'AMILV, 


I.  Onoclea  sensibilis  L. 

(  I'i^.   14.  ) 

Onmliii  siiisihilis  I..  Sp.  I'l.  111*12. 


Sensitive  laTii. 


1  r.i,^ 


Rootstook  rather  slender,  co|)iou.sly  rootiiij;  ;  fer- 
tile leaves  i"-2'i"  high,  persistent  over  winter, 
iiiucli  contracted,  and  with  short  pinnules  rolled 
up  into  herry-like  dosed  involucres  forining  a  nar- 
row panicle  ;  sterile  leaves  l°-4''°  high,  broadlv 
triangular,  dueply  pinnatifid,  the  segments  lanceo- 
late-oblong, entire,  undulate,  or  the  lower  pairs 
sinuate-piniiatifid  ;  veins  freely  anastomosing  ;  low- 
est segments  t.-ipering  both  ways  from  the  middle ; 
ve!n^•  forming  a  somewhat  regular  series  of  semi- 
elliptic  areoles  next  the  midvtin  and  numerous 
smaller  areoles  between  this  series  and  the  margin. 

In  ni  'St  soil,  Ni'u  t'diinillaiid  and  (Intarici  tn  tlu 
Northwest  Tcnitciry,  smitli  id  I'lcirida,  Louisiana  and 
Kansas.  Ascends  \,>  ^oiKift.  in  \'irj;inia.  N'arious  in- 
ternuiliati-  forms  hctuii  n  llu-  sUrik-  and  tVnik-  leaves 
occur.     Seusitivi- to  larly  frosls.     .Xtij;. -Nov. 


;ill  and 


2.  Onoclea  Struthiopteris  i  L.  )  IIolTm. 
Ostrich  P'ern.      (  Fi}j^.  13.) 

OsDiiiiiiIti  S/ni/liiiif>liris  I,.  .Sj).  I'l.  lofih.       17,S,V 
(liiKdrii  Sliiilliiiifthris  MotTni.  Deulsch.  I'l.  2  ;  ir. 

Rootstock  stout,  ascending,  bearing  a  circle 
of  sterile  leaves  with  one  or  more  fertile  ones 
within.  l'"ertile  leaves  i°-r  '>°  high,  simply 
pinnate  with  necklace-shaped  pinnae  which  are 
formed  of  the  closely  revolute  margins ;  .sori 
crowded  and  confluent ;  sterile  leaves  2°--j° 
high,  6'-i5'  wide,  broadly  lance<date,  pin- 
nate, much  the  broadest  above  the  middle  and 
gradually  tapering  below,  the  lower  pinnae 
being  gradually  much  reduced ;  veins  pin- 
nate, free  and  simple  ;  texture  firm  ;  rootstocks 
stoloniferous. 

In  moist  thickets,  especially  aloiijt  streams.  Nova 
Scoliii  to  New  Jersey,  west  to  llritisli  (Johiiiibia  and 
Illinois,  .\scends  to  2c«ki  ft.  in  VeniKint.  .Mso  in 
I'UiroiR-  and  .\sia.     July-Oct. 


2.  WOODSIA  R.  Hr.  Trans.  I.iini.  Sue.  ii  :  itc 


1S12. 


Small  or  niedimn-sizcd  ferns,  growing  in  rocky  places,  with  i-2-pinnate  or  pinnatifid 
leaves  and  round  sori  borne  on  the  backs  of  simply  forkf  1  free  veins.  Indusia  inferior, 
thin  and  often  evanescent,  roundish  or  stellate,  either  small  and  ojicn  or  early  bursting  at 
the  top  into  irregular  lobes  or  segments.  Stipes  often  jointed  above  the  base  and  separating 
at  the  joint.     [Name  in  honor  of  Joseph  Woods,   1776-1.S64,  English  architect  and  botanist.] 

About  i.s  species,  natives  of  tenii>i'rale  and  cold  retfions.  liesides  the  followins.  anotlur  oc- 
curs in  the  southweslern  I'liited  States. 

Indusium  niituite  or  evanescent,  flat,  concealed  beneath  the  sonis.  its  margin  cleft  into  slender 
hair-like  seK"ients. 
Stipes  obscurely  jointed  near  the  base:  cilia  of  the  indusium  inflexed  over  the  sporanjres. 

Leaves  with  more  or  less  rusty  chalT  underneath.  i.   (/'.  //zriisis. 

Leaves  ({labroiis  or  nearly  so. 

Leaf  lanceolate,  not  tapering  below;  pinnae  cordateovate,  ,s-7-lobed.     2.   W.  ii/f>iiia. 
Leaf  linear  or  linear-oblong,  often  taperinjf  both  ways;  pinnae  deltoid,    t,.   II'.  lilahi-lla. 
Stipes  not  joint-  il;  cilia  of  ihe  indusiiini  very  sliort,  hidden  by  the  sporanges. 

I'uberulent;  indusium  deeply  cleft,  ending  in  hairs  with  cylindric  cells.       .\.   11'.  Si«f>iiliiia. 
Leaves  and  stipes  Rlabrous  ;  indusium  divided  to  centre  into  headed  hairs.    5.   II'.  (1ni;ciii<i. 
Indusium  distinct,  at  first  cnelosiiiK  the  sporauRes,  splitting  into  jagged  lobes.       6.  //'.  ohiii.ia. 


lO 


Woo  Isia  Ilvensis 


rOI.VI'ODIACKAI-;. 

L.  I  K.  Mr.      Riist\-  W'oodsia. 

.\i  rus/iiliinn  lli'iiisr  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  r..; 
ll'iimlsia    //ri'>i.ii\    K.    lii.    Ti;m> 

IM2, 


( Via.  I  f'. ) 


I. inn.    Sn 


i7.t- 


Koolstock  short,  cacsi>itose.  Incases  lam-colatf,  4'- 
iii'  limfj,  ])innali.',  j,'lal irons  above,  iiiorf  or  less  I'overeil 
Willi  rusty  olialT  IxMicath,  as  are  also  the  slender  stipes; 
pinnae  crowded,  sessile,  innnately  parteil,  the  crowded 
segments  olilonj^,  obscurely  crcnate ;  stipes  jointed 
near  the  base;  sori  borne  near  the  nKirj,'ins  of  the 
sej^tiients,  somewhat  conlluent  when  old  ;  indusiunj 
minute,  ciincealed  beneath  the  sonis,  its  marf^in  cleft 
into  fdiform  scjrmcnts  which  arc  indexed  over  the 
sporan^es  and  inconspicuous,  especially  when  the 
latter  have  scattered  their  spores. 

(In  ixpiisi-d  rock^^,  I/ihradnr  and  Cncnland  In  tlie 
Nortlnvisl  Tirrilnry.  sniilli  tn  North  Carcilin.i  and  Kcii- 
liuky.  Ascitnls  tn  5c»i,)  I't.  in  Niw  II  iniiisliire.  Also  in 
I';uni])i-  ,111(1  Asia.     Jiiiu-   .\iik. 


2.  Woodsia  alpina  (RoUoii)  S.  V.  C.iay. 
Alpine  W'ood.sia.      (  Fit,'.  17,  1 


Sli 


.■\i  ruslii iiinii  (i/f^iiniiii  lidllini,  I'il,  lirit. 
.■Iti'dsh'i  /ill  HI    Inf'i  I  hill  ,11111    I.iljili.   .\cl 

I7'M- 
U'lUHlsiii  lnf>iil<,ii,,i   K.  lir.  Tr.in^.  l.inn.  S< 

lf<12. 

Wdinlsi,!  iilpiiiii  S.  I'.  C.rav 
1S21. 


17')". 
ikh.    jnl. 


X.it.  .\rr.   Ilrit.   I'l. 


Rootstock  short,  caespitose.  Leaves  narrowly  ob- 
lonK-lanceolate,  2'-6'  long,  ,S"-i2"  wide,  .scarcely 
narrower  below  the  middle  ;  pinnae  cordate-ovate 
or  triangular-ovate,  pinnately  ,s-7-lobed,  glabrous 
or  very  nearly  soon  both  surfaces;  stipes  jointed 
near  the  base  ;  sori  somewhat  scattered  on  the  seg- 
ments ;  indusium  as  in  the  preceding  species. 

On  moist  rocks.  I/ibrailor  to  .\laska,  south  to  Maim-, 
nortlurii  Xi  \v  York  and  wcslirn  (Intario.  .Xscciuls  to 
42c«irt.  in  Wriiiont.     Jllly-.\u^r. 


■4 


•3 


^^', 


3.    Woodsia  glabella   R.    Hr.      vSiiiooth 
W'ood.sia.      (  Viff.   iS  ). 

U'oodsiii    ^liilullii  R.   Hr.   App.    iMMiiklin's  Journ.  7^4. 

Rootstock  small,  caespitose.  Stipes  obscurely 
jointed  at  the  base  ;  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lan- 
ceolate, 2 '-5'  long,  4"  8"  wi  le  ;  pinnae  deltoid  to 
ovate,  the  lower  remote,  obtu.sc,  crenately  lobed, 
often  somewhat  smaller  than  the  middle  ones, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  sori  scattered  on  the  seg- 
ments ;  indusium  minute,  membranous,  with  6-10 
radiating  segments,  covered  by  the  sporauges,  its 
filamentous  segments  only  inflexed  over  them 
when  young  as  in  the  two  preceding  species. 

On  moist  rocks.  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  New 
11  impsliiie.  Vcrrnonl.  northern  New  York  and  the 
novlh  shore  of  l.ake  .Superior.  .Vlso  in  arctic  and 
alpine  liurope  and  .Vsia.     Summer. 


IKRN    lAMII.V. 


1  I 


751- 


to  New 

111(1   the 
tic   and 


4.    Woodsia   scopulina    I).    C.    lialmi. 
l<()ck\   Moiiiilain  W'lHxlNia.      (  V\^.  nj.  1 


l-'i.S. 


C.    Iv.it. 111.    Cull.    Nut.    a;    <)>y 


Koot.sldck  short,  cRcpiiij.;,  densely  cliiiU'v.  Stipes       . 
2'  4'  loii.i;,  not  jointed,  inihcnilent  like  the  rachis     ^ 
and  lower  siirfai'i-  of  the  leaf  with  ininnle  ll.ittened     \  \ 
hairs  and  stalked  (glands;  leaves  l.inceolatc,  h'-i2' 
loiiKi  tapcrinv,'  fioni  alionl  the  middle  to  lioth  ends  ; 
Iiiniiae    numerous,    olilonj; -ovate,    pinnatilid    into 
10-16  ohlong  toothed  segments;  indusiuni  hidden 
licneath  the  s]ii)ranfies,  very  deeply  eleft  into  short 
cilia  with  eylindrie  cells 

III  envin-s  of  rcu-U--,  iinitlu  rii  Miiiiusnlu  and  wisl- 
i  ru  I  nil  iiin  til  I  )iiniiii.  -ciiilh  in  llu  Kniky  Muiiiitains 
tip  .\ii/niia  and  in  llu-  Siirra  Nt  vada  In  Califnniia. 
Suiiinui. 


5.  Woodsia  Oregana  I).  C.  Ivatoii.     ()ii.');'>ii  Wixxlsia.     1  I''i,l,^ 


:o.  ) 


s: 


ir,i,i,/si:i  <>i,x,iii,i  I).  C.  Iviloii,  Can,  Nat   2  :  i).p.       is^.s, 
ll'oi'i/Md  (ililii.sii  var.  /,!./////  Ili.nk.  Syii.  I'll.  .(S.       iSOS. 

Rootstock  short.  Stipes  a.\u\  leaves  j.;lal)rous 
throughout;  stipes  not  jointed,  brownish  below; 
K-aves  2'-iu'  long,  elliiHie-lanceolatc,  the  sterile 
shorter  tlian  the  fertile  ;  pinnae  triangular-oblong, 
obtuse,  pinnatifid  ;  lower  pinnae  reduced  in  size 
and  somewhat  remote  from  the  others;  rachis 
straw-colored  ;  segments  oblong  or  ovate,  dentate 
or  creiiate,  the  teeth  often  reflexed  and  covering 
the  submargiiial  sori ;  iudusia  minute,  concealed 
by  the  sporanges,  divided  almost  to  the  centre  into 
a  few  beaded  hairs 

On  nicks.  iiiiillKiii  Miclii(;aii  and  Miiiiusnta  ;ind 
M  iiiituba  t(i  lirilisli  Coluiiiliia.  M>iitli  in  the  Knky 
.Moiiiilains  In  .Xvizmia  and  in  the  Sicrr.i  Nevada  tn  Cal- 
ilcpniia.     Jnly-.\uR. 


6.  Woodsia  obtusa  ( vSprciig;.  )  Toir.      I5hmt-li)l)L'(l  Woodsia. 

]'ol\f>iiilii(iii  ohIiiMini  Spring.  .\nUit.  (|2.       1S04. 

Jlyf>of'rl/is  olitiisii  Tnrr.  Cmnp.  .^ni.       1*^2. |. 

Il'aii,/si,i  iihliis,!  Tnrr.  Cat.  I'l.  in  Cinl.  Ki-p.  N.  V.  19.S. 


I'iL 


I.V|n. 

Rootstock  short,  creeping.  Stipes  not  jointed, 
pale  green,  ,^'-6'  long  ;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate, 
6'-i5'  long,  minutely  glandular-pubescent,  nearly 
2-pinnate  ;  pinnae  rather  remote,  triangular-ovate, 
or  oblong,  pinnately  jiarted  into  obtuse  oblong 
creuatc-dcutatc  segments  ;  veins  forked  and  bear- 
ing the  sori  on  or  near  the  minutely  toothed  lobes  ;  ^:^>'o\f5''S!^%' 
indusium  conspicuous,  at  first  enclosing  the  spor-  '^~-iJ.S^^:P^-^'/-^ 
anges,  at  length  splitting  into  several  jagged  lobes, 
which  are  much  wider  than  those  in  any  of  the  pre- 
ceding species. 


!I.  ) 


?'.>Wi-> 


On  rucks.  Ndva  Scotia  laccnrdiiiK  to  Macmin  i  and 
M  line  tn  iinrtlurn  New  York.  Wiscniisiii  and  liritisli 
Cnliinibia,  sniitli  tn  Ceninia.  .Mabaiiia.  the  Indian  Tcr- 
litniy  aiul  .\riznna.  Ascends  to  23iki  ft.  in  Vii'tfinia. 
July-AuR. 


12 


POLYPODIACEAK. 


3.    DICKSON lA  LHcr.  Scrtuiii  Aiik^I.  30.       17SS. 

Large  ferns  witli  2-;,-])iiiiiatiful  leaves,  and  creeping  or  erect  rootstock^,  many  tropical 
species  arborescent.  Sori  small,  globular,  marginal  or  submarginal.  Sporanges  borne  in 
an  elevated  globular  receptacle,  enclosed  in  the  membranous  cupshapcd  inferior  iiidusinni 
which  is  open  at  the  top  and  on  the  outer  side  adherent  to  a  reflcxcd  toothlet  of  tlie  leaf 
Sporanges  pedicelled,  i)rovi(led  with  a  vertical  ring  which  bursts  trmisversely.  Veins  always 
free.     [Xame  in  honor  of  James  Dickson,  Ivnglish  nurseryman  and  botanist,  i7_^S-i.S22.] 

Abdut  50  si)i-cii'S.  Ill"  \vi(k-  (listributi'iii,  ilu-  uriiittr  tunnbi.r  in  trupic-al  Anurica  and  I'nlyiusia. 

I.   Dicksonia  punctilobula  (  Miclix.  )  A.  (kay.    ITay-scLiittd  I'orn. 

.Xi/>/iriiifi/iiii  /'iiiii/i/o/iii/in//  Miflix.    I'l.   lior.   Am.  2  : 
26.'^.       1^11,5. 

DiiksiDiiit  ftilosiiisiiilii  Willd.  l^nuni.  1117(1.       iSik). 
Difksoiiid  f>iiii(liliil>iitii  .\.  Cray,  Man.  62S.       i,S(S. 

Rootstock  slender,  extensively  creeping,  not 
chaffy.  Stipes  stout,  chartless,  pale  green  and 
sweet-scented  ;  leaves  i^-,i°  long,  $'-<■)'  wide,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  frefiuenlly  long- 
attenuate,  usually  vpinnatifid,  thin  and  delicate; 
rachis  and  under  surface  minutely  glandular  and       t^   ^tj.  jT-"^, 

pubescent;  sori  minute,  each  on  a  recurved  tooth-      ■CZ^^i^'t^J^')^^ 
let,  usually  one  at  the  upper  margin  of  each  lobe  ; 
sporanges  few;  indusiuni  cup-shaped  with  a<lelicate 
membranous  irregular  margin. 

In   various  situations,  most  .ilnuKlant  on  (ipin  liill- 
sidi's,  New  lirunswick  and  Ontarid  t(i  Indiana  and  Min 
UL'Siila   lacciinlinsi  Id   rpliani  1,  south  to  .Mabania  and 
Teinifssef.     .Vscfuds  to  ,s6(h)  fl.  in  Virginia.     .\iiK. 


(.^XX^^ 


4.  CYSTOPTERIS  Hernh.  vSchrad.  Xfite.s  Jouni.  Hot.  i:   Part  3,  26.       1806. 

Delicate  rock  ferns  with  slender  stipes,  2-4-pinua;e  leaves,  and  roundish  sori  borne  on 
the  backs  of  the  veins.  Indusium  membranous,  hood  like,  attached  by  a  broad  base  on 
its  inner  side  and  partly  under  the  .sorus,  early  oper  ing  and  somewhat  evanescent.  Veins 
free.  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  trans'.-erscly  bursting  vertical  ring.  [Greek, 
signifying  Bladder-fern,  in  allusion  to  the  inllatcd  indusium.] 

Five  si)i'cii.-s.  natives  of  the  north  tenipLiale  zone.     Only  the  following  known  in  N'drlli  .\nierica. 

I<caves  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  2-,vi)iiniate. 

Leaves  broadest  at  base,  lonsf-laiierinK.  bearing  bullilels  beneath. 

Leaves  hcarcely  broader  at  base,  short-pointed;  no  bull)lels. 
Leaves  deltoid-ovale,  V4  pinnate. 


I.   ( '.   biillu/fia. 
('.   iiiiiii/iiiiii. 


.1 


I.    Cystopteris    bulbifera    i  L.  )    Ikriili. 
Ihilhk't  Cystopteri.s.     (  Fij;.  23.  ) 

l'i<lrf>iidiiiiii  hidhi/ii  ion  I,.  Sp.  IM.  ii»)i-       '7.\v 

Ci'siiift/iiii   hidhifi-iii    Ikrnh.    Schr.id.    N'enes   Journ. 
11  .t.  i:  I'art  2,  2(5.       iSoCi. 

Rootstock  short,  copiously  rooting.  Stipes  4'-6' 
long,  light  colored;  leaves  elongated,  lanceolate 
from  a  broad  base,  i°-2;<°  long,  2-;vpinnatifid  or 
pinnate  ;  pinnules  crowded,  toothed  or  piunatifid  ; 
rachis  wingless,  commonly  bearing  underneath  in 
the  axils  of  the  pinnae  and  segments,  large  fleshy 
bulblets  which  fall  away  and  propagate  the  plant; 
indusia  short,  truncate  on  the  free  side,  early 
thrown  back  and  withering  so  that  the  sori  appear 
naked  at  maturity. 

On  wet  nieks  an<l  in  ravines,  especially  on  limestone, 
(Juebec  to  Wisconsin,  south  to  Tennessee  and  .\rkansas. 
.\scends  to  .vso"  ft.  in  Virginia.     July-.\ug. 


FI'RN  FAMILY. 


13 


2.  Cystopteris  fragilis  ( L.  )  Bornh 

J'<i/\/>i'(/iiiiii  O iix'i'/f  I,,  Sp.  I'l 

C'rsliifilnis   fnisiilis 
Jdiirn.  Hut.  I  :  Tart 


IIKII,  1 

Ikriih.     Sclirad. 

,  27.        lS()*). 


NflRS 


Hrittle  Fern.      (  V\^.  24.  ) 

'1'7 


Rootstook  short.  Stipes  4'-S' lonjj ;  leaves 
thill,  oblotiji-lniiceolate,  only  slightly  taper- 
ing below,  4'-io'  long,  2-,vpinuatifi(l  or  pin- 
nate ;  pinnae  lanceolate-ovate,  irregularly 
pinnalifid,  with  a  broad  central  space  and 
bluntly  or  sharply  toothed  segments  dccur- 
rent  along  the  margined  or  winged  rachis, 
without  bulblets  ;  indusia  narrow  or  acute 
at  the  free  end,  early  withering  and  exposing 
the  sori  which  finallj-  ap])ear  naked  ;  texture 
membranous. 


On  nicks  and  in  moist  Kiassy  woods.  Xiw- 
foiindliUKl  to  Alaska,  soulli  to  (ii-ornia  anil  Ari- 
zona. .Msii  in  Sonlli  and  Ctntral  .Vniirica, 
lUiioiK-.  .\sia  and  New  /calan<l  ;  alniosl  cosmo- 
politan in  disliibution.  .\socnds  to  S'xk)  ft.  in 
N\\v  IIanii)sliirc.     May-^July. 


3.  Cystopteris  montana  (Lam.)  ILrnli.     Moiiiitain  Cystopteris.      (  Fij>.  25.) 

J     M 


I'lil yfiiiiliiiiii    iiii>iil(iiiiiiii    I.ani.    I'l.    I'rancf.    i  : 

cy.s/"/i/iris    iiioii/iiihi     llc-rnh.    Schrail.     N'cucs 
Journ.  l!ot.  I  :  I'art  2,  3I1.       iSo^>. 

Kootstock  slender,  widely  creeping.  Stipes 
fi'-g'  long,  slender  ;  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  3-4- 
I)innate,  about  6'  long  and  broad,  the  lowest 
])innae  deltoid-lanceolate  and  much  larger 
than  the  ui)per,  their  inferior  pinnules 
I '-I 'i' long  ;  segments  deeply  divided  into 
oblong  lobes,  deeply  toothed  ;  sori  numer- 
ous ;  indusia  acute,  soon  withering,  cxjios- 
in.g  the  sori  and  causing  them  to  appear 
naked  at  maturity. 


On  rocks.  Labrador  ,ind  Ouiliic  to  Hrilisli 
Columbia.  so\Uli  lo  llii'  norUi  shore  ol'  Lake  Sn 
piriot.  ami  in  tlu'  Uocky  Mountains  to  Colorailo. 
.\lso  in  nonliL-ru  Ivuropi- and  .\sia.     .\iik. 


5.    DRYOPTERIS  Adans.  Fniii.  PI.  2;  20.       lyr,,^, 

[.\si'ii)llM  Sw.  .Schrad.  Journ.  Hot.  2  :  4.  iScm).] 
Kerns  with  i-.vpinuate  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and  round  sori  usually  borne  on  the  backs  of 
the  veins,  the  fertile  and  sterile  le.ivcs  similar  in  outline.  Itulusium  Hat  or  llattish,  orbicular 
and  peltate  or  cordate-rcniforni,  superior,  fixed  by  its  sinus  or  depressed  centre.  .Stipe  con- 
tinuous, not  jointed  with  the  rootstock.  Sporanges  abundant,  pedicellcd,  the  vertical  ring 
bursting  transversely.  Veins  free  in  the  northern  species,  uniting  occasionally  or  even  freely 
in  some  of  the  southern.  [Greek,  signifying  Oak-fcrii,  in  allusion  to  the  forest  habitat  of 
most  species.] 

About  ,VS'>  species,  of  wide  Keonraphic  distribution.  IksiiUs  the  following  sonic  lo  others 
occur  in  the  soulliern  ami  western  parts  of  North  .\iiierica.  The  first  three  species  are  siimetinies 
separated  as  a  distinct  Kemis.     (  l'«l\sliiliin)i  Kolh,  \';^~. ) 


■  -^•*IWl.lLU.iJ.llJipi|>i 


14 
Indiisi 


POIA'rODIACI'AE. 


utn  iirbii'Ular,  intire,  iR'Hale,  lixi-d  by  llii'  (U])rt-isi(l  (.-iiiln.' 
iivis  (iiu'f  i)iiiniiU-. 
StiiKS  slum  ;  liiwir  ])iiiiiai-  imicli  uducrd. 
Stiprs  Idiisftr  :  IdWir  i)iniiac-  usually  little  Rilucid. 
I.tavts  l)i])iiiiiati-. 
Inilusium  (.nnlati'  riniform  or  orhioular.  fixed  by  the  siiiiis. 

Texture  tliiii  ineiiihraiKius  ;  veins  simple  or  oiiee  furked  ;  It 
I.nwer  pinnae  very  inueli  reduced. 
I.dwer  i)inuae  little  smaller  than  the  middle  ones. 

\'eii\s  1  -2-1'iirked  :  sori  emwded.  id  12  to  a  segment. 
Veins  simple  ;  snri  larger,  distinet,  |-in  to  a  sennuiit 
Texture  firmer,  sometimes  snbeotiaeeous  ;  veins  forking  freely 
Leaves  2-piunalifid  or  2  pinnate  ;  seuiueuts  noL  spinul 
Leaves  small,  narrowly  lanceolate. 
Leaves  lar^fir.  mostly  i'-"'-,s'  liinh. 
Indusia  hMVe.  thinnish  and  flat, 
rimiae  widest  at  the  liase. 
Pinnae  widest  at  the  middle, 
ludnsia  convex,  without  marginal  glands. 
Sori  near  the  marRin. 
Sori  near  the  niidvein. 
Leaves  2 -piimate  or  vpimiatifid  :  seunuuts  spiiuilose-toolhed 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  not  narrowed  below  ;   s 

dark  centre. 
Lea.ves  eloU!j:ated-lanceolate,  usually  narrowed  at  the   base 
brown. 


1. 

^■ 

/>. 

/.OIK  /lilis. 
iiiiii.slicliiiiitrs. 
Hi  ail  llii. 

ives 

pinnalifiil 
-1- 

11. 

.Vo:-i'horiiiiii.^i.-i 

elv. 

5- 
6. 

n. 
n. 

V/irh'/'/fii.s. 
si  III  II  III  III. 

7. 

IK 

f'l'fl^  I'd  IIS. 

S. 
0. 

n. 
i>. 

(  ris/ii/ii. 
(,'iilc/iiilllil. 

10. 
J 1. 

n. 
n. 

iiidii^imilis. 

l''ili.V-lllllS. 

ales  of  stipes  usually  with  a 
12.   /'.  spill II Ins, I. 
scales  of  the   stipes  pale 
1  ^    P.  Itoollii. 


I.    Dryopteris  Lonchitis  i  L.  i  Kuiit/.e.     Holly-fcriL      i  Fio;.  26. 

I'lilrpiiiliinii  l.mnliitii  L.  Sp.  I'l.  m.ss.      [755. 
Asliiiliiiiii  l.iiiii  iii/iiSw.  Schrad.  Jouru.  Hot.  2:  50.    iS(ki. 
Dryiipli  lis  l.diii  iii/is  KwuU.i.-.  Kev.  den.  1'1.."<I,(.       iSoi, 

Rootstock  short,  stout,  densely  cliafFy.  Stipes 
I '-5'  long,  bearing  large  dark  brown  scales  with 
some  smaller  ones  ;  leaves  rigid,  coriaceous,  ever- 
green, narrowly  lanceolate  in  outline,  once  pinnate; 
pinnae  broadly  lanceolate-falcate,  i'-2'  long,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  strongly  auriclcd  on  the 
upper  side  at  the  base  and  obli(iuely  truncate  on 
the  lower,  ilensely  spinulose-dentatc,  the  lowest 
commonly  triangular  and  shorter ;  sori  large,  at 
length  contiguous,  borne  nearer  the  margin  than 
the  midrib,  commonly  (piite  close  to  the  margin  ; 
indusium  orbicular,  entire,  fixed  by  its  depressed 
centre. 

On  rocks,  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  Ontario  and 
Hritish  Columbia,  and  in  the  Kocky  ^bluntaius  to 
I'tah,     .\lso  in  northern  ICurope  .and  .\sia.     .\uK. 


Dryopteris  acrostichoides  (  Micl.x.  i  Ktiiitze.    Cliristnias  Fern.    (  P'ig.  27.) 

s.'ic/mii/is  Michx.   I'l,   lior.   .\m.  2  :  267, 


.\iplinutiiiiii  dill 

1.S15. 
.Ispii/iiiiii  dii nsliiliiiiilis  Sw.  Syn.  1m1. 
PiVi'pti  I  is  dcii'sliilioidis  Kmitze,  kev. 


11.        lS,rf). 
Ceu.  ri.  M2. 


1S91. 

Rootstock  stout,  creeping.  Stipes  5'-;'  long, 
densely  chaffy;  leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  6'-2°long, 
.i'-5'  wide,  rigid,  evergreen,  subcoriaccous.  once  pin- 
nate ;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  falcate,  I'-j' 
long,  acutish  at  the  apex,  half  halberd-shaped  at  the 
base,  bristly  with  appresscd  teeth,  the  lower  little 
smaller,  .sometimes  dellexed  ;  fertile  fronds  contracted 
at  the  summit,  bearing  the  large  contiguous  sori  near 
the  middle,  which  soon  cover  the  whole  lower  sur- 
face ;  indusiuni  orbicular,  entire,  fixed  by  its  depressed 
centre,  persistent. 

In  woods  and  on  hillsides,  most  abundant  in  rooky 
places,  .New  Hrunswick  and  Nova  .Scotia  to  I'lorida,  west 
to  Ontario,  Wisconsin  and  Mississippi.  .Vsceiids  to  2700 
ft.  in  Marylaiul.     Ju1v-.\uk. 

lM)rms  with  cut  lof)ed  or  incised  pinnae  arc  known  as 
var.  .Silratiiiil:ii  :  occasional  forms  are  2  pintiatifi<l. 


,>/ 


I  pi 


2  :  267. 


I-KRN    1-AMII,Y 
3.   Dryopteris  Braunii  {  Speimcr  i  riukrw. 

Aspidiiiiii  Hiiiiniii  Spitiiur.  I'l.  I"rib.  i  :  i|.       1S25. 
,tsf>i(/i'ifiii  <ii  ii/iii/iii/i  var.   /liiiinii/   Ddcll,  Kliiiii.  I'l. 

21.       IS^.V 
Piyii/itcri'i    tiiiiliiilii    var.    /liinniii    I'lnUrw.    Nativt- 

(•■(.■nis.  VA.  ),  ii2.       [S(|^, 

Rootstock  stout.  Stipes  4'-j'  Ions,  chalTy  with 
botli  broad  and  narrow  brown  scales  ;  leaves  oh- 
long-lanccolatc,  not  coriaceous,  2  pinnate,  the 
rachis  chaffy,  at  least  below  ;  pinnae  numerous, 
close  tofjether,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 
broadest  at  the  base,  cut  to  the  midvein  into  ovate 
or  oblong  pinnules;  middle  pinnae  2^i'-.\'  long, 
the  lower  gradually  shorter  ;  pinnules  truncate  and 
nearly  rectangular  at  the  base,  acute  or  obtuse, 
sharply  toothed  and  beset  with  long  soft  hairs  and 
scales;  sori  small,  mostly  nearer  the  midvein  than 
the   margin  ;  indusium   orbicular,    peltate,  entire. 

In  nicky  wikhIs.  OuiIhc  In  Alaska.,  soiitli  to  Maine, 
the  niDunlains  of  I'l  iiusylvania,  and  to  MiiliiKan  aiul 
Urilish  Cnhinibia.   Asi-iiids  tn.scKol't.  in  \'cinii>nt.    Atiir. 


15 

(  V\^.  28. ) 


IK 


Dryopteris  Noveboracensis  i  I„.  !  A.  Ciiay.      New  York  Fcni.      i  Im^.  29.  ) 


■.■rhuniii  use  I..  Sp.  I'l.  ickji.  i^.S.V 
■thunuiiisc  S\\.  Syn.  I'il.  5,s.  iSi]6. 
lu'lhiiaiciisis  .\.  (Iray,  Man.  6311.       iSiS. 


Dryopteris  Thelypteris  i  r„. 


/'iilrf>inliin)i  Xi 
.  tsfyii/iinii  Xii 
/Iriii/y/iiis  .\i 

Rootstock  slender,  widely  creeping.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  tapering  both  ways  from  the  middle, 
I'^-j"  long,  4'-6'  wide,  niembrauous,  long-acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  once  pinnate  ;  pinnae  lanceolate, 
sessile,  long-acuminate,  deeply  pinnatilid,  ciliatc 
and  finely  pubescent  beneath,  iH'-p,'  long,  the 
two  or  more  lower  pairs  gradually  shorter  and  de- 
tlexed,  commonly  distant ;  segments  Hat,  oblong, 
obtuse,  the  basal  ones  often  enlarged  ;  veins  simple 
or  those  of  the  basal  lobes  forked  ;  sori  not  con- 
llueiit,  borne  near  the  margin  ;  indusium  minute, 
reniforni,  delicate,  gland-bearing,  fixed  by  its  sinus. 

In  moist  woods  and  tliii'kcts.  Newfoundland  to  On- 
tario and  Mitniesola.  south  to  Ni>rtli  Carolina  and 
.\rkansas.  .\scends  to  5000  ft.  in  Virginia.  .Sonietinus 
sweet-scented  in  dryinj;.     Jidy-Sept. 


A.    (rt-ilV. 


.\i  I  os/i<  liiiiii   '/'/n/vp/ti  is  I,.  ,Sp.  I'l.  1071.       175,^. 
Asftiiliiiiii  ■/'//( /i/)/(;/,vSw.Selirad.  Journ.Iiol.2;  (o.  iSk). 
Ih  Viiph'iis  'I'hrlip/,  I  is  .\.  Cray.  Man.  (),V'.       1>-|S. 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping.  Leaves  lanceolate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  scarcely  narrower  at  the  base 
than  at  the  middle,  i°~2';°  long,  .\'-(i'  wide,  short- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  membranous,  once  pin- 
nate ;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  short-stalked  or 
sessile,  mostly  horizontal,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
nearly  truncate  at  the  base,  i '2 '-3' long,  slightly 
pubescent  beneath,  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  segments  ob- 
long, obtuse  or  appearing  acute  from  the  strongly 
revolute  margins ;  veins  regularly  once  or  twice 
forked;  sori  crowded,  10-12  to  each  segment; 
indusia  reniform,  slightly  glandular  or  glabrous. 

In  marshes  and  wet  woods,  rarely  in  dry  soil.  New 
ilrunswiek  to  Manitoba,  south  to  I'Morida.  Louisiana 
:iiid  Kansas.  .\seen<ls  to  2<HH>ft.  in  Vermont.  .Mso  in 
I'Uudpe  and  .\siii,     Sunnuii. 


€ 


Marsh  .Sliicld-fcrn. 


,<\\\\\\1 
^..{2^^^ 


-i 


|:' 


1 6 
6. 


rOLVPODIACEAK. 
Dryopteris  simulata  Daveiip.      Massachusetts  vSliield-fern.     (Fijr.  31.) 


^ 


.  !sp,i/iiiiii  SI  11/ 11/11/ II III  Davi'ii)).  liot.  Cuz.ip  :  495. 
/>i]ii/)/(iis  siiiiii/ii/:i  D.ivi'iip.  I!(il.  Caz.  19:  497. 
As  syiioiivm. 


iS94- 
i,S94. 


mmMt 


iiiVT^^ 


Rootstock  wide-crcepitig,  slciuler,  brownish ; 
stipes  6'-2o'  long,  straw-colored,  dark  brown  at 
bast,  with  deciduous  scales;  leaves  .S'-2o'  long, 
2'-;'  wide,  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  to  an  acu- 
minale  apex  (abruptly  tapering  in  the  fertile  leaf), 
little  or  not  at  all  narrowed  at  the  base;  pinnae  12- 
20  pairs,  lanceolate,  pinnatifid.  the  segments  ob- 
li(iuely  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  slightly  revolute  in 
the  fertile  leaf;  surfaces  finely  pubescent,  especi- 
ally near  the  midribs;  texture  rather  thin;  veins 
simple,  nearly  straight ;  son  rather  large,  somewhat 
distant,  4-10  to  each  segment  ;  indusia  finely  glan- 
ilular  at  tlie  margins,  withering-persistent. 

In  wiMKlliuid  swamps,  Xiw  Ilampsliirc-  to  llic-  Iiuliaii 
Krritiiry.     Closf  to  the  prc-cidiiiK  spi'cies.     Siiiniiier. 


Dryopteris   fragrans   (  L.  )   Scliott. 
Krajj^raiit  vShield-feni.      (  I<'ijr.  ^2.  ) 


l'ii/yf>ii,iiiiiii  fi  ,ii;itiiis  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  loSii. 
^Is/iiifiiim  /'nii: rails  Sw.  Schrad.  Joiirii. 
/)i  flip/,  I  IS  /ill';  runs  Scholt,  C.cti.  I'll. 


Hoi.  2  :  IS.      iSki. 

Rootstock  stout,  chaffy  with  brown  shining  scales. 
Stipes  2'-4'  long,  cliaffy  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  firm,  glan- 
dular and  aromatic,  pinnate  or  nearly  2-pinnate, 
acuminate  at  apex,  narrowed  to  the  base,  3'-i2'  long; 
pinnae  deeply  pinnatifid,  numerous,  lanceolate,  acute, 
%'-\'i'  long;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  dentate  or 
nearly  entire,  nearly  covered  by  the  large  sori  ;  in- 
dusium  thin,  nearly  orbicular,  persistent  long  after 
the  sporanges  have  matured,  its  margin  ragged  and 
sparingly  gland-bearing,  the  sinus  narrow. 

OnroL'Us,  I,  ibrador  lo  .\laska,  south  to  Maiiu\  Vcnnoiit, 
tin.'  .\<lironil  ick  Mountains  anil  Wisconsin.  .Xscends  to 
4000  ft.  in  W'niionl.     Also  in  Cntiilaiiil,  I'airo])u  and  .\sia. 


Jin'kk*^ 


rC^ 


'^ 


mp 


8.  Dryopteris  cristata  ( I.,.  ) 

'VHn-^-  Crestcil  ShicUl-fcru.      (  Flo-, 

/   ^VxV     /'iily/'iii/iinii  iiis/ii/iiiii  I, 


Vj 


.Sp.     I'l.     |.H)0 


i7.^.v 


iSoo. 


^mmis^^y^ 


.  Is/iii/iiiiii  ciis/ii/ii  III  Sw.  .Sclirad.  Joiini.  I!ol.  --..s,. 
/>i  liip/,-iis  ,  lis/ii/ii  .\.  (".ray.  Man.  6,ii.       1.S4S.' 

Rootstock  stout,  creeping,  densely  chalfy.  vStipes 
of  the  sterile  leaves  2'-$'  long,  those  of  the  fertile 
6'-io'  long;  leaves  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  gradually  and  .slightly  nar- 
rowed to  the  base,  rather  firm,  i°-2;'i°  long,  4'-6' 
wide,  pinnate ;  pinnae  lanceolate  or  triangular- 
ovate,  acuminate,  dceplj-  pinnatifid  or  the  lower 
pinnate,  the  segments  6-10  pairs,  serrate  or  incised; 
sori  about  midway  between  the  margin  and  midrib; 
indusium  thin,  orbicular-reniform,  glabrous. 

In  wet  woods  aiul  swamps.  Ncwfoumllaiid  to  Maui- 
loba.  soiilli  to  Kentucky  and  .\ikansas.    .Xsceiidslo  2701) 
ft.  in  Maryland.     .Also  in  ICuroiK- and  .\sia.     July-.XuK. 
Dryopteris  cristata  Clintoni&na  II).  C.  ICatoii )  I'nderw.  Native  Kerns,  lid.  4,  115.      iSi;;. 
Asfiiiiiinii  iiis/ii/inii  var.  C/iii/oiii,iiiiiiii  I).  C.  ICalon  in  .X.  Cray.  .Man.  ICd.  5,  (165.      1S67. 

Leaves  2' .•°-4"  lonjf.  willi  oblong  lanoeotate  piniiai',  wliicli  are  broadest  at  the  base  and  4'-6' 
lonjf  ;  .seKnieiils  S-iO  pairs,  linearoblontf,  obscurely  .serrate  ;  veins  pinnalely  forking,  bearing  the 
sori  near  the  niidvein.     Maine  and  Ontario  to  New  Jersey.  I'eiinsylvania  and  Wisconsin, 


FERN   FAMILY. 


17 


3'-> 


^    t)^5~' 


O'O: 


iiav. 


ami  3,'  -(•>' 
iiriiiK  111*-' 


9.    Dryopteris  Goldieana  (Hook.)  A.  Gray.     Goldie's  Fern       (Fig.  34.) 

Ashhfiiiin  Coldicanum  Hook.  Ivdinl).  I'liilos.  Jdurii.  6: 

Diyoptcits  (loldiaiia  .\.  (iray,  Man.  6:51.      l^4^. 

Rootstock  stout,  widely  crcepiiij;,  chafTy.  Stipes 
io'-i8'  long,  chafTy  at  least  below  ;  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  rather  firm,  2°-4°  long,  usually  1°  or  more 
wide,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  dark  green  above,  pin- 
nate or  nearly  2-pinnate ;  lower  pinnae  broadly 
lanceolate,  widest  at  about  the  middle,  6'-9' 
long,  J '-2'  wide,  piunately  parted  into  about  20 
pairs  of  oblong-linear  subfalcate  segments  which 
are  serrate  with  appressed  teeth  ;  sori  very  near 
the  midrib,  close  together  but  distinct,  large  ;  in- 
dusium  orbicular,  fixed  by  its  narrow  sinus,  glab- 
rous, persistent. 

In  rich  woiids,  Xtw  lirunswick  In  Minnesota,  south 
to  Xortli  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  .\scends  to  ,S(«io  ft. 
in  Virginia  and  to  2500  ft.  in  Vermont.     Jnly-.VuK. 


CJ,n 


10.  Dryopteris  marginalis  ( I.,. )  A.  Gray. 


^^i^' 


■35-) 


J'l'lyftiHiiinii  iiiiiixiiitilf  I,.  S)).  IM.  locji.  175,^. 
.I.sfiid/iiiii  iii<nxiiiti/('  S\v.  .Syn.  l"il.  50.  iN)6. 
/>/jii/i/tii.s  iiiaiiiiiuili.i  A.  Gray,  Man.  632.       184.'?. 

Rootstock  stout,  ascending,  densely  chaffy  with  dark 
brown  shiningscalcs.  Stipes  3'-8'  long,  chaffy  below; 
leaves  borne  in  a  crown,  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late in  outline,  subcoriaceous,  6'-2>4°  long,  pinnate  or 
2-pinnate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  slightly  narrowed  at 
the  base  ;  pinnae  numerous,  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile, 
glabrous,  2 '-5'  long,  the  lower  broader  and  shorter 
than  the  middle  ones,  the  upper  pinnatifid,  the  lower 
pinnateh'  parted  into  oblong,  .sometimes  slightly  fal- 
^~yr  cate  obtuse  entire  dentate  or  piunately  lobed  pinnules ; 
sori  distinct,  close  to  the  margin,  covered  by  the  glab- 
rous indusium  which  is  fixed  bj-  its  sinus. 

In  rocky  woods  and  on  banks.  I'rince  Ivdward  Island  to 
the  Northwest  Tenitory.  south  to  .Mabania  and  .\rkansas. 
.\scends  to  ,si«»i  ft.  in  VivKinia.  -V  hybrid  with  P.  ciishtla 
is  described.     Leaves  evergreen.     July-.\ug. 

Mas  (  L.  )  vSchott.     iMale  Fern.     (Fig.  36.) 


l\ilvl>odiiiiii  l'ili.v-)iias  I,.  .Sp.  I'l.  lot^o.      17,1:5. 
.Isfiutiiiiii  /Vy/.i -wif.v  S\v.  Sclirad.  Joiirn.  Hot  2:  v'^.      iS(hi. 
D) yiiphrh  /■'I'/i.i  -iiius  Schotl,  Gen,  I'il,       i!>,;4, 

Rootstock  stotit,  ascending  or  erect,  chaffy.  Stipes 
4'-6'  long,  very  chaffy  below;  leaves  broadly  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute,  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  slightly 
narrowed  to  the  base,  1°-^°  long,  rather  firm,  half 
evergreen,  pinnate  or  partly  2-pinnate  ;  pinnae  lanceo- 
late, broadest  at  the  base,  gradually  acuminate  to  the 
apex,  3'-6'  long,  pimiatifid  almost  to  the  rachis  or 
piunately  divic  "d  into  oblong  glabrous  lobes  or  pin- 
nules ;  pinnules  slightly  dentate,  i".cised  or  nearly  en- 
tire; sori  large,  borne  near  the  midvcin,  more  numerous 
on  the  lower  halves  of  the  segments ;  indusium  firm, 
convex,  glabrous,  orbicular-rcniform,  fixed  by  its  sinus. 

In  rocky  woods,  Labrador  to  .Vlaska,  south  to  northern 
Michigan  and  Uritish  Columbia,  and  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains to  Arizona.  .Mso  in  ("treeitland,  ICurope  and  .\sia. 
and  in  the  .Vndes  of  .South  America,  .Xug,  The  rootstock 
(if  this  and  tlie  preceding  .species  furnish  th'.-  drug  Filix- 
nias,  used  as  a  vermifuge. 


IS 


I'OLVPDDIACEAI'. 


12.   Dryopteris  spinulosa  (  Rctz  )  KuiUzu.     vSpiiuilosc  Shiukl-lVni. 


I'litvfithiiiiiii  spiHiili'siiiii  Kit/.  I'l.  Scatiil.  I'M.  2.  2,so.  I79,s. 
.  Ispitl/liiii  spiiiii/i'.siiii/  S\v.  Sclirail.  Jnuill.  Hot.  2:.i^.  1'*ihi. 
/)i  tiif>/i  i/'i  s/tiiiii/iiiii  Kiinl/i-,  Kuv.  Ctii.  I'l.  M.I.     i"^i>i. 

Rootstock  stout,  chaffy.  Stipes  f/-iS'  lo'ij^,  bearing 
a  few  pale  brown  deeiiluous  scales;  leaves  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, 2-pinnatc,  the  pinnae  oblique  to  the  rachis, 
elongated-triangular,  rather  thin,  the  lower  pairs 
broadly  triangular,  slightly  shorter  than  the  middle 
ones;  pinnules  oblique  to  the  midrib,  connected  by  a 
very  narrow  wing,  oblong,  incised  or  pinnatitiil  with 
spinulose-toothcd  lobes;  indusiuni  glabrous,  orbicular- 
reniforni,  fixed  by  its  sinus. 

In  rich  wdikIs.  NcwfciuixllatKl  to  .Vlask.i  .u\i\  WasliiuK- 
tciii.  sii\itli  til  Ktntui'ky  ,iiul  .Michit;:iii.  .Vsciiiils  tu  ^mni 
ft.  ill  \'iri;iiii;i.     .Mm)  in  luitopi.-  and  .\sia,     July-.\iiu. 

Dryopteris  spinulosa  intermedia  (  .Mulil.  i  I'ikU  r\v. 
.Nativi-  l\riis.  I'M.   |.  ii'>  i  f'i.\i. 


^1^ 


*■     .A: 


# 


^■v.'S-if^-"..-.v,  -,?  ■ 

/'.•.■/•+i|'T    ,'■.'  N 


'f^i'^^lf 


_n-?-^^ 


Asliiiliiiiii  iiihiiiiidiiiiii  Mulil.;  Wind.  Sp.  I'l.  5:  26J.    i.Sid. 

Drvdpliiis  iiitci  iiiidiii  .\.  Ciray,  Man.  (\v>.      iSj.^. 

.ispiiliniii  spill  ii/dsii  11/  var,  iii/ii  iiii  itiimi  I).  C  Ivitmi  in  .\.  (iray,  Miii.  VA-  ,S,  66,=;.       i."<67. 

Sfak'S  nf  the  slipis  few,  Imiwn  with  a  darker  ciMitri'  ;  k'avis  nbldiijf-iivale.  2-vi>iiiiiatc\  tlii' 
piiuiai  iibldiitc-lanctolati'.  siiriadiiijf.  tin-  Inwcst  iiiu(|ually  triaiiiiular  nvalc  ;  pininik-s  crowdt-d.  pin- 
iiattly  (lividi-d  ;  iiiiUisiiiiu  di-licati-.  bcsit  with  stalked  jjlaiiils.  I.alnadur  to  .\laska.  south  to  North 
Carolina  ami  Missouri. 1  ?i     WV  haw  chostii  this  coiiiiiioiRsl  .\iiR-iii-aii  form  for  illustration. 

Dryopteris  spinulosa  dilatata  .  Ilolfin.  )  riuKrw    N.ilivf  Ivnis.  ICd.  4.  116.      iS^;;. 
I'iil\ pihliiiiii  dilalnliini  HolTiii,  Dintsch.  I'l.  2;  7.       1705. 
.Ispiiiiiiiii  spiiiii/iisKiii  \-,n.  lUliiliilK III  Hook,  lirit.  fl.   (()■       '^.V. 
Pi  yopi,  lis  liiliiliihi  .\.  Citay.  Man.  ii.;i.       i^.(s. 

Scak-s  of  till-  sti])f  laiyv.  brown  with  a  darker  i-cntiv:  kavis  broadly  ovale  or  triaiiKular-ovatc-. 
cotnnioiily  vpiiniatt'  ;  piniiuks  laiiciolatc  oblong,  tlii'  lowi--t  ol'tiii  iiuicli  (.-lontfalfd  ;  iiidii^iuin  Klab- 
roiis,  Ncwfouiidlaud  to  WashiiiKlou  and  .\laska,  soiitli  alonii  tlu'  .Mk'Khuiiies  to  North  Carolina 
and  IViiiussti.-  and  to  ( )hio  ;iiid  N\br,i>ka.     .\lso  in  liuroiji-  and  .Vsia. 

13.   Dryopteris  Boottii  ( Tuckcriii.  )  riulcrw 


Boott's  SliicUl-fern.    (Fig;.  3S.  ) 

.  Ispic/iiiiii  /)()/'////  Tiickirm.  Ilovcy's  Mag;.  9:  i.(,s.    l^^^■ 
.tspii/iiiiii  spiiiiili'SKiii  v.ir.  I'millii  I).  C.  I{ali>n  in  \. 

Ciray,  Man.  IM.  ,^,  oo.s.       iSd7. 
Ill yopli  lis  llinitlii  Tiiderw.  N.itivo   I'Vriis.  I^d.  \.  117. 

i.siiv 

Rootstock  stout,  ascending.  Stipes  S'-i2'  long, 
covered,  at  least  below,  with  thin  pale-brown 
scales ;  leaves  elongated-oblong  or  elongated- 
lanceolate  in  outline,  thin,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
slightly  narrowed  at  the  base,  nearly  or  quite 
2-pinnate,  1^-2  fj^  long,  3'-3'  wide  ;  pinnae  lanceo- 
late, long-acuminate,  broadest  at  the  nearly  sessile 
base  ;  pinnules  broadly  oblong,  very  obtuse,  the 
lower  pilinatifid  ;  sori  distinct,  borne  about  half 
way  between  the  midvcin  and  margin  ;  indusiuni 
orbicular-reniform,  minutely  glandular. 

Ill  woods.  Nova  Scotia  to  Miiniisola,  south  to  soulli- 
(.rn  Nfw  York.  I)Llawaru  and  Maryland.  .Vscinds  to 
21KH1  ft.  in  Wrmoiil.  .\lso  in  iioriliuni  I^umpi-  and 
.\sia.     July-Si'pt. 

6.  PHEGOPTERIS  Fee,  (kii.  Fil    J42.       1S50-52. 

:\Iedium  sized  or  small  ferns  witli  2-.vpinnatifid  or  ternate  leaves  and  small  round  sori  borne 
on  the  backs  of  the  veins  below  the  apex.  Stipe  not  jointed  with  the  rootstock.  Indusium 
none.  Fertile  (spore-bearing)  and  sterile  leaves  similar.  Sporanges  peilicelled,  provided  with 
a  vertical  ring,  bursting  transversely.     [Greek,  signifying  Heech-fcrn.] 

.\boul   101)  species  of  w'  Ic  Kcoffrapliic  distrilmtioii.     Hcsidcs  the  following  aiiolher  occurs  in 
wesurii  North  .\iiu'rica. 
lA'avcs  lriau({ular,  2  piiiiiatifid  :  pinnae  sessile,  adiiate  to  the  wiujreil  rachis. 

Leaves  louder  than  broail.  usually  dark  Kreen.  i.   /'.  IViivioplcris. 

Leaves  as  broad  as  Iouk,  or  broader,  usually  litflil  ttreeii.  2.   /'.  hi .\ai;oiio(iliiix. 

Leaves  ternate.  with  the  three  divisions  putioled  ;  rachis  wiiiRless.  ,v   /'.  I)i yoptciis. 


4.  "7- 

'  lonji, 

brown 

oiigated- 

hc  apex, 

or   quite 

lanceo- 

scssile 

use,   the 

ut    half 

iilusiuui 


11  south - 

L'l-iuls   to 

iipu    ;uul 


KKRX    I'AMII.V. 


19 


ten's. 
iiiif>/<'i(i. 


I.    Phegopteris  Phegopteris   i  I,,  i  I'lKk-rw.     I/ontr  Ik'ccli-foni.      i  Imk-   3'J-^ 

I'oix  f'l', till  III  /'III  i;iipli  ii\  1..  S]>.  I'l,  liiSo,       175,;. 
J'liii^i'ph  I  is  f'.ilv/iiiiliniili  \  l''cf.  Ct-n.  I'il.  2-\\.     i>,so-5.'. 
l'hii:"N' I  is  /•/i,L;.i/>/,iis   fu(k-i-\v.;  SmimII,    lUill.  Torr. 
Cluii.  20  :   ('i2.      iS(n. 

Rootstock  Blender,  creeping;,  somewhat  chafTy  at 
least  when  younj^.  Stipes  6'-<)'  long  ;  leaves  trian- 
jj;iilar,  thin,  mostly  longer  than  wide,  ('-9'  long,  .V- 
6'  wide,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  pubescent,  especi- 
ally on  the  veins  beneath  ;  pinnae  laiu'eolatc  or 
linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sessile, 
broadest  above  the  base,  pinnately  parted  very 
nearly  to  the  rachis  into  oblong  obtuse  entire  seg- 
ments, the  lower  pair  dellcxed  and  standing  for- 
ward ;  basal  segments,  at  least  those  of  the  upper 
pinnae,  decurreut  and  adnate  to  the  winged  rachis  ; 
sori  small,  borne  near  the  margin. 

In  moist  woods  and  on  liillsicUs.  N'lwfoundland  to 
Alaska,  soutli  to  till-  mounlains  of  Vir^iiiiii.  and  to 
Micliiyan  and  Wa-hiniitoii.  Ascends  to  }.«hi  ft.  in 
Viiinoiit.     Also  in  I'Uiioiif  and  Asia.      \nj;. 

Phegopteris  hexagonoptera  (  Michx.  ) 

l''ijL*.    Umad  Hefcli-fL-ru.    (  Fisr.  40. ) 

I'.'lvfiihliiiiii  III  A  iii;iiiiiifil,i mil  Alichx.  I'M.  lior.  Am. 

2:  2-\.       [So;. 
I'lii  i;ii/'li  I  is    liiuii^iniiipliiii     I''ce,     ("icii.     I'Ml.    2-),^. 

lSo-,S2. 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping,  chaffy,  some- 
what fleshy.  Stipes  .S'-l^'  long,  straw-colored, 
naked  ;  leaves  triangular,  as  broad  as  or  broader 
than  long,  ~'-\2'  wide,  slightly  pubescent  and 
often  slightly  glandular  beneath,  acuminate  at 
the  apex  ;  upj)erniost  pinnae  oblong,  obtuse, 
dentate  or  entire,  small,  the  middle  ones  lance- 
olate, acumiiuite,  the  very  large  lowest  pair 
bro.-ulest  near  the  middle,  pinnately  parted 
nearly  to  the  midveiu  into  linear-oblong  obtuse 
segments;  sori  mostly  near  the  margin. 

In  dry  woods  and  on  liillsi(ks,  Ouihtc  to  Minne- 
sota, south  to  I"liiii<la  and  Louisiana,  .\scends  to 
|i«»j  ft.  in  Noitli  Carolina.     I.eavts  IraKvanl.     Aiifj;. 

3.  Phegopteris  Dryopteris  (  L.  )  lYc 

Oak-fcTii.      (  Fi.t;-.  41.  ) 

/'i  ill/"  III  i  mil  Piyiifihi  i<  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  iiKi,;.       \~~..\. 
I'liit;i>f>li  lis  Diyofili  I  is  I'Ci',  (Un.  I'il.  2\\.       iSvi-52. 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping.  Stipes  slender, 
4'-l2' long,  chaify  at  least  near  the  base;  leaves 
thin,  broadly  triangular,  almost  glabrous,  ('-S' 
wide,  ternate,  the  three  primary  divisions  stalked, 
pinnate  or  partly  2-pinnate,  the  terminal  one 
slightly  larger,  all  spreading  more  or  less  at  right 
angles  to  the  stipe  ;  pinnules  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  sessile ;  segments 
oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  crenate,  close  together. 

In  nniist  woods,  thickets  and  swamps.  Newround- 
land  to  .\laska.  sontli  to  \'ii>;inia,  Minnesota,  ( )ie({on, 
and  in  tile  Rocky  MomUain-  to  Colorado,  .\scends  to 
.'|<«itt.  in  the  Caiskills,  .\ls.  I-;nroiK' and  .\sia.  -Vuif- 
Phegopteris  Dryopteris  Robi      .ma   (HolTui.)    Davenp. 

Cat.  Davinp.  lUil     Mippl.  47.      iS.s^. 
I'lilvfiiHiiiiiii  h'lilii'i  lidiiiiiii  llolTin.  Deutsch.  l-'I.       ■79,S. 
l'liii;iif>liris  iiiliiii I'll  l'"ee,  Cen.  l'"il.  3|,v      iS,so-52. 

Sli])LS  f)'-io'  louK.  straw-colored  when  dry  ;  leaves  6'-8'  Ions,  mostly  erect,  ,s'-7'  wide,  deltoid- 
ovate.  2-pitni.ite.  the  lowest  i)innae  nuich  the  largest,  piuuatifid  or  affain  pinnate  ;  upper  piiniae 
smaller,  piuuatifid,  lobed  or  entire;  sori  uutuerous.     Labrador  to  Iowa  and  Idaho.     .\Iso  in  lUirope. 


20 


ror.VPODIACEAK. 


7.  WOODWARDIA  J.  K.  Smith,  Mem.  Acad.  Tor.  5:  411. 


793>- 


Large  and  rather  coarse  ferns  of  swamps  or  wet  woods,  with  pinnate  or  nearly  2-pinnate 
leaves  and  ohlong  or  linear  sori,  sunk  in  cavities  of  the  leaf  and  arranged  in  chain-like 
rows,  parallel  to  the  margins  of  the  pinnae.  Leaves  all  alike  or  the  pinnae  of  the  fertile 
ones  much  narrower  than  those  of  the  sterile.  Indusia  subcoriaceous,  fi.xed  Lv  their  outer 
margins  to  a  veinlet  and  covering  the  cavity  like  a  lid.  Veins  more  or  less'  reticulated. 
Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  vertical  ring,  bursting  transverselv.  [Name  iu 
honor  of  Thomas  Jenkinson  Woodward,  1745-1X20,  English  botanist.] 

.Six  spccii'S.  mostly  of  tlu-  ii.ortli  teni|KiaU-  /one.  lUsidLs  Iht-  followiuK,  anntlifV  ucciirs  i>ii  Hie 
I'acific  coast  of  North  .America. 


Leaves  uniform  ;  VL-ins  free  between  tlie  sori  and  tlie  marKiii. 
Leaves  of  two  kinds  ;  veins  everywliere  aiiastoniosiiiff. 


//'.  J'ii i; iiiiia. 
II'.  (i/rn/ti,',!. 


I.  \Voodwardia  Virginica  (  L.  )  J.  K.  Smith.  \'irgiiiia  Cliain-ffrn.     (  Fi^ 


42.) 
1771. 

Mem. 


Jl/i(liiiiini  I'll  iiiiiii  iiiii  L-  Mant.  2:  ,^07. 

iri'iHlutinlin    I 'lit;  Illicit    J,     li,    Sniitli, 
Acad.  Tor.  5:412.      179;;. 

Rootstock  long,  stout,  horizontal,  subterra- 
nean or  creeping,  chaffy.  Stipcsstout,  i2'-iS' 
long,  nearly  or  quite  naked,  dark-colored  be- 
low :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  i°-2°  long,  6'-<)' 
wide,  pinnate  ;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  usu- 
ally alternate  or  some  of  them  opposite,  coria- 
ceous, glabrous,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  ses- 
sile, ;,'-6'  long,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  ovate 
or  oblong  obtuse  segments,  their  margins 
minutely  serrulate ;  veins  forming  a  single 
series  of  areolae  on  either  side  of  the  mid- 
vein,  the  sori  borne  on  the  outer  curving 
veinlets  ;  sterile  and  fertile  leaves  similar  in 
outline. 

Ill  swamps,  often  in  deep  water.  Nova  .Seotia 
to  Ontario  and  Mieliiffan.  south  to  I'lorida. 
Louisiana  and  .Arkansas.  .Vscends  to  ivio  ft.  in 
reiiiisylvaiiia.     .\lso  in  liernuida.     Jniie-Julv. 


2.  Woodwardia  areolata  (  L.  i  Moore.     Xet-veiiied  Chain-fern 


Acrosliiliuiii  arcnlaluDi  L.  Sp.  IM.  io6<i.      17^!. 
ll'ooiluiiniia  aii!;iisli/oh\i  ].  ]•;.  .Smith.  Aleiii. 

Acad.  Tor.  5:  411,       I7q;5. 
WciHiuiiiilia  i!ii;i/n/i!  Moore,  Iiule.x  rilieuiii. 

xlv.       1857. 

Rootstock  slender,  widelj-  creeping, 
chaffy.  Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  fertile 
taller  than  the  sterile  and  borne  on  longer 
stipes,  i°-2°  high,  their  pinnae  much  con- 
tracted, narrowly  linear,  3'-5'  long,  2"-3" 
■wide,  distant,  their  bases  connected  by  a 
very  narrow  wing  to  the  rachis  or  quite  dis- 
tinct ;  sterile  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  membran- 
ous, broadest  at  the  base,  or  sometimes 
with  one  or  two  small  pinnae  below,  the 
apex  acuminate,  the  segments  lanceolate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
minutely  serrulate,  sometimes  undulate, 
their  bases  connected  by  a  rather  broad 
rachis-wing ;  veins  forming  numerous 
areolae. 

In  .swamps  and  moist  .soil,  Maine  to  IHorida, 
Tennessee,  Louisiana,  and  .Arkansas ;  also  in 
Michigan.  Ascends  to  T,txKi  ft.  in  North  Caro- 
lina.    Aug. -Oct. 


FKRN   I  AMILV. 


21 


8.  SCOLOPENDRIUM  Adr 


aii< 


Fam.  IM.  2:  20.       i'f>3- 


orida. 
>  fl.  in 
July. 


f 


Larfje  ferits  with  ohloiij;  or  straii-shaped  mostly  entire  leaves,  anil  linear  elongated  sori 
which  arc  almost  at  right  angles  to  the  niitlrih  and  contiguous  in  pairs,  one  on  the  upper 
side  of  a  veinlet,  the  otlier  on  the  lower  side  of  the  next  contiguous  veinlct,  thus  appearing 
to  have  a  double  indusiuni  opening  longitudinally  along  its  middle.  .Sporanges  pediccllcd, 
the  ring  vertical,  bursting  transversely,     [(ireek,  in  allusion  to  the  centipede,  SiOlof)CiHiia.'\ 

I'ivu  spcciis,  tn:iiiily  l^f  tiiniHTalu  riniiius.  Only  tlif  I'Dlliiwinn  is  known  tn  occnr  in  North 
America. 

I.    Scolopendrium    Scolopendrium 

(  L,.  )  Karst.    Hart'.s-tonj^iie.  (^Fig.  44. ) 

Asftliii  i  II  III  Siiilnfii-iiil  li  II  III  I,.  S]).  IM.  11J79.    175.V 
S(iiliif<riitli  iiiiii    :ii/i;tiir    J.     }'..    Smith,    llcni. 

.\ca<l.  Tor.  5  :  421.      i;!)?. 
Smlii/^i  mil  ill  III  Sioiofxiitl  rill  III  Karst.  Deutsch. 

I'l.  :?7S.       i-^So  s^. 

Rootstock  short,  erect  or  ascending,  chaffy 
with  light  brown  scales.  Stijies  2 '-6'  long, 
fibrillose-chalTy  below  or  sometimes  up  to 
the  base  of  the  leaf;  leaves  simple,  bright 
green,  firm,  7'-iS'  long,  I'-i^i'  wide,  cor- 
date at  the  base,  the  margins  entire  or  un- 
dulate, the  lower  surface  of  the  midrib  souie- 
timus  chalTy;  pairs  of  sori  distinct,  2"--," 
long  ;  conspicuous  on  the  lower  surface,  the 
sporanges  dark  brown  at  maturity ;  veins 
free,  usually  once  forked  near  the  midrib. 

On  sliadi-d  dilTsnf  llic  cornifc-nms  limestone, 
Cliitlinanifd  I'alls  .ind  JaniLSville.  N.  V.;  near 
.Sdutli  I'ittsburK.  Tenn.:  Owen  Snund,  Ont., 
New  jirun^wick  and  Mcxien.  Widely  dislrib- 
utiil  in  l-aircipi',  .\sia  and  .M'rica.  Very  variable 
in  I'cirni  in  the  Old  Wurld. 

9.  CAMPTOSORUS  Link,  Hurt.  Rerol."  2 :   69.       183;,. 

Slender  ferns  with  tapering  simple  entire  or  undulate  leaves,  bearing  linear  or  oblong 
sori  several  times  longer  than  broad,  irregularly  scattered  on  either  side  of  the  reticulate 
veins  or  sometimes  crossing  them,  p.irtly  parallel  to  the  midrib  and  partly  oblicjue  to  it,  the 
outer  ones  more  or  less  approximate  in  pairs.  Indusiuni  nieinbranous.  Sporanges  pedi- 
celled,  provided  with  a  vertical  ring  which  opens  transversely.  [Greek,  referring  to  the 
bent  or  curved  sori.] 

Two  sijecies,  the  fi)ll<iwini{  of  eastern  North  .Vnierica,  the  other  of  northern  Asia. 

I.     Camptosorus     rhizophyllus    ( L.  ) 
Link.     Walking-fern.     (Fig.  45.) 

Asfilriiiiiiii  rlii-ol'livllii  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  107S.      175^. 
CiiiiifilKsiiriis   liiizo/ilivlliis   Link,    Hort.    Herol.  2 : 
69.      kS,^,^. 

Rootstock  short,  usually  creeping,  somewhat 
chaffy.  Stipes  light  green,  i'-6'  long,  tufted, 
spreading  ;  leaves  rather  thin,  lanceolate,  sim- 
ple, long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate,  has- 
tate or  rarely  narrowed  at  the  base,  4'-9'  long, 
sometimes  with  a  more  or  less  elongated  pair 
of  basal  auricles  ;  tip  of  the  leaf  and  sometimes 
the  tip  of  one  or  both  of  the  basal  auricles  root- 
ing and  forming  a  new  plant  by  the  ultimate 
withering  away  of  its  tissue,  but  commonly 
two  or  sometimes  as  many  as  four  plants  are 
found  connected ;  sori  usually  numerous,  very 
irregularly  scattered  on  the  lower  surface. 

On  dry  rocks,  preferring;  limestone,  (juehec  to 
Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina 
and  Kansas.  .Vseends  to  2Si«J  ft.  in  Virginia. 
Aug. -Oct. 


22  rOLVI'ODIACJCAP:. 

10.  ASPLENIUM   L.  S]..  I'l.  iu7,s.       1753. 

I^ar^e  or  small  ferns  with  simple  lohcd  piiinatu  2-,vpiiiiiate  or  piiinatilid  leaves,  and 
linear  or  oblong  son  oblique  to  the  midribs  or  rachises.  Leaves  uniform  or  the  fer- 
tile sometimes  different  from  the  sterile.  Veins  free  in  our  species.  Indusia  straight  or 
curved,  opening  towards  the  midrilis  when  single.  Spnranges  pedicclled,  provided  with  an 
elastic  ring,  bursting  transversely.  [Ancient  f.reek  name  ;  some  species  were  supposed  to 
be  remedies  for  diseases  of  the  spleen.] 

A  ffenus  of  s.„n.;  vv'  sp-cies.  of  vi-ry  wide  ^r^•.,jr^,•lI,lli,■  dislrilmtinn,  l;r>i<K>  tin-  InllMuiiiir  Cve 
others  occur  in  I'h.n.lii  .uid  ihive  in  the  wcsuni  \y.ui>  i><  tlic-  Iniud  Sl^iti- 

Sori  ^['J'^'J:^''";j';[^'<i;y'>'^"''«l'l'.^- '■""■"'■  ^m  ulu.l  t,,  tlu-  u,.|Rr  >i,U-  ,,r  M  viin;  kavo  nmstly  small 
I.ciivo  iiiniiiitirKl  (ii-  ])iinial(.-  bilow,  ta|Krinir  to  ,i  jDinl 

StiiHs  bjackisl,  bil.iw.  lobi's  ,„„„,lc.l  or  l]u  l,,u.sl  acuniinalc.  i.   ./.  /.hn,.,/!,i,/„w. 

Stipi>  l)lackl^h  tliroiiiilioiu  :  lol)is  ai-utc  or  aoiiiiiinaU-  -.      I    ,/„■;/,./,/,, 

I.^■av^•^  om-i-  piiinati-,  -.    .    . 

I'iniiac  ;,'     r  j"  loiii;.  mostly  l)bMil, 

Kacliis  rlustinil  brouii  or  blatki>li, 

I'iiiiKu-  auritUcl  al  tin  upinrsidi  ol  llu-  Ivasi-. 

I'innac  opiiositc.  oblonn  :  racliis  dark  blown  or  blai-k  ;      /    /uir-ii/inii 

riiiii;ii'  partly  altiTiiati-.  laiict-olalc-  :  rac'liis  cIrsUuU  bmu  ii 

I,-  .-,,,,  (.    .  /.  ['Itit\  III  II ii'ii. 

I  innai-  ii,.t  auruUd,  partly  alUriiaU'.  parlly  op,„,MU-,  s.   .  /.    Iri,  li.,i,„iii,^ 

Kacliis  tirccii  ;  ]iiiinai'  iiol  aiinck-d.  ,,       ;    -.,rit/, 

I'iimai-  .>'-5'  lonn.  .'iculr  or;n.'iiminatc. 

l.iavi.s  .'-^-piinialifid. 

Stipes  Ki-cfM  :  leaves  ovati-dcltoiil  :  piimuU-^  fan  -liaiii.d.  vt-in^  (labillaU  , 

cij,,.  .  ,i.,ri      ..11  1  ''■   ■'■  /i'li^ii  iiiiii  III  ill. 

Miixs  (lark  al  Die  base,  srrciii  .ibovt-. 

Leaves  ovale-laiu-eol.ite   broa.U  si  near  the  base.  ,,    .  |.  „„.ii/,iiii,iii. 

I.vaves  laiuvojale,  broadest  aliove  tin- middle.  ,,,      ;    /,,„/, iiiiiiii 

Slipts  elieslmil  brown  llivounliout.  as  al-,.  tlic  l.iwir  part  of  tin-  r.u-his. 

Sori  usually  mnre  or  Us-  enrved    soMRlime-,  liorsrsl,o,..sl,a,H  ,1,  nften  erossini^o^lu'V.i'iter.'ir  lower 
sule  ol  tin  v.iiiUl  :  l.aive  liiiis.     i  N,,.  7  iiiav  be  luuked  l\,r  here  I 
Leaves  ipiiin,iliti(l  :  se.uiiuius  bliiiu.  se,ireelv\ri  iiaU-  ]>      ;    ,„  r '(// 7;  ,/ /,  , 

Leaves  ipninaU-  :  piinuiks  acute,  t,M,ilK-,l  or  pinnatirid.  ,  T    V  riii'v  l\>,  iiiiiia 


.  I.  iiiii;  ii.\/i'/,i/iiiiu. 


I.    Asplenium  pinnatifidum   Xmi.     Pinnatitul  SjilLLinvon.     ■  Fi.o.  ^r,. 


w   ' 


.h/>/iiiiiiiii    /iiiiii,i/i/i,/iiiii    XuU     Cen    2- 
IM.S. 


Rootstoc'k  short,  creeping,  branched, 
chaflV.  ,Stii)es  tufted,  polished,  blackish  be- 
low, green  above,  2 '-5'  long,  .somewhat 
clialTy  below,  at  least  when  young:  leaves 
broadly  lanceolalc  in  outline.  ;,'-ic)'  long, 
liriii,  tapering  upward  to  a  long  narrow 
point,  i)innatitid  or  the  lower  jjarts  pinnate  ; 
lowest  pinnae  or  occasionally  several  pairs 
.sometimes  tapering  to  a  point  like  that  of 
the  apex  of  the  leaf;  lobes  or  pinnae  rounded 
or  the  lowest  acuminalc;  sori  commonly 
numerous,  straight  or  slightly  curved. 

On  rock-,  .Neu  Jer-i  v  and  reiiiisvlvania  to 
Illinois,  soiitli  loCeoriiia,  Alaliama  aiid  .\rkan- 
sas.  .\seeiuls  lo  V'oo  ft.  in  .Nortli  Carolina.  The 
eli<l  ot  Uie  lony  liji  ,,f  llu-  leal'  somelime-  takes 
lool  a-  ill  the  Walking  I'eni.     Jiil\    ( let. 


FERN    I'AMIIA', 


2. 


Asplenium  ebenoides  R.  R.  Scoti.     Scolf.^  Snl 


23 


.  isf^htiiiiiii  ihriiniil,^ 
Sin'.  ,s-.        |S)»:. 


Spleciiwort.      (  lMj,r.  47.  ) 


K.    k    Soitt,    Jdiini.    k< 


Unit 


Rootstock  short,  chafTy.  Stipes  hlackisli  tlirouKh- 
out,  tufted,  i'i'-4'  lonjf;  leaves  lanceolate  in  ..in- 
line, variable  in  size  and  length,  ;/-c,'  lon^r,  ,'-3' 
wide  at  the  base,  firm,  tapcrin^'  into  a  verv  Iouk 
narrow  acuminate  apex,  pinuatifid,  or  coinmonlv 
pinnate  hclow,  the  seKtnents  or  pinnae  lanceolate 
troni  a  broad  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  irregular  in 
lenKth,  the  lower  sometimes  shorter  than  those 
just  above;  sori  several  on  each  segment,  straight 
or  slightly  curved  ;  indusiuni  narrow,  rcdexed  when 
the  sporanges  are  mature. 

On  liiiust.im-,  C(Mnuclii-ut  U.  Iiidiiiiia,  x.iitli  t.,  \la 
biinia  Kiiro  iuul  local  .Mvpt  in  tin  lasl  iianuil  Ich-.iI 
ily.  .\sccn.lsto  I  ),.,  ft.  j„  \-irK:ii,iM  Tlu-  i)lant  UMi.illv 
occurs  will,  (  „////./,. w„v,.  ////:.. M, ///rvan.l  .lv/./,/„„»/ 
/j/.j/l  //,  iiroi,  and  issusiiccl.d  uf  l,cinn  .a  liybri.l  hcluccii 


3.   Asplenium  parvulum   Mart.  .\;  (".al. 
.S])k-i.-ii\vorl.      (  Ims;-.  4,s,  i 


Snial 


.  I  sN,  II  ill  III   t'"  I '■■II I II  III    M.irl   \:   C.-il 
[n))riiit  iH.,]       |V|_, 


.Mini.   .\ca'l,   Unix. 


15: 


Rootstock  short,  creeping,  chaffy  with  black  stiff  scales. 
Stipes  tufted,  blackish  and  shining,  I'-z'  long;  leaves 
rather  firm,  lincar-obloiig  or  linear-oblanceolaU;,  ;,'-i(/ 
h)ng,  5"-i2"  wide,  once  pinnate;  pinnae  2 "-6"  long, 
mostly  opposite,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  crenulate' 
auricled  on  the  upper  side  and  nearly  sessile,  the  middle 
ones  the  longest,  the  lower  gradually  shorter  an<l  re- 
flexed  ;  rachis  dark  brown  or  black  :  sori  oblong,  short, 
borne  about  midway  between  the  midrib  and  the  maigiu 
of  the  pinnae,  nearly  or  ((uite  straight. 

Oil  liimslniiy,  XiiHiiiia  to  I'lniida.  west  to  .Miss,,mi   Texas 

'^^:  j^;;,^'nc.  •^^^^•■'"^ '" '''-  ''■  •"  ^•"■^---  Ai;ri^ 


4.   Asplenium  platyneuron  ,  L.  ,  Oak.-s.     l.:i,uny  .Spkunvnrt.      ,  Kin.  49.) 


-liros/i,/iini,  /i/„/,;„„,;,s  I,.  S]).  I'l.    i.Vk;. 

As[>l,iiiiim  ihciuniii  .\it.  Il,,n.  K\.„-.  3:  ((..^ 

■  isf>/<iiiiiiii  fildlyiiiinnii  {hi\n.^-  \)    (_'    I.'.,.,, 

'  1:24.     i^rv.  ■  " 


A. 


I'lriis  .N. 


Rootstock  short.  Stipes  densely  tufted,  pur- 
plish-brown and  shining,  i'-4'  long;  leaves  lin- 
ear, ,S'-i5'  long,  ','-1  ■,'  wide,  firm,  once  pinnate, 
the  rachis  chestnut-brown  ;  pinnae  20-40  pairs, 
lanceolate,  subfalcate,  alternate  or  partly  so,  ses- 
sile, crenate,  serrate  or  incised,  auricled  on  the  up- 
per side  at  the  base  and  occasionally  also  on  the 
lower  ;  lower  pinnae  grachially  smaller  and  oblong 
or  triangular  ;  son  ,S-i2  on  each  side  of  the  midrib 
of  the  pinnae,  becoming  crowded  at  maturity. 

()n    rocks    aiKl    banks,    prcf.ninp    liiiKstom-    soil 
.Maine  and  OnlaiK.  to  I-lorida,  west  to  Co'.orado,  tlie  I„. 
(lian   lerritory.  Louisiana  and  Texas.       .Vsceiids  to  i2,«, 
It.  in  North  Carolina.     Julv-Sepl 


24 


I'OLYI'ODIACI'AK. 


5.    Asplenium    Trichomanes    L,       Maukn- 

liair  Splccmvoft.     1  I''i),r.  50.  ) 

.t-.;>lriiiiiiii   Tii,/i,iiii,ni,i  ],.  <,],.  I'l.   i(i.So.       I-,,. 

Rootstock  short,  nearly  erect,  chaffy  with  blackish 
scales.  Stipes  ileiisely  tufted,  commonly  numerous, 
i'-5'lonj,',  purplish-brown  and  shining;  leaves  linear 
in  outline,  ;/  S'  lon>{,  6"-io"  wide,  rather  riRid,  once 
pinnate,  evergreen  ;  i)iiinac  oval  or  roundish-oblong, 
inc(|uilateral,  partly  opposite,  partly  alternate,  or 
nearly  all  opposite,  cuneatc  at  the  base,  the  point  of 
attachment  to  the  dark  brown  rachis  narrow,  their 
margins  sli),'htly  cren.ate  ;  sori  y6  on  each  side  of  the 
forking  an<l  evanescent  midrib,  short,  narrowed  at 
cither  end  ;  sporanjrcs  dark  brown  when  mature. 

l)n  r.)cks,  imlVrrinc  linicstunc.  thrnii(rli,,iit  nc-itlv 
llK-  wlink'  nf  N(,rth  Aim-ru-a  cxcipt  the  i-xtrvinc  iioitii 
.\-ciii(ls  to  .'si«i  11,  ni  ViriiKiiit.  Also  in  luiropt^,  \si,i, 
Soiilli  AliKNi  1111(1  till.  I'ai-ific  Islaiiils.     Julv-Scpt 


6.  Asplenium  viride  Muds, 
wort.      (Fiii.  51 

Asfiltiiiuii!  yiiidi   Hiuls.  I'l.  .ViirI.   ?S; 


C.recn  vSpluen- 


Rootstock  stout,  creeping,  chaffy  with  brown  nerve- 
less scales.  Stipes  numerous,  deusely  tufted,  brown- 
ish lielow,  green  above;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
2'-S'  long,  4"- 10"  wide,  once  pinnate,  pale  green, 
soft,  licrbacccu.f.  or  almost  membranous;  rachis 
green  ;  pinnae  12-20  pairs,  ovate  or  rhomboid,  deeply 
creuate,  obtuse,  unequal  sided,  their  upper  edges  nar- 
rowed suddenly  at  the  base,  the  lower  obliquely  trun- 
cate; sori  oblong  and  numerous  or  scattered  and  fewer . 

On  rocks,  Xiw  liruiiswick  to  Hiitisli  Cohinil)iii,  south 
to  llic  Crciii  .Moiuilaitis  of  Vi.rin<mt.  .Vlso  in  noillicrn 
Kuropf  and  .-\sia.     Suninicr. 


7.  Asplenium  angustifolium  Miclix.     Xarrow-leavedvSpleemvort.     (Fig.  52.) 


Asplciiiidii  (iimiis/iy'o/it/m  Midix.  I'l.  Hor.  \ni   2- ->('■,=; 
1 S 1 V  '  ' 

Rootstock  stout,  creeping,  rooting  along  its  whole 
length.  Stipes  growing  in  a  crown,  brownish  or 
green  above,  chaffless,  ,S'-i2'  long,  sometimes 
slightly  scaly  toward  the  base  ;  leaves  lanceolate  in 
outline,  i°-2°  long,  once  pinnate,  glabrous  ;  pinnae 
20-30  pairs,  linear-lanceolate,  or  those  of  the  sterile 
leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  obtuse 
or  truncate  at  the  base,  i's'  long,  flaccid,  the  mar- 
gins entire  or  slightly  crenulate;  fertile  leaves  com- 
monly taller  than  the  sterile,  narrower,  their  pinnae 
generally  nmch  narrower,  often  falcate  ;  sori  20-30 
on  each  side  of  the  midrib,  linear,  close  together, 
the  indusia  at  length  concealed  by  the  mature 
sporanges. 

In  nioisi  \  oods  and  shaded  ravines.  Quebec  to  Wis- 
consin, south  to  Virtfinia  and  Kentucky.  Ascends  to. 
1 700  ft.  Ill  the  Adiroiulacks.to  2300  in  the  Catskills    Aug 


I'KKN-    IWMILY. 
8.  Asplenium  Ruta-muraria  I,.     Wall  Hue 
Spkvmvoti.     ,  Imj^.  ;^_^  , 

Asf>!,iiiinii  Kiihi  iiiiiniihi  r,.  Si>    I'l,  io>i.       i-,' 

Rootstock  sliort.  asceiuliiiK.  Stipes  tufted,  nakeil 
slender,  greeu,  2'-,,'  Ioiik  ;  leaves  ovate  or  deltoid- 
ovate  111  outline,  2'  ,s'  louK,  Rlahrous,  evergreen  ^^y 
pinnate  or  pinnatili,!  above;  pinnae  and  pinnules 
stalked:  pinnules  rlionihie  or  olmvate,  mostly  olituse, 
dentate  or  incised,  cuiieate  at  the  base  ;  veins  flahel- 
latc;  sori  feu-,  linenr-ohlonK,  eoiKluent  when  mature 
and  coverinK  nearly  the  whole  pinnule,  the  indusiuni 
nienibran.aceous  and  delicate. 


25 


and  .\tisM,un.      Ascends  tn  .„.,  f,.  i„   \-ir^,i„j,,       \u"l\. 
Uiir.ipi,  Asia  and  iinillRni  Ainca.    July. St  pt  *'  "  '" 


C'i 


& 


9-   Asplenium  montanum  WilUl.     Mouiitnin 
Spleemvort.     (  Fi>j^.  54.  i 

.l^pliiiiinii  nioiilaiiin,,  Willd.  Sj).  I'l.  5:  ,vp.       l.Sio. 

Rootstock  short,  chaffy  at  the  summit.  Stipes 
tufted,  naked,  slender,  blackish  at  the  base,  Krecn 
above,  2'-;/  long ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rather  firm,  1-2-piiinatc  ;  lower 
pinnae  louKest,  pinnate  or  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  or  seg- 
ments ovate  or  oblong;  upper  pinnae  less  divided, 
merely  toothed  or  incised  ;  veins  obscure  ;  sori  linear- 
obloiijj,  short,  the  lower  ones  sometimes  double,  usu- 
ally almndant,  often  confiuent  at  maturity  and  con- 


V'l  "11.^11  tuiuiiitiiL  ai  matui 

//    cealinj;  the  narrow  membranous  indusia. 


On  dry  and  iiK.ist  rocks,  CnniKclicut  and  Ww  V 
(H-nrKia    west  lo  Olii.i  aiul  Arkansas.     Asotnds  t 
in  .\ortli  Laroliiia.     JuiK-Aug. 


rk  to 

>  151  «J  ft. 


10.    Asplenium    fontanum  ( I^. )  Beriih. 
Rock  Spleenwort.     (  Fij^-.  55.  ) 

rolyfiodiiitii  foiilainnii  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  i.i.Si,.       i-:;,. 
.Uplcniinii  foiiUinum   liernli.  Sclirad    Jdurn    I'.ot    i  ■ 

Rootstock  short,  ascending,  clothed  with  narrow 
dark  scales  at  the  ape.\-.  Stipes  tufted,  i'-^'  long, 
somewhat  blackish  at  the  base  especially  on  the 
itiner  side,  usually  glabrous;  leaves  lanceolate, 
broadest  above  the  middle,  thin,  2-3-piunate,  ;/-6' 
long,  6"-i/,'  wide,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed to  the  base ;  pinnae  10-15  pairs,  the  seg- 
ments deeply  dentate  with  spinulose  teeth;  sori 
only  I  to  4  on  each  segment,  covered  with  a  mem- 
branous subentirc  indusiuni,  rarely  confluent. 

On  rocks  I.ycoiniiiff  Co.,  Pa.,  and  Sprinpfield.  Ohio. 
Xlie  rarest  North  American  fern  ;  conniion  in  l-Uirone 
ouninier.  ' 


26 


I'OIA'l'ODIACEAlv. 


d 


II.  Asplenium  Bradleyi  I).  C.  IvUon.    Urad- 
le\'s  Spk'ciuviirt.      (  I-'i}^.  56.  ) 

.l\/'/,  11/1111/  lli,id/i\i  II.  (J.  Ivitnii.  liiiU.  Tnir.  Club.  4:  II. 

Rootstock  short.  cliafTy  willi  l)ro\vii  sc.ilcs.  Stipes 
tufted,  slender,  2'-3'loiij.;,  chestnut-brown  throuj^liout; 
leaves  ol)loni.;-lanccolate  or  olilon).;,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  not  narrowed  at  the  base,  pinnate  with  8-12 
pairs  of  short-stalked  or  sessile,  obloiig-ovatc  pinnae, 
the  lower  again  pitinatifid  or  pinnate  with  oblong 
obtuse  lobes  or  pinnules,  which  arc  toothed  at  the 
apex,  the  up]icr  pinnatifid  with  dentate  or  nearly 
entire  lobes;  racliis  lirowii  ;  sori  short,  borne  near  the 
midrib,  covered  with  the  narrow  indusium  until  iiia- 
turitv. 


(In  I'H'k^.   iiril\riin^r  linuslmif.  Ntw   Vnrk  in  (k 
and  .\lab;ini;i.  wist  to  .\rkaii>as.     l.m'al.     .liil.v  .Sipl. 


■rifia 


^\ 


12.   Asplenium  acrostichoides  S\v.     Silvery 
.S|)lL-Ln\vi)rt.      (  I'"].!;.  57.  I 

.l.ifi/:  iii/iiii  ,1,  I  o^iulhi/ili  ^  Sw.   .Sflinid.  Jniini.  I'.nt.  2:  ,s|. 

1  >l  K  1. 

.\if>l<iiiiiiii    thihlU,  ii'i,ti  \    Michx.    l-'t.    liuv.    .\iM.    2:    2'>5. 

Rootstock  slender,  sinuous,  creeping.  .Stipes  S'-i  2' 
lon.g,  straw-coloreil.  .somewhat  chall'y  below  at  'east 
when  young;  leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  1  -,>  long, 
6'-] 2'  wide,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
to  the  base,  pinuate-pinuatifid  ;  pinnae  linear-lanceo- 
late, .sessile,  aciiininate,  dee])ly  pinnatilid  into  numer- 
ous oblong  obtuse  or  subacute,  slightly  crcnate  seg- 
ments; sori  crowd',  slightly  curved  or  straight,  the 
lower  ones  often  double;  inilusium  light-colored  and 
somewlial  shining  when  youn.g. 

Ill    lic.il     llloi>l  unnil^.    NiiMl    .Scnlia    to    MilllKScila.  Sdlllll 

1"  Aliili.niiii  and  Kiiiliicky.     .\sri  ikN  to  5.k«i  ft.  in  \"iiviiiia, 
.\lsci  ill  I  a-li  111  .\-.ia.     .\iin    ( icl. 

13.   Asplenium  Filix-foemina  i  I,,  i  Hcrnh.     Liul\  -tVni.     <  Ims;.  5.S.  ) 

l'"l\pmliiiiii   I'iH  vfn,  III  ilia   I..  Sp.  I'l.  ii»ici        1-5;. 
.tspli  iiiiiiii     I'ili  \ -fiHiiiiiiii     lUriili.     .Schrad,     .Nines 
jimni.  Dili,  i:  I'ait  .'.  2(1.      isi/i. 

Rootstock  creeping,  rather  slender  for  the  size  of 
theplant.     .Stipes tufted,  6'-io'  long, straw-colored, 
brownish  or  reddish  ;  leaves  broadly  oblong-ovate 
or  oblong  lanceolate,  ."iciuuinalc  at  the  apex,  1-3° 
^,  y-'-T^""^  long,    2-]>iiiiiate ;    jiinnae    lanceolate,    acuminate, 

short-stalked  or  the  ujipcr  ones  sessile,  4'-.S'  long; 
liinnulesobloiigdanceolatc,  incised  or  serrate,  their 
lobes  or  teeth  often  again  toothed,  those  toward 
the  ends  of  the  pinnae  conlliicnt  by  a  very  narrow 
margin  to  the  secondary  rachis ;  sori  short,  the 
indusia  straight  or  variously  curved,  sometimes 
liorseshoe-sha]ied. 

Ill  wncids.  tliickits.  .111(1  l)y  wiiUs  and  fi  luis.  Nnva 
Scolia  til  .\laska.  MHilli  In  I'lnrid.i.  I.niiisi.iiia  and  .\ri- 
/iiiia.  tliu-  tlnniinliiiiit  luaily  all  nf  N'mtli  .\iinrica. 
.X-criiil-  tn  (mill  II  itiNnrtli  Carnliiia.  and  In  .>.«i.i  It.  in 
\i  iiiiiiiit.      .\lsn  ill  Iviiriiiii.'  anil  .\sia,     Jiiiii'  .\iin. 


^■V^^K^^ 


^v.VVv^^;;;iii 


v^>:j&i'. 


FKRN    lAMlLY. 


27 


II.  ADIANTUM  L.  Sj).  PI.  1094.       175;,. 

Graceful  ferns  of  rocky  hillsides,  woods  and  ravines,  with  much  divided  leaves  and  short 
marginal  sori  borne  on  the  under  sido  of  the  reflexed  and  altered  portion  of  the  pinnule 
which  serves  as  an  indusiuin.  Stip(>s  and  branches  of  the  leaves  very  slender  or  filiform, 
polished  and  shining.  Sporangcs  borne  at  the  ends  of  free  forking  veins,  provided  with  a 
vertical  ring  which  bursts  transversely.     [Name  ancient.] 

.\  (ri-mis  of  .'^o  (ir  911  spicics,  mostly  of  tro|)iciil  Ain(-rii;i,  lUsiiUs  Uu-  fl>llo^vill^;  iihoIIri  ipcciirs 
in  IMoriila,  one  in  Texas  and  one  in  California. 

I.eavis  2  pimiate,  ovali-  lani'C'ol:iU'  in  outlini.  i.   .1.  Otf>i/hi>   }'i  ii,  i  is. 

I.eaves  (lichotoiiiously  forked  with  piniiiiU   l)i;inchis.  2.    .1.  />iiliihtiii. 


I.  Adiantum  Capillus-Veneris  I,.      Wnus-liair  l\rn.      i  Pi 


Adiiiiiliiiii    Cupilliis  \'i  III  I  i\    I..    Sp.    V\.    iiKi*!. 

Rootstock  creeping,  rather  slender,  chaffy 
with  light-brown  scales.  .Stipes  very  slender, 
black,  or  nearly  so  and  shin'iig,  ,i'  i/  long; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate  in  ciutlinc,  2  iiinnalc 
below,  simply  pinnate  above,  membranous, 
commonly  drooping,  6'-2  long,  4'-i2'  wide 
at  the  base;  piiuiiiles  and  U])|)er  pinnae 
wedge-obovate  or  rhomboid,  rather  long- 
stalked,  glabrous,  the  njipcr  margin  rounded 
and  more  or  less  incised,  crcnate  or  dentate- 
serrate,  excc])t  where  it  is  recurved  to  form 
the  indusia ;  main  and  secondary  racliiscs 
and  stalks  of  the  pinnules  black  or  dark 
Ijrown  like  the  stijie. 

In  ravines.  X'iryinia  to  I'loiiila.  wc~t  to  .Mi>. 
soiiii.  rtali  and  Californi.i  AmiiuIs  to  i  ;,«' ft. 
ill  Kiiitncky  .\lso  in  tiopic.il  .\iiurica.  and 
wiiKlv  (H^liiliiiti  (1  ill  tile  waniii  r  parts  of  tin 
(lid  World      Jiiiii    .\mr. 


2.  Adiantum  pedatum  I,.      .Maiikii- 


l"crn. 


I'ii 


.\itl\lll/lllll   f<i  dilllt  III    I,     S]!     I'l     loo.i  17.> 


Rootstock  slender, 
ing  along   its   whole 


creeping,  chaflV,  root- 
length.  Stipes  9'-iS' 
long,  dark  chestnut-brown,  polished  and 
shining,  diciiolonunisly  forked  ;it  the  sum- 
mit ;  leaves  olili(inely  orbicular  in  outline, 
.S'-iS'  broad,  memliranons,  the  ]iinnae 
arising  from  the  upper  sides  of  the  two 
branches  of  the  stipe,  somewhat  radiatcly 
arranged,  the  larger  ones  fi'-m'  long,  i '-2' 
wide  ;  pinnules  oblong,  triangular-oblong, 
or  the  terminal  one  fan-shaped,  short-stalked, 
the  lower  margin  entire  and  slightly  curved, 
the  upper  margin  cleft,  lobed  or  dentate, 
liearint;  the  linear-oblong,  often  short  sori. 


In  woods.  Nova  Sioti.i  in  Itiiii.li  Colnnibia, 
^Miiilli  to  r,i-ornia  and  .\ikaii>a>.  in  tin-  Koiky 
Mountain- to  t'tali  ami  to  Califoniiii  .\-cinds 
to  ,S'«»i  ft  ill  Viiniiiia  .\l>o  in  .\laska  and  wi>t- 
i  rii  .\-ia.     Jiil>    Sipt. 


28 


I'Olypodiaci;ae. 


12.    PTERIS  L.  vSp.  PI.  1073.       175,^. 

Larjje,  mostly  coarse  ferns,  our  species  growing  iti  sunny  places,  with  variously  divided 
or  in  some  tropical  species  simple  leaves,  and  marginal  linear  continuous  sori  which  occupy 
a  slender  or  filiform  receptacle,  connecting  the  tips  of  free  veins.  Indusium  membranous, 
formed  of  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  leaf.  Sporanges  pcdicelled,  provide<l  with  a  vertical 
ring  which  bursts  transversely.  Stipes  continuous  with  the  rootstock.  [Greek  name  for 
ferns,  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  their  leaves  to  the  wings  of  birds.  ] 

.\bout  ux)  s])(.'ciis  of  vtiy  wide  sfcofTniphio  (listribiilicm,  niiistly  of  warm  and  tropical  rinions. 
Iksides  the  following,  three-  others  occur  in  the  southeastern  I  nited  Stales. 


"a 


I.    Pteris  aquilina  L.     Hraktj.     Bracken. 
(Imr.  61.  ) 

Ptciii  aquilina  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  1075.       I7,s,v 

Rootstock  stout,  woody,  horizontal,  subterranean. 
Stipes  \°-2°  long,  straw  colored  or  brownish; 
leaves  2°-4°  long,  i°-3°  wide,  usually  glabrous,  ter- 
natc,  the  three  branches  each  2-piunate  ;  upper  pin- 
nules undivided,  tlie  lower  more  or  less  pinnatifid. 

Ill  dry  or  moist  sunny  places.  <listril)uted  over  nearly 
the  whole  of  North  Ameriea.  exeej)!  the  extreme  north, 
and  over  nearly  the  whole  of  the  Old  World.  .Ascends 
to  5oi«)  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  iMirms  with  pubescent 
lower  leaf  surfaces  occur  in  southern  New  York  and 
New  Jersey.     July -.Sept. 

Pteris  aqui'.iua  caudata  ( I,. )  Hook.  Sp.  I'il.  2:  196.    i.-<5S. 

rii'iii  caiiiiala  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  io7,s.      i7,s,(. 

I'innules  sometinus  linear  and  entire,  or  with  the 
segments  less  erowiled  aii<l  the  terminal  Inhe  .atteniiale. 
narrow  and  entire.  In  sandy  soil.  New  York  to  I'lorida 
and  Texas,  and  in  tropical  .\nieriea. 

13.  CRYPTOGRAMMA  R.  Hr.  App.  Kraiiklin'.s  Joiini.  767.       1S23. 

Light  green,  alpine  and  arctic  ferns  with  leaves  of  two  kinds,  tlic  segments  of  the  sterile 
much  broader  than  those  of  the  fertile,  the  sporanges  in  oblong  or  roundish  sori,  which  arc 
at  length  condueut  and  cover  the  backs  of  the  fertile  pinnules.  Indusium  formed  of  tlic 
somewhat  altered  margin  of  the  pinnule,  at  first  reflexed  to  the  midrib,  so  that  the  segments 
appear  poddike,  at  length  opening  out  flat.  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  vertical 
ring  whicli  bursts  transversely,  borne  at  or  near  the  ends  of  unconnected  veins,  copious, 
light  brown.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  hidden  sporanges.] 

Two  species,  tlu'  following  of  northern  North  .\merica,  the  other  of  boreal  regions  of  Old  World. 

I.  Cryptogramma  acrostichoides  R.  Hr.    American  Rock-brake.     (  FiR.  62.  ) 

Civfyliinrainnia     a<ri)s-/i,//iii(/is     K.     Hr.    .\pp. 
i"ranklin's  Jonrn.  7(17.      i>!2,v 

Allosorii:-  aiiiisliihoidis  Sprenj;.     Svst.  4  :  (16. 
1827. 

Rootstock  rather  stout,  short,  chaffy. 
Stipes  densely  tufted,  straw-colored,  2'-6' 
long,  chatfy  below,  very  slender ;  leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  thin, 
glabrotis,  2-3-pinnate,  the  sterile  shorter 
than  the  fertile,  their  ultimate  segments  and 
pinnules  crowded,  ovate,  oblong  or  obovate, 
obtuse,  crenatc  or  slightly  incised ;  fertile 
leaves  with  linear  or  linear-oblong  segments 
3"-6"  long,  l"  or  less  wide,  the  margins 
involute  to  the  midrib  at  first,  at  maturity 
expanded  and  exposing  the  light  brown 
sporanges. 

I'orminK  dense  patches  anionp  rocks,  Labra- 
dor ami  Iludson  bay  to  .Maska,  south  to  Lakes 
Huron  aiul  .Superior,  in  the  Kocky  Mountains  to 
Colorado  and  to  California.     .Summer. 


FKRN   FAMILY. 


29 


U'..    PELLAEA  Link,  Fil.  Hort.  Berol.  59.       1S41. 

Rock-loving  small  or  medium-sizeil  ferns  with  pinnate  or  ptnnatifiJ  leaves  and  intra- 
niarginal  :;ori  borne  on  the  ends  of  nnconnected  veins,  at  length  confluent  and  forming  a 
marginal  line.  Indusium  commonly  broad  and  membranous,  formed  of  the  reflexed  mar- 
gins of  fertile  segments  which  are  more  or  less  modified  and  membranous.  Fertile  and 
sterile  leaves  similar.  Stipes  usuallj-  dark-colored.  Sporanges  provided  with  a  vertical 
ring  which  bursts  transversely,  pedicelled,  copious,  usually  dark  brown.  [Greek,  in  allusion 
to  the  dark-colored  stipes.  ] 

About  55  specii-s,  of  wide  peoprraphic  distribution.  Iksidts  the  following:,  some  I2  others  oc- 
cur in  the  western  and  southwestern  i)arts  of  North  .\ineriea. 


Texture  of  the  leaves  thin:  veins  phiiiily  visible, 
Te.xture  eoriaeeous  ;  leaves  everRreen:  veins  obseure. 

Leaves  pinn.ite  or  2-i)innate  with  larpe  pinnules. 

Leaves  small,  3-P'nnale,  the  piniuiles  narrow. 


I.  /'.  Sldli'ii. 


atrdpiirfiiiira. 
(Inisa. 


Pellaea  Stelleri  (S.  G 


Slc-iuler  Cliff-brake.     fFi^.  63.) 

/'/(•lis  S/illiii  S.  ('..    ("lUiel.  Nov,   Coin.  .\cad. 

I'elrop.  12  ;  5it).  /)/.  /.'.  /:  /.     176)5. 
J'tiiis   i;i(ici7is    Miehx,    Kl,    Bor.   Am.   2:  -262. 

/•,-//a,,i  :;iaii/is  Hoi>k.  .Sp,  I'il.  2:  138.      iS.sS. 
J',//ii(ii  Sli'llcii  Watt,  Can.  l"il.  No.  2.      1S69-70. 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping,  thread-like, 
somewhat  scaly.  Stipes  scattered,  2'-t,' 
oiig,  straw-colored  or  pale  brown,  slightly 
chaffy  below  ;  leaves  thin-membranous,  ovate 
in  outline,  2'-5'  long,  I '-2'  wide,  2-3-pinnate 
or  pinnatifid  above,  the  fertile  taller  than  the 
sterile  and  with  narrower  pinnules  and  seg- 
ments ;  pinnae  lanceolate-deltoid,  cut  to  the 
rachis  into  a  few  blunt  or  subacute  slightly 
lobed  or  entire  segments  ;  indusium  broad, 
continuous  ;  veins  of  the  fertile  leaves  mostly 
only  one-forked,  everywhere  apparent  and 
conspicuous. 

(In  roeks.  prefeniuR  litnestoue,  Labrador  to 
l!rilish  Columbia,  south  to  Massachusetts,  I'etin- 
sylvania.  Iowa.  Wisconsin  and  in  the  Kooky 
>bnnitaiiis  to  Colorado,  .Xseends  to  25i»i  ft.  in 
Virnioiit,     .\lso  in  .Vsia,     .\uk    .Sept, 


v3 


k^^ 


2.  Pellaea  atropurpurea  (  L.  )  Link. 

Pnrple-stennncd  ClifT-brake. 

(  FiR.  64.  ) 

J'Iri  is  ahopiii  ftiiit'a  L-  Sp,  I'l.  1076,       17,,^, 
r,iliua   iihiipiirftima  Link,   Fil.  Hort,    llerol. 

59,      1S41, 

Rootstock  short,  densely  clothed  with 
rusty  slender  hair-like  scales.  Stipes  tufted, 
2'-6'  long,  dark  purple  or  nearly  black ; 
leaves  coriaceous,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late in  outline,  4'-i2'  long,  2'-6'  wide, 
simply  pinnate  or  2-piiniate  below  ;  rachis 
dark-brown  or  purple,  glabrous  or  pubes- 
cent ;  pinnules  and  npper  piiniac  i'-2'  long, 
glabrous,  3"  or  less  wide,  short-stalked  or 
sessile  ;  indusium  formed  of  the  slightly  al- 
tered incurved  margin  of  the  pinnules  ;  veins 
obscure,  commonly  twice  forked. 

(In  rocks,  preferring  litnestoue,  (Ititario  to 
the  Northwest  Territory  and  Hritish  Coluiid)ia, 
south  to  New  Jersey,  CieoiKia,  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory, Arizona  and  northern  Mexico,  .\secndsto 
2200  ft.  in  Virginia,    June-Sept. 


?>^ 


Pellaea   densa   (  Brack. 
Oregon  Cliff-hraki.'.      (  I"i.i. 


POLVPOUIACKAK. 

Hook. 

V 

f>5.  )  '^ 


(>ii>i  //in III 


(/<  iiiinii 


llriick.    I'il.    r.    S.   ICxi)]. 


/',//,! 


ill  iiui  H.iiik.  Sp.  I'll.  2:  I.s^i 


i^=;s. 


Rootstock  rather  slender,  clialTy  with 
blackish  scales.  Stipes  densely  tufted, 
wiry,  slender,  lij,'ht  brown,  },'-'■)'  lonj; ; 
leaves  ovate  or  triatij>ular-oblong  in  out- 
line, I '-;,' lonj^,  densely  ,s-pinnate,  the  seg- 
ments 3"-6"  lonj;,  linear,  r.early  sessile, 
acuininalf  ')r  niucronate,  tho.se  of  the  fer- 
tile leaves  tapering  at  each  eii<l,  with 
narrowly  recurved  margins  ;  apices  of  the 
rare  sterile  leaves  sharply  serrate,  these 
otherwise  similar  to  the  fertile  ones. 

Ml.  AlbiTt.  C.aspe,  yiuh.-c.  .Ms.i  I'roiii 
Hritisli  Columbia  to  Wyoming  ■mil  Calilorni:!. 
.Suninier. 


Mil 


15.  CHEILANTHES  S\v.  Syn.  Fil.  126.       i,S<)6. 

llostly  pul)esccut  or  tomentose  rock-loving  and  small  ferns  with  mncli  divided  leaves, 
the  sori  terminal  on  the  veins,  at  first  small,  ultimately  more  or  less  confluent.  Indusium 
formed  'of  the  rcflexed  margin  of  the  leaf,  roundish  and  distinct  or  more  or  less  conilu- 
ent.  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  an  clastic  ring  which  bursts  transversely,  often 
much  concealed  in  the  scales  or  tomcntum  which  covers  the  segments  in  many  species. 
[Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  lipi)ed  indusia  of  .some  species.] 

.\boiU  'is  sprcics,  of  IcmiKrali-  anil  troi)ii.'al  unions.  liisiiU'S  tlic  rollowinjj.  smui.'  i  (  others 
occur  in  the  wcsUru  ami  soMllnvi.sti.rii  parts  of  Noitli  .XiiKvica  ami  mu'  in  I'lmida. 

I.ciivis  nearly  ulab-ous,  2-])iiiiiatc.  [.   ( '.  .l/ii/niiiirii.sis. 

Leaves  liirsnte  ami  tilaiulul.ir.  not  toineiitose  ;  imltisia  not  eoiiliiuious.  _'.   ( '.  liiiinsii. 
Leaves  imne  or  Us-  tomentose  ;  iiulnsi.i  nmstly  eoiitinmius. 

Leaves  2    s'  loiiR  ;  stijies  slender,  ,it  leiintli  "early  ^;labrolls.  ,v   < '■  Kiiuilis. 

Leaves  f/    i,i'  lonj;  ;  stipes  stout,  densely  brown  tomentose.  .(.   C.  /oiiirii/nsii. 

1.  Cheilanthes  Alabamensis  (  Huckl.  )  Kiiii/.t-.     Alal)aina  Mii-fcrn.    (  Fi^-.  66. ) 

/'/iiis  Aliilhiiih  iisis  liiiekl.   -\iner.  Joiini.  Sei. 
45:  177-       i""!.^ 

( ■//(  i/iiii/lii  s  .  \liihaiiiiii\is  Kuii/e.  Linnaea,  20  ; 

4.       i.S|7. 

Kootstock  creeping,  rather  stout  and 
short,  clothed  with  slender  brown  scales. 
Stipes  black,  ,V-7'  long,  slender,  wiry, 
villous  at  least  towards  the  l)ase  with  rusty 
wool ;  leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  glab- 
rous, 2'-io'long,  2-pinnate  ;  pinnae  numer- 
ous, ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  very 
short-stalked,  tlie  lowest  usually  smaller 
than  those  above  ;  iiiiinules  oblong  or  tri- 
angular-oblong, mosti}'  acute,  often  auricu- 
late  on  the  upper  side  at  the  base,  more  or 
less  toothed  or  incised  ;  indusia  jiale,  mem- 
branous, interrupted  by  the  incising  of  the 
pinnae. 

On  rocks,  Virginia  to  .\labama,  west  to  Illi- 
nois, Arkansas  and  .\rizona.     Auk. -Oct. 


I'KKN    I'AMILV. 


31 


Cheilanthes  lanosa 

liiiiihsiiiH    Micli\.    I'l. 


(  Michx. 

!!iir.    Am. 


Watt.     Hairy  Lip-fcni.     ( I'ijj 


|ut   and 

scales. 
wiry, 
|h  rusty 

jmtincr- 
vcry 
Isinallcr 
or  tri- 
liiuricii- 
iiore  or 
I,  inciii- 
It  of  the 


t.p  lUi- 


JVi'/'/iriH/iiin/ 

IS,,;,. 

i'/iii/iiii//ii  i  -.'islilii  S\v.  Syii.  I'il.  ij--.       iN«i. 
t'liiHiiiilliis  IdiiitSii  Watt,  TriiiKii '^  Jourii.  lint.  12  :   ).■*. 

iS;.). 

Rootstock  sliort,  creepitii.;,  covered  witli  pale 
rtisty-browii  scales.  Stipes  tufted,  wiry,  chestuut- 
browu,  2'--4' loii^,  hirsute;  leaves  herbaceous, 
obloii^{lanceolate  iti  outline, .;'-(/  long,  i'-2'  wide, 
gradually  attenuate  to  the  apex,  2-pinnate  ;  pin- 
nules somewhat  distant,  lanceolate-deltoid,  acute, 
deeply  pinnatifid  or  incised,  more  or  less  covered 
with  almost  bristly  hairs  and  usually  somewhat 
glandular,  obtuse  or  subacute  ;  sori  numerous,  cov- 
ered by  the  infolded  ends  of  the  rounded  or  oblong 
lobes. 


On  locks,  siiulliirn  .\\\v  Vi 
Missipuri,  .\rk.insas  .ind  'IVxas 
North  Carolina.     JulySipt. 


irk  to  (iiiiriria,  utst 
.\:-ci.-n<ls  Icp  1710  I't. 


3.  Cheilanthes  gracilis  i  lYc- 1  Mctt. 


4.  Cheilanthes  tomentosa  Link, 

Lip-fcni.      (  l''!};'.  69.  i 

Cli,il,i)illi(S  liiniiiitosii  Link,  Ilort.  liiio!.  2:  |.>. 


.Slciuk-r  Li])- fern. 

.1/liiii/t/iiisi;riiii/is  l''ec.  Cell.  l'"il.  i,so.       iS.so-sz. 
Chriliiiilliis  luiiiiiiiiiiisd  Nutt.;  Hook.  .Sj).  I'il.  2:  i>(j. 

Clii  iliiiillir.i  i;i  iiiilis  Mftt.  .\bli.  Siiick.  Nat   l',i.-^(.ll. 

3;  [ripriiit  ,V>].       I'^.io. 

Rootstock  short,  covered  with  narrow  brown 
scales  lined  with  black.  Stipes  densely  tufted, 
slender,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  at  first  cov- 
ered with  woolly  hairs,  at  length  nearly  glab- 
rous ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  2'-4' 
long,  I '-2' wide,  .vpiiiuate  or  j-pinnatc  with  the 
pinnules  piiniatiful,  the  upjier  surface  slightly 
toinentose,  the  lower  densely  matte<l  with  whit- 
ish-brown woolly  hairs  ;  upper  pinnae  oblong- 
ovate,  the  lower  deltoid,  the  lowest  distant ;  ul- 
timate segments  or  lobes  minute,  the  terminal 
ones  slightly  larger  than  the  others,  all  roundish 
or  obovate  and  much  crowded;  indusium  nar- 
row, formed  of  the  inrolled  unchanged  margin 
of  the  segments. 

On  rocks,  Illinois  and  Miiimsota  to  Hrilisli 
Coluiiibia,  south  to  Tc.vas  ami  .\rizoiia.     July -Oct. 

\V()(.llv 


\vi- 


Rootstock  stout,  sliort,  densely  chaiTy  with  slen- 
der light  brown  scales.  Stipes  tufted,  .I'-.S'  long, 
rather  stout,  densely  brown-tomentosc  even  ..hen 
mature ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  3-pin- 
nate,  6'-iS'  long,  densely  tomentosa,  especially  be- 
neath, with  slender  brownish-white  obscurely  artic- 
ulated hairs  ;  piiniae  and  pinnules  ovate-oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  ultimate  pinnules  about  ',." 
long,  the  terminal  ones  sometimes  twice  as  large  as 
the  others  ;  indusia  pale,  nietnbrauous,  continuous. 

On  rooks,  Virifiiiia  to  (kiirtfia.  west  to  Missouri. 
Texas,  .\rizolia  and  Mexico,  .\sceiuls  to  K/o  ft.  ill 
North  Carolina,     Julv Oct. 


32 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


i6.    NOTHOLAENA  R.  Hr.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i:  145.       1810. 

Mostly  small  rock-loviny  fcnis,  with  1-3-piiiiiate  or  piiniatifid  leaves  and  marginal 
roundish  or  oblong  sori,  which  are  at  first  distinct  hut  soon  confluent  into  a  narrow  band. 
Iiidusiuni  none,  but  the  sporanges  are  sometimes  at  first  covered  by  the  inflexed  margin  of 
the  leaf.  Veins  free.  Sporanges  pedicellcd,  provided  with  a  vertical  transversely  bursting 
ring.  Lower  surface  of  the  leaf  often  covered  with  a  white  or  yellow  waxy  powder,  or  iu 
some  species  with  a  dense  tomentum.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  woolly  lower  surfaces.] 

About  411  spcciis,  of  wi<k-  distrilniticm,  must  luinurous  in  .Vniirica.  lii-iiks  the  lolldwingr, 
homo  17,  iitliirs  arc  found  in  the  mountainous  portions  of  the  soulliwcslcrn  I'nitcd  States, 

I.    Notholaena    nivea    dealbata 

(Pursln    Davtiip.      Powdery 

Notholaena.     (  Fij;.  70. ) 

Clifihiiillii-s  dt-dllhila    I'ursli,    I'l.    .\m.    .Sept. 

(■■-I.      \X\\. 
.\i'lliiihiiihi  (li'iilhnlii  Kuiizc.  .Vmcr.  Journ.  Sci. 

(II,i6:s.'.      1S4N. 
XiillKilitriHi  iii'rfci  van  ilialhahi  Davcnp.  Cat. 

Davcnp.  Herb.  .Suppl.  44.       iS.s^. 

Rootstock  short,  chaffy  with  narrow 
brown  scales.  Stipes  tufted,  wiry,  very 
slender,  shining,  dark  brown,  i '-3' long; 
leaves  triangular-ovate  in  outline,  acute, 
broadest  at  the  base,  I  '-4'  long,  3-4-pin  nate, 
the  racLis  black  and  shining ;  pinnae 
ovate,  the  lower  slender-stalked  ;  ultimate 
pinnules  ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  lobed, 
crenate  or  entire,  small,  scarcely  i "  long, 
white  and  powdery  on  the  lower  surface. 

0\\  ciU-areoU!-  rocks,  Missouri  and  Kansas 
to  .\rizona  and  Texas,  June-.Sept.  The  typ- 
ical form  of  the  species  occurs  in  the  South- 
western Slates  and  in  Central  .Vmerica, 


17.  POLYPODIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  10.S2. 


1753- 


Pinnate  or  simple  ferns  with  stipes  articulated  to  the  creeping  rootstocks.  Sori  circular, 
dorsal,  in  one  or  more  rows  on  either  side  of  the  midribs.  Indusinm  none.  Sporanges  pedi- 
cellcd, provided  with  a  vertical  ring  which  bursts  transversely.  \'eins  variously  arranged. 
[Greek,  iu  allusion  to  the  branched  rootstocks  of  some  species.] 

.Vbout  ,^,so  species,  of  very  wide  >reoKrapliic  distribution,  mostly  of  tropical  regions,     liesides 
the  followinsf,  5  occur  in  I'lorida,  i  in  .Vrizona  and  3  on  the  I'acifie  Coast 
I. ower  surface  of  tile  leaf  itlabrous;  plant  jireen,  1,   /',  -.■iiltiorr. 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaf  <lensely  scaly ;  plant  urayisli.  2.   /',  f>itl\p(Hiionlts. 

1.    Polypodium  vulgare    L.      Com- 
mon Polyix)dy.     i  Fig.  71.) 

rolvpoili  1(1)1  I'lilgnic  I„  Sp,  rl.  i(p.'^,i,       I7,S3, 

Rootstock  slender,  widely  creeping,  dense- 
ly covered  with  cinnamon-colored  scales. 
Stipes  light  colored,  glabrous,  2' -6'  long; 
leaves  ovate-oblong  or  narrowly  oblong  in 
outline,  subcoriaceous,  evergreen,  glabrous 
on  both  surfaces,  3'-io'  long,  i'-3'  wide,  cut 
nearly  to  the  rachis  into  entire  or  slightly 
toothed,  obtuse  or  subacute,  linear  or  linear- 
oblong  segments ;  sori  large,  borne  about 
midway  between  the  midrib  and  margins  of 
the  segments  ;  veins  free. 

On  rocks  or  rocky  banks,  almost  throuKliout 
North  America.  Asia  and  ICurope,  .Ascends  to 
5600  ft,  in  Virs:inia,  The  leaf  varies  much  in 
serration.  I'orms  with  the  ends  of  the  sejfments 
cnlarKcd.  somewhat  ])alniately  lobed,  and  the 
upper  crested  are  known  as  var,  iris/u/uiii. 
l"orms  with  the  seRUients  broad  and  deeply  i)in- 
iiatifid  arc  called  var,  Ca»il>iUiim.    Suiutiier, 


lERN   FAMILY. 


33 


side 


;I,.  Sp.  ri.  l(i6S. 
I'l.  Iiul.  Occ.  3: 


•75,1- 
16-15. 


2.   Polypodium  polypodioides  (  L. ) 

A.  S.  Hitclicock. 

Gray  PolxjMxly.       (  Fijj;.  72.  ) 

.  \i  iiisliiliinii />ii/t/>iii/iiiii/i\ 
/'ii/r/>ii</iiiiii  hiiiiiiiiiii  Sw. 

IN  i(j. 
J'olvp.ntiinii    />o/ip,i,/i,'id,i    A.    S.     Ililolicuck. 

kf|).  Mil.  Hot.  Cianl.  4:  [.Vi.       iS).?. 

Rootslock  widely  creeping,  woody,  cov- 
ered with  small  brown  scales.  .Stipes  dense- 
ly scaly,  i'-,i'  long;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late in  ontline,  acute,  coriaceous,  evergreen, 
i'-6'long,  i'-i>2'wide,  cut  very  nearly  or 
([uite  to  the  rachis  into  entire  oblong  or  lin- 
ear-oblong obtuse  segments,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so  on  the  upper  surface,  the  lower 
densely  covered  with  gray  peltate  scales 
with  darker  centres,  as  are  also  the  rachises; 
veins  indistinct,  unconnected  and  usually 
once  forked. 

<  111  trtts  or  rarely  im  rnt-ks,  Virginia  to  I-'lnr- 
ida,  wisl  In  lUiiicpis,  Miss<iuri  .'iikI  'IVxas.  As- 
citiils  tci  4i«Ki  ft.  ill  North  Carolina.  Wiikly 
distribuU'd  in  tropiial  .ViiuTica.     July-Sipt. 

Family  6.     MARSILEACEAE  R.  Hr.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i:  i66.       iSio. 

Perennial  herbaceous  i>lant.s  rootiiij;  in  nnul,  with  .slender  creei)injr  root- 
stock.s  and  4-f()liolate  or  filiform  leaves.  A.sexnal  propax;ati(jn  consistinj^  of 
•sporocarps  borne  on  jK-dnncles  which  rise  from  the  rootstock  near  the  leaf-stalk 
or  are  consolidated  with  it,  ccMilainini;-  l)oth  macrosjiores  and  microsjiores.  The 
niacrospores  irerminate  into  ]>rothallia  which  bear  mosth'  arche,y;onia,  while  the 
microspores  i;row  into  i)rothallia  bearing'  the  antheridia. 

Two  ffL'iR'ia  ami  >otiic  -),s  s|Kcits  of  wide-  j{i.-o)rrapliic  <listribiitinii. 

I.  MARSILEA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1099.       1753. 

Marsh  or  acjuatic  plants,  the  leaves  commonly  floating  on  the  surface  of  shallow  water, 
slender-petioled,  4-foliolate,  Peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles,  arising  from  their  bases 
or  more  or  less  adnate  to  them.  Sporocarps  ovoid  or  bean-shaped,  composed  of  two  vertical 
valves  with  several  transverse  compartments  (sori)  in  each  valve.  [Name  in  honor  of  Gio- 
vanni Marsigli,  an  Italian  botanist,  who  died  about  1804.] 

.\tjout  40  siiL-ciL-s.  wicK'ly  distrilnli-d.     lU'sidis  tht-  foUowiut;  2  or  i,  ollii;r.<  occur  in  'IV.xas. 
,Si)orocarps  jilabrous  and  purpk-  \v  In  11  inalurc.  1.   .1/.  i/iituiriloliti. 

.Sporocarps  dfiisfly  covered  with  hairlikc  scales.  2.   .1/.  I'rslilii, 

I.  Marsilea  quadrifolia  L. 

ICnropean  Marsilea.       (  Fij;-.  73.  ) 

Jfaisi/cii  i/iiiiifri/o/iii  I,.  Sl>.  PI.  hhiq.       17.1,1. 

Rootstock  slender,  buried  iu  the  muddy  bot- 
toms of  shallow  lakes  or  streams.  Petioles  us- 
ually slender,  z'-s'  high,  or  when  submerged 
sometimes  elongated  to  1°  or  2°.  Lcallets  mostly 
triangular-obovate,  variable  iu  outline,  3"-S" 
long,  2"-6"  wide,  glabrous  or  rarely  with  scat- 
tered hairs  when  young,  the  margins  entire ; 
sporocarps  2  or  rarely  ,^  on  a  branching  peduncle 
which  is  attached  to  the  petiole  at  its  base, 
covered  with  short  yellowish-brown  hairs  when 
young,  becoming  glabrous  ami  dark  purple 
when  mature  ;  s  jri  8  or  9  in  each  valve. 

.Moiijr  the  slioresof  Haiitani  I.ake.  I.ilchfield  Co.. 
Conn.,  whence  it  lias  been  introduced  into  various 
parts  111'  llie  eoimtry.  notably  into  eastern  Mass.Klin 
setts.     Native  of  Europe  and  .Vsia. 

3 


MARSIIJvVCHAi;. 


2.  Marsilea  vestita  Hook.   vS:  (ircv. 
Hairy  Marsilea.     i  Fijjj.  74.  ) 

Jf(ir.si/,;i  :;s/i/,i  Ildi.k.  .S:  C.iiv,  Ic.  I'il.  /i/.  /,9. 

Ararsiliii  >iiuiioii,il,i  \.   lir.  Anur.  Jmini,  .Si-i. 
I  11.13:  AS.       I>I7. 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping.  Petioles 
slender,  2'-^'  lii,i,'h  ;  leaflets  similar  to  those 
of  the  preccdinj,'  species,  entire  or  toothed  ; 
sporocarps  .V-4"  long,  2"-;/'  wide,  with  a 
short  raphe,  a  short  and  hlnnt  lower  tooth 
and  an  acute  and  sometimes  curved  upper 
one,  densely  covered  with  soft  spreading 
narrow  hair-like  scales  or  (in  the  forms 
known  as  -)/.  iiiucroiiata)  these  short  and 
apprcsscd  or  almost  wanting;  sori  6-1 1  in 
each  valve. 

In  wit  siuul  (ir  in  si. allow  dilclus,  I'icirida 
to  Kansas,  .\ri/otia  and  .Mu.xii-o.  north  to  liritish 
L'oluni1)ia. 


Faiiiil\- 


SALVINIACEAE  Rciclifiil).  Coii.sp.  30.       1S2S. 

S.VI.VINI.V    l''.\MII.V. 

.Small  floatiiitr  ])laiits  with  a  more  or  le.s.seloii.oated  and  .sometimes  braiichiiiji^ 
axis  heariiit;  ai)i)aremly  2-raiike(I  leaves.  .Sporocarps  soft,  thiii-w.-illed,  borne 
2  or  more  on  a  common  .stalk,  i -celled,  with  w  central  often  branched  receptacle, 
which  bears  inacrosporannes  containino-  a  sinole  macrospore  or  microsporaiiijes 
containino;  numerons  microspores.  The  macro.spores  j,^erminate  into  in'othallia 
which  bear  archeoones,  the  microsjHJres  into  prothallia  which  bear  antlierids. 

The  family  consists  of  Iwomiuia. 
Leaves  6" -f/'  lonjt,  2-rankcd.  on  mostly  simple  stvnis.  i.   Salviiiia. 

Leaves  minute,  closely  imbricated  on  pinnalely  hrancliinn  stems.  2.   .\:olla. 

I.    SALVINIA  Adaiis.  1-am.  PI.  2:  15.       1763. 

Floating  annual  plants  with  slender  steins  hearing  rather  hroad  2-ranked  leaves. 
Sporocarps  globose,  depressed,  9-14-sulcate,  inemhranous,  arranged  in  clusters,  1  or  2  of 
each  cluster  containing  10  or  more  sessile  macrosporanges,  each  containing  few  niacrospores, 
the  others  containing  numerous  smaller  globose  pedicelle<l  microsporanges  with  very 
numerous  microspores.  Leaves  rather  dark  green,  finely  papillose  on  the  upper  surface. 
[Name  in  honor  of  Antonio  Maria  Salvini,  i63;,-i729,  Italian  scienti.st.J 

.Vbout  i;5  species  of  wide  distril)ulion.     Only  the  following  occurs  in  North  .\nierica. 

I.    Salvinia  natans  (  L.  )  Hoffni.    Salvinia. 
<  f  i«;-  75-  ) 

Miusilra  nalciiis  \,.  .Sp.  I'l.  iik)ii.       17,^,;. 
Sali'iiiia  luihiiis  IIotTm.  Deutscli.  I'l.  2:  i.       1705, 

Leaves  oblong,  rather  thick,  obtuse  or  emargin- 
ate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
entire,  spreading,  6'-i2'  long,  pinnately  veined, 
bright  green  and  papillose  above,  the  lower  surface 
densely  matted  with  brown  pellucid  hairs ;  sporo- 
carps 4-S  in  a  cluster,  the  upper  ones  containing 
about  10  macrosporanges,  each  containing  a  few 
niacrospores,  the  remainder  containing  numerous 
microsporanges  each  with  numerous  microspores ; 
niacrospores  marked  with  3  obtuse  lobes  which 
meet  at  the  apex. 

Hois  Hrul^  Hottonis,  I'erry  Co.,  Missouri  and  near 
Minneapolis,  Minn.  Introduced  into  ponds  on  Staten 
Island.  N.  Y.  Reported  by  I'nrsli  in  1S14  from  central 
New  York,  but  his  exact  station  is  unknown.  Widely 
distributed  in  Kurope  and  .Asia. 


SAIAIMA   FAMILY. 


35 


2.    AZOLLA   I.aiii.  luicycl.  i:  ;,4,^       17S3. 

Miiuite  moss-like  rr--.i(lisli  or  urceii  lloatinji  plants,  with  piiiimtcly  brniichcil  stems  covered 
with  minute  iinl)ricatc(l  2-lol)ed  leaves,  and  emitting  rootlets  beneath.  Sporocarps  of  two 
kinds  borne  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  the  smaller  ovoid  or  acorn-shaped,  containing  a  single 
macrospore  at  the  base  and  a  few  corpuscles  above  it  whose  character  is  not  fully  known, 
the  larger  globose,  producing  many  pedicelled  sporanges,  each  containing  several  masses  of 
microspores  which  are  often  beset  with  a  series  of  anchor  like  processes  of  unknown  func- 
tion.    [Greek,  signifying  killed  by  drought.] 

.Vbout  5  species  of  wide  Kcographic  (listriliutimi. 


Azolla  Caroliniana  Willd. 
Azolla.       (  Fiir.  -(->.) 


Cariiliiia 


A::ollii  Ciirnliiiidiiii  WiUd.  Sp.  I'l.  5:  5)1.      iSm. 

Plants  greenish  or  reddish,  deltoid  or  triangu- 
lar-ovate in  outline,  pinnately  branching,  some- 
times covering  large  surfaces  of  water.  INIacro- 
spores  minutely  granulate,  with  three  accessory 
corpuscles;  masses  of  microspores  armed  with 
rigid  septate  processes:  leaves  with  ovate  lobes, 
their  color  varying  somewliat  with  the  amount 
of  direct  sunlight,  the  lower  usually  reddish,  the 
upper  green  with  a  reddish  border. 

I'MdatintJ  mi  still  walir,  ( )iilari()  and  wisu-rn  Niw 
York  til  lirilisli  Culuiiibia.  sdiitli  In  l-lniida.  Ari/niia 
and  Mexicii.  Alsn  in  SuuUi  .Vniurica.  Nalnrali.'.i-d 
in  lakts  on  Slatcii  Island,  N.  V. 


leaves. 

or  2  of 
ospores, 
very 
surface. 


Family  S.     EQUISETACEAE  Miclix.  1*1.  T'.or.  .\ni.  2:  2S1.       1S03. 

II()Rsi;'r.\ii,  l".\Mii,v. 

Ru.sh-like  perennial  plants,  with  mostly  hollow  jointed  simple  or  often  nuich- 
branched  grooved  steins,  provided  with  a  donhle  .series  of  cavities  and  nsually 
with  a  lar^e  central  one,  the  branches  verticillate,  the  nodes  jmjvided  with  dia- 
phrajj;ms.  Rootstocks  snblerranean.  Leaves  reduced  to  sheaths  at  the  joints, 
the  sheaths  toothed.  Sporanj^es  i -celled,  clustered  underneath  the  scales  of  ter- 
minal cf)ne-like  spikes.  vSpores  all  of  the  same  size  and  shaj>e,  furnished  with  2 
narrow  strap-like  ajiiK-ndairt-s  attached  at  the  middle,  coilin-^  around  the  siw)re 
when  moist  and  spreadinj;,  when  dry  and  mature,  in  the  form  of  a  cross  (  elaters  ). 
Kpidennis  impretrnated  with  silica,  rou^h.  Prothallium  on  the  surface  of  the 
grotind,  <rreeu,  usually  dioecious. 

'file  family  consists  of  llii-  fdllowinif  iftnus  : 

I.  EQUISETUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  1061.       1753. 
Characters  of  the  family.     [Name  ancient, signifying  horse-tail,  in  allusion  to  the  copious 
branching  of  several  species.] 

About  25  species,  of  very  wide  jfcoKrapliic  distribution. 
Stems  annual  ;  stoniala  scallired. 

•Stems  (if  two  kinds,  the  fertile  appiarintf  in  early  sprinjr  bifore  the  sterile. 
I'Vrtile  stems  simple,  sonii  wilherinsi;  slie;itlis  nf  briinclus  of 

Fertile  stems  branched  when  old.  only  llie  apex  wiUKTin,r. 

Hrauclies  (if  the  stem  simple,  their  slie.itlis  vtootiied.  2.  K. 

Uraiiclies  comiidund.  .        ,v  A". 

Stems  all  alike;  spdres  mature  in  summer;  branches  simple  nr  mine. 

Sheaths  ratlier  loose  ;  branches  usually  lonn  ;  stems  bushy  below,  atlemmte  u 

Central  cavity  very  small  ;  spike  Unit;  •(•  /■■ 

Central  cavity  about  one-half  the  diameter  of  stem:  spike  short.         ,S.   A'. 

Sheaths  appressed  ;  branches  usually  short.  6,   /■.'. 

Stems  jierenuial.  evergreen  ;  spikes  tipped  with  a  ri(>;id  point  ;  stomata 

.Stems  tall,  usually  manv-Krooved. 

Stems  rough  and  tubereulate,  prominently  ridded. 

Ridges  with  l  line  of  tubercles;  ridpfes  of  sheath  tricarin.ite;  ste 


sterile  stems  41 
I.   /;■ 


spike  short 

I  in  regular  row 

em  stout. 


(Killied. 
iii:iiisi\ 

f>>llli  >lSl\ 

s\/:<i/i(iiiii. 
pwards, 

/>ll/llS/ll'. 

lillomh-. 
Hti-ialilc. 


7.  /;.  ri'luisliiiH. 

Ridges  of  the  stem  with  2  indistinct  lines  of  tubercles;  ridges  of  sheath  obscurely 

4-earinatc;  stem  slender.  S.  A",  hyiiiitilr. 

Stems  not  tubereulate;  sheaths  enlarged  upward.  9.  A'.  Iiicx'ii;aluni. 
.Stems  low,  slender,  tufted,  usually  ,s-lo-grooved. 

Central  cavity  small  ;  sheaths ".s-io-tootheO..  10.  E.  -'aiiegalum. 

Central  cavity  none  ;  sheaths  3-toottied.  n.  A",  scirfwides. 


36  EQUISKTACEAE. 

I.    Equisetum  arvense  I..      lMd<l  Horsetail.     (  Im;;. 


) 


lu/iiisilinii  III  :i  use  \..  Sp.  I'l.  11161,       17S.5. 

Stems  annual,  proviiled  with  scattered  stoinata,  ilic 
fertile  appcarinj,'  in  early  s])rinn  before  the  sterile. 
I'crtilc  stems 4'-io'  hi),'h,  not  branched,  soon  wither- 
iii),',  light  l)ro\vn,  their  loo^e  scarious  sheaths  mostly 
distant,  whitisli,  ending  in  about  12  brown  acuminate 
teeth;  sterile  stems  green,  rather  slender,  2'-2°  high, 
6-i9-furro\vcd,  with  numerous  louj;  mostly  simple 
verticillatc  4-anglcd  or  rarely  ,^-angled  solid  branches, 
the  sheatlis  of  the  branches  4-toothed,  the  stonuita  in  2 
rows  in  the  furrows ;  central  cavity  one-fifth  to  one- 
fourth  the  diameter  of  the  stem. 

In  siindy  sciil.  tsiiiciiilly  alcmjf  Vdail^idi^  and  railwavs. 
Niwfiiini(llaii(l  iinil  ('.ri'iuland  tn  .\laska,  Miutli  U>  \'irt;ii"iia 
and  Califninia.  .\l?-o  in  lCiirii|H' and  A^^iii.  .\>crnds  tn  at 
U-asl  25i«i  ft  in  X'iivinia.  An  oicasicmal  I'linn  in  wliicli  the 
stirilf  stem  hiars  a  ttrininal  spikr  is  kmmii  as  var.  siin- 
li  II  Hill.  .Stirilf  stems  Minu'liniis  vi  ly  slmn  and  with  long 
irnslrati'  (pr  astxiidinK  liraiu-lKs.     M;iy. 


2.   Equisetum  pratense  Ivhrli. 
tail.      ( \'\)y.  7S.  ) 

Kt/i(istiiiiii  f>nil,  IIS,-  \-.\\r\\.  Ilannv.  .May.  i.',s 


Thicket  IIorsL- 


17N- 


Stems  annual,  S'-i()'  high,  with  scattered  stomata,  the 
fertile  appearing  in  spring  before  the  sterile,  branched 
when  old,  only  its  apex  withering,  the  two  becoming 
similar  in  age;  stems  rough,  H-20  ridged  with  narrow 
furrows  and  cylindric  or  cup-shaped  sheaths  ;  branches 
straight,  rather  short,  simple,  densely  whorled,  ;,-augled 
or  rarely  4-5-aiigIed,  solid;  sheaths  of  the  stem  with 
about  r  I  short  ovate-lanceolate  teeth,  those  of  the  branches 
3toothed  ;  rootstocks  solid,  acutely  angled. 


In  sandy  jihiccs,  Nciva  Sc-oti.i  and  Kupeit  Kivirld  .Mimic 
siila,  and  .\laska.  miuIIi  tn  New  Jiisev  anil  Colorado.  .\lso  in 
ICuidpi' and  .\sia.     July  .Sept. 


Equisetum    sylvaticum    L 

tail.      I  I"'io-.  79. 


Wood    Horse- 


JC(/iii\iliiiii  .u/:;i/i,  Hill  I..  ,Sp.  I'l.  io«ji.      i;,s^. 

Stems  annual,  provided  with  scattered  stomata,  the 
fertile  appearing  in  early  spring  before  the  sterile,  at  first 
simple,  at  length  much  branched  and  resembling  the 
sterile,  only  its  naked  apex  withering.  Stems  usually 
i2-furrowed,  producing  verticillatc  compound  branches, 
the  branchlets  curved  downward  ;  sheaths  loose,  cylin- 
dric or  campanulate,  those  of  the  stem  with  S-14  blunt- 
ish  teeth,  those  of  the  branches  with  4  or  5  teeth,  those  of 
the  branchlets  with  3  divergent  teeth  ;  central  cavity 
nearly  one  half  the  diameter  of  the  stem  ;  branches  and 
branchlets  solid. 

In  moist  sandy  woods  and  tliickits.  Newfoundland  and 
r.iLenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  \'iininia  and  .Micliijfan.  .\lso 
in  luiropt-  and  .\sia.     Mav. 


HORSETAIL   I'AMII.V 

4.  Equisetum  palustre  L.     Mmsli  Horsetail. 

(  Fijr.  ,S( ).  ) 

/■:,/iih,liiiii  fi,ili(sli,\,.  S]).  I'l,  ic*,r.       175,. 

Stems  annual,  slender,  all  alike,  lo'-iS' long,  very 
deeply  5-9  frrooved,  the  grooves  separated  hv  n.'.rrow 
ronghish  %ving-like  ridges,  the  central  canal  very 
small ;  sheaths  rather  loose,  hearing  about  S  sul.u- 
late-lanceolate  whitish-margine.l  teeth  ;  hranches  sim- 
ple, few  in  the  whorls,  4-7-angled,  always  hollow 
barely  sulcata,  more  abundant  below  than  above  their 
sheaths  mostly  5-toothed  ;  spike  rather  long;  stoniata 
abundant  in  the  furrows. 


37 


111  \V(.l  ,)laci-s,  .\,,va  Scutia  to  .\laska,  s.mth  U<  -M-iin,- 


Equisetum  littorale   Ktidtl.      Sh„re  Horsetail.       ( Fijr    ,s,    ) 


/u/,,is,/„,„    lilloraU-    K.R-lil.    li.itr.    I-naiiA    Riiss 
Ktichs,  4  :  91.       1S45, 

Stems  annual,  very  slender,  all  alike,  S'-iS' 
liigh,  slightly  roughened,  e-ig-groovcd,  the 
riclges  rounded,  the  central  canal  one-half  to  two- 
thirds  the  diameter  ;  sheaths  sensibly  dilated 
above,  the  nppcrmost  inversely  campanulate, 
their  teeth  herbaceous,  membranous  at  the  mar- 
gins, narrow,  lanceolate  ;  branches  of  two  kinds, 
simple,  some4-angled  and  hollow,  some3-aDgled 
and  solid,  the  first  joint  shorter  or  a  trifle  longer 
than  the  sheath  of  the  stem  ;  spike  short  with 
abortive  spores,  these  commonly  with  no  elaters. 

,,„.V"/''v'''  ^''■''''  ""'•  '''l^^-  ■'^'""•is  Maine  and  On- 
''  ,",•  V  V-  ^''T,''  •"•"'  ''^""^vlvaiiia,  west  to  lirit- 
M.H;'"'A;;^silu;  ""''"■'""■     «"l'P"-"tohea 


6.   Equisetum  fluviatile  L.     Suaiiip  Horsetail. 

F.'lllisclUIII  ri„vialilc\..   Sp.    I'l.    l(l(;,2.         ,;=;,, 
lit/ II I SCI Kill  lillliKUIIIl   I,.  .Sp.    \'\.   u^3.         i;v,. 

Stems  annual,  all  alike,  2°-4°  high,  slightly 
io-3o.fnrrowed,  very  smooth,  usually  producing 
upright  branches  after  the  spores  are  formed  the 
stomata  scattered.  Sheaths  apprcssed  with  ai>ont 
18  dark  brown  short  acute  rigid  teeth,  air  cavities 
wanting  under  the  grooves,  small  under  the 
ndges ;  central  cavity  very  large ;  branches  hol- 
low, slender,  smaller  but  otherwise  much  like  the 
stems,  short  or  elongated  ;  rootstocks  hollow. 

Scot  a    to   .\laska,   south   to   Vir>fi„ia,    Nebraska   and 
VVasIunston.     .Vlso  in  liurope  and  .Asi ..     Ma tjune 


(  Fig;.  S2. 


3«  EQflSKTACKAE. 

7.  Equisetum  robustum  A.  Hr.     Stout  Samrin^^-rusli 


/u/iiisr/iiiii    lii/iiis/iiiii    A.    Ill,:   Ijimlin 
Soi.  46:  ^s,      i,s||. 


Atiitr.  Jmini. 


Steins  perennial,  stout,  tall,  cvet^jreen,  ,^"-ir' 
liij{li.  sonielinics  nt-arly  1 '  in  dianictcr.  2ii-).S-fur- 
rowcd,  simple  or  litllo  liranclieil.  Riilj^es  of  the 
stem  ronnliencil  with  a  single  series  of  transversely 
oblonj^  siliceous  tubercles;  sheaths  short,  cylin- 
clric,  ajipressed,  markeil  with  Mack  girdles  at  the 
base,  and  at  the  bases  of  the  dark  caducous 
teeth;  ridj»es  of  the  sheath  vcarinate;  branches 
whi.'ii  present  occasionally  fertile;  spikes  tipped  with 
a  rij^id  point. 

Ill  wit  plaiis,  ()!iiii  til  I.iiuisiaiia  and  Mexico,  wist 
til  llriti^h  CoUiinliia  and  California.  Also  in  Asia. 
May  Jiiiii 


c:^ 


8.    Equisetum  hyemale  L.      Coininon 

vSciuirin.o-ni.sli.      ( I'ijr.  ,S4.  1 

i'.iliiisi  liiiii  liYiiiiiilf  !,.  S|i.  I'l.  ioiVj.       I75,v 

Stems  slender,  rather  stiff,  ever^jreen,  2°-4°  high, 
with  the  stoinata  arranjjed  in  rej;ular  rows,  rough, 
S  ,^4- furrowed,  the  ridges  with  two  indistinct  lines 
of  tubercles,  the  central  cavity  large,  from  one-half 
to  two-thirds  the  diameter  ;  sheaths  rather  long, 
cylindric,  marked  with  one  or  two  black  girdles, 
their  ridges  obscurely  4-carinate ;  teeth  brown, 
membranous,  soon  deciduous ;  spikes  pointed ; 
stem  rarely  producing  branches  which  arc  usually 
short  and  occasionally  fertile  ;  forms  are  sometimes 
found  with  longer  sterile  branches. 

Ill  wit  plai'is  and  cm  banks,  i-;|Ri-ially  almiK  rivers 
and  lakrs,  tliriiu^liuut  maily  tin-  wlioli-  nC  North 
.\iiRriia.  lUiiopi-  and  .\sia.  'i'lii-  nuiyli  stilus  of  this 
and  relatiil  siirciisari'  used  I'm  sl■lPllrill^t  Moors.  Jlay- 
Junc. 


9.  Equisetum  laevigatum  A.  \\x.   Smooth 
.Sc()urin.s;-nisli.      1  I'"i>;'.  .S5.  1 

liquiicliiiii  liii:ii;(iliiiii  X.  l!r. ;  Iviiiriliu.  .\iiiir.  Jnurii. 
Sci.  46:  S7.       1S41. 

Stems  i°-5°  high,  simple  or  little  branched,  pale 
green,  persistent,  •14-30-fnrrowcd,  the  ridges  al- 
most smooth.  Sheaths  elongated  and  enlarged 
upward,  marked  with  a  black  girdle  at  the  base  of 
the  mostly  deciduous,  white-margined  teeth  and 
rarely  also  at  their  bases  ;  ridges  of  the  sheath  with 
a  faint  central  carina  and  sometimes  with  faint 
short  lateral  ones ;  stouiata  arranged  in  sii.gle 
scries;  central  cavity  very  large,  the  wall  of  the 
stem  very  thin  ;  spikes  pointed. 

.\loiiK  streams  and  rivers,  especially  in  clay  soil, 
valky  of  the  Dilaware  Kivir  in  New  Jirsiy  and  lastirn 
reiiiisylvania  to  North  Carolina  and  I.oiiisi.iiia.  west  to 
lirilish  Columbia  and  the  Mexican  border,      .May -June. 


HORSI'TAII,   I'AMILV. 


39 


10.      Equisetum     variep'*nm     Sclikicli. 

\'aii(.'),MlL'(l  l';(iiii-.i.iuii       I  Viii.  S().  I 


Ju/iii\i  /inn  :;ii  ii 
1  ^1  r. 


Mill  III  Sililciili.  Cat,   ri.  Ililvit.  2-. 


Stems  slfiKlcr,  perfiiiiial,  fvcrnrccn,  6'  iS'  lonj,', 
roiiKli,  usually  siiuiUe  from  a  bratuhcd  base,  com- 
mon'.y  tufted,  .s-iD-fiirrowcil,  the  stomata  lionie  in 
ri-gular  rows.  Slieallis  caiiii):imilalu,  (lisliui.lly 
4-caritiatc,  Krecii,  varif(;ali-il  with  Mack  above,  the 
median  furrow  deep  ami  escurreiit  to  the  teeth  and 
downward  to  tlic  ridges  of  the  stem,  the  teeth  ,s-io, 
each  tipped  with  a  deciihious  bristle  ;  central  cav- 
itv  small,  rarelv  wantinu. 


I.abr.iilcir  ami  (iii  i  iilaml  In  tin-  Nurtliwot  Tiiiitdiy, 
Sdiitli  t  I  Niw  llanip^liiu-,  wi^Urii  Niw  York,  N<bia?-ka 
anil  Ni  vada.     .\l>(i  in  I'Uunpc  an<l  A'-ia.     May  Jinir, 


II.    Equisetum  scirpoides  Miclix.     .St.(lj,'e- 
likc  IvqiiisLlum.      <  1m;;.  S;.  ) 

/■'.i/iiisilinii  M ///id/i/i  V  .Mii'lix.  I'l.  !ii)r.  .\ni.  2:  jni.      IN13. 

Stems  perennial,  evergreen,  very  slender  or  fdiform, 
,','-6'  long,  somewhat  rough,  llexuous  and  furving, 
growing  in  slender  tufts,  mostly  6-furrowcd  w  itli  acute 
ridges,  simple  or  branching  from  near  the  base. 
Sheaths  3-toothed,  distinctly  4-carinate,  the  central 
furrow  broad,  the  lateral  narrow,  the  bristly  teeth 
rather  persistent;   central  cavity  entirely  \v;inting. 


(In  nini>i  iir  wi-l  woiidid  hanks,  Labrador  to  .\laska, 
-mitli  In  I'lnnsylvania,  Illinois  and  lirilisli  Cnluuibia. 
.\l-ii  ill  l-Uudpi- and  .\sia.     May  June.-. 


I'aniily  9.  LYCOPODIACEAE  .Micli.x.  I'l.  Uor.  Am.  2:  2S1.       181)3. 

Cl.tll-MDSS    I'.VMII.V. 

Soiiiewliat  inoss-likc,  L-recl  or  trailing,-  terrestrial  herbs  with  miiiierous  small 
lanceolate  or  siihiilale  simple  leaves,  sometimes  olilonj;-  or  roinidish,  .arran.i^ed  in 
2-many  ranks,  the  stems  often  elong;ate(l,  tisiialh'  freeh"  hranchiny:.  .Sporan.tjes 
i-,Vcelleil,  .solilarx'  in  the  axils  of  tlie  lea\es  or  on  their  tijipjr  snrtaces.  SjKires 
uniform,  minute.  Prothallia  1  as  far  as  known  1  mostly  subterranean,  with  or 
withotit  chloro])hyll,  monoecious. 

l''our  KiiKiii  ami  about  1  m  species,  licv-idcs  llii  fullduiiig.  I'silolinii  occurs  in  I'lorida,  llic  two 
other  (fetiera  only  in  AusUalia. 


I.  LYCOPODIUM  L.  Sp.  IM.  ikk..       1753. 

Perennial  plants  with  evergreen  l-nerved  leaves  arranged  in  4-16  ranks.  .Sporanges 
coriaceous,  flattened,  reniform,  icellerl,  situated  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves  or  in  those 
of  the  upper  modified,  bract-like  ones,  which  are  imbricated  in  sessile  or  peduncled 
spikes,  opening  transversely  iiUo  2  valves,  usually  by  a  line  around  the  margin.  Spores  all 
of  one  kind,  copious,  sulphur-yellow,  readily  inllannnable  from  the  .nbundant  oil  they  contain, 
[dreek,  meaning  wolf's-foot,  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the  branching  roots  of  some  species.] 

.\b(pul  loo  spities  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  the  largest  occurring  in  the  .Vndes  of  .South 
America  ami  iiillie  lliiualavas. 


40 


LYCOI'OniACEAE. 


which  liiL-  vtrv  unlike 


Sl)(iraii(rcs  txiriK'  ill  Ihv  axils  of  leaves  which  arc  similar  to  those  of  the  stem. 
Sl)oiaiii;es  mostly  wanting  ill  the  axils  of  the  iil)|iei'.  mostly  s  ranked  leaves. 

Stems  erect,  riiji'l;  leaves  iiiiifonii,  asceiulin^j.  i.    /..  .SV/,/<,'ii. 

Stems   somewhat   lax.  sjireadiiiK;   leaves   spiiadiiin   or   dellexed,    alternately    longer   and 
shorter.  3.   /..  Iiii  iiliihnii. 

Sporanttes  only  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  forming  terminal  spikes:  leaves  many  ranked. 
Plant  smail;  leaves  acuti',  soft,  mostly  entire.  ',.    /..  iiiuiulnliini. 

Plant  siont:  leaves  narrow,  spinulose-pointed,  bristle-toothed  below  the  middle. 

4.     /. .   lllof^iilDitiili  s 

SporauKes  borne  in  the  axils  of  yellowish  ovate  or  cordate  scale  like  leave 
tliose  of  the  sterile  stems. 
Stems  leafy  up  to  the  base  of  the  spike  or  marly  so. 
Spikes  erect,  closely  se-sile. 
Stems  erect,  tree  like. 

Stilus  creepiiiM:  with  ascendiujr  branches. 
Leaves  uniform,  spreadinj;,  ,s  ratikid. 
J.eavis  of  2  forms,  erect  imiiricatt.  (ranked 
.Spikes  elect,  shoit-peduncled;  leaves  small,  appressed.  (ranked. 
1"  rtile  branches  with  ininute  leaves  so  that  the  spikes  aijpear  Ions;  pediineled 
eaves  uniform,  many  ranked;  stems  teitte 
i.eaves  of  2  forms,  few  ranked;  steins  llaltene<l. 
Sterile  stems  entirely  creijiiiitf ;  s])ikes  solitary 
Sterile  stems  with  fan  like  asceiidiiiM:  branches 


spikes  clustered. 


i>hsi  11  I'll  HI, 

iiiiih'liiiinii. 

iilpiiiKiii. 

sithiiiiuln!ii(iii. 

I  /ii:'ti/iiiii. 

t  'iirnliiii'iiinnii. 


■oiii/iltniiilinii. 


I.    Lycopodium   Selago  I<.      I'ir  Club-inoss.      (  Ti^.  SS.  ) 


I.W'poi'.iinii  Sclaiiii  I..  S)).  I'l.  1102.       175,5. 

Stt'ins'3'-6'  IukIi,  thick,  rigid,  erect,  2-5  times 
forked,  the  branches  fastigiate,  forming  a  level- 
topped  cluster.  Leaves  crowded,  uniform,  ascend- 
ing, elongatcil-lanceolate,  mucronulate,  entire  or 
spinulose-dciiticulatc,  nerved  below,  convex  above, 
the  upper  mostly  S-ranked,  sterile,  those  below 
bearing  the  small  sporanges  in  their  axils,  those  of 
the  lower  half  of  the  stem  again  sterile;  plant 
propagated  also  by  bud-like  organs  which  have 
a  lower  pointed  bract  and  2  or  ;,  upper  fleshy  and 
obovate  ones. 

(in  rocks,  I..ibrailor  and  Crcenlaiul  to  .\laska.  south 
to  the  mountains  of  .Maine.  .New  Hainpshire.  \'eriiioiit 
,111(1  noithcru  New  York,  on  the  summits  of  the  hijrher 
.Mleuheiiies  to  North  Caidliuii.  and  to  Michigan  and 
Washington.     .\lsc  in  lUirope  and  .\sia.     .\uluiiiii. 


2.    Lycopodium  lucidulum   Michx. 

Cliili-ilioss.      (  Imj;.  Sy.  ( 


Shining      ^'i^ 


t 


LViopihliinii  liii  ididiiiii  Michx.  I'l.  Uor.  .\m.  J:  2S(.       iSo? 

Stems  somewhat  lax,  ascending  or  spreading,  thick, 
2-^  times  forked,  the  branches  6'- 12'  high.  Leaves 
widely  spreading  or  rcflexcd,  dark  green,  shining,  1- 
uerved,  acute,  minutely  toothed,  a  series  of  longer  ones 
alternating  with  a  .series  01'  shorter,  the  latter  more  fre- 
c|uently  bearing  the  sporanges  at  a  short  distance  below 
the  summit  of  the  stem  ;  sporanges  of  preceding  years 
often  persistent ;  plant  also  propagated  like  the  preced- 
ing species  by  gemmae,  which  fall  to  tlie  ground  and 
become  new  olants. 


Ill  cold,  damp  woods,  Newfoundland  to  Urilisli  Columbia, 
south  to  North  Carolina  and  Iowa,  .\sceuds  to  nearly  ,S7oo  ft. 
in  Virginia.     .\uK.-<ict. 


CUB-MOSS   I'AMII.V. 


4' 


3.  Lycopodium  inundatum  h     Hojj;  Clulviiioss. 
I  Fi<(.  90.  ) 

/.  1,(1/', I,/ ill  III  inn lul'iliiiii  I,.  S)).  I'l.  11112.      175.^. 

riants  siiiiill,  i'-5'lonj{,  with  creeping  flaccid  forking- 
hrilllc  sterile  stems  closely  apprcssetl  to  the  earth.  Fer- 
tile stems  erect,  solitary,  i'-6'  high,  terminated  by  a  short 
thick  spike  ;  leaves  lanceolate  orlanccolate-snhulate  with 
hyaline  margins,  those  of  the  spike  similarto  those  below, 
acnte,  soft,  spreading,  mostly  entire,  those  of  the  sterile 
stems  curved  upward;  spikes  rarely  two  together,  9"-iS" 
long,  yellowish  ;  sporanges  tranversely  oval,  splitting 
nearly  to  cUc  base;  spores  large,  reticulated. 

In  saiiily  b(it;s,  Niwfdiniillaiul  lowisUrn  Ontario  an<l  Mich- 
igan, siiiuli  to  l'"loriila.  .Xsciiuls  lo  2i«ici  fl.  in  i-.istirn  IVnn-iyl- 
vaiiia.  .\lso  in  Iviiropc  and  .\sia.  I.arifcr  forms  with  ftrtilc 
^-tfuis  <  -'  liitfli  and  more  pointi-d  sirralf  leaves  liavi-  hitii 
.sc])aiali<l  as  var.  /Hi;, /,i:ii.     .\iin.  (let. 


4.  Lycopodium  alopecuroides  L.     I-Ox-tail 
Chib-nioss.       (  Fij^j.  91.  ) 

I.yiofi,hliiiiii,il,'f^i;iiriii,lis\,.  Sp.  I'l.  1102.       175,^ 

Plant  stout,  densely  leafy,  the  sterile  branches 
flaccid,  recurved  and  creeping,  sometimes  10'  long. 
Fertile  stems  stout,  rigid,  erect,  6'-2o'  high,  termin- 
ated by  a  spike 9"-i  '.'  long,  and,  including  its  leaves 
4"-5"  thick  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear-subulate,  those  of 
the  spike  similar  to  those  below,  spinulosc-pointcd, 
spreading,  conspicuously  bristle-toothed  below  the 
middle,  those  of  the  spike  with  long  setaceous  tips  ; 
sporanges  transversely  oval,  splitting  to  near  the  base. 


In  ])inc-barreii  swamps.  New  Jersey  lo  I'"loiida.  near  the 
coast,  west  to  Mississippi.     .\uK.-"ei. 


5.    Lycopodium  obscurum  I,,     (lioimd  Piiic.     (  V\\i,.  92.  ) 


US 


■A 


-^^1  ■^::M  "^l/'?;/ .:/' 

"illy  -!•  .'Mx\i  >-i,.\.r  .'•'■ 


\ 


/.I, ii/t, i,/iiiiii  ,i/'S(iiriiiii  I..  Sp.  I'l.  1102.       I7.\V 

/.l(<i/>ii(/iiiiii  i/i  iii/i  ,iii/iiiiii  .Mie!i.\.  I'l.  llor.  .\m.  2:  2S2. 
iSo.v 

Stems  erect,  h'-u'  high,  bushy-branched,  the 
branches  fan-like,  the  rootstocks  subterranean, 
nearly  hori/.onlal.  Leaves  lanceolate-linear,  acute, 
entire,  S-rankcd  on  the  main  stem,  those  of  the 
branches  6-rankcd,  with  the  two  upper  and  the  two 
lower  ranks  shorter  anil  a|fpresscd,  or  all  alike  and 
equally  incurved-spreading,  densely  clothing  the 
stems  up  to  the  bases  of  the  spikes  ;  spikes  1-10  ou 
each  plant,  Iz'-ili'  long,  composed  of  many- 
ranked  ovate  scarious-margined  bracts  (scale-like 
leaves),  each  with  a  transversely  oval  sporange  in 
its  axil. 

In  moist  woods.  NewfoinidlaiKl  and  Labrador  lo 
.Maska.  south  lo  the  motiulain>i  of  Norlli  Carolina  and 
to  Indiana,  .\seends  lo  4(«xi  fl.  in  VirRinia.  .Mso  iti 
.\sia.     July-Sejil. 


42 


lA'COI'ODIACEAE. 


6.  Lycopodium  annotinum  I^.     Stiff 
Club-iiioss.      (  Kijr,  y3.  ) 

I.yci'f>iHliinii  iiiiiiiiliiiniii  I,.  Sp,  I'l.  iiii^.      i;5^. 

Stems  much  brancheil,  slender,  prostrate  and 
creeping,  rather  stiff,  r'-4°  long,  the  branches  sim- 
ilar, ascending,  s'-S'  high,  sparingly  forke.l. 
I<eavcs  uniform,  spreading,  5-ranked,  rigid,  linear- 
lanceolate,  minutely  serrulate,  nerved  below;  spikes 
solitary  or  several  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  ob- 
long-cylindric,  I'-z'.'  long,  composed  of  ovate  or 
ovate-cordate,  short-acuminate  and  denticulate 
bracts,  each  with  a  sporange  in  its  axil;  s])ores 
smooth  crspinulose-rcticulatcd  on  the  basal  surface. 

In  wood:,  and  tliicktls,  ounini.nilv  in  drv  -oil  I  ali- 
ra.l.ir  lu  Alaska,  soulh  tn  \tw  Jirs^-v.  WVsl  Virginia 
Michiyan.  Colorado  and  \Vashin«:loM."  .\lso  in  I'urop,- 
and  Asia.  Mountain  loniis  with  nioic  ri^id  pointi-d 
kavfs  have  hww  si  puratid  as  var.  piii/-;,i/s.     .\iiliiiiiii 


7.   Lycopodium  alpinum  I,.     Alpine  Club- 

m()s,s.      (I'i^r.  ,j^_  ) 

l._\ii'/>i>(tiiiiii  <ilf>iiii(iii  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  iio).       17/^5. 

Steins  elongated,  creeping,  with  ascending  densely 
clustered  crowded  dichotomous  branches.  I.eavcs 
4-raiikcd,  erect-imbricate,  a<lnate-decurrent,  of  two 
forms  ;  those  of  the  lateral  rows  lanceolate,  falcate, 
acute,  carinate,  concave  within,  those  of  the  interme- 
diate rows  scarcely  one-third  as  large,  lanceolate-sub- 
ulate, the  upper  and  lower  rows  alike  ;  spikes  solitary 
at  the  apices  of  slightly  elongated  branches,  erect, 
closely  sessile,  the  stems  leafy  to  their  bases;  bracts 
broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  dentate  ;  -spores  reticulated. 

,,'","■ '^-  I.abiadoito  I.aki-  Siipirior.  Washington  and 

.Alaska      .Sonutiiius  iiniU-d  with  I..  iiniif^l,ni,ili(iu       Vlso 
in  luiiopf  and  .\sia. 


8.    Lycopodium  sabinaefolium  Willd. 
Ccdar-likL'  CIiiI)-iiios.s.      (  l-'i. 


'y.s.  » 


/.\ii>f>iHliiim  stihiiiiii/nliiiii;  Willd   Sp.  I'l.  5  :  2n. 


1 S 1  o. 


Stems  elongated,  creeping,  or  more  usually  sub- 
terranean with  short  erect  dichotomous  clustered 
ascending  branches,  2'  ,?'  long.  Leaves  4-ranke<l, 
small,  apprcssed  or  slightly  curve.!  outward,  lan- 
ceolate, mucronate,  entire,  apjiarently  terete  ; 
spikes  .short-peduncled,  solitary,  cylindric,  with 
cordate  acuminate  crosc-dciiticulatc  or  entire 
bracts;  sporanges  transversely  oval  or  somewhat 
reniforui,  deeply  splitting. 


In  cold 
Cohiiiibia 


woods,  bibrador  to  New  Jersey  anil  llritisli 


CLUB-MOSS  FAMILY. 


43 


9.    Lycopodium  clavatum  h.     Runniiij;  I'iiie.     Club-moss.     (  Vi^.  <.)(•>. ) 


/ 


^ 


/.ii"/>iii/iiiiii  ihr.iihnii  I,.  Sj). 


fee' 


•75,v 


Stems  extensively  creeping,  i°-4°  long  with  simi- 
lar short  irregnlar  ascemling  or  decnnibent  densely 
leafv  branches.  Leaves  much  crowdetl,  many-ranked, 
incurved,  linear-suhnlatc,  bristle-tipped,  the  lower 
denticulate,  the  upper  nearly  entire  and  slightly  de- 
current  on  either  side  ;  spikes  1-4  on  long  8-striate 
peduncles ;  bracts  membranous,  roundish,  erose- 
dcnticulate  l)elow,  bearing  in  the  axil  a  transversely 
oval  sporange  which  splits  nearly  to  the  base  ;  spores 
narrowlv  reticulate. 


In  woods,  Labrador  to  .\laska.  south  to  North  Carolina. 
Michigan  and  Wa-ihintrto".  -Mso  i"  ICuropr,  .\sia  and 
CtiiUal  AuKiica.  Thr  sporisof  tlii>  sinciis,  and  those 
of  A.  (iniif>liiiiiiliiiii.  funiisli  the  inllaintnal)lv  i)"w<U-r 
known  as  l.ycopodiuni  powikr or viittlabk-  sulpluir.  ust'd 
in  slajri- ilTicts.     Au^r.   Oi't. 


I  and 
Also 


10.    Lycopodium    Carolinianum    L.     Caro- 
lina Clul)-lll()SS.       (  Kjo-,   i;y,  I 

L\'ii>f>iHliii»i  t'liii'/iiii'  iiiiiii  I,.  Sp.  ri.  iio|.       1755. 

vSterile  stems  and  their  few  short  branches  entirely 
creeping,  closely  appressed  to  the  earth.  1'-;/  long, 
emitting  numerous  roots  on  the  lower  side.  lA'aves 
of  fertile  stems  of  two  forms,  the  lateral  ones  broadly 
lanceolate,  acute  and  some\.hat  obli(|ue,  1 -nerved, 
widely  spreading,  in  2  ranks  with  a  shorter,  interme- 
diate row  appressed  on  the  upper  side ;  peduncles 
simple,  slender,  I'-d'  high,  clothed  with  small  bract- 
like leaves  ami  bearing  a  single  cylindric  spike  ;  bracts 
cordate,  short-acuminate,  mostly  entire  with  trans- 
versely oval  sporanges  in  the  upper  axils. 

In  moist  pino  barrens,  Ni  \v  Jirsi  y  to  I'loridaand  l.o\iisi- 
.■iiia  near  tlie  coast. 


^>' 


II.  Lycopodium  complanatum  L,     Trail- 
iiij;  Clirislnias-oivcii.      (  I-'ij;-.  9.S.  ) 

i.\ii>f',i,iiiiiii  (iiiiifihiihiiiiiii  I,.  S|).  ri.  iio|.     175,',. 

stems  extensively  creeping,  with  erect  or  ascend- 
ing reniform  or  fan-shaped  branches  several  times 
forked  above,  with  crowded  llattencd  br.inchlets. 
Leaves  minute,  imbncate-appresscd,  4-ranked,  the 
lateral  rows  with  somewhat  spreading  tips,  the  in- 
termediate smaller,  narrower  and  wholly  appressed, 
forming  a  Hat  surface  ;  iiedunde  slender,  2'  W  high, 
dichotomous,  bearing  2-4  lincar-cylindric  spikes ; 
bracts  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  the  margins  pale  and 
crose ;  sporanges  transversely  oval,  deeply  splitting. 

In  wooils  an<l  tliiikils.  Ni  wroinulliuid  to  .Maska,  south 
to  .\orlli  Carolina,  Miiliitjan  and  Iliilisli  Cohinil>i;i  .\lsci 
in  lUiropc  and  .\sia.  I'orms  with  less  distinctly  dinior- 
ihoiisliavi  sand  narrowiv,  more  trcct  and  busily  branches 
lave  been  separatKl  as  var.  (.'luiniiin  \  fiiii  is.\iu. 


I 


44 


SEKAGINHLI.ACKAK. 


Kainily   lo.     SELAGINELLACEAE  I'lulcrw.  Native  I'erns  103.      iSSi. 

Terrestrial,  annual  or  jierennial,  moss-like  ])lants  with  hrancliin^-  stems  and 
scale-like  leaves,  which  are  many-ranked  and  uniforni,  or  4-ranked  and  of  two 
t\i)es  spreadinj;  in  two  jilanes.  Sporanj^es  1 -celled,  solitary  in  the  axils  of 
leaves  which  are  so  arranged  as  to  form  more  or  less  (juadranj^ular  sjnkes,  some 
containing;  4  macrospores  (  macros]>oranjrt.-s  1,  other;,  containing  numerous  mi- 
cr()S])ores  i  niicros]>oran.i;es  i,  which  develoj)  into  small  prothallia,  those  from 
the  macros])ores  hearing;-  archej,jones,  those  from  the  niicros])ores  antherids. 

Tlu'  fiitnily  Cdiisists  nf  tin-  fnllnwiiitf  ^^^■IHls  : 

I.  SELAGINELLA  Heauv.  I'rodr.  AethcoK.  101.       1805, 
Characters  of  family.    [Name  diminutive  of  Selaj,jo.  an  ancient  name  of  some  Lyivpodium.  ] 

Alxiut   VV^  ^piiiis  (if  viry  widf  ifiii;{n>i>1iif  (lislribiitiuii,  nii>sl  al>un(lant  and  larufst  in  tnipioal 
n-(;ii>ns.     In  adililinn  to  tlif  fcillnwinK  ^inna-  5  dllurs  oi-cur  in  wtsKrn  North  Anurica. 
Sttiii  Uavts  all  alike,  ni.my  ranked. 

Steins  compact  willi  ri>;id  leaves:  spikes  iiuadrantjnlar.  1.  .S'.  riif'isliis. 

Stems  slender;  leaves  lax.  >))readin)r;  s))ikesenlar(fed,  scarcely  (|nallran^rtllar.  2.  .V.  siltii^iiidiilis. 
Stem  leaves  of  2  kin<ls,  1  ranked,  spre.idinjr  in  2  planes.  ,v  -V  <ipiis. 

I.  Selaginella  rupestris  (  L.  )  Sprinjj;. 

Rock  Selaginella.       (  Fijj;.  9y.  ) 

/.viiiftitiiiiiiii  nif>is/)i\,.  .Sp.  IM.  iioi.      175,1. 
.Si/di; I iit//ii  iii/>rs/ris  .SpriiiK  in  Mart.  I'l.  Hras. 
i;  Tart  2,  U.S.      1,^4,1. 

Steins  densely  tnfted,  with  occasional 
sterile  runners  and  sul)-])innate  branches, 
i'-^^'  liifili,  commoidy  curved  when  dry. 
Leaves  T\nu\,  appresscd-imbricatcd,  i"  or 
less  lonjii,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  convex 
on  the  back.more  or  less  ciliate, many-ranked, 
tipped  with  a  distinct  transparent  awn  ; 
spikes  sessile  at  the  einls  of  the  stem  or 
branches,  strongly  (|uadrangular,  6"-l2" 
lonj.;,  about  i"  thick;  bracts  ovate-lanceo- 
late', acute  or  acuminate,  l)roader  than  the 
leaves  of  the  stem  ;  macrosporanj^es  and  ndc- 
rosporanji;es  borne  in  the  same  spikes,  the 
former  more  abundant. 

On  dry  rocks,  tlironnliout  the  northern  hem- 
isi)liere,  and  in  .\frica.  .\scen<ls  to  at  least 
2<»io  ft   in  Virjfinia.     .\uk  -Oct. 

2.     Selaginella     selaginoides     ( L. 
Link.    Low  vSfla^inella.    1  Imj;.  kxj.  ) 

/.yiii/iiii/i'iiiii  \( A;!,'///ii/c//.v  I,.  Sp.  I'l,  iioi.      175.V 
.S</iti;iiii//ti  s/'iiiii^ii  I!ean\,  I'rodr,  .\etlieo(f,  112. 

1.S05, 
SihiKiiii'llii  si/iii:iiii>iitis  Link.  I'il.  Ilort.  lierol. 

Sterile  branches  prostrate-crec])inj{,  slen- 
der, '2 '-2'  long,  the  fertile  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, thicker,  i  '-3'  high,  sim])le ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute,  lax  and  spreading,  sparsely 
spinulosc-ciliate,  i"-2"long;  spikes  solitary 
at  the  ends  of  the  fertile  branches,  enlarged, 
oblong-linear,  subacute,  i'  or  less  long, 
2"-2|2"  thick  ;  bracts  of  the  spike  lax,  as- 
cending, lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
strongly  ciliate. 

On  wet  rocks,  Labrador  to  .\laska.  soutli  to 
New  Hampsliire,  .Michigan  and  Ci>lorado,  .Also 
in  nortliern  I'hirope  and  .\sia.     Summer. 


vSELAGINELLA   rAMIIA'.  45 

3.    Selagmella  apus  (  L. )  Sprinj;;.     Creci)ins  SelaKinclla.     ( I''i<j;.  loi.) 

/.yiiiftiHiiioii  ii/iniliiiii  I,.  S]),  I'l.  Mn.s.      175.^. 

Siiiiiiiiiillii  (I/'tis   SjjriiiK  in  Marl.  I'l.  liras.  i  : 

I'art.  2,  1  If).      i.'^-to. 

Annual,  light  green,  stems  prostrate- 
rreoping,  i '-4' long,  nnicli  branclieil,  flac- 
cid, angled  on  the  face.  Leaves  minute, 
inemhranous,  of  2  kinds,  4  ranked,  spread- 
ing in  2  planes  ;  upper  leaves  of  the  lower 
plane  spreading,  the  lower  reflexed,  ovate, 
acute,  serrulate,  not  distinctly  ciliate ; 
leaves  of  the  upper  plane  ovate,  short-cus- 
pidate ;  spikes  3"-.S"  long,  obscurely  (|uad- 
rangular ;  bracts  ovate,  acxite,  sometimes 
serrulate,  acutely  keeled  in  the  u])perhalf ; 
niacrosporanges  more  abundant  toward 
the  base  of  the  spike. 

In  nidist  slia<K-(l  ])laccs,  (ifKu  anicinn  yrass, 
MaiiR'  and  Ontario  to  tin.'  Northwest  Ttrri- 
tory,  south  to  l-'lori(la,  I.onisiana  an<l  Ti-xas. 
.Xscvnds  to  22i«ift.  in  \'irKiiiia.     July  Sipl. 


Family  II.     ISOETACEAE.     riulcnv.  Xalive  Peni.s,  104.       iSSi. 

yill.UWOKT    I".\MII.V. 

A(Hialic  or  marsh  plant.s  rootinj;'  in  the  imul,  with  a  short  buried  globed  or 
3-lobL'(l  trunk  (stem  i  soiulin.i!;  out  al)inuhint  roots  and  .scndino;  up  a  compact  tuft 
of  rusli-likc  leaves.  .Sjjoran^es  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  some  coiUaining; 
macrospores  (  macrosporan^es  ),  others  microspores  1  microsporan.tjes  1 :  the  for- 
mer ^a'rminate  into  ])rothallia  l)earing;  only  archeyones,  the  latter  into  prothallia 
bearing;  usually  only  a  single  antherid. 

The  family  consists  of  thr  following  ncnus  only. 


'^ 


I.  ISOETES  L.  Sp.  PI.  iHxx       1753. 

Submerged,  amphibious  or  uliginous  plants  with  a  cluster  of  elongated  awl-shaped  leaves 
rising  from  a  more  or  less  2-,vlobed  lleshy  short  stem,  the  leaves  with  ..r  without  peripheral 
bast-bundles,  with  or  without  stomata,  bearing  a  small  membranous  organ  (ligule)  above 
the  base.  Sporanges  sessile  in  the  excavated  bpses  of  the  leaves,  orbicular  or  ovoid,  the 
sides  more  or  less  covered  with  a  fold  of  the  inner  si<le  of  the  leaf-base  1  velum  1.  The 
sporanges  of  the  outer  leaves  usually  contain  spherical,  mostly  sculptun  Macrospores, 
those  of  the  itnier  ones  contain  minute  powdery  usually  oblong  microspores.  [Name 
("■reek,  taken  from  I'liny,  apparently  referring  to  the  persistent  green  leaves.] 

.\tiout  .so  s])voiis,  widily  distrihutKl.  liisidis  tin-  following  2  ,irt-  known  from  llu-  soullu  rn 
I'nitfd  Statis,  -  from  lliv  racilk'  Coast  and  2  from  Mixiio.  ( )«  in^  to  tliiir  ai|uatic  habitat  and  ai>- 
Iiariiitly  loial  (listribulion,  tlusi-  plants  arc  |>oi)ul.irly  litlk-  known.  The  sporis  mature  in  sunmR-r 
ami  autumn. 

Submirmil  or  rarely  emersed  in  vi  ry  dry  seasons  ;  Uaves  (|u,ulranK:nlar,  without  peripheral  bast- 
buiuUes. 
.Stomata  wantin^t  :  macrospores  crested. 

Leaves  stout,  rittiil,  scarcely  t.iperiiiK.  ■     / 

Leaves  slender,  laperillK.  2.    /. 

Stomat.i  present  :  macrospores  idiin.ite.  ,v   /. 

.\mpliil>ious  or  submertfeil  only  in  earlier  st.ijfes  :  stomata  always  present  on  the 

leaves. 

I'eriplieral  bast  bui\dles  waiUinj"  :  velum  parti.il. 

Leaves  2'   ,t'  lonj;  ;  macrospores  with  minuti  warts  4.   /. 

Leaves  4'   S'  loiij;  :  m.icrosporcs  with  jaum'd  crests.  ,s.   /, 
Peripheral  b.ist  bundles  present  ;  macrospores  honeycombed  reticulate,         (),   /. 
Terrestrial  :  stomata  almtnlaiU  on  the  triangular  leaves 

Leaves  15  <»>.  usuidly  black  at  the  base  7.   /.  iii,/iniif.'i/,i. 

Leaves  .H-i 2,  bright  ttrceti,  ))aler  at  the  base.  '                             •'^.   l.ltiillni. 


hiiitsh  i\. 
Till  kii  iiiiuii. 
1 1  liiiii'sf^iiiti. 
iiuadranjtular 


Sili'l  liaidtd. 
I  if>iii  ill. 
/uii;i'/iiliiiiiil. 


^^  ISOKTACKAK. 

I.    Isoetes  lacustris  L.     Lake  (Juilhv 

Ismlis  hiiKs/i  i.s  r„  S]).  I'l.  iii«j. 


ort. 


I'i.r 


I02.  ) 


'  :y-,- 


Ism  l(  s  iiiiii  I  ,is/>ii 


Jill. 


isr,,. 


•/"'ic,  Duriiii,  Hull.  Sdc.  l!(it.  I'raiK-c.  n: 


.Sul)iiiLTKCtl  or  rarely  above  water  in  drv  seasons  ; 
leaves  10-25,  rigid,  rather  thick,  scarcely  tapering, 
(lark  or  olive  green,  obtusely  (lumlrangular,  2'-^' 
long  ;  stoniata  none  ;  ])eriplieral  bast-bnndlcs  want- 
in-  ;  sporange  orbicular  or  broadly  elliptic,  un- 
S])otte(l ;  velum  rather  narrow  ;  ligule  triangular, 
short  or  somewhat  elongated  ;  macrospores  500- 
800  »  in  diameter,  marked  all  over  with  distinct  or 
somewhat  confluent  crests,  and  bearing  three  con- 
verging ridges  ;  microspores  ;,,s-46  ;/  long,  smooth. 

In  i'^-,s°.,r  NVMti-r,  I.ibniilnr  tn  tlic  .\,,nliwi-t  'iVrri- 
lory,  s(,iitli  toiMsliru  .MassacluisiUs  and  New  Iirs.v 
Also  Ml  l-.uroiH.  and  Asia.  • 


2.    Isoetes  Tuckermani  A.  Hr.     Tuckcnuaus  Onilhvort 


(  iMjr.     103.   ) 


/su,/,s    Tii,k,,  iiiani   A.    lir    in 
'>;»'.       i,S(,-. 


A.  f.niy,   Man.   lid. 


Submerged  or  rarely  partly  or  whollv  emersed 
during  very  dry  seasons  ;  leaves  io-;,o,  very  slen- 
•  ler,  capering,  olive-green,  (luadrangular,  2'-^ 
long,  without  peripheral  bast-bundles,  the  outer 
recurved  ;  sporange  oblong,  niostlv  white,  its  upper 
one-third  covered  by  the  velum  ;  macrospores  440- 
560  ,1  in  diameter,  with  wavy  somewhat  parallel 
and  branching  ridges  on  the  upper  half,  separated 
by  the  three  converging  ridges,  the  lower  covered 
with  an  irregular  network  ;  microspores  26-32  a 
long,  nearly  smooth. 

In  pmids,  N\wfi)unillaiid  to  Middk-sev  countv   Miss 
aclmsitts,  clusurcd  i„  shallow  water.        ■■""'"■'•  -^■■'^''- 


3.    Isoetes  echinospora  Braumi  ,  Dttriett,  K„.el,n.     Brattn  s  Quilhvort 

<  tiK-   104.  )  "^ 


''■^'I'sT  "'"""''  "'"■'^■"    H'lll-  Soc.  Ii,.t.  l-rai;ce.  II;  ini. 

'''"\l''.'.n ".•'("'"'?'""  '■'"■   /''""""■'■  I':"Kelni.  in  A.  C.rav, 
Jian.  I',d.  5,  b-u.      1X67. 

Submerged  or  in  dry  seasons  emersed,  leaves  12- 
25,  tapering,  soft,  red.lish-grecu,  ^'-6'  long,  with- 
out peripheral  bast-bundles,  bearing  stomata  only 
toward  the  tip;  sporange  orbicular  or  broadly 
elliptic,  spotted,  one-half  to  three-fourths  covered 
with  the  velum;  macrospores  4aj-5oo  »  in  diameter, 
covered  with  broad  spinules  which  arc  ofteti 
slightly  connuent  and  incised  at  the  tips ;  micro- 
spores 26-30  (/  long,  smooth. 


Labrador  and   Creeidand  to  Alaska,  south  to  New 
Jersey,  I'einisylvania  and  ftali, 


QUILLWORT   FAMILY.  47 

Isoetes  echinospora  robiista  Kiiuilm.  Trans.  St.  I,<mis  Xcad.  4:  v**"-      i'*'*2- 

Jtm-li  larjiir  than  tin-  iirrcrdintf,  kavis  2,s  711  or  ivin  ninrt-.  ,s'   12'  Ions,  with  alnnulant  stoniata 
tlinuiKhout.     With  Ihi-  prcciilinn. 


Isoetes  echinospora  Boottii  ICniftlni.  in  A.  Cray,  Man.  I';<1.  5,  676.      1S67. 

I.eavi's  12-211,  soft,  irtct,  bri^lit  uritn.  j'  .s'  lonjf.  with  a  hw  stoniata  near  thiir  tips;  sporansfc 
nearly  (irl)ii'nlar,  with  j)ak'  sixits,  two  thirds  or  inon.' ciiviifd  by  the  vilnni  ;  niacrcpspnrcs  ,vk>  ,S<«)" 
in  (lianuttr,  with  lontfir  and  tnori'  slender  simple  snimiles  ;  niierospDres  2()-.i(i"  I'mtl-  I"  l»inds, 
Middlesex  ecmnty,   Massachusetts,  usually  submerged. 

Isoetes  echinospora  muricata  1  Diiriein  Ivntjelni.  in  .\.  Ciray.  Man.  ICil.  ,s.  671').      iSC)-;. 
/siu/fs  III  II  ri  III /(I  Durieu.  Hull.  Sue.  lint.  l"ranee,  ll:  imp.      i.soj. 

Leaves  [,s-2ii,  llriecid,  hrinht  tirieu.  d'  1 2'  lonjf.  hearinjt  few  stoniata  ;  sixiran^e  broadly  oval,  with 
pale  spots,  about  one  half  covered  by  the  velum  ;  maerospores  )oo  5S0"  in  diameter,  with  shorter 
and  more  eontliu'nt,  almost  erest  like  spiuuh  s  .  microspores  jS  52",  sliftlitly  roUKh  on  the  eiltfes. 
Submerged  in  ruunin^  water  in  tribnlanes  of  Mystic  I'ond.  Middlesex  county,  Mass. 


4.  Isoetes    saccharata    Kii^lIiii.     Sugary 
(juillwort.       (  Ki,g.  105.) 

Isot/rs  stiiiliiiiiitii    IviiKelm.  in  .\.  Cir.iv,  Man  Ivd.  s,  fi7'>. 
1,X67. 

Aniplitbioiis  or  uliginous  with  a  flat  depressed 
trunk.  Leaves  10-21),  olivc-t^rcen,  pale  at  the  base, 
spreadinjj,  2'-},'  lonjj,  (|ua(lraii},jular,  bearing  nu- 
merous stoniata;  sporangc  oblong,  unspotted,  with  a 
narrow  velum  covering  only  one-fourth  or  one- 
third  of  its  surface  ;  peripheral  bast  bundles  want- 
ing ;  ligule  triangular,  rather  short;  maerospores 
400-470  "  in  diameter,  with  very  minute  distinct 
or  rarely  conlluent  warts  as  if  s])rinkled  with  grains 
of  sugar;  microspores  papillose,  24-28/;  long. 

In  mud  overtlowed  by  the  tides,  Wic-omico  and  N'an- 
ticoke  Rivers,  eastern  Marvland. 


5.  Isoetes    riparia    Ivngdni.     River- 
bank  Quilhvort.     ( Kig.  106.) 


f.uir/iw    lipaiiti    I'jiKelili.;   .\.    Hr.    I'lora,    29:    17S. 


Amphibious  or  uliginous,  usually  cmersed 
when  mature  ;  leaves  15-30,  deep  green,  rather 
rigid  4'-S'  long,  ((uadrangular,  bearing  numer- 
ous stoniata  ;  peripheral  hast  '  indies  wanting  ; 
ligule  rather  short,  triangular  ,  sporange  mostly 
oblong,  distinctly  spotted  with  groups  of  brown 
cells,  one-fourth  or  rarely  one-half  covered  with 
the  velum  ;  maerospores  450-650  ,"  in  diameter, 
marked  with  distinct  or  anastomosing  jagged 
crests  or  somewhat  reticulate  on  the  lower  side; 
microspores  2S-32  /<  long,  more  or  less  tubercu- 
late. 

liorders  of  the  lower  Delaware  River  to  Maine. 


48 


ISOKTACEAK. 


6.  Isoetes  Engelmanni  A.  Hr.     Ivnjrdinann  s  yuillwort 

/m'i  /i  i  /'iii;!  hiiiiinii  .\.  lir.  I'lora,  29:  17s.      1S46, 

Ainpliihioiis,  usually  partly  cnicrsed  wlieu  ma- 
ture. Leaves  25-10(1,  lij^lit  grecu,  (luadraunular, 
taiieriiig,  g'-ao'  long,  bearing  abundant  stoniata  ; 
peripheral  l)ast-l)undles  present  ;  sporange  oblong 
or  linear-oblong,  unspotted  ;  velum  narrow  ;  nia- 
crosporcs  .jiki-^jo  »  in  diameter,  covered  with 
honeyconib-Iikc  reticulations;  microspores  24-2.S  // 
long,  mostly  smooth. 

iHl- 


(  I'iR.    1(17.  ) 


In  |)niiils  and  iliU-lus. 
awart-  and  I'l  nnsvlvania 


nidtiiiK  in  imid,  INIaitu-  ti 
lllimiis  and  .MisMiuri. 


Isoetes  Engelmanni  valida  IjiKilin    in  A.  Ciav,   Man 

I'M-  5.  '>7;-  '^t<7. 
I.i-.ivts  ,vi  3>i,  kteli-d  iin  llu-  upper  side.  IS'  .'5'  lun«  ; 
spnran^'i-  linearohldiivr.  (" -<r  lonj;.  ime-tliird  to  twn 
tliirds  cdvirid  by  the  velum  :  niai!(ispiirc>  .52ii-(Sii"  in 
dianuUr;  mien is|)( ires  24-27"  Imi^r.  spimdose.  \('ar 
riorsniark,  Curnwall  and  .Sinilliville.  I'a,,  and  Wilniins;- 
ton.  Del. 


^^^^^^ 


I.cavi 
in  llu-  typical  rurni 


Isoetes  Engelmanni  gracilis  ICnjiilni.  in  .\.  Cray.  Man.  ICd.  5.  677.      1.^1,7. 
\J.  sk-nder.  c/    12'  Iciuy  ;  ba^t  Imiidles  dlun  (|iiite  small  oroidy  twii  jjresenl 
.Siiuthirn  New  lun;land  to  New  Jersey. 


spores  as 


0/ 


ii^> 


7.  Isoetes  melanopoda  J.  Cray.    Ulack-liased 
(jiiillwort.       I  Fix.  '"•'^-  ' 

/.Mv/,  V  ii/,/,iii,'p:'(/ii  J.  C.iv,  liull.  Sue.  Hot.  l-'rance.  .'i-  1112. 
l."<6.t. 

Terrestrial  with  a  subglobose  deeply  2-lobed  trunk. 
Leaves  15-60,  slender,  erect,  bright  green,  with  a 
bl.ackish  shining  base,  5'-i,S'  long,  triangular,  bear- 
ing stoniata  throughout,  well  developed  peripheral 
bast-bumlles,  thick  disseiiiments  and  small  air  cavities 
within;  ligule  triangular,  awl-shaped;  sporange  mostly 
oblong,  spotted,  with  a  narrow  velum  ;  polygamous  ; 
macrosporcs  25c>-.4oii//  in  diameter,  with  low  more  or 
less  confluent  tubercles,  often  united  into  worm- 
like wrinkles,  or  almost  smooth  ;  microsi)ores  2;,-2S/( 
long,  spiiuilosc. 

In  moist  prairies, and  overlbiwed  Ik  Ids,  lUinois  to  Iowa, 
Missouri  and  Texa>.. 


8.  Isoetes  Butleri  Khk^cIiii.     Hutler'.s  yuill- 

wort.      I  Ki.n'.   109.  ) 

IsDchs  Jliillcri  ICiiKelni.  Conlt.  liot.  Ca/.  3:  1.       i.S7,s. 

Terrestrial  from  a  subglobose  trunk.  Leaves  S-15, 
bright  green,  paler  at  the  base,  triangular,  %,'--'  long, 
bearing  numerous  stomata,  and  with  well  developed 
peripheral  bast-bundles,  thick  di.ssepinients  and  small 
air  cavities  within;  sporange  usually  oblong,  spotted; 
velum  very  narrow  or  none;  ligule  small,  triangular; 
dioecious;  macrosporcs  5oo-6;,o «  in  diameter,  with 
distinct  or  confluent  tubercles;  "  microspores  28-34  « 
long,  dark  brown,  papillose." 


On  rocky  hillsides,  St.   I.onis.  Missouri,  and  on 
flats,  Indian  Territorv. 


aline 


PINE  I  AMILY.    CONIFKRS. 


49 


// 


Subkingdom  SPERM ATOPHYTA. 

SKKO-BKARIXG    IM.ANTS. 


Plants  jjroduciiiK  seeds  which  amtaiii  an  enil)ry()  formed  of  f)ne  or  more 
rudimentary  leaves  (cotyledons),  a  stem  ( hypocotyl,  radicle),  and  a  terminal 
biul  iplunuile),  or  these  parts  sometimes  undifferentiated  before  ^termination. 
Microsjxjres  ( ]X)llen-Krains )  are  borne  in  microsporanj^es  (  anther-sacs  i  on  the 
apex  or  side  of  a  modified  leaf  (filament).  The  macrosporanj^es  ( ovules  i  are 
borne  on  the  face  of  a  flat  or  inroUed  much  modified  leaf  (carpel)  and  contain 
one  macrospore  ( embryo-sac ) ;  this  develops  the  minute  female  prothallium, 
an  archcKone  of  which  is  fertilized  by  means  of  a  tube  (  pollen-tube  i,  a  jiortion 
of  the  male  prothallium  sprouting  from  the  jx)llen-srain. 

The  .Seed-bearing  plants  form  the  most  numerous  group  in  existence,  not  less  than  120,- 

•  (x»  species  being  known.  The  subkingdom  was  formerly  known  as  Phaneroganiia,  or  I'hac- 
nog.iinia  and  more  recently  as  Anthophyta,  this  term  signifying  the  presence  of  (lowers, 
which  characterizes  most  of  the  grou]>.  liut  the  consideration  that  the  spore-bearing  organs 
of  the  Pine  Paniily  cannot  well  be  regarded  as  flowers,  and  the  fact  that  the  production  of 
seeds  is  the  most  characteristic  diiTcrcncc  between  these  jilants  and  the  Ptendophyta,  are 
reasons  which  have  led  to  the  accc])tance  of  the  term  here  adopted. 

Thtre  are  two  classes  in  the  subkitiKiliun,  which  dilTer  from  each  other  as  folUiws: 
Ovules  and  seeds  borne  on  the  f.iee  of  a  scale:  stigmas  none.  Class  i,  ("■vmncisi'Icrmak. 

■Ovules  and  seeds  contained  in  a  closed  cavity  (ovary).  Class  2.  Anc.ihsi'Kkmai;. 

Class  I.     GVMNOSPiSRMAE. 

Ovules  ( niacrosporanges )  naked,  not  enclo.sed  in  an  ovary,  this  represented 
by  a  .scale  or  apparently  waiUins.  Pollen-grains  ( micros])ores )  dividing  at 
maturity  into  two  or  more  cells,  one  of  which  gives  rise  to  the  jiolleii-tube  (  male 
prothallium),  which  directly  fertilizes  an  archegoue  of  the  nutritive  endosperm 
(  female  prothallium  )  in  the  ovule. 

The  ('.vMinospernis  are  an  ancient  t{''onp.  first  known  in  Silurian  time.  They  lucaine  most 
numerous  in  the  Triassic  a({e.  They  are  now  represented  by  not  more  than  450  species  of  trees 
and  shrubs. 

There  are  three  orders,  Coniferales,  Cycadales  and  (Inetales,  the  first  <if  which  is  represented  in 
■  our  area  by  the  I'ine  and  Yew  Kamilies. 

Family  i.  PINACEAE  Liiull.  Xat.  vSy.st.  Kd.  2,  313.  1S36. 
Pink  F.\mii,v.  Coxifhrs. 
Resinous  trees  or  .shrubs,  mostly  with  evergreen  narrow  entire  or  .scale-like 
leaves,  the  w(X)d  miiform  in  texture,  without  tracheae,  the  tracheids  marked  by 
large  depressed  disks,  the  pollen-.sacs  and  ovules  borne  in  separate  spikes 
(  aments ).  Perianth  none.  Stamens  .several  together,  subtended  by  a  scale;  fila- 
ments more  or  less  united  ;  pollen-.sacs  ( anthers  )  2-several-celled,  variously  de- 
hiscent ;  jxiUen-grains  often  provided  with  two  lateral  inflated  sacs.  Ovules 
with  two  integuments,  ortliotrojx)us  or  amphitroixnis,  borne  .solitary  or  .several 
together  on  the  surface  of  a  .scale,  which  is  stibtended  by  a  bract  in  most  gen- 
era. Fruit  a  cone  with  numerous,  .several  or  few,  woody,  papery  or  fle.shy 
scales;  .sometimes  berry-like.  Seeds  wingless  or  winged.  Endosjierm  fleshy  or 
starchy,  copious.     Embryo  straight,  slender.     Cotyledons  2  or  several. 

.\bout  25  Kenera  and  240  species  of  wide  distribution,  most  abun<lant  in  temperate  ref{ion.s. 
Scales  of  the  cone  numerous  lexceiit  in  /.mix  ):  leaf-buds  scaly. 

Cone-scales  woody;  leaves  needle-shaped,  2-,s  in  a  sheath.  i.   Piiiiis. 

Cone-scales  thin;  leaves  linciir-filifonu.  scattered  or  fascicled,  not  in  sheaths. 

Leaves  fascicled  on  very  sliort  branchlets,  deciduous,  2,   l.nii  v. 

Leaves  scattered,  persistent. 

Cones  peiululous;  leaves  jointed  to  short  persistent  steri({niata, 

Leaves  tetrai;onal.  sessile,  t,,  /'iiii!. 

Leaves  flat,  shortpetioled.  4,    7'.sin;ti. 

Cones  erect,  steriifmata  inccmspicuous  or  none.  ,s.  .l/n'is. 

•  Scales  of  the  cone  few  ^-121;  leaf  buds  naked. 

Cone-scales  spiral,  thick;  leaves  deciduous.  6,    Tavodiiim. 
Cone-scales  opposite;  leaves  persistent. 

Cone  oblong,  its  scales  not  peltate,  7.    Thuja. 

Cone  iflobose.  its  scales  peltate,  .s.   Cliamnrtv />(!>' is. 

l''ruit  fleshy,  berry-like,  a  modified  cone.  9.  fiiiiif>eriis. 


50 


PINACKAK. 


I.   PIN  US  L.  S]).  IM.  KMX).       175;,. 

Evergreen  tret-s  with  two  kimls  of  loiives,  the  priiimry  ones  liiit-ar  or  scalf-liki',  (leciil\i- 
cus,  the  secondary  ones  forming  tlic  ordinary  foliage,  narrowly  linear,  ari^inK  from  tlie  axils 
of  the  former  in  fascicles  of  2  •,  <  rarely  solitary  in  some  western  s])ei'ies),  suhtended  l)y  the 
bud-scales,  some  of  which  are  united  to  form  a  sheatli.  Sl.iminate  aments  home  at  the 
bases  of  slioots  of  the  season,  the  clusters  of  stamens  sjiirally  arranged,  eacli  in  the  axil  of 
a  minute  scale  ;  fdaments  very  short ;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  lonj^iludinally  dehiscent. 
Ovnle-hcarins;  anicnts  solitary  or  clustereil,  home  on  the  twigs  of  the  jjrcceding  season,  com- 
posed of  numerous  iml)ricate<l  minute  bracts,  e.ich  with  an  ovulc-heariu);  scale  in  its  axil, 
rijicniu),;  into  a  large  cone,  which  matures  the  following  aututf,:-  its  scales  elongating  and 
becoming  woody.  Seeds  2  on  the  b.isc  of  each  scale,  winged  a'xnc,  the  testa  crustaceous. 
[Name  Celtic.  ] 


I^jives  5  in  a  sliialh:  com-  scales  lilllr  lliickinid  at  the  tip.  1.   /'    SOn/iiis. 

Leaves  2-\  in  a  sliiatli;  cum -scaks  niucli  tliicktnid  at  the  li|). 
Cones  Irnninal  nr  s\il>tcrininal 

I.iavis  2  in  a  sluatli;  conis  1 '   '-2'  •'  Iciiin.  tliiir  scaks  (Miinlks-..  .'    /'.   1  imiihui. 

I.iavis  \  in  a  sluaili;  cducs  4'    m'  lunjr.  their  scaks  prickle  tipptil. 
Ccmes  HkIiI,  '>'    m'  Iciii^t;  leaves  m'    lit'  limn. 
Cones  very  heavy  and  wimmIv,   |'  '1'  Iniijt;  leaves  ,s  -i"'  ImiK 
Cones  lateral. 

Cone-scales  with  neither  spine  nor  prickle;  leaves  in  2's. 
Cone-scales  tipped  with  a  -pine  or  ])rickk- 
Leaves  some  or  all  of  tlieni  in  2's. 

Cones  I  '  •'   2'  ■'  lonn.  their  scales  lipped  with  prickles. 
Leaves  stout,  1  '  ■'    2'  ■'  loMK. 

I.e.-ives  slender,   ;'   5'   loim.  ; 

Cones  .I'.'-.s'  lonti.  their  scale-  tippi  d  willi  very  -lout  short  spine 

>.     /'.    /'ttlfLitl/'i 

Leaves  in  ^'s  1  very  rarily  -onie  in  j'>  or  |'>i 

Leaves*"'    lo' kmn:  oiil -heaths  o"    10"  long;  cones  oblong  conic     ci.   /'.    I'ludii, 
Leaves, V.s'  lonn;  old  sheaths  V''     long;  cones  ovoid,  io,  /'.   iij;ii/(i. 


V    /'.  ftiiliiilris. 

4.     /'.    }lO/ll/l  IIISll. 

,i.    /',  i/i:'tii  it(i/ii. 


6.   /'.    riixiiiiiiii'i- 


I.  Pinus  Strobus  L.     White  I'iiic     Wcyiiioiitli  rim.-.      1  l""ig.  110.) 


/'iiiiK  S/iii/iii\  I.    S]).  IM.  loiil.       175.V 

A  large  forest  tree,  reachin.g  a  maximum 
height  of  175°  ami  a  trunk  diameter  of  10'."^, 
the  hark  nearly  smooth  except  when  old,  the 
branches  horizontal,  vcrticillate.  Leaves  5 
in  a  sheath,  very  slender,  i)ale  green  and  glau- 
cous, ,V-.5'  long,  with  a  single  libro-vascular 
bundle,  the  dorsal  side  devoid  of  stomata  ;  sheath 
loose,  deciduous ;  ovule-bearing  aments  ter- 
minal, iiednnclcil ;  cones  subterminal,  drooj)- 
iug,  cylindric,  often  slightly  curved,  4'-6'  long, 
about  1'  thick  when  the  scales  are  closed,  re- 
sinous ;  scales  but  slightly  thickened  at  the 
apex,  obtuse  and  rounded  or  nearly  truncate, 
without  a  terminal  spine  or  prickle. 

In  woo<ls.  often  forming  dense  lore-ts,  Newfoinid 
land  to  Manitol>;i,  -ontli  alouK  the  ,\lkt:lienie-  to 
(ieornia  anil  to  Illinois  and  Iowa.  Ascends  to  no" 
ft,  in  North  C.irolina  and  to  2,^(»i  fl.  in  the  .\(liron 
(lacks.  Wood  litfht  brown  or  nearly  white,  soft, 
compact,  one  of  the  nio-t  valn.ib'.e  of  tindiers; 
weight  per  cubic  foot,  24  lbs.     June. 


I'lNI-    lAMII.V.     CONII'I'RS. 


iiiniin 
lo'..', 

the 

■•cs     5 

Klall- 

ascular 

iheatli 

ter- 
droo])- 

<e<l,  re- 
al the 
.nicate, 


ifilUllll- 

nits  to 

I,,  I.V«. 
Vdiriiii- 
r,  soft, 
imlKVs; 


2.     Pinus  resinosa  Ail.     Caiuuliaii 
I'iin.'.    Red    I'iiK'.      I  Imil;.  mi.) 


I'iiiii.\  i(\iiiii\ii  Ait.  Iloit.  Ki  w   3; 


rpi). 


.\  tall  fori'st  tree,  reaching  a  ma\iiiiuiii  heiijlit 
of  al)i)iit  i,so'  anil  a  trunk  cliainuter  of  5\  tlif 
the  bark  reddish,  ratlicr  smooth,  flaky  when 
old.  Leaves  2  in  each  sheath,  slender,  dark 
green,  4'  6'  lon>;,  with  j  llhro-vascular  bundles  ; 
sheaths  (1"  \  2"  long  when  young;  slaminate 
anients  6"  c/'  long  ;  cones  sublerininal,  s])rea<l- 
iiig,  oval-conic,  i  '<'  2''j'  long,  usually  less  than 
1'  thick  while  the  scales  are  closed;  scales 
thickened  at  the  apex,  obtuse,  rounded  and 
devoid  of  spine  or  prickle. 

In  w<io(ls.  NrwI'otiiKllaiul  to  M;milol>a,  simlli  to 
Mass,uliusi.tts,  IVmisvlvaniiiiiiul  Miniitsota.  Wdoil 
conipiut,  not  slronn,  li^;llt  ml;  weight  ih  r  ciibic 
fool  ;o  ll>s.     .May  June 


3.  Pinus  palijstris  Mill. 


I,<)iij;-k-a\x(l  Pine.     (iL'()rg;ia  I'iiit.-. 


'  I"*i,y;.  112.) 

/ 'ill II ■,/•<!/ II ■;/ lis  .Mill.  Card.  Did.  U,d.  S.  No.  14.      I7(>s, 
I'iiiiii  iiiii/iii/is    Michx.    f.    Hist.   .\rl).   .\ni.   i:  (14.    /i/,   Ci. 

I  .s  I  o. 

.■\  large  tree,  sometimes  attaining  a  height  of  100^ 
and  a  trunk  diameter  of  ,s°,  the  bark  nearly  smooth. 
Leaves  in  .^'s,  slender,  dark  green,  clustered  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  much  elongated  do'- 16'  long), 
with  2  fibro-vascular  bundles;  sheaths  i'-i'+'  long; 
buiis  long  ;  slaminate  aments  rose-purple,  2'-^,  U '  long, 
very  conspicuous  ;  cones  terminal,  s])reading  or  erect, 
conic-cylindric,  6'  10'  long,  2' -y  thick  before  the 
scales  open  ;  scales  thickened  at  the  apex,  which  is 
provided  with  a  transverse  ridge  bearing  a  short  cen- 
tral recurved  j)ricklc. 

Ill  satiily,  iiioslly  (hy  soil,  often  foiiiiiti^t  ixtriisivi-  for- 
ests, soutliern  X'irdiiiia  to  I'Morida  and  Texas,  mostly  near 
the  coast.  Wood  hard,  strong,  eotiipaet.  li^iht  red  or 
oiaime;  weisiht  per  cubic  foot  (|  ll>s.  TIlis  tree  is  the 
chief  source  of  our  turpentine,  tar,  rosin,  and  their  deriv.i 
fives.  .\lso  known  as  Southern  I'iiie.  Yellow  I'iiie,  Hard 
Pine  and  Xirjfiiiia  rine.     .March   .\pril. 


4.    Pinus  ponderosa  Doiiol.      Wc.^^ttrn  Yel- 
low I'iiic.      (  Fig;.  113.) 

I'iiiii'i  fiiiiiili  lo^ii  Doutfl.  I.awson's  Man.  .i,s(.       i^^.V'. 

One  of  the  largest  North  American  trees,  attaining 
a  maximum  height  of  nearly  3ixj°  and  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  15°,  but  commonly  much  smaller.  Hranches 
widely  s])reading  or  somewhat  droojung  ;  bark  light 
red,  scaly  ;  leaves  in  3's  (rarely  some  of  them  in  2's), 
rather  stout,  s'-io'  long,  slightly  scabrous;  cones 
subterminal,  very  dense  and  heavy,  ovoid-conic, 
4'-6'  long,  1  '2'-2,'j'  thick  ;  scales  much  thickened  at 
the  a])ex,  the  transverse  ridge  j)romincnt,  with  a 
triangular  subulate  short  stoiit  recurved  p-       '?. 

Montana  to  Hritish  Colnnibia,  south  to  tern  Ne- 
braska, Texas,  Mexico  and  Califoniia;  the  snorter-leaved 
eastern  form  which  reaches  our  area  has  been  distin- 
Ruished  from  the  western  as  var.  smfiiiloi  iini  Wood  hard, 
strong,  light  red;  weiRlit  per  cubic  foot  29  lbs.  One  of  the 
most  itnporlant  lumber-trees  of  the  west.     .-Xpril-May. 


52 


riNACIvAIv. 


I'iiiii 
I'm  II  \ 

I'illllS 


Pinus  divaricata    i  Ait.  )  SiuKv.     I<al>ra- 
(lor  Pine.   Ciray  I'iiic.     (  Im^.  i  14.  1 

^l/.•(^/;/l  viir.  i//.'i;/7i<;/i/  .\il    Hurt    Kiw. 


3    .t''^>- 


llmiksiiiihi  I.ainli 
itirtii  iiii/ii  Sudw, 


I'iiiu-',  1:7    /</.   ,'.      iSil 
Hull   Tcirr.  Clul).  20:   \\. 


A  slemlcr  tree,  \isiinlly  411'  60^  liin''.  ''W'  '>nictiiiies 
reaching  n«)'',  and  a  trunk  dianietur  of  3-^',  the 
brandies  si)rca(linj,',  the  bark  l)ecomin>{  flaky.  Leaves 
in  J's,  stout,  atilT,  more  or  less  curved,  sjjreading  or 
obliciue,  linht  Kreen,  crowdeil  aloiij;  the  branches,  sel- 
dom over  1'  lonj.; ;  fii>ro-vascular  bundles  2;  cones 
commonly  very  numerous,  lateral,  oblong-conic,  usu- 
ally upwardly  curved,  I'-j'  long,  9"-i5"  thick  when 
mature;  scales  thickened  at  the  end,  the  transverse 
ridge  a  mere  line  with  a  minute  central  point  in  place 
of  spine  or  prickle  at  maturity;  young  scales  s])iny- 
tipj)cd. 

In  sand>  suil.  Sdniitinus  fnrinlntf  ixtinsive  forests.  Ntw  lininswick  tn  Iludsun  Hay  and  the 
Northwest  firritory.  south  to  Maiiii,  iiortlurn  New  Y<irk.  nortlurn  Illinois  and  Slitniesota.  Wood 
■soft,  weak,  i-oinpact,  linlil  brown;  weiglit  per  lubii-  foot  J7  lbs,  .\lso  lalled  Hudson  Hay  Pine  and 
Northern  .Send)  I'iiu-,     May  June, 

6.  Pinus   Virginiana   Mill.     Jersey    Pine. 
Scrub  Pine.     ',  Fijj;-  ii.S.) 

Pinus  I'll  1;  ill  ill  ml  Mill,  Card,  Iliet,  ICd.  S.  No,  9,      I7i''<, 
Pinus  iiiops  Ait,  Ilort,  Kcw,  3:  ,^67,      \-Si). 

A  slender  tree,  usually  small,  but  sometimes  at- 
taining a  height  of  110°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  3°, 
the  old  bark  dark  colored,  flaky,  the  branches 
spreading  or  drooping.  Leaves  in  2's,  dark  green, 
rather  stout  and  stiff,  S])rcading  when  old,  1 ' .  '-2 ' , ' 
long,  with  2  fdiro-vascular  bundles  ;  young  sheaths 
rarely  more  than  2',"  long;  cones connnonly  few, 
lateral,  recurved  when  young,  s])rea(ling  when  old, 
oblong-conic,  i  '•'-2';'  long,  their  scales  somewhat 
thickened  al  ,he  ajiex,  the  low  transverse  ridge 
with  a  short  central  more  or  less  recurved  i)rieklc. 

In  sandy  soil,  I.ontf  Islan<l,  New  York  to  .South  Caro- 
lina, wist  to  southern  Indiana  and  Kentucky,  sonu- 
tinies  fonniuK  forests,  .\sciiids  to  ,^,V)o  ft,  in  Virifinia, 
Wood  soft,  weak,  brittle,  liKht  orauffe;  wiiKht  per 
■cubic  foot  },},  lbs,     .\pril-May. 

Pinus  echinata  Mill.     Yellow  Pine.      Spruce  Pine. 


I'inii 
J'inii 


(  Kij;.   116.) 
1768, 


,rliin,itii  Mill,  Card,  Diet,  I';d,  s.  No,  12, 
inilis  Michx,  I'"l,  lior.  Am,  2:  204.      iSo^, 

A  forest  tree,  reaching  a  uiaximuni  height  of  about 
iao°  and  atrunk  diameter  of  4'.°,  the  branches  spread- 
ing, the  old  bark  rough  in  ])lates.  Leaves  some  in 
2's,  some  in  3's,  slender,  not  stiff,  dark  green,  ^''-5' 
long,  spreading  when  mature  ;  fdiro-vascular  bundles 
2  ;  young  sheaths  s"-S"  long  ;  cones  lateral,  oblong- 
conic,  about  2'  long,  usually  less  than  i'  thick  when 
the  scales  are  closed  ;  scales  thickened  at  the  aiicx, 
marked  with  a  prominent  transverse  ridge  an<l  armed 
with  a  slender  small  nearly  straight  early  deciduous 
prickle. 

In  sandy  soil,  southern  New  York  to  Florida,  west  to 
Illinois,  Kansas  and  Texas.  Wood  heavy,  stroiiir,  orange; 
one  of  the  most  valuable  tind)ers;  weinlit  per  cubic  foot 
.^S  ll)s.  Also  called  Short-leaved  I'ine  and  Hull  Pine. 
May -June. 


about 
rcad- 
)iiie  in 

.V'-5' 
undies 
bloug- 
wheu 
aiicx, 
aruied 
iduous 


vest  to 

)riinK»-' ; 

ic  foot 

Pine. 


riNI'    FAMILY.     CONIFHRS. 


.SJ 


8.  Pinus  pungens  Miclix.  f 

l'niii\  /iiiiiL:ti/~   Miilix    f    Ili^l.   Art>   Am    l:  'M      />/   i 

iMii. 

A  tree  witli  a  uiaxiniutii  heiKht  of  about  6(j''  and 
trunk  diameter  of  3 'i',  llie  brandies  siircadinx,  the 
old  rouijli  liark  in  (lakes.  Leaves  mostly  iu  2's, 
some  in  ,Vs,  stout  ami  stiff,  iin'it  ^(reen,  2'i'-4' 
lonj,'.  crowded  on  the  twij^s  ;  fibro-vascular  bundles 
2;  youn;;  sheaths  5  "  ^"  lonj; ;  cones  lateral,  usu- 
ally clustered,  loiifj-persistent  on  the  l)ranchcs, 
ovoid,  .^'j'  s'  lonv;,  2'  },'  thick  while  the  scales  are 
closed,  nearly  j^lobuhir  when  these  are  expanded  ; 
scales  very  thick  and  woody,  their  ends  witli  a  larj;e 
elevated  transverse  ri(ij»e,  centrally  tipped  by  a  stout 
rcflexcd  or  siireadinx  si>ine  2"-2'2"  long. 

Ill  wiHPils,  ><iiiiititii(-  fiiriiiitijr  fiirists,  vvi-^Urn  New 
Jersivaiiil  initnil  I'l  iiiisvlvania  In  Nurtli  L'ariiliiia   and 


r;il)lL-Mi)Uiitaiii  I'inc.    Ilickor.N  I'inc.  i  l-i^.  117.  i 


Tl-llIU '^M  T.  A-lttllU     til 

Wiiiid    Mift.  wtak,    liriltlc, 
cubic  fool  (I  lbs.     May. 


I'«"i  ft.  ill    .Vortli  Carnlina. 
li^lit    brnwii  ;    wiivtlil    per 


9.  Pinus  Taeda  L 


Lolilolly   I'inu.     Old-fit-ld  TiiiL-. 

/'ill IIS  Tiiitlii  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  ii>«'.      17,^1. 

A  large  forest  tree,  reaching  under  favorable  con- 
ditions, a  height  of  150°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of 
5°,  the  branches  sjireading,  the  liark  thick  and 
rugged,  flaky  in  age.  Leaves  in  ,Vs  (rarely  some 
of  them  in  2'sl,  slender,  not  stitf,  light  green,  as- 
cending or  at  length  spreading,  6'  id'  long  ;  fibro- 
va.scular  bundles  2;  sheaths  S"-i2"  long  when 
young  ;  cones  lateral,  spreading,  ol)loiig-coiiic,  ^'-5' 
long,  I'-i'.'  thick  before  the  scales  o|)cn  ;  scales 
thickened  at  the  apex,  the  transverse  ridge  iiroini- 
nent,  acute,  tijipcd  with  a  central  short  triangular 
rcflexed-spreading  sjiine. 

Dilaware  to  IMnrida  and  Texas.  iiKi-itly  near  tlie  cci.ist, 
iidrtli  tliroHi;''  the  .Missi-.siiii)i  \'alley  tu  .\rkaiisas. 
Wdiid  iKit  strmit;,  brittle,  eiiar>e  t;r,iiiie(l.  liylit  binwii: 
weitflil  I>er  eiibie  font  \\  lbs  SpiiiiK-.  up  in  i.ld 
fields  or  in  eleariiiKs.  .\lsii  e.illed  I'r.iiikiiueiisi  I'iiie. 
April   May. 


10.  Pinus  rigida  Mill.     Pitcli  Pine. 

I'iiiiis  I  ii;ii/'i  .Mill.  Card.  Diet.  Ivd.  .s,  N<i,  10.       170S, 

A  forest  tree  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about 
80°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  1,°,  the  branches  sjircad- 
ing,  the  old  bark  rough,  furrowed,  flaky  in  stri])s. 
Leaves  in  ,^'s  (very  rarely  some  in  .j's),  stout  and  stiff, 
rather  dark  green,  ,^'-5'  long,  spreading  when  mature  ; 
fibro-vascular  bundles  2  ;  sheaths  4"-6"  long  when 
young;  cones  lateral,  ovoid,  i'j'-3'  long,  becoming 
nearly  globular  when  the  scales  open,  commonly 
numerous  and  clustered  ;  scales  thickened  at  the  apex, 
the  transverse  ridge  acute,  jirovided  with  a  stout  cen- 
tral triangular  recurvcd-spreading  prickle. 

Ill  dry,  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  New  Hriiiiswiek  to  Cieorpia. 
west  to  soutliem  Oiitariii,  West  \'irKiiiia  and  Kentucky. 
Ascends  to  V""'  ft  in  Virginia.  This  forms  most  of  tlu 
"pine  barrens  "  of  Lon^  Island  and  .New  Jersey.  Wood 
soft,  brittle,  eoarse-Kiaiiied,  linlit  reddish-brown;  weijflit 
per  cubic  fool  12  lbs,  .Also  called  ,Sap  I'ine  and  Candle 
wood  I'ine;  produces  luiinerous  shoots  from  cut  stumps. 
April-May. 


Torch   I'iiK'.      (  Fi.y;.  ik).  ) 


I 


54 


pinacp;ar. 


2.   LARIX  Adans.  Fain.  I'l.  2:  48(1.       1763. 

Tall  trees  with  liori/ontHl  or  asccndiiij;  hranclies  ami  small  narrowly  linear  deciduous 
leaves,  without  sheaths,  in  fascicles  on  short  lateral  scaly  hud-like  hranchlets.  Anients 
short,  lateral,  monoecious,  the  staniinatc  from  lealle^s  huds ;  the  ovule-hearinj;  buds  com- 
monly leafy  at  the  base  and  the  aments  red.  .Anther  sacs  2-cellcd,  the  sacs  transversely  or 
<>l)li(iuely  dehiscent.  I'ollen-^^rains  simple.  Cones  oxoid  or  cylindric,  small,  erect,  their 
scales  thin,  spirally  arr.inj;cd,  obtuse,  persistent.  Ovules  2  on  the  base  of  each  scale,  ri]ien- 
in^;  into  2  rcllexed  somewhat  win>{ed  seeds.     [Name  ancient,  jirohably  Celtic] 

.\l)c>ut  <)  spiiii  >,  niitivi>  (if  till- ticirlli  tiiii)Ktali-  ;in(l  subarctic  zmics.  Uisidis  tin  f(iU(i\viii(>:  2 
(illiers  (iccur  in  llu  wisUrii  parts  of  .\nrth  Aniirici. 

I.  Larix  laricina  (  I)ii  Vini  Kocli.     AiiK-ri- 
caii  Laroli.     Tamarack       (.iM.t?.  120.  ) 

I'iiiiis  /(iriiiiiii  Dii  Koi.  Obs.  Itiit.  |i|.      1771. 
J'iiiKs  f>,  ludihi  Ail.  Ilcirt.  Ktw.  3:  V"!.       I7^<l. 
/.mix  .liiiiiiiiiiid  Micli.x.  1"1.  Ucir.  .\ni.  2:  2n',.      iSn^. 
J.ari  \  hii  ii  iiiii  Kcicli.  Dinibdl,  2:  I'urt  2.  2(>.;.       1S7V 

.\  slcniler  tree,  att.itninj;  a  maNinnini  height  of 
about  Kxi"  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  ,^°,  the  branches 
s])reading,  the  bark  close  or  at  length  slightly  scaly. 
Leaves  pale  green,  numerous  in  the  fascicles,  5"- 
12"  long,  about  '+  "  wide,  deciduous  in  late  autumn; 
fascicles  borne  on  short  lateral  hranchlets  about  2" 
long  ;  cones  short-pcduncled  at  the  ends  of  similar 
hranchlets,  ovoid,  obtuse,  6"  -S"  long,  com])osed  of 
about  12  suborbicular  thin  scales,  their  margins 
entire  or  slightly  lacerate. 

In  swampy  wmids  and  alioiil  marjrins  nf  lakes.  New-. 
fiiuiiiUatid  tu  tile  Niirthwisl  Tirriti>ry.  si  mill  In  N\  w  Jer- 
sey, IVnnsylviUiia,  Indiana  and  Minnisota.  WiMiilliard. 
slnmn,  very  (Uirable,  resinnus,  lijflit  lirnwn;  wiisjlit  per 
cubic  ft  .VI lbs.    Calledalsii  Hackmatack.    March  .\pril. 

3.  PICEA  Link,  Al)h.  Akad,  Wiss.  Ik-rlin,  1827:  171),       iSjj-iS^o, 

Evergreen  conical  trees,  with  linear  short  4-sided  leaves  sjjreading  in  all  directions, 
jointed  at  the  base  to  short  ])ersistent  sterigmata,  on  which  they  arc- sessile,  falling  away  in 
drying,  the  bare  twigs  ai)pearing  covered  with  low  truncate  iirojcctions.  Leaf-bu<ls  scaly. 
Staminate  aments  axillary,  nearly  sessile;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent, 
the  connective  ])rolouged  into  an  a|)j)en<lage;  pollen-grains  compound:  ovule-bearing  aments, 
terminal,  ovoid  or  oblong;  ovules  2  on  the  bass  of  each  scale,  rellexcd,  rijicuing  into  2  more  or 
le^s  winged  sced.s.  Cones  uvoid  or  oblong,  obtuse,  pendulous,  their  scales  numerous,  spirally 
arranged,  thin,  obtuse,  jiersistent.     [Name  ancient.] 

Ahniil  I  I  spicies,  niliv.snf  ilic  north  trmi),  rate  iuul  subiuclic  Zllm■^ 
,^  nllurs  incur  ill  tin-  iinrtliwisttrii  pails  cif  Nnrth  .\merica. 
'I'wik'-  ami  sUriKiiial.i  irlalMniis,  lilaucous;  cuius  nblimu;  eylindric. 
Twins  pubisciiil,  brown;  coius  nvoiil  or  oval. 

Twins  stout;  leaves  imicron.ite;  cuius  pirsisliiit 

Twins  sleiuUr;  liavis  very  acute;  coins  cU  ciiluous. 

I.  Picea   Canadensis     Mill.)    U.S.I'. 

White-  Sprticf.      (  I'ij;.  121.1 

.l/i/(i  (  ',ui,h/,  iim\  Mill.  Card.  I>ict.  I'M  s,  \,,    )      |-,,s 

J'niiii  ii//iri  .\it.  Ilorl.  Kcw.  3:  571.      i7>o. 

.1/'/.  V   11//111   .Miclix.    b'l.    lior.  .\m.   2:   J07.      iso;.      .\oi 

.Mill    i7'is. 
J'iiiiiiilhii  Link,  I.iniiae.i,  15;  .sni.       iS(i. 
J'iiiii  i\iii,ii(iiisi\  11  S.I',  I'ril.  Cat.  N.  V.  71.       isNX. 

A  slender  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of 
about  150'  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  ,V'.  but  usually 
much  smaller.  Twigs  and  sterigmata  glabrous, 
pale  and  glaucous:  leaves  light  green,  slender,  '>" 
■S"  long,  very  acute;  cones  cylindric  or  oblong- 
cvli-'lric,  )iale,  1  '..'2'  long,  6''  S"  thick  before  the 
scales  o|)en  :  scales  almost  membranaceous,  their 
margins  usually  (|uite  entire;  bracts  incised, 

NcwfouiiillamI  to  Hudson  Hay  and  .Maska.  smitli  to 
Maim  .  iioitliirii  .New  \'ork.  Miciiinaii.  llic  black  Hills, 
.Montana  ami  llritisli  Columbia.  Wood  soli,  weak.  HkIiI 
yellow;  wiinlit  pi  r  cubic  loot  2s  lbs.     .\piil   May. 


IksiiU 

■s  the  IdllowitiK 

1.    /' 

(  iniiiiiiiisis. 

2.    /■. 

Mill  ill iiii. 
1  iihi  >i. 

PINK   lAMILY.     CONIFERS. 
2.    Picea  Mariana  (Mill.  )  IJ.vS.P.     Hlack  .Siirucc. 


55 


(KiK.  122.) 

Dill.   I'M.  s.  \., 


.l/i/V  V  .)/,iii,iiiii  .Mill.  Caul 

/'inns  iiii;!,!  Ail.  Ilcirt    Kiw.  3;   ^7(1.  i7Si». 

A/iiis  )iii;i,!  Dof.  IIi?.t.  .\rl).  2:  5N1.  ink^. 

I'iitii  niaiii  Link.  I.iiiiiata,  15:  520.  i>4i. 

/'/(></    Mniiiuui    n.S.lV   rrtl.    Cal.  N.     V.     71. 

.\  slender  tree,  soinetiines  90°  high,  the 
trunk  reaching  a  diameter  of  2°-;,^,  the 
brandies  spreading,  the  bark  only  slightly 
roughened.  Twigs  stout,  jjubesccnt  ;  ster- 
iginata  ])ubcsceiit :  leaves  thickly  covering 
the  twigs,  deep  green,  stout,  straight  or 
curved,  rarely  more  than  '2'  long,  obtuse  or 
merely  niucronatc  at  tliea])ex  ;  cones  oval  or 
ovoid,  I'-l'.'  long,  persistent  on  the  twigs 
for  two  or  more  seasons,  their  scales  with  en- 
tire or  merely  crose  margins. 

Nt  wfiiuiuUanil  In  Iluilson  li.iy  ami  the 
Niirlliwtsi  'IVrriliMv,  si  mill  lo  N\\v  Jir-^ty, 
aliiiin  llu'  lii^tlur  .Ukttluiiiis  lo  Nurtli  Cam- 
liiia  and  In  Mii'liiK.m  and  .Miiiiu-^cila.  Wnnd 
suit,  wiak,  i>alc  rid  or  marly  wliili-  ;  wiight 
jK-r  luliii-  fool  2.^  1!)>.     May  JuiR-. 


Picea  rubra  (Lanil).  )  Link. 
Spruce.      (  FIh;.   123.  > 


Red 


J'iiiiis  inliid  I.aiiili.  I'iiiii-,  I:   | ;.    /'/.  .'V     1^05. 
/'/(('(/  inhiii  I, ink.  I.iniiara.  15:  521,       1S41. 
J'icfii  ni!;rii  var.  rii/ti,i  luisiilin.  dard.  Chroii. 
(  II.  I  II:  ,vvt.       i^^r'i. 

A  slender  tree,  sometimes  reaching  a 
height  of  100°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  4°, 
the  branches  si)reading,  the  bark  reddish, 
nearly  smooth.  Twigs  slender,  sparingly 
pubescent;  stcrigmata  glabrate  ;  leaves  iiglit 
green,  slender,  straight  or  sometimes  in- 
curved, very  acute  at  the  ajiex,  5"  S"  long; 
cones  ovoid  or  oval,  seldom  more  than 
i'  long,  deciduous  at  the  end  of  the  first 
season  or  during  the  winter,  their  scales  un- 
dulate, lacerate,  or  2-lobcil. 

Nova  Scolia  lo  norlliirn  Nrw  York  and  alonn 
llii-    liiKliir   .Mk'vtlunirs   lo   sontjurn    \'irj;inia 
.\srind^  In    (ii«i  11.  in  tin-  Aililoiulai-k-.      Wnml 
•iiiiilar  lo  thai  of  llii-  i)riiidinvr  spiiii>.     May 
lime. 


4.  TSUGA  Carr.  Trait.  Conif.  1S5. 


i.S.rS. 


P.vcrgrecn  trees  with  slender  hori/.ontal  or  droojiiiig  branches,  flat  narrowly  linear 
scattered  short-petioled  le.ives,  s)ireaditig  ami  appearing  j-raiikcd,  jointed  lo  very  short 
stcrigmata  and  falling  away  in  drying.  I.eaf-biuls  scaly.  Staminate  anients  axillary,  short 
or  siibglobosc;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  transversely  dehisi-eiit,  the  oouiiective  slightly  pro- 
duced beyond  them;  pollen-,grains  simjile.  Ovule-bearing  anients  terminal,  the  scales 
about  as  long  as  the  bracts,  each  bearing  2  reflexed  ovules  on  its  base.  Cones  small,  ovoid 
or  oblong,  ])enduloiis,  their  scales  scarcely  woody,  obtuse,  persistent.  Seeds  soiicwhat 
winged.     [  Name  Jajiauese.  ] 

.Xbiiiil  7  spi'cles,  tile  following  of  casUrn  Nnilli  .Vnuiiii.  2  in  n  ulliw^-iU  rii  Notlli  .\iiii  rica,  2  or 
.1  A'liatic. 


Coins  d"   lo"  lonw;,  lliiir  •^calis  rtniainiii^!  aiipnsMil. 
Coins  i'   I  ', '  loiin,  llifir  mmIi'S  widily  spnadiinj  al  in  iliirily. 


/'.     (  \lllill/l>ISI<. 

/'    L'lii  ii/iiiiiiiiti. 


56 


riNACEAK. 


I,  Tsuga    Canadensis  (L.)   Carr. 

Hemlock.      (I'iii.  124.  ) 

Pi  mis  Cniioili  iisis  \..  S]).  I'l.  VA.  2,  1421.  .  i~h},. 
Ahiis  Caniuitiisis  Xliclix.  Fl.  Hoi.  Am.  2:  2iif). 

Tsiifiit  C'niiiii/iiisisCurr.  Trait.  C<>iiif.  iN).  1S55. 
A  tall  forest  tree,  sometimes  110°  hi>;h, 
the  trunk  reacliing  4°  in  diameter,  the  lower 
branches  somewhat  drooping,  the  old  hark 
flaky  in  scales.  I'oliage  dense  ;  leaves  ob- 
tuse, flat,  6"  9"  long,  less  than  1"  wide, 
dark  green  above,  pale  beneath,  the  petiole 
less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  width  of 
the  blade  ;  cones  oblong,  obtuse,  as  long  as 
or  slightly  longer  than  the  leaves,  their 
scales  suhorbicnlar.obtusc,  minutely  lacerate 
or  entire,  not  widely  s])reading  at  maturity. 

Nuva  Sciitiatii  MinnrsDta.  soutli  td  iHlawarc, 
alonKtlii-  .MkHlHiiits  til  .\liil)aiiia  and  to  Miclii- 
Kaii  aTul  Wisoiiisiii.  .\sciii(l>  to  2c«<i  It  in  tin- 
Adirciiidacks.  Oni-  of  tlio  nidst  onianuiital  <<{ 
eviTKriiiis  HJun  ycmnjt.  WimkI  soft.  wtak. 
brittU-.  coarse  (traini-d.  lijjlit  brown  or  marly 
whiti- ;  wiitrlit  irt cubic  foot  2()  lbs.  Hark  much 
used  iu  t.uniintf.     .XprilMay. 


2.    Tsuga   Caroliniana    l''iig;fliii. 

Carolina  Hemlock.     ( I'"i.y:.  125.) 

/"v»i,'i/  C'liiii/i'iiiiiiiii  luiKelni.  Co\iU.  Hot.  (r,,..    5: 

.IhifS  Ciiiiiliiiiiiiiti  Cliapm.  1"1.  .S.  States.  I'M    2. 

6.S0,       I'^S^ 

A  forest  tree  attaining  a  maximi>in  height 
of  about  So°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  4'',' the 
lower  branches  droojiing.  Leaves  narrowly 
linear,  obtuse,  rather  light  green  above, 
nearly  vhitc  beneath,  7"  ki"  long,  the  ])cti- 
ole  nearly  as  long  as  the  width  of  the  blade  ; 
cones  l'-i'4''  long,  the  scales  firm  but 
scarcely  woody,  oblong,  obtuse,  widely 
sjireading  at  maturity. 

Soutluvesttru  Vir^jiiiia  to  South  Carolina  iu 
the  .Mlenhenies.  Wood  soft.  weak,  brittle.  li|;ht 
brown;  wei^;ht  pi  r  cubic  loot  about  27  lbs.  .\ 
uiore  itraceful  and  be.iutiful  Irei  than  tlu'  pre 
ceding;  at  maturity  .\sct  uds  to  )2oo  It.  iu  .North 
Carolina      .\i>ril. 


5.     ABIES    JUS.S.  (k-Il.   414.  l7Sij. 

Evergreen  trees  with  linear  flat  scattered  sessile  leaves,  spreading  so  as  to  appear 
2-ranked,  but  in  reality  spirally  arranged,  not  jt)inted  to  sterigmata,  and  couimonly  (piite 
persistent  in  drying,  the  naked  twigs  marked  by  the  flat  scars  of  their  bases.  Slam- 
inf.  e  anients  axillary;  anthers  2-cellcd,  the  .sacs  transversely  dehiscent,  the  connective  jirn- 
longcd  into  a  short  knob  or  point ;  pollen-grains  compound.  Ovule-bearing  amcnts  lateral, 
erect ;  ovules  2  on  the  base  of  each  scale,  rellexi'd,  the  scale  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the 
thin  or  pajKiry,  mucronate  or  aristatc  bract.  Cones  erect,  subcylindric  or  ovoid,  their  scales 
deciduous  from  the  persistent  axis,  orbicular  or  broader,  obtuse.  |  Ancient  name  of  the 
firs.] 

.\bcuit  20  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  chielly  iu  boreal  and  mouiitiiiiious 
refrions.  liesides  the  following,  some  7  ipthers  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  .\orth  .\merica  and  i 
in  Mexico. 

Hracts  serrulate,  mucrouate.  shortir  than  the  scales.  i.   .1.  hiihtinini. 

Bracts  aristate,  reflexed.  loUKer  than  the  scales.  2.  .1.  /'itiuii. 


I 


una  111 
.  liKlil 
)s.     A 


ni)i)car 
(piite 

Stam- 
i-i-  ))ro- 

atcral, 
iiK  tlie 

si'alfs 

of  the 


a  and  l 


PINK   FAMILY.     CONIl'RRS. 
1.  Abies  balsamea  ( I.. )  Mill.     Halsain  Fir.     (  Fi>>:.  126.) 


57 


I'iiiiis  hiil.uiiiiiii  I,.  S]).  I'l.  ii«p2.       175,?. 
.thiis  hal.saiiuii  .Mill.  Ciard.   Diet.   VA.  S,  Xo.  ^ 
176S. 

A  slender  forest  tree  attaining  a  uiaxiniuni 

height  of  about  9<i°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of 

,^°,  usually  much  smaller  and  on  mountain 

tops  and  in  high  arctic  regions  reductd  to  a 

low  shrub.     Hark  smooth,  warty  with  resin 

"blisters."     Leaves  fragrant  in  drying,  less 

than    i"  wide,   6"-io"  long,   obtuse,  dark 

green  above,  paler  beneath  or  the  youngest 

conspicuously  whitened  on  the  lower  surface ; 

cones  cylindric,  2'-4'  long,  9"-i5"  thick, 

upright,  arranged  in  rows  on  the  upper  side 

of  the  branches,    violet  or  purplish  when 

young  ;  bracts  obovate,  serrulate,  mncronate, 

shorter  than  the  broad  rounde<l  scales. 

NrHl'ouiKllaiKl  .111(1  I.abradiir  In  Hiulson  Hay 
and  llii-  .N'ortlnvi'sl  Tirrilnry,  soiitli  tn  Massa- 
cliusrUs,  IVnnsylvania,  alcintt  llii'  .\lk(flifiiit's  to 
Virginia  and  In  Michigan  and  .MiniusDla.  As- 
cends to  ,^i»«>  ft.  ill   till-   .Xdirondacks.     \V 1 

soft  and  weak.  \\\ih\.  brown:  wiiRlit  jur  cubic 
foot  2|  lbs.  Canada  balsam  is  dirivid  from  the 
risinons  exudations  of  the  trunk.     May-June. 


2.    Abies   Fraseri   i  I'lirsli )    Liiidl. 
Frascr's  Halsain  I'ir.      (  I-'ijj;.  127.  1 

rhiiis  I'liisi  I  i  I'ursli.  I'l.  .\ni.  .St])t.  (j;c),      1S14. 
Afiits  I'ldii  ri  I.iiiiH.  I'eiiny  Cyel.  i:  30.      i,s?v 

.V  forest  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  size 
about  that  of  the  ])rcccdiiig  species,  the 
smooth  bark  bearing  similar  resin  •'blisters." 
Leaves,  esjiccially  the  younger,  consiiicu- 
oi:sly  whitened  beneath,  ,s"-  10"  long,  nearly 
l"  wide,  cmargiuale  or  some  of  them  ob- 
tuse at  the  ajiex  ;  cones  oblong-cylindric  ur 
ovoid-cyliudric,  2'  3'  high,  about  1'  thick, 
their  scales  rhomboid,  much  broader  than 
high,  roundeil  at  the  apex,  much  shorter 
than  the  jiajiery  bracts,  which  aic  rctlexcd, 
their  summits  cmarginate,  serrulate  and 
aristate. 


On  the  lii^ili  .Mletrlienies  of  soiitliwestirn  \'ir- 
ifinia,  North  Cjynlina  ,ind  'IVnnessee.  Wooil 
similar  to  that  of  the  nortliern  speeies,  lint 
sli^litly  litjhler  in  weinlil.     .May. 


6.    TAXODIUM  h.  C.  Rich.  Ann.  Mns.  Paris,  16:  29.S.       iHio. 

Tall  trees  with  horizontal  or  drooping  bnmches,  and  alternate  spirally  arranged  sessile 
linear  or  scale-like  leaves,  deciduous  in  our  sjiecies,  spreading  so  as  to  a])])ear  2-ranked, 
some  (if  the  twigs  commonly  deciduous  in  autumn.  Leaf-buds  naked.  Staminate  ameiits 
very  numerous,  globose,  in  long  terminal  drooping  iianiclcd  spikes,  apjicaring  before  the 
leaves  ;  anthers  2  s-cellcd,  the  sacs  2-valved.  » )vule-bearing  amenls  ovoid,  in  small  terminal 
clusters,  their  scales  few,  bractless,  each  bearing  a  pair  of  ovules  on  its  base.  Cones  globose 
or  nearly  so.  the  scales  thick  and  woody,  rhomboid,  fitting  closely  together  by  their  mar- 
gins, each  marked  with  a  triangular  scar  at  its  base.  Seeds  large,  sharply  triaiigular- 
]>yramidal.     [Name  Greek,  referring  to  the  yew-like  leaves.] 

Three  known  siieeies,  the  following  of  southeastern  North  .\inerica.  one  Mexican,  one  Chinese. 


5R 


r..sACEAE. 


I.   Taxodium  distichum  ( L.  )  L.  C.  Rich.     IJald  Cyi)rcss. 


(  ImK.    12.S.  ) 
Aim    Mil-  Taris. 


(iif'ii  •cii':  (li.sliiha  I..  S]).   I'l.   i. 

I'll  I '1(1  i inn  (lis/iiliii»i  1,.  C    Kiili    Aim    Mil-  Taris.  i6: 

iiy^.       I  Ml  I. 

A  lar>;f  forest  tree   attaining  a  inaxiniutn  licij^ht 

of  about  150°  and  a  trunk  iliaiiicler  of  14,  the  old 

bark  llaky  in  thin  strips.     I^eavcs  narrowly  linear, 

flat,  thin,   $"-\o"  lung,    'i"  or  less  wide,  rather 

light  green,  acute,  those  on  some  of  the  (lowering 

branches    smaller,    scale-like ;    cones    globose    or 

slightly  longer  than  thick,  ])endent  at  the  ends  of 

the  branches,  very  comp.ict,  about  i '  in  diameter  ; 

surfaces  of  the  scales  irregularly  rugose  above  the 

inversely  triangular  scar  ;  seeds  4"-5"  long. 

Ill  sw.inips  and  alinitr  rivtrs,  Dilawart-  i  (idssilily  in 
siiiithrni  N'l  w  JiTst  V  )  ti>  I'Mmida.  wist  t(i  Ttxas,  imiili 
in  Ihi'  .Mississii>|)i  Valky  rijtioii  tii  sdUtlKVii  Imliaia, 
Missuiiii  and  .\rkaiisas.  WudcI  -.iift,  nut  stroiit;.  bniwii, 
viry  diirabk':  w<.i(;lil  l)ir  oiibii- I'mil  .'7  llis.  Tin- ri Kits 
drvilcii)  iii)nj{lil  Clinic  "  kmcs  "  ^.llnn.■lilnl•^  )  hijth  .iiul 
r'  tliici;.     .March  ,\])ril. 

7.    THUJA  L.  Sp.  PL    i;x)2.       175;,. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  with  frond-like  foliage,  the  leaves  small  or  minute,  scale-like, 
ajipressed,  imbricated,  opposite,  .(-ranked,  those  of  the  ultimate  branchlcts  mostly  obtuse, 
those  of  some  of  the  larger  twigs  acute  or  subulate,  .\ments  monoecious,  both  kinds  ter- 
minal, the  staminate  globose  ;  anthers  opposite,  2 -4-cclled,  the  sacs  globose,  2-vaIved. 
Ovule-bearing  anients  ovoid  or  oblong,  small,  their  scales  ojjpositc,  each  bearing  2  (rarely 
2-.S)  erect  ovules.  Cones  ovoid  or  oblong,  mostly  spreading  or  recurved,  their  scales 
6-10,  coriaceous,  opposite,  not  peltate,  dry,  sjircading  when  mature.  Seeds  oblong,  broadly 
or  narrowly  winged  or  wingless.     [Name  ancient.] 

.\biiul  IS  sii.cks,  iiaivi.si)f  N'orlli  .\iuvric,i  and  eastern  .Asia.  H.sidis  tin-  follii«  iiij;.  anntlar 
<KCiirs  friim  Idalm  and  Oritfini  to  .Alaska. 

I.  Thuja  occidentalis  L.    Wliilc  Cedar. 

ArlM)r  \'itac.      (  FiK-  i-9-  ) 

riiujii  iHiitiiiilalis  I..  S)).  I'l.  ii«i2.      17,S,V 

\  conical  tree,  reaching  a  height  of  65°  and  a 

trunk  diameter  of  .s°,  the  old  bark  deciduous  in 

ragged  strips.     Scale-like  leaves  of  the  ultimate 

branchlets   nearly   orbicular,    obtuse,    i"-iji" 

broad,  the  two  lateral  rows  keeled,  the  two  other 

rows  fiat,    causing  the   twigs  to   appear   nmch 

flattened  ;  leaves  ofthe  older  twigs  narrower  and 

longer,  acute  or  acuminate;  mature  cones  4"-6" 

long,  their  scales  obtuse  ;  seeds  broadly  winged. 

In  wi't  snil  and  alnnif  the  banks  of  streams,  form 
intt  aliiiiisl  inipcnetrablc  fnrcsts  iinrtlnvard.  Ntw 
llrunswiik  to  Janus'  May  and  Manitnba,  snulli  to 
Ni  \v  Jcrsiy.  alinitj;  the  .\lU(tlu  nits  to  Nnrtli  Cam 
lina  and  tn  Illiiuiis  and  .Minmsnla.  .\sciiuls  to 
.l.smi  ft.  ill  till.'  .Vdirnndacks.  WihkI  siift.  britllc, 
weak,  cii  irsc  ifraiiud,  litflil  bidwn:  wimkIiI  pir  cubic 
foot  2(1  ll)s.     M.iy  June. 

8.  CHAMAECYPARIS  Spach,  Hist.  W^.  ii:  .p.j.      1.S42. 

Ivvergreen  trees,  similar  to  the  Tliujas,  with  minute  ojiposite  apjiressed  4-ranked 
scale-like  leaves,  or  those  of  older  twigs  suhul.ite,  ami  small  monoecious  terminal  amcnts. 
Staminate  amentsas  in  Thuja,  but  the  filamer.ts  bro.ider  and  shield-shajicd.  0\ulc-bearing 
aments  globose,  their  scales  opp  isite,  pjlta,.e,  each  bearing  2-5  erect  ovules.  Cones  glo- 
bose, the  scales  thick,  j)ellate,  each  bearing  25  erect  seeds,  dosed  until  mature,  each  with 
a  central  iioint  or  knob.     Src<ls  winged,     [(ireek,  meaning  a  low  cypress.  | 

.About  7  species,  the  followiUB  of  the  eastern  t'liiled  States,  2  in  western  .Nuilli  .\merica.  },  or  4 
Japanese. 


riNK    FAMILY.      CONIl-llRS. 

Soutlicni  Wliitc  Cedar. 


59 


Chamaecyparis  thyoides  (  L.  ;  I{.S.  I'. 

(Fijr.   i.V).) 


I  IllllUlll 

rS42. 

(  IlilllliU 


IS  iliyoiJis  I,.  S)i.  I'l.  ii>s,      175;. 
yfiiiiis  sfiliiiirnntui  i^\y.\v\\.  \\'\>\.    \\k.  II; 

l/xirix   Ihyi'tis    It. SI'.    I'rtl.   Cm.   N.   V. 


,Vil. 


A  forest  tree,  reaehinj;  a  ina.ximiiin  hcij.;ht  of 
atioiit  9(1^  and  a  trunk  dianicttrof  4'^  .  Leaves  of 
the  ultimate  brauclilets  ovate,  acute,  scarcely  '." 
wide,  those  of  the  hiteral  rows  keeled,  those  of  the 
vertical  rows  slightly  convex,  each  with  a  minute 
round  discoid  marking  on  the  centre  of  the  hack, 
those  of  the  older  twigs  narrower  and  lonjier,  subu- 
late ;  cones  about  ,V'  in  diameter,  blue,  each  of 
their  closely  fittintf  scales  with  a  small  central 
point ',  seeds  narrowly  winded. 

Ill  >w.imps.  M.issacliusfU-  tu  iiortlurn  New  Jirsey. 
MiUtli  111  I'liirida  and  Missis>i]ii)i.  niii-Uy  near  tlu  luast. 
Wcii.d  siil'l.   wtak.  dust  >rraiiu(l.  li^'lit    bniwii;  wiiglil 


prr  cubic  t'lMii  2\ 


.\l>ril   May 


9.  JUNIPERUS  L.  Sp.  I'l.  i.VvS.       17.S.V 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  with  oi)])osite  or  verticillate,  subulate  or  scale-like,  sessile 
leaves,  commonly  of  2  kinds,  and  dioecious  or  sometimes  monoecious,  small  globose  axil- 
lary or  terminal  auients.  Leaf-buds  naked.  Stauiiuate  amcnts  oblong  or  ovoid:  anthers 
2-6-celled,  each  sac  2-valve(L  Ovule-bearing  aments  of  a  few  opjiosite  somewhat  llesliy 
scales,  or  these  rarely  verticillate  in  ,Vs,  each  be.iriiiga  single  erect  ovule  or  rarely  2.  Cones 
globose,  t)erry-like  by  the  coalescence  of  the  lleshy  scales,  containing  1-6  wingless  bony 
seeds.     [Name  Celtic] 

.Abmit  ,vi  species,  natives  of  llu-  nurtlurn  heuiispliirc.  snmc  nf  tluiii  extciidiiis;  iiilo  tnipic.U  rc- 
Hiiins.     Iksiik'S  the  fnllciwiiiK.  }  or  5  ntllcrs  occur  in  llu-  western  parts  nf  Nurtli  .ViiKiic.i. 

Leaves  ,ill  subulate.  i)rlckly  (iiiiiileil,  verticillate;  anieuts  axillary. 

.^mall  erect  tree  <ir  shrill);  k  ives  slinder,  iimstly  str.iiRlit  1  /.  loiiniiKiih. 

I, •)«■  dejiressed  slinib;  leaves  stouter.  liMslly  curv'ed  .'.  /,    iimni. 

Leaves  of  2  kinds,  scale  like  and  subulate,  luosily  opposite;  anuiits  terminal 

Tree;  fruit  on  sli(;rt  slraitflit  br.iiiehes.  ,V  A    /  'h  •^i>ii,ui,i. 

D^-pressed  shrub;  fruit  oil  short  recurveil  branches.  4.  /.  S^ihhui. 


(or  4 


I.  Juniperus  communis  L.     JmiipLr. 


/iiiii/ii  I  Us  Kiiiiiiiiiii/s  I,.  S]t.  I'!.  io|o.       175.V 

A  low  tree  or  erect  shrub,  sometimes  attaining  a 
height  of  25°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  m',  usually 
sMiallcr,  the  l)ranches  sjire.iding  or  drooping,  the 
bark  shreddy.  Leaves  ail  subulate,  rigid,  spreading, 
or  some  of  the  lower  rellexed,  mostly  straight,  prickly 
pointed,  verticillate  in  Vs.  often  with  smaller  ones  fas- 
cicled in  their  axils,  5"-io"  long,  less  than  1"  wide, 
channeled  and  commonly  whitened  on  the  upper  sur- 
face; aments  axillary;  berry-like  cones  sessile  or  very 
nearly  so,  dark  blue,  3"-4"  diameter. 


On  dry  hills,  Nova  Scotia  to  llritisli  Columbia,  south  to 
New  Jersey,  retiusylvania.  Michin.ui.  western  Nebraska 
iiid  in  the  Rocky  Slotmtaiiis  to  New  Mexico,  .\scends 
lo  i|iKi  ft.  in  I'enusylvauia  .\lso  in  liurope  and  .\sia, 
rile  fruit  is  usid  lor  llavorin,«:  tfiu.  .\pril  Mav,  I'ruit 
iipe  Oct. 


if* 


i 


6o 


riNACKAE. 


2.  Juniperus  nana  Willd.     Low  JunipLr.     (Fi^.  132.) 


finiipii  IIS  Sihii  i,(i  lUilKsd.  Aiikit.  n.  27.'.       r;!^;.  ? 
Jiiiiit<,iin  iiiiiiii  Willd.  S]).  IM.  4:  ss(.      iS*'). 
/iiiiif>,  I  IIS  ,,<iiiiiiiiiiis  var.  alf>iiui  (".aud.   I'M.   IIclv.  6- 

A  depressed  rigid  shrub,  seldom  over  iS'  high, 
foriiiiuK  circular  jjatchcs  often  10°  in  diameter. 
Leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species, 
but  stouter,  similarly  channeled  and  often  whitened 
above,  a])pressed-ascending,  rather  rigid,  si)iuy 
ti])ped,  \"-(i"  long,  mostly  incurved,  densely 
clothing  the  twigs,  verticillate  in  .Vs  ;  anicnts  axil- 
lary: berry -like  cones  blue,  4"-5"  in  diameter. 

Ill  dry.  (11KI1  |)lacts,  I,.il>radnr  td  Itritisli  Cnluiiibia, 
suutli  to  Massachusttts,  .Ni \v  York.  Micliiiraii  and  in  the 
Kinky  Miiuntaiiis  to  Colorado  and  I'tali.  .Also  in 
ICuidpi- and  .\sia.  The  cliarai'tirislic  growth  in  a  de- 
prtssid  circular  ))alcli  jrivcs  llic  plant  a  vcrv  dilTerciit 
aspect  from  llic  iruc  Juniper.     .Vjiril  May. 


Red  Cedar.     vSavin.     (Tij^.  i^;^.') 


3.  Juniperus  Virginiana  L 

fiiiiifiiiiis  rhxiiii'iiiii  I,.  .Sj).  PI.  lo^Q.       1755. 

A  tree,  reaching  a  ma.\imum  height  of  about 
100°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  5°,  conic  when  young, 
but  the  branches  spreading  in  age  so  that  the  out- 
line becomes  nearly  cylindric.  Leaves  mostly 
opposite,  all  those  of  young  i)lants  and  commonly 
some  of  those  on  the  older  twigs  of  older  trees 
subulate,  spiny-tipped,  :\"~^"  long,  those  of  the 
mature  foliage  scale-like,  acute  or  subacute,  closely 
appressed  and  imbricated,  4-ranked,  causing  the 
twigs  to  appear  (juadrangular  ;  aments  terminal  ; 
berry-like  cones  light  !)lue,  glaucous,  about  3"  in 
diameter,  borne  on  straight  peduncle-like  branch- 
lets  of  less  than  their  owu  length,  l-aseeded. 

Ill  dry  soil,  Xcw  HmiisHick  to  liriiisli  Coliniiliia, 
south  to  I'lorida.  Tixas.  iiorllicrii  Mexico  and  .Arizona. 
Also  ill  tin-  West  Indies.  .Ascends  lo  21. «i  ft.  in  Vir- 
Kinia.  WikjiI  soft,  not  stront;,  straiuht  Kraiiied.  com- 
pact, odorous,   red,   the    sap-wood    white;    wei«:lit   per 

cubic  foot  .11   lbs.;   used    ill    larsi;e    i|naiitities  in    llu-   manufacture   of   lead    pencils 
l''niit  ripe  Sept.  -Oct. 

4.  Juniperus  Sabina  I,.     vShrubl)y  Red 

Cedar.      (Fig-.   134.  ) 

Jiiiiif'i  I  lis  Siihiihi  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  To,i((.       I7.s.i. 
/iiiiifiiiiis  Stihiiiii    var.  f>i  ih  iniihriis    I'ursli.    I'l,    .Am. 
.Sept,  6)7.      is,,. 

.\  depressed,  usually  procumbent  shrub,  seldom 
more  than  4^  high.  I.eaves  similar  to  those  of  the 
preceding  species,  those  of  young  plants  and  the 
older  twigs  of  older  plants  salnilatc,  spiny-tijipcil, 
those  of  the  itiature  foliage  scale-like,  apjircsscd, 
4-ranked,  acute  or  acuminate  ;  aments  terminal  ; 
berry-like  cones  light  blue,  somewhat  glaucous, 
4"-5"  in  diameter,  borne  on  recurved  pcduucle- 
likc  branchlets  of  less  than  their  own  length, 
I  -.(-seeded. 

On  banks,  N'ova  .Scotia  to  Itritisli  Columbia,  south  to 
Maine,  nottliern  New  Vork,  .Minnesota  and  Montana. 
.Also  ill  luirope  and  .\sia,     .April  .Mav. 


YF.W  FAMILY. 


6l 


Kaiiiily  2.     TAXACEAE  Liiull.  Nat.  Syst.  Kd.  2,  316.      1836. 

Trees  or  .shnil)s,  resiii-heariiiK  except  7'axiis.  Leaves  evergreen  or  decid- 
uous, linear,  or  in  several  exotic  jjenera  broad  or  sometimes  fan-shaped,  the 
lK)llen-sacs  and  ovnles  lK)rne  in  separate  clusters  or  solitary.  Perianth  wantinjr. 
Stamens  nuich  as  in  the  I'inaceae.  (Ovules  with  either  one  or  two  integuments; 
when  two,  the  outer  (me  fleshy,  when  only  one,  its  (mter  part  fleshy.  Fruit 
drupe-like  or  rarely  a  cone. 

.\l>i)iit  s  ffiiuni  iiml  75  s)Kcks,  nf  wiiU-  tfinjfr.ipliic  (listril)iiticiii.  luosl  nuimrnus  in  tlic  smitlifm 
liciiiispliirc.  Till'  Mai<kii  iiair  Trie.  f,/»Xi,'.<  A//.</i,/,  of  China  and  J.ipaii,  with  fansha|)i(l  leases, 
is  an  inlerestiiiK  meniher  dT  the  jrrcnti).  nciw  innth  phiiiud  fur  (irnainent. 

I,   TAXUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1040.      1753. 

Everjjreeii  trees  or  shrubs,  with  spirally  arranged  short-pctioled  linear  flat  iiuicrotiatc 
leaves,  spreading  so  as  to  appear  2-ranked,  aiid  axillary  and  solitary,  sessile  or  subsessilc 
very  small  anients;  staniinate  anients  consisting  of  a  few  scaly  bracts  and  5-S  stamens,  their 
lilaments  united  to  the  middle  ;  anthers  4-6-celled.  Ovules  solitary,  axillary,  erect,  sub- 
tended by  a  fleshy,  annular  disk,  which  is  bracted  at  the  base.  Fruit  consisting  of  the  fleshy 
disk  which  becomes  cup-shaped,  red,  and  nearly  encloses  the  bony  seed.     [Name  ancient.] 

.\boul  (>  sj)ecies.  natives  nf  tlie  north  te'iipL-rate  /one.  Itesides  the  foUowinK.  anotlier  oecurs  in 
Florida,  one  in  Me.xieo  and  one  on  the  I'iici    ■  Coast. 


•1.   .\ni. 


1.   Taxus  minor  (Michx.)  Hritiuii.     American  Yew.     Ground  Hemlock. 

'I'lixiis  hiinala  var.  niiiinr  Miehx.  I'l.  lior.  Am. 
2:  24,s.       iSo.v 

'/(i.rH.v  t'(;;;.7(/(7;,v/,v  Wind.  Sp.  I'l.  4:  .'^.VV      iN^i.       ,  , 

Ta  I  IIS  miiioi  liritton.  Mem.  Torr.  Club.  5:  lo.      (  ■)) 

1S<),,.  V  Ih 

A  low  straggling  shrub,  seldom  over  5° 
high.  Leaves  dark  green  on  both  sides,  nar- 
rowly linear,  mucronate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  6"-io"  long,  nearly  i" 
wide,  persistent  on  the  twigs  in  drying;  the 
staniinate  anients  globose,  I'Mong,  usually 
numerous;  ovules  usually  few;  fruit  -ed  and 
pulpy,  resinous,  obloag,  nearly  3"  high,  the 
top  of  the  seed  not  covereil  by  the  fleshy 
integument. 

In  wooils,  Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  south 
to  New  Jersey,  in  the  .MleRlieiiies  to  Virjfinia. 
and  to  Minnesota  aiul  Iowa,  .\seeiiils  to  2,si«i 
ft.  in  tlie  .\dirondacks.  .\i)ril May.  Very  ilif- 
fereiil  from  the  ICuropean  Yew,  /'.  h,ui,it,i.  in 
habit,  the  latter  heeoiiiiiiK  a  larjfe  forest  tree,  as 
xloes  the  Oregon  Yew,   /'.  /'itri/n/in. 


>utli  to 
ontana. 


Cla.ss  2.    ANGIOSPBRMAE. 

Ovnles  (macrosixjranges)  enclo.sed  in  a  cavity  fthe  ovary)  formed  by  the 
infolding  and  uniting  of  the  margins  of  a  modified  rudimentary  leaf  (carpel), 
or  of  .several  such  leaves  joined  together,  in  which  the  seeds  are  rijiened.  The 
I)ollen-grains  (  microsix^res)  on  alighting  nixm  the  sununit  of  the  cari)el  (stigma) 
germinate,  sending  ont  a  |x)llen-tube  which  penetrates  its  tis.sues  and  reaching 
an  ovule  enters   the  orifice  of  the   latter  (inicropyle),  and  its  tip  coming  in 


62 


TVl'lIACHAK. 


contact  witli  a  ycriii-ccU  in  tlic  cnil)ry(i-sac,  fertilization  is  clTcctcd.      In  a  few 
cases  the  ])ollen-tnl)e  enters  the  ovn'e  at  tlie  chahi/.a,  not  at  tlie  niicroi)yle. 

Tluri'  .in-  Iwii  siil)  tl;i-.Ms.  lli^till^Juislu<l  as  fullows: 

CntyUilmi  I11U-;  slttii  inddKiiiiiiis.  Sul)  class  i.   .MuMniii  \  l.i:iiciNi:s. 


C'litykdniis  l«ip;  stiiii  >  witli  rare  txi'ti>tioiis  i  i  xdntimii- 


Siili  lias 


I>li.iiTVl,i;|i(i\i;.s. 


Sub-class  I.      MoyoCOTYI.HDONIiS. 

Knihryo  of  the  seed  with  hut  a  sinjjle  cotyledon  and  the  first  leaves  of  the 
jjerniinatint;  i)laiUlet  alternate.  Stem  coni]>osed  of  a  j^ronnd -mass  of  soft  tissue 
( ])areiicli>ina  I  in  whicli  Innidles  of  wood-cells  are  irretj;ularly  imbedded:  no 
distinction  into  wood,  pith  and  bark.  Leaves  usually  jtarallel-veined,  mostly 
alternate  and  eiuire,  conunonly  sheathin,u;  the  stem  at  the  base  and  often  with 
no  distinction  of  blade  and  petiole.      h'lowers  mostl\'  ,;-nierous  or  fi-mt.ous. 

.MiiiiiuiilyliddiiiJiis  )>laiils  arc  first  (Ufiiiilcly  kiuiwii  in  Triassic  liiiic.  Tlicy  ccitistitulc  bctwicn 
iiiic-fi until  and  unc  third  <>(  tlic  living  anKinspcnnuns  llora.  Tlic  families  arc  Kruupcd  in  about  u> 
iirdcrs  1 -cc  Intriiduction  I. 


1805/ 


Ivxmily  i.     TYPHACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  Kxpo.s.  Kani.  i:  60. 

C.\T-T.\II,   l'.\MIt.V. 

Marsh  or  a([uatic  jilants  with  creeiiinu;  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots  and  >.jlabrou.s- 
erect,  terete  stems.  Leaves  linear,  flat,  ensiform,  striate,  sheathing.;  at  the  base. 
I''lowers  monoecious,  densel.\'  crowded  in  terminal  s]>ikes,  which  are  subtended 
by  spathaceous,  usually  fujj;acious  bracts,  and  dixided  at  intervals  by  smaller 
bracts,  which  are  caducous,  the  staminate  s])ikes  ii])permost.  Perianth  of  bris- 
tles. Stamens  2-7,  the  fdaments connate.  ()\-ary  i.  sti])itate,  1-2-celled.  Ovules 
anatro])nus.  vSt\les  as  main-  as  the  cells  of  the  o\-ary.  Minj^jled  anionjif  the 
.stamens  and  jiistils  are  bristh"  hairs,  and  amon,y;  the  ])istillate  flowers  many  sterile 
flowers  with  chuate  U])s.      Fruit  nutlike.      Ivndosperm  copious. 

The  family  comprises  only  the  followin({  ^renns: 


I.  TYPHA  L.  Sp.  I'l.  971. 
Characters  of  the  family.     [  Name  ancient.] 


/.■>,v 


.\l)out  to  species,  widely  dislribiilcd  in  temperate  and  tropical  retfions.     ISesiiles  those  here  de- 
scribed, an; ither  occurs  in  California. 

Spikes  ilark  brown  or  black,  the  pistillate  and  staminate  nsn.illy  eontijfuous,  the  former  without 
bnictlets;  sti>rnias  spatulate  or  rhomboid;  pollen  (grained  i.    '/'.  /ti/i/'n/iu. 

S])ikes  litflil  brown,  the  pistillate  and  staminate  usu  iHy  distant,  the  former  with  bractlels;  stigmas 
linear;  pollen  in  siniiile  grains.  j.    /'.  din,'  iis/i/n.'iii. 


I.  Typha  latifolia  L. 

tail.      U'is- 

'/j/>//c/  litiij'.'liii  I,.  Sp.  IM.  971. 


I?road-leaved  Cat- 


Stems  stout,  4°-S°  high.  Leaves  ^"-\2"  broad; 
spikes  dark  brown  or  black,  the  staminate  and 
pistillate  portions  usually  conti.tcuous,  each  3'-i2' 
loiiK  and  often  i'  or  more  in  diameter,  the  pistil- 
late without  bractlets ;  stigmas  rhomboid  or  spatu- 
late  ;  pollen-grains  in  4's  ;  fruit  furrowed,  bursting 
in  water  ;  seeds  with  a  separable  outer  coat. 


In  marshes,  tliroutflionl  North  .America  except  the 
extreme  north,  .\scends  to  1(100  ft.  in  the  .Adirondacks 
and  to  2.>oo  ft.  in  VirKinia.  .Mso  in  Ivurope  and  .Asia. 
JuTie  July.     l"ruit,  .AtiK-Sept. 


I 


»Text  contributed  bv  the  late  Rev.  Thoma.S  Moronc. 


CAT-TAII,  I'AMIKY.  63 

2.  Typha  angustifolia  I,.      Narrow-lcavud 

Cat-tail.      (  \'"\ii.  I  J,:.) 

'I'\t>lhi  iiiii;iisli/\iliii  I..  Sj).  I'l.  ij^l.       17,S,V 

Stems  slfiidcr,  ,s°-ici^  Hik''-  I.i'iivcs  mostly  nar- 
rower tliaii  those  of  the  i)rece(linn  sjjtcies,  2"  6'' 
wi<le;  spikes  h^ht  hrowii,  the  staminate  and  pistil- 
late portions  usually  distant,  the  two  tojjctlier 
sonu'times  15'  lonj;,  the  pistillate,  when  mature, 
2"  S"  ni  diameter,  and  jirovided  with  hractlcts  ; 
stifjnias  linear  or  linear-ol)lonj( ;  pollen-brains  sim- 
ple; fruit  not  furrowed,  not  hurstinjjin  water;  outer 
coat  of  the  seed  not  separahle. 

Alnnidaiit  in  marshes  almn;  tlu'  Allaiitii- C'ci.isl  fmrn 
Niiv.i  Si'iilia  ti>  I'loridii  ami  Culia.  but  also  ociurrinjf 
ratlur  rarely  inland.  Alwi  in  Ivurupe  and  Asia.  June - 
July.     I'luii,  .\utf.  Sept. 


Kami] 


V  2. 


SPARGANIACEAE  Aj^ardh,  Tlicor.  S>st.  I'l.  13.       1S5.S.* 

UlR-RKKK    l'".\Mir.V. 

Marsh  or  pi)iul  ]>lants  witli  crcL-piiiK  root.slocks  and  fibrous  roots,  L-rt-ct  or 
floatinjr  simple  or  l)ranclie(l  stt-ins,  and  linear  alternate  leaves,  .sheathinj;  at  the 
base.  I'Mowers  monoecious,  den.sely  crowded  in  jrlobose  heads  at  the  n])i)er  part 
of  the  stem  and  branches,  the  staminate  heads  n])i)ermost,  sessile  or  ])e(luncle(l. 
vSpathes  linear,  innnediately  beneath  or  at  a  distance  below  the  head,  rerianth 
of  a  few  irrejj;ular  chaffy  .scales.  Stamens  commonly  5,  their  filaments  di.stinct; 
anthers  oblonj;- or  cuneate.  Ovary  sessile,  mo.slly  i -celled.  Ovnles  anatroivnis. 
I'Vuit  mostly  i -celled,  nntlike.      Ivmbryo  nearly  straij^ht,  in  copious  eiulosperm. 

Tile  family  enni])rises  niily  the  fulldwiiiK  Kemis. 

I.  SPARGANIUM  L.  Sp.  IM.  971.       1753. 
Characters  of  the  family.     [(Ircck,  referring  to  the  ribbon-like  leaves.] 
.VbdUt  lospeeies,  of  temperate  ami  enld  rejfions.     Ilesidestlie  fiillowinjr.  iiiiedeeurs  in  Califurnia. 


I'rutl  sessile. 
I'ruil  stalked. 

IiiflDrescence  hranoliiuK. 
Inlliireseenee  siinjile. 
Slamiiiale  heads  ,|  'i, 
Staminate  liea<ls  1    2. 


iiii  Villi f>iini. 
mull  ihltiiiiiiii. 


pistillate  2-6.  ,s"-s"  in  diameter, 
pistillate  i  ,v  2"  .s"  in  <Iianieter, 


I.  Sparganium  eurycarpum  Ivii^elm. 

spill  i;  till  ill  III  iiii  \iiii  />iiiii   I'^iiHelni.  in  .\.  Cray. 
-Man.  ICd.  2.  4,^1.      is,S'). 

Stemsstout,  ,^ '-.S°  hi>;h,  branchinj,'.  Leaves 
linear,  flat,  slightly  keeled  beneath,  the  low- 
est 3°-,s°  lonj.;,  the  upper  shorter  ;  staminate 
heads  numerous  ;  pistillate  heads  24  on  the 
stem  or  branch,  sessile  or  more  commonlj- 
peduncled,  hard,  compact  and  io''-i6"  in  di- 
ameter when  mature  ;  style  i  ;  stij^nias  1-2  ; 
nutlets  sessile,  3"-3"  lonj{,  obtusely  4-5- 
an^lcd,  narrowed  at  thcbase,  the  top  rounded, 
flattened  or  depressed,  abruptly  tipped  with 
the  style  ;  scales  as  lon^  or  nearly  as  lon^  as 
the  fruit  and  as  many  as  its  anj;les,  often  with 
2  or  3  other  exterior  ones,  somewhat  spatu- 
late,  the  apex  rounded,  denticulate  or  eroded. 

In  marshes  and  ailing;  streams,  Newfciundland 
In  liritisli  Colnniliia,  suutlt  to  Virginia,  Mis 
snuri.  ftali  and  California,  .\scends  to  2100  ft. 
in  Virttinia.     May  .\UK. 

Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  Thomas 

MORONC. 


1 


64 


SPAROAMACKAI' 


2.     Sparganium    androcladum    i  Iui<;etin, 
Moion^.     Uranchinjj  Hur-rcc<l.    i  1m,h.  i,v>. 


.Sfiii)  i;Luiiii>ii   w «//>/(  1    var.  ,iiii/i  n,  /,iihi ill  liiiKilm    in  A. 

('■ray,  Mati.  ICil.  s.  pi        1^(17 
a/iiii i;iiiiiniii  iiiiili :••  liiiliiiii  Mi>roii){.  Bull   Tun.  Clul).  15: 

Stem  slender,  more  or  less  liraiichiii),',  lo'-j^  Iiik''' 
ristillatc  heads  3-7,  sessile  or  the  lowest  i)c<hiiu'leil, 
axillary  or  the  ]>eflunclcs  aii<l  branches  axillary;  style 
I  ;  stiKiiia  I  (  rarely  2  1  ;  fruiliiiK  heads  6"  12"  in  di- 
ameter ;  nutlets  fusiform,  2"  .^"  lonj;,  i'."  thick, 
usually  even,  often  strongly  contracted  at  the  niidille, 
tajwrin),'  into  the  style  ;  scales  obloni;,  as  loii);  as  the 
luitlets  or  shorter,  the  exterior  ones  narrower  ;  stalk 
of  fruit  1"  lonj,'  or  more. 

In  lioKscirslialliiw  waltr.  N'(iva.Si.iitia  1..  ( liitarinand  Ilril- 
isli  Ciiliunbia.  siiMtli  til  I'liirida  anil  I.nui^iana      Juni-  .\UK 

Sparganium  androcladum    fliictuans    Morotiu     ISull     Tnrr. 

Clul).  15:  7S.       l^s-< 

Spill Xit'iiiii'i   >.'«//>/(!    var.   tliiiliiii\  Ijimlm    in   .\    (iniy. 

Man   IM.  5.  |>i.     iS(i7.     Siil  .\/>iii  '^,111  in  111  // 11  i/iiii<  )'nL'>. 

I'loatinit  in  (Iilj)  watir  with  liinjf  slendir  sli-ms.  and  tliin  kavvs  1"    \'- ■"  wiiU  :  inllurt-ii me 

usually  sjiariuKly  branched;  fruiting  lieails  4"-()"  in  diameter.     In  cold  |>iind>.   New  lirunswick  tu 

I'einisylvania. 

3.  Sparganium  simplex  Htids.     Siniple- 
steiiiincd  Hur-retd.      I  Ki^.  1 40. ) 

spa  I  i;a  II  ill  III  si  »i  fill' X   Huds.  I'l.  .\nKl.  VA    2.  4111.       I7S,H, 

.Stem  slender,  i,'-^'-24'  high,  simple.     Leaves  more 

or  less  triquetrous,  2"-4"  wide;  inflorescence  io"-S' 

long  ;  staminate  heads  4-6;  pistillate  2-6,  sessile  or  the 

lowest  peduiicled  ;  fruiting  heads  5"-S"  in  diameter  ; 

nutlets  fusiform  or  narrowly  ohlong,  obtusely  angled 

at  the  apex,  more  or  less  contracted  in  the  middle, 

smaller  than  those  of  the  prece<Hng  species  and  more 

tapering   at   the   summit ;    scales   <lenticulate,  about 

one-half  as  long  as  the  nutlets  ;  stigma  linear,  as  long 

as  the  style  or  shorter,  rarely  2  ;  stalk  of  fruit  about 

1''  long. 

Borders  of  i>iinds  and  streams.  N'ewfunndland  t"  llrilish 
CoUunbia.  south  t<i  I'ennsylvania.  Montanaand  California. 
.\scendsto  2500  ft.  in  the  Catskill  Mountains.     June -Aug. 

Sparganium  simplex  anguatifolium  1  Michx.  1  Ivngelm. 
Spdixaiiiiiiii  tiiix'iis/i/'ii/iiiin  Michx.  I'l.  Hor.  .\m.  2:  iS<).      iSin. 

KloatiiiK  in  deep  water.     Leaves  very  limK.  '."-I'."  wide,  their  slieallis  ofien  inflated  at  the 

base;  staminate  and  pistillate  heads  1  4:  fruiliiikt  lieads  ,5  "7"  in 
<Iiameter.  In  mountain  lakes  and  slow  streams.  Newfoundland 
to  Orenon.  south  to  New  York  and  California. 

4.  Sparganium  minimum  HriLS.     Small  Hur- 
rt-fd.     ( I'ij;.  141.; 

Sptiixiiiiiiiiu  mi  Ilium  III  l'"ries,  Sum.  Veg.   2:  560.       iS4'i. 

Floating,  stems  very  slender,  .4'-3°  long.  Leaves  thin  and 
lax,  ^'2  "-2';"  wide  ;  inflorescence  i' or  more  long;  stami- 
nate heads  1-2;  pistillate,  1-3,  sessile,  axillary,  supra- 
axillary  or  the  lowest  on  an  axillary  peduncle  ;  ripe  fruit- 
ing heads  2"-5"  in  diameter  ;  nutlets  ovoid,  slightly  trian- 
gular, tapering  abruptly  into  the  style,  i  "-2"  long,  twice 
as  long  as  the  denticulate  scales  ;  stigma  oval,  often  oblique, 
about  as  long  as  the  style;  stalk  of  the  nutlet  U"-':" 
long,  often  apparently  none. 

In  ponds  and  streams.  New  Hrunswiek  to  Manitoba  and  Ore- 
gon, south  to  New  Jersey.  Miehiican  anil  I'tali.  .\lso  in  north- 
ern l';nro])e.  Dwarf  forms,  Krowing  out  of  water,  sometimes 
occur  with  stems  3' -6'  high.    June-.\uj{. 


C.rav.  Man 


ruN-I)\VKi:i)    lAMIKV. 


65 


at  llii; 

7"  ill 

■iiuiliuid 


liin  and 

staiiii- 

supra- 

|e  fruit- 

triau- 

twice 

|bli(iuc, 


1(1  Ore- 
li  north - 

iKtiniL'S 


Family  3.     NAIADACEAE  I.itidl.  Nat.  Syst.  Hd.  2,  366.       1.S36. 

IiiiiiKTScd  a(Hialic  i)lam>  with  >l(.-ii<kr,  often  l)rallcllill^^  k-afy  stems,  the 
k-aves  flat  or  filiform,  and  ])erfccl,  monoecious  or  dioecious  spicate  axillary 
or  spadiceous  flowers.  I'erianth  of  4  segments,  or  a  hyaline  envelope,  or  want- 
iuK.  Stamens  1-4  or  occasionally  more,  distinct  and  hypoj^^ynous  in  the  ])er- 
feci  flowers,  solitar\-  or  coiniate  in  the  sterile.  Anthers  extrorse,  i-j-celled. 
Ovaries  i-(),  niostlv  distinct,  1 -celled,  m(»sily  i-ovuled.  Carpels  rarely  dehi.s- 
cent.     .Seeds  straiKlu  or  curved.      ICndosiK-nn  none. 

AImhU  111  Kii'tri'  ii'nl  I'll  ijHiifs  iif  wicU- )iiiiinii>liii' ilisliibuliiiii.  iiiii>.i  aluiinlaiil  in  trininnile 
ii>;ii'n>     'I'lic-  Mlclntll^  nuUd  in  tin-  iK-i-riiiliciii..  iiuliiati  llif  I'rnitintf  iiiriml 

I'liiwiis  pirfnt 

rrriaiilli  111'   i  (li-.tiii,l  ^innicnl-  I.    /'.'A/w.'t'c/n/;. 

I'liiantli  iiiiiu-  ;  tlnwi  r~  nakid  2,   A'ii/>/>iti 

I'liiwirs  iniiniii't'iiiii>  nr  ilim  linn-. 
I.iavis  t  iilitr 

I.iavr-.  1  mrvfd,  i'    \'  lunir.  ',"  nr  iv>s  wiiU-.  v  /iiiiiiiilulliii. 

i  in.in>  niiAnl.  i     ,s    lun^.  i"    ("  wiiU-.  4.   /nvA;,;. 


I.iiivis  s|)iny  I mtlu  <1  nn  tin-  niart;iii-. 


X.ti.is. 


POTAMOGETON  I,.  Sp   I'l.  i.v.. 


^j).  n.  \2iK      1753. 

Leaves  alternate  or  the  ii])])eriiii)sl  opposite,  often  ot"  2  kinds,  stilinierffcd  and  floating;, 
the  siil>nieri;cd  mostly  linear,  tlie  lloatinj;  coriaceous,  lanceolate,  ovate  or  oval.  .Spatlies 
stipular,  often  liKiilate,  free  or  connate  with  the  hase  of  the  leaf  or  petiole,  enclosinj;  the 
yoiinji  liuds  anil  nsually  soon  perisliinj;  after  exiianding.  Pednncles  axillary,  usually 
einerscd.  IMowerssniall,  spicate,  ,i;reen  or  red.  I'erianth-se).;inents  .),  sliort-clawed  (I'ij.;.  154), 
concave,  valvatc.  Stamens  .(,  inserted  on  the  claws  of  the  perianth-segments.  Anthers 
sessile.  Ovaries  4,  sessile,  distinct,  i-celled,  i-nvnlcd,  attenuated  into  a  short  erect  or 
recurved  style,  or  with  a  sessile  stijfina.  I'riiit  of  4  ovoid  or  suli^lobose  drupelets,  the  peri- 
carp usually  thin  and  hard  or  s]>oiijiy.  Seeds  crustaccous,  catiipylotropous,  with  an  niici- 
n.ite  enil)ry<i  thickened  at  the  radicular  end.     [Creek,  in  allusion  to  the  a<iuatic  habitat.] 

.Miiiut  As  will  cUlimd  spiciis,  natives  cil'  tinipi  ralr  niiimi-i.  Ik-siitis  tile  fnlliiwin^r.  },  ntlurs 
neciir  ill  the  southein  parts  nf  Nnrth  Anierie.i 

Stipnks  a.villary  and  free  frcnii  the  leaf. 
With  IliiatiiiK  and  siilniierned  h  aves. 
Snliiiu  rjjed  leaves  Uladeless. 

.Nutlets  more  iir  less  pilteil.  1.   /'.   iiti/mis. 

.\lltlets  not  pitted.  2.    /'.    (Xilnsidinis. 

SllhiiierK>d  leaves  with  .1  plopt  r  blade 

SlibinerKi-d  haves  of  j  kinds,  laneeolate  and  oval  or  oblonK. 

t'ppeniiost  broadly  oval  or  elliptical,  lowest  lanceolate.  .v    P.  iiiii/>/if'o/iii\: 

t'ppennost  laiiceoiate  and  pellucid,  lowest  obloiin  and  opa<ine. 

).    /'.   /'Il/c/lil  . 
.SuhnierKid  leaves  all  alike,  capillary  or  liiiiar  setaceous 

I  nerved  or  nerveless  25    /'    f'irwr/. 

Viiirveil  20.    /<  liili  Ill/is. 

Subnierjrcil  leaves  all  alike,  liiii  ar 

Nearly  the  same  breailth  throiiHhoiit,  obtusely  pointed,  coarsely  cellular  reticulated 

in  tiic  middle.  .s.   /'.   XiilliiHii. 

Uroader  at  base,  acute,  without  cellular  reticulation.  9.   /'.  Iii-Uioftlivllns. 

Snbiuerned  leaves  all  alike,  lanceolate 

tppfrniost  leaves  petioled.  lowest  sessile.  6.    /'.  iilf^iiiiis. 

.Ml  tile  leaves  petioled 

l"li)aliii(r  leaves  larjte,  broailly  elliptic,  rounded  or  subcordatc  ,it  b.ise. 

11.   I',   i'liiimn'iis. 
I'ioatintr  Ivaves  narrowly  elliptical,  laperintt  at  base.         7.   /'.  hnhliilfs. 
■•'loatiiiK  leaves  mostly  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  tapcriuK  at  base. 

S.    /'.    I'll  vmii. 
.Ml  the  leaves  sessile  or  subs<ssile 

I'rnit  onlv  1  line  hmtf.  obscurely  vkeeled.  10.   /'.  sf^nllniliii/oniiis. 

li'ruit  I '■  lines  loiiK,  distinctly  ikcekd.  12.    /'.   //://. 

With  submerKeil  leaves  only. 

Without  propatfatiiiM:  buds  and  without  Rlaiiils. 

Leaves  with  broad  blades,  mostly  lanceol.ite  or  ovate,  ni.iny  nerved. 
Leaves  subsessile  or  short  petioled.  mostly  acute  or  cuspidate 

13.     /'.    IlKl-IIS. 

Leaves  semi  smplexicaul.  obtuse  and  cucullate  at  the  apex.    14.   /'.  f'liiilitiii^iis. 
Leaves  meetiuB  around  the  stem,  very  obtuse  at  the  apex,  not  cucullate. 

15.   /'.  />ir/':i/iii/iis. 
Leaves  with  narrow  bl.ides.  linear  or  obloiuj  linear,  several  nerveil. 

Leaves  obioiiK  linear,  5  7  nerved,  obtuse  at  the  apex.  if>.    /'.  .Ifis/idis. 

Leaves  narrowly  lineai-.   ;  nerved,  acute  at  the  apex.  21.   /'.  foliiKnis. 

Leaves  with  narrow'  blades,  capillary  or  s»taceous,  i-nerved  or  nerveless. 

17.   /'.  iiiii/'irroiilcs. 

*Text  contributed  hy  the  late  Rev.  Tiiom.\.s  Morosc. 

5 


I 


r>fi 


NAIADACHAi:. 


Willi  (ii'ip  it!;iliiiK  l>iiils  (ir  (jlaiuls.  or  tmlli 
Willi  lnwU,  bill  williniit  ylaiiils 
Lriivis  ■.trnilaU-,  \  -  lurvril. 

I.iiivis  tiilirc,  wilji  \  piiiuiiial  ;iiul  iii.iny  fim-  lurvts. 
Ci>iiimiinly  with  uliiinK.  Iitil  iin  imil--. 

sum-   loiiK  liratuliiinj    frniii    the    Uiist-;  Uavis   lax.   flat.   ,5 

iii-|ii(laU-, 
Sinn-  siinplv;  leaves  siriet,  revcitute.  t.siHTvcil,  nctllliiiiate 
With  linlh  liiiiW  ami  ulatid- 

CilaiicU  liirue  and  tlail-liueiit ;   1>U(N  rare. 
Clauds  Miiall.  I il'teii  (lull:  buds  eoiiiiiinti 
Leave-  liiii  ar,  ,s  7  in  rved. 
I.eaM-  linear,   \  nerved, 
I.eavi  -  lapillary.  1  nerved  nr  nerveless. 
SlilMiU  -  .iilnale  In  the  have-  or  jit  lidles. 

With  li'tli  llnatinn  and  -nlniier^ed  haves. 

Siiliiiier«ed  1)1  ilniu  le-a-h>nM;a-thesi>ikes.  elavate.  nl'lell  reenrved 
.snliniermil  iiediiiule-  iiune.  nr  at  inusl  hardly  a  line  luii>t 
With  -nliiiieiiied  leaves  ciiily, 
Stiunia  liroad  and  -e— ile 
Style  ainiareiil;  -linnia  eapitale. 

I'niil  uithdUt  ketl-  or  nh-eiirely  keiled. 
I'rilil  -irciiiuly  •,  keeled, 

I.eaM  -  entire.   ;  5  nerved, 

I.eavt  -  iniiiiileiv  serrulate,  liiu  Iv  inanv  nerved 


IS. 
Ml. 

/• 

1  1 1  \/'ii'i 

:.•!/(  lii,  hilii(\ 

nervei 

Jn. 

.    : 

iliruptiv    acute 

llillii'. 
1  iifihi.s. 

22. 

/■ 

i'/i/ii.\i/o/iiis. 

-'.V 

/• 

l-'i  ii  sii. 

fiii.ii// II  \. 

1^1  III  impel  1 II  \. 

•d       2.,, 

/' 

i/i:ii  ii/'ii/iiis. 
Sfiii  i/iiis. 

,il 

/• 

II /i I'm  mis. 

.»-• 

/• 

t'lt  lilllllllS. 

/' 

illltl'lllfi/lts. 
I\'i'liliiii\ii. 

I.  Potamogeton  natans  I, 


in  lUiiiil"^'  •""!  Asia 

2.  Potamogeton  Oakesianus  Rohhins.     Oakcs 


Cimitiioii  Moating  PoiuUvccd.      i  Im<;.  142.  ) 

/'•'liiiih'i;i  loll  ii<i/<iii.\  I.    Sp.  ri.  iJf'.      i7.S,v 

Stems  2"  I '  loiiK,  simple  or  sparingly  hraiiclicd. 
IMoatini.;  leaves  tliie-k,  the  blade  ovale,  oval  orcUip- 
tie,  2'  .('  !oiij{,  r  2' wide,  usii.iUy  tijipcd  with  a 
short  abrupt  ))oiiit,  rouinled  or  sulicordate  at  the 
base,  many-nerved;  suhinerj;ed  leaves  reduced  to 
phyllodes  or  hladeless  petioles  which  commonly 
perish  early  and  are  seldom  seen  at  the  fruiting 
period;  sti])ules  sometimes  4'  loni;,  acute,  2  keeled; 
peduncles  as  thick  as  the  stem,  2'  4' lout;;  spikes 
cyliiidric,  very  dense,  about  2'  long;  fruit  turgid, 
,//  ,,^//  i,„]^r,  about  i'4"tiiick,  scarcely  keeled, 
narrowly  obovoid,  slightly  curved  on  the  face; 
stvle  broad  and  facial;  nutlet  hard,  more  or  less 
pitted  or  impressed  on  the  si<les,  2~grooved  on  the 
back;  embryo  forming  an  incomplete  circle,  the 
apex  jiointing  toward  the  base. 

In  pi  aids  and  slreains.  thinnjrliHiit  Norlli  .\iiierica  ex- 
cept the  extreme  imrtli.  extending  intn 
July  .\iig. 


Me.xiei 


Also 


iiltiiii, !•;,/. 'II  ().i/:, 
Ivd.  5,  )-i,i.       1,-0; 


Kulibins  in  .\.  Crav.  Man, 


.Stems  very  slender,  often  much  branched  from 
below.  I'loating  leaves  elliptic,  mostly  ob- 
tuse, rounded  or  slightly  siibcordate  at  the 
base,  i'-2'  long,  5"-9"  wiile,  12- 20-nerved; 
petioles  i'-6'  long;  submerged  leaves  mere  cap- 
illary phyllodes,  often  persistent  througli  the 
flowering  season;  peduncles  i'-3'  long,  com- 
monly much  thicker  than  the  stem,  mostly  soli- 
tary; spikes  cylindric,  'j'-i'long;  stipules  acute, 
hardly  keeled;  fruit  obovoid,  about  I  '^'Mong,  i" 
thick,  nearly  straight  on  the  face,  3-kceled,  the 
middle  keel  sharp;  style  apical  or  subapical;  sides 
of  the  nutlet  not  pitted,  but  sometimes  slightly 
impressed;  embryo  circle  incomplete,  the  apex 
pointing  toward  the  base. 

Ill  still  water,  .\iitiei)sti  to  northerii   IVnnsylva- 
nia  Knd  New  Jersey.     .Suiiinier. 


I'ONDWKI'D   TAMILY. 


67 


3.  Potamogeton  amplifoljus  Tuckcrm.    I/irKc-lcavcd  roiuhvcctl. 

/'fi/ii»ii'i;i  /nil  ii»i/>/i/"/iii\'l'wktrm   Am  Jmini  Sti. 

I  1 1    I  6:  J2S.       i"*l^ 

Stfiiis  IciiiK,  simple  or  <icrasionally  Itraiiclie'l. 
I'Moatiii^  Ifavi'H  oval  or  ovale,  al)riipll  y  poiiiteil  at 
the  apc\,  rouiiilecl  at  tilt-  hasi-,  .>'  4'  lon^,  1  '^  '  2' 
wide,  liiaiiy-lier\U(l  ;  nvtioli'S  3'  5'  Iniin  ;  sul)- 
niiTKcd  leavi's  mostly  petioled,  lar^t-,  tlic  uppcr- 
iiiost  often  elliptic  or  oval,  ,a'  '^)'  lon^;,  \'  2'<' 
wide,  the  lowest  lanceolate,  often  S'  lon^,  with 
aliout  25  nerves,  often  wi'.li  the  sides  of  the  blade 
closed  iind  assuniinj^  a  falcate  sliajic  ;  stijiules 
taperin^i  to  a  loiii;  sharp  point,  sometimes  .(' 
lonn  ;  pcilunclcs  thickened  n])w,ir(l.  2'  S'  lonj^ ; 
siiikeseylimlric,  1'  2'  lon>^  ;  fruit  2"  ^'-''lon^;, 
I  '4  "  thick,  tiir^id,  the  ])ericarp  hard,  ohlicpiely 
ohovoid,  vkeelcd  :  face  more  or  less  anjjled  ; 
stvlc  fuitiapical  ;  emliryo  slij;htly  incurved. 

Ill  lakes,  ( liilariii  tn  Uriti-^h  Cdhmihia  sdnth  in 
L'lmuecliciU,  KenHuky  ami   Niliraska      July  Sipl. 


iMK.  144-  ' 


4.  Potamogeton  pulcher  'riKktini 


Spiittcd  rondwLvil.      I  Fi.Lj.   145.) 

I'oliniiDtiiliiii   fiiiUiii    Tuckiiiu    Am     {■■ium    Sci. 

Stems  sim])le,  terete,  hlaik-spoltcd,  \°-2' 
lonjj.  Floating;  leaves  usually  massed  at  the 
top  on  short  lateral  hranclies,  alternate,  ovate 
or  round-ovate,  subcordate,  2'  .('..'  lonj;,  v" 
,^  '4  '  wiile,  many-nerved  ;  peduncles  about  as 
thick  as  the  stem,  2'  4'  lonj^,  s])otled  ;  sub- 
merjjed  leaves  of  2  kinds,  the  uppermost  pellu- 
cid, lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  undulate,  y,'-'^' 
long,  6"-iS"  wide,  tapering  at  the  base  into  a 
short  jietiole,  lu-20-nerved  ;  the  lowest  much 
thicker,  oi)a(|ne,  spatulate,  obloni;  or  ovate,  on 
petioles  '4 '-4'  long;  stijudes  obtuse  or  acumi- 
nate, 2-carinate;  fruit  2"~2'4  "  1'>"K.  1  ';"  thick, 
turgid,  tapering  into  a  stout  apical  style,  the 
back  shar])ly  ,vkeeled  ;  face  angled  near  the 
middle,  with  a  sinus  below  ;  end)ryo  coiled. 

In  ijomls  and  ponls,  Maine  tn  Ciiiirnia  and  .Mi-- 
siiuri.     July. 


5.  Potamogeton  Nuttallii  Cham.  i\:  Soli 

IhliiiiiKUil""   XiilliiHii  Cham.  iN:   Sch.   I.iiniaia.  2: 

.'2('>.  //.  'I.  I'.  -•■;.       \^i~. 
l\i',nii,<\iilon     Cht\tiinii     Tiu-kirm.     .\m.     Jniun. 

,Sci.  45:  ,is.       is(5. 

Stems  slender,  comjiressed,  mostly  siiuiile, 
r'  6°  long.  I'Moating  leaves  o])posite,  elli])tic, 
sometimes  obovate,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  short- 
petioled,  i';'-,^'.'  long,  i,"-\2"  wide,  many- 
nerved;  submerged  leaves  linear,  2-rauked,  2'--'- 
lon;,',  i"-.V'  wide,  5-nerved,  the  2  outer  nerves 
nearly  marginal,  the  space  between  the  2  inner 
,md  the  midrib  coarsely  reticulated ;  stipules 
obtuse,  hyaline,  not  keeled;  peduncles  I'-s' 
long;  spikes  'j'-i'  long;  fruit  ronnd-obovoid 
1  '4  "-2"  long,  I  "-1  ,'2"  thick,  3-keeled,  the  sides 
tlat  ami  indistinctly  impressed ;  style  short, 
apical  ;  embryo  coiled  one  and  one  thinl  times. 

In  ponds  and  streams.  Nova  .Scotia  to  I'ennsyl- 
vania  and  Snutli  Carolina.     June-.\uK. 


Xtlttair.s  I'()ll(l\VL-e-(l.       I  V'\)i.    146.  ) 


68 


NAIADACKAK 


6.  Potamogeton  alpinus  Halhis 


X()rtlit.'rn  I'oiuKvccd.     (  Im.h.  147.  ) 

/'o/,nHiii.'iioii  <///>iiiiis  ll.•llt)i^.  MIm-.  licit.  I  <.      IN)). 
I'iiliininiii  I'lit    iit/'is,iiis   Si-linid.;    Cliiim.    .\(lii,    1"1. 
lii  r.  \.     iM.s. 

riant  ofa  ruilily  tinj^t;,  stems  simple  or  branch- 
ed, somewliat  compressed,  i'loatiiijr  leavess])a*.- 
u late  or  ol)lanceolate,ol>t use, many-nerved, taper- 
ing iiito  i)etioles  r  5'  lonj; ;  suhmert^cd  leaves 
semi-pellncid,  the  lowest  sessile,  the  uppermost 
petiiilcd,  olilon>;-linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  oh- 
tusc  or  rarely  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base,  .,'- 
12'  loii.n,  2"-9"  wide.  7  17-nerved;  stipules 
broad,  faintly  2-cari:'ate,  obtuse  or  rarely  acute; 
peduncles  2'-S'  lon^  ;  s])ikes  l '  r  N  '  loni,'  ;  fruit 
obovoid,  lenticular,  reddish,  i '+"  long,  1"  thick, 
vkeeled,  the  .iiiddlc  keel  sharp,  the  face  arched, 
lieaked  by  the  short  recurved  style;  apex  of 
the  embryo  pointinji  directly  to  the  basal  end. 

Ill  piiiids.  Niiva  Scotia  to  Uiiti-li  Coliuiiliia,  Xtw 
Jirst  y  and  Caliliiriiia.     .\lsn  in  i;uiii|>i .     July  AuK- 

7.  Potamogeton  lonchites  Tiickcnii.     LoiiK-Icavcd  Pondweed.      (  I'i.i^-  '4''^-) 

J'<tmiiii\i;,it'ii  flidtiiiis  kntli.  I'l.  Ciriii.  i:  ■;2.       17^^' 
/'ii/(imi\i;i/iiii  /i>,i,/ii/i:\-  Ttuktriii.  .\iii.  Jcini.  Sci.  :  II.  1 

6;  226.      it<4.^. 

Stem  terete,  much  branched,  },°-6°  loni;.  Floal- 
inj;  leaves  rather  thin,  elliptic,  pointed  at  both 
end.^,  2'-()'  lonjf,  6"-i4"  wide,  many-nerved,  on 
petioles  2'-S' in  length;  submer>;ed  leaves  pellucid, 
4'-i3'  long,  2"-i2"  wide,  rounded  at  the  base  or 
tapering  into  a  petiole  i ' -4'  long;  stipules  {'-4' 
long,  acuminate,  acute  or  obtuse,  strongly  or 
faintly  2-carinate  ;  peduncles  thickening  upward, 
2'-,^' lon.'i;  spikes  cylindric.  i'  2' long;  fruit  about 
2"  long,  I  "-I  '1"  thick,  obli(|ucly  obovoid, the  face 
nearly  straight,  the  back  ;,-kecled,  the  middle  keel 
rounded  or  often  with  a  ])rojccting  wing  uinler  th< 
style,  not  impressed  on  the  sides;  embryo  sliy;htl\ 
incurved,  apex  iiointing  slightly  inside  of  the  base. 

In  (loiids  .ukI  sUiw  streaiiis.  New  liniiiswick  tn  Wasli 
intrlon.  soulli  In  I'lnridii  ami  Califnniia.     July  Del 

Potamogeton  lonchites  Noveboracensis  Mcinnij;.  Mi  111. 
rioatiu;:  leaves  thicker,  .V^.S'.-'  IniiB,  almut  -■'  \yidi-.  Jo  2, 
llie'iii)e.\  ;  peduncles  HuiiRlinics  .4'  ,s'  and  sjiikes.V  lniiK.     !.a.» 

8.  Potamogeton    Faxoni    Monmo;. 

l''ax()ii's  roiidwccd.     (  FIk-   i4y-  ' 

l\il,iiiioi;i/,iii  I'll  voiii  MorciiiM:.  Mini.  'I'mr.  Club.  3: 
I'art  2.  22.      i.sin. 

Floating  leaves  numerous,  mostly  obovate  or 
oblanceolate,  hlunt-pointt'd  or  obtuse  at  the 
a]iex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  often  strikingly 
li  .  those  of  /'.  s/>ti//iii/(ir/oniiis,  2'  ,','..' long, 
f>"-l2"  wide,  l,v '7-lierved,  on  petioles  2'-6' 
long;  submerged  leaves  oblon;,-lanccolate,  acute 
or  sometimes  obtuse,  ,,'-5'  long,  '  "-12"  wide, 
5  i.vnerved,  often  with  an  irregular  areolation 
on  each  side  of  the  midrib,  borne  on  petioles 
a  '2'  in  length ;  i>edunclcs  slightly  thicker  than 
the  stem,  2 '-5'  long;  spikes  dense,  1'  2'  long; 
fruit  not  collected. 

I.ittlc  otter  Crick  and  bake  Cliamplaiti,  I'crris- 
burK,  Veniiout. 


•■••.  Club,  3:  rati  2,  20.  iNi. 
I'd,  abri'ptly  ))iiinli(l  nr 
111"  central  New  York 


lit  use  at 


I'ONDWEEI)    FAMILY. 


69 


•  at 


hil).  3: 

,ate  or 

the 

diiKly 

loiiK. 

2'-6' 

,  acute 
wide, 
jlatioti 
etioles 
:r  tliaii 
Ioiik; 

I'crris- 


9.  Potamogeton  Leterophyllus  Sclutl). 

hlllKs  Stiiiil),  Spiiil.   I'l. 


\'ari(iiis-lcavL'(l  I'oiuhvced. 


Pulilllhiiiiliill    ll'li 

I.il)S   21.       1771. 
I\>liiiili'i;itiiii  III  lirof^livIlK^   var.  iihi  \  1  in  11  \    Mn- 

riHin.  Ml  111.  Tiirr    CUil),  3:  Tart  2.  .'5      i>ii; 
J'ii/iiiiii>i;i  /nil  ii(  1,1  iifthvlliis  var.  /oiii;i/t,  i/im,  h- 

l<ilii\  Mormi^;,  .Mini.  Tmi.  Liu''.  3:  I'ail   J.  .'| 

Stems  sk-iider,  coiniiresscd.  iiiucli  braiicli- 
c'll,  sDiiietiines  \2'  loii.u.  l'"loalinn  leavn 
pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  suhcordate 
at  tlic  liase,  8"  4'  loiii;,  ("-  14"  wide.  10  i.S- 
uerved,  oil  petioles  1'  4'  loiiii;  sulmieri.;ed 
leaves  jiellueid,  sessile,  linear-lanceolate, 
acuniinate  or  cuspidate,  rather  stilT,  1'  6i_' 
lonn,  i"  .s"\vide,  3-9-ncrved,  the  uppermost 
often  petioled  ;  peduncles  often  thickened 
upward,  1'  7'  loni^,  sometimes  '.lustered, 
stipules  spreading,  ohtuse,  S"  12"  lonj,'; 
spikes  i)"-i'4'  lont;;  fruit  roundish  or 
ol>Iiiiuely  ohovoid,  1"  I '2"  h^u.is'.  '.■"  1" 
thick,  indistinctly  3-keeled;  style  short,  ob- 
tuse, apical;  apex  of  tlic  embryo  nearly  touch- 
injj;  the  base,  pointing;  slij;litly  inside  of  it. 

A  viry  v.iriiibli-  si>icii-<.  •nciiiiiun  in  ililTiriiit  fcirm-  llr 
Ct]Pt   till-  I  \tIr11W  llollll        AIs.i  ill   lUimpiv      July    Si|il, 

Potamogeton  hete  jphyllus  graminifolius  .  I'rii  s  1  Muioiit;.  Mini.  Tun    Chib.  3:  I'iirt  2,  j| 
/'lit, iiiiiii;, /nil  i: iiiiiiiiiiifi  vi\r.  ;,'..  'i/iiii/nliiis  I'rtes,  Nnvit.  VA.  2,  Vi.       1^-'^ 

Subiiiirniil  kavis  drliiate,  llaciid,  linear.  2'-,=;'  Iniin,  1"    V    wide.     Willi  tin   type. 

Potamogeton  heterophyllus  myriophyllus  1  KnliUins  1  MmniiK,  Mini.  Toir.  Club.  3:  Tart 
I'li/iiiii, 11:1  /nil  i;  I, I  III  I  III  IIS  v;ir.  nn  I  ii'/i/n  //ii\  Kiihbiiis  in  .\.  C.r.iy.  .Man.  \\i\.  -i.  \^T-       i"-'>7. 

Stilus  ilicliiitciiiiiiii>ly  biaiicliiiii;.  \  i  ly  Icily;  -ubiiiiimil  U  avi ;.  di  lii-ati-.  abniit  1'  luiin  ami  2" 
wide,  v^nerviil.  liiie.ir  "V  llii-  uppir  cili!atui ulali  .  Ilciatiiii;  liavi-^  illiplic  or  laiiciolate  (iblipii);: 
riMilsimU  tiibirciu-       Ma-^ailr,.r.i  Us.  KIukU    I-laiul  ami  Luiiiiecticnl. 

Potamogeton  heterophyllus  minimus  .Mnniuif.  .Mem.  Torr.  Club.  3:  Tail  2.  2-,.      isiiv 
Still'.--  Iuum:  ami  aliiin-.t  capillary,  tin-  iiiti  rimili-*  ^     |'  Imm:  ^iibiiii  ryrd  li  avis  driisily  ilustireil 
oil -liciit  laliial  liraiuliis.  '   '    1'    li'ii.i;.  si  iic.  ly  ',  "  uidi.  ai-iiiiiiiiali-.   1    mrvid;  llnaliuK  liavi-    '..'- 
I '  •'  liiiijr.  ?"  'i"  «  idc.  lamrnlati-.  nval  m  nv.ilc.  usually  clii~li  n  d  .it  llu-  -iiiiiiiiil  >•(  tin-  sliiii       Massa- 
cliusi  tt>  and  N i  w  Ilampsliiir. 

10.  Potamogeton  spathulaeformis  <  Kohlijnsi  Moiihi.l;.     Si)attilal(.-k'avc(l 


■iiulinul  .diiiu..l  ,ill  Niirtli  .\iiiiiiia  I  .\ 


IN,,;. 


?|       isii;. 


l'illl(l\V(.l.ll. 


m 


l.sl. 


I'l'/iiiiini^i  /nil  i,>i,iiiiiii,iis  var.  I?)  s/iii/Ziii/iii  /'ni  mis 
Kiibbiiis  ill  .\.  Cray,  Man.  l':d.  .s.  |S-        1S67. 

/'n/iiii/ni;i  /nil  sfiii/lililiti  I'nniiis  .Miiiniisj,  .Mini  Tiirr, 
Club,  3:  Part  2.  2(1,      i.Siiv 

Stems  many,  branched,  2  ;,  lonj;.  l-loaliiii,' 
leaves  (ibov.ite  or  elliptic,  alirujitly  acute  at  the 
ajiex,  rather  thin,  1;,  2,^-nerved,  1'  2)'i'  loiij;, 
6"  1^"  wide,  burne  on  slender  jictioles  ;  sub- 
merj^ed  leaves  pellucid,  sp.'tiilate-oblnnj;  or 
linear-lanciolatc,  J'  4'  lon^,  y  i/' wiile,  5  i.v 
ncrved,  cuspidate  or  sjiinescent,  sessile  or  sub- 
setisile,  often  reduced  to  phyllodes  with  a  very 
narrow  blade  ami  a  lonj.;  acuniinatic.n  at  the 
base  aini  apex  ;  ])eduncles  often  thickenini.;  up- 
ward, 1'  2' loll;.;;  stipules  obtuse,  faintly  keeled, 
the  apex  slii;hlly  hooded  ;  spikes  l.ir^e  ;  fruit 
about  1"  loni;,  roundish  or  obli(|nely  ovoid,  oh- 
scureh  ;,-keeled,  with  a  ci'rved  or  slightly 
an).;led  f.ice  ;  embryo  with  the  apex  jiointinj; 
sliyhlly  inside  of  the  base. 

Ill  Myotic  INiml,  .Meilfoid,  Mass.  .Msciin  lainipe. 
Siininiir 


7° 


NAIADACHAE. 


II.  Potamogeton  lUinoensis  Moronj;. 

Illinois  Poiulwx'c-d.      <  Imk    i,S-.  ) 
Mciiiiiitr.  Ciiu't.   Hut 


iX.liiii   /lliiimiisis 

1  SS(  I. 


Ciiz. 


12.   Potamogeton  Zizii  Kotli. 

l\'/,iiih'i;i  li'ii   inii;ii.^/ili'liii\    llilvli.   iS:    I'li-sl,    Kci>l 

Hi.       i>ji.       Nut  DC,       1^.'^. 
/'ii/,!iiliii;i  /nil  /i-.ii  Ucilh.  Iviuilii    I:  5,^1.       \^2- . 

Stilus   slender,   liraiicliiiij;.     I'loaliii.n    Icavus 

illiptii-,     I '2'  4'    loiif,',    6"  12"    wide,    iiiaiiy- 

iiervcd  ;     ]iftiok's     mostly     short  ;     sul)iiicrj;<-'d 

leaves  mostly  laiieeolate  or  oblaiiceolate,  thin, 

acute   or  euspidate,    2'-(i'    long,   .^"15"  wide, 

7-17-iicrved ;     stijuiles     6"   iS"    loii),j,    olitiise, 

2-keeleil  ;    peduncles   thicker   than     the   stem, 

2'>'<i' lonj; ;  spikes   1'  2'lon^;;  iVuit  ol)li<|uely 

f)l)ovoid,  I  '4  "  j'    loiin;,  about  1  "  thick,  the  face 

dorsally  .vkeeled;  style  short.  Iilimt,  facial;  a]iex 

of  the  embryo  ])ointing  directly  to  tln'  base. 

Ill  lakes  anil  stiiaiiis,  (Jiulivctd  Muiilaiia,  soiilli  to 
l-'liirida  anil  Wyniiiiin;.    "\lsiiiii  l'airii))e     July  Ann. 

Potamogc.on  Zizii  Methyensis  1  A    I'.i  1111.  1  Moicnuf. 

I'"l:l  llh'^i  /''ll    :lll:;!is/ilt>lills  V.IV.    M(lll\,   U.^n   .\     lUll- 

mtl,  llritli  n's  Jiiiiin,  lint.  29:  151.       is.ii. 
Middli    leaves  nan  ci\\;  iii>per  U  aves  .iv.il ;  sU|iilUs 
Iniin;  rniil  small,     .^b  thy  Lake.  Uan.ida. 


5:.s' 

Stem  stout,  much  branched  above,  inoatinj.^ 
leaves  opposite,  numerous,  thick,  4'-.s'2'  loiiK. 
2''3'.'  wide,  many-nerved,  oval  or  broadly  ellip- 
tic, short-pointed  at  the  apc\,  rounded,  subcor- 
date  or  narrowed  at  the  base;  petioles  1 '  .j'  lonj;; 
submerf^ed  leaves  numerous,  4'  S'  long,  i'  2' 
wide,  i,v  19-nerved,  acuminate  or  the  ii]i]iermosl 
acute,  mostly  taperiii);  at  the  base  into  a  short 
broad  Hat  petiole,  rarely  reiluced  to  phyllodes; 
stipules  2'  y  long,  obtuse,  strongly  2-carinate; 
lieduncles  2'-4'  long;  sjiikes  1'  2'  long;  fruit 
roundish  or  obovoid,  i',"-2"  long,  1"  1 'j" 
thick,  dorsally  ,vkecled  ;  style  short,  blunt. 

Ill  pniiils.  IHiiicpis  til  luu.iaiiil  Miiiiu -nta.     .\iisf. 

Zi/'.s  Pondwe-cd.      (  I'is. 


ri.i- 


'-^> 


liiiiini;; 


13.   Potamogeton    lucens   I,. 

I'diulwee-tl.       I  l"i,u.    154.  ' 
/'■■liiiiii'i;!  Ion  III,  I  IIS  I.    Sp    \'\     i-"i        175; 

Stem  thick,  branching  belnw  and  often  with 
masses  of  short  leafy  branches  at  the  summit. 
Leaves  all  submerged,  elliptic,  lanceolate  or  the 
u]i])ermost  oval,  shining,  acute  or  acuminate  and 
cuspidate,  or  rouiuied  at  both  ends  and  merely 
mucronul.-ite,  s,  ssile  or  short-petiolcd,  2'^'  ''^' 
long,  N"  20"  wide,  the  tips  often  serrulate; 
stipules  I '  ,V  long,  2-cariliate,  sometimes  very 
broad;  ])eduncles  ,^'6'  long;  sjiikes  2'-2'j' 
long,  cxliiidric,  very  thick;  fruit  about  1'." 
long  and  1  '4  "  thick,  roundish,  the  face  usually 
with  a  slight  inward  curve  at  the  b;ise  ;  ajiex 
of  the  emliryo  Pointing  transversely  inward. 

Ill  piiilils.  Xiiva  Seulia  In  IMnrida,  «ist  tu  Califnr- 
ilia  and  .Me.vicii.    I.neal.    .Mso  in  ICinupe     Sepl    (let. 
Potamogeton  lucens  Connecticutensis  Knlibiii-.  in  ,\.  Cray.  Man.  V.i\.  -,.  |S^.      isir 
.Stems  lleMiuii',:  leaves  aeumiiiate.  Iruil  laiiror  than  tli.it  uf  the  type  labniit  j"  Imii.;  1.  distiiu'lly 
.Vcarinate  and  with  a  facial  style.     .SaltoiislaH's  I'miil.  Cmiii  .  and  Wl'iiti  Plains,  .\    N 


;i]H'\ 


I'ONDWHED  FAMILY.  ?! 

14.  Potamogeton  praelongus  Wulf.    \Vliitc-sti.inniL(l  I'omhvccil.    il-"\'j;.  133.) 

/'iildiildiiihui  ^iniihniifKs  Willi,  in    Kniin.  Ali'li.  3: 

Stems     white,     llcxuous.      Iliittencil,     iiiucli 

branched,  KrowiiiK  i"  '1ft])  watir,  foiiittiim;s  S^ 

loll};.     Leaves  all  sulmiorncd,  oliloiij;  orohloiiK- 

lanccolate,  seitii-aiiiplexiiaul,  lirijjht  j^rceii,  2'- 

12'lonK,   'j'-i  V  wide,  with  .V 5  main  nerves; 

stipules  while,  scarious,  obtuse  and  coninionly 

closely  embracing  the  stem  ;   ])cdmu'k'S  ;,'-2()' 

loiijj;,  erect,  straight,  about  as  thick  as  the  stem; 

spikes  \'-2'   long,  thick,  cylindric  ;  fruit  dark 

j^reen,  obli<iuely  obovoid.  2"  2',"  lonj;,  i 'j"- 

2"  thick,  the  back  much  louuded,  often  with  the 

lipjier  curve  nearly  as  hii,'h  as  the  >tyle  ;  the 

middle  keel  sh.irp  ;  style  short,  obtuse,  facial. 

N'ov.i  Scotia  Ici  Hiitisli  Culiinibi.i,  xnitli  to  New  Jer- 
sey, Miiiiusota  mill  Culinpiiiiii  Als.i  in  ICuropc 
l"niil>  in  June  .mil  July,  iiiid  ii>ii:illy  \villi.li:i«-.  ii., 
stems  liiiu.itli  tile  water  ii>,MMin  ii>.  tlie  I'niit  i..  st  t. 

15.  Potamogeton   perfoliatus  L,     Clasp- 

iiio-kaveil  roiulweed.      i  Im.i^.   15^.  1 
l',<l,inh>i:,i,,n  pii foliiilii^  I..  .S|i.  I'l.  12(1       175; 

vStems  slender,  much  branched.  Leaves  all  siib- 
merjjed,  orbicular  or  ovate,  sometimes  lanceolate, 
usually  obtuse  and  minutely  serrulate  at  the  .-ipex, 
y  cordate-perfoliatc  at  the  base,  5'  15'  loiij(.  y"  xi" 
wide;  peduncles  1  '4  '  long,  usually  erect  or  slightly 
spreacling  ;  spikes  s"  12"  loiig,  often  llowcrinj; 
and  fruiting  under  water  ;  fruit  oblii|nely  obovoid, 
I '4  "- 1  >2  "  long,  i"thick.  obscurely  ;,-carinate  on 
the  back,  the  face  slightly  curvcil  outwardly  to- 
wanl  the  top,  the  sides  with  a  shallow  indentation 
which  runs  into  the  face;  style  nearly  facial;  em- 
bryo slightly  incurved  <ir  with  its  apex  pointing 
directly  toward  the  base. 

In  iiiiiids  and  stiianis,  Newlcmndlaiid  lo  liritisli 
Cciluinbia,  >outli  to  I'lorida  and  C.i'ibirnia  ,\l>r.  in 
laiiope  and  .\sia      July  Sept 

Potamogeton  perfoliatus  Richardsonii  ,\    lUniuil,  Ilrilteu's  Jnuni.   Hot  27:  js       i>^ii 
iiliiii  />;  i/,i/i,ini<\Ar.  1,111,1. il.ilic  Kiibliin-iii  .\.  C.i.iy.  Man   \'A  5.  i>>s.     !m.;,     Nd  Ulytt  iN.f. 
,ive>    r    ('■'   loivi.    i"   s"   wide  at   tile   lirnuKiu-d  aniplexic  ml    b:|..t ,   nl'leii   cni\  inw;   inward 
aiiex.  \\  .>viHrveil,     I'ruit  soiiuwh  it  fir.tfi  r  than  that  of  tile  typ;  ,  abmit   .'"  Iimii:   .md    i'," 
Like  Cliatnplain  to  ( >re(fMn.  south  to  Delaw.iie,  NMiiaska  ami  California 

16.  Potamogeton    Mysticus    Minoiii;.      Mystic- 

I'oml  I'oiKlwecil.  I  iMg,  I  5-.  I 
l\,!,iiii  ,;,  1,111  .\f\\li,iis  Miiionj,  Cnnlt  Itnl  (ii/.  5:  =;■'  i'-'"'. 
Whole  i)lant  very  slender  and  delicalc.  stems  irregu- 
larly branching  above,  nearly  filiform,  terete,  1  .1  long. 
Leaves  all  submirgcil,  scattered,  oblong  linear,  1'  i'-' 
long,  i"  j"  wide,  5  ;-nervcd,  olituse  and  rarely  v.ith 
minute  scrrnlatiotis  near  the  apes,  abnipllv  narrowed  at 
the  base  and  sessile  or  partly  clasping:  stipules  obtuse, 
about  6"  long,  hyaline  and  with  many  line  nerves,  mostly 
dcciiluous,  but  sometimes  persistent  and  closely  sheathing 
the  stem  ;  spike.s  few,  capitate,  (  fi-llowered,  borne  on 
erect  ])eilunclcs  i'-2'  long;  immature  fruit  obovoid,  less 
than  i"  long,  about  '2"  wide,  obscurely  ;,  keeled  on  the 
back,  slightly  beaked  by  the  slender,  recurved  styU- 

Mystic    I'ouil,    Meillipid,    and    Mi.ieiiunt   I'.'iid,    Naiitiiikit, 
Mass.     .\UK   Sept. 


p. '1,1111 
I.e 
at  tile 
thick 


72  NAIADACEAE. 

17.  Potamogeton  confervoides  Rciclil).     Al^ja-like  Poiulwecd.     (  Imj?.  i.sS.V 

ii,/,s  Kciihl).  K-,    I'M.   (kiiii.  iS:   llilv.  7; 


NcilCluiiii. 
Man.   I'M    2, 


/'ii/<i)ii<ii;i'/"ii  h  iiliniil,  s  A.  Ciiay.  Man.  457.      i.^j.^^ 
/'ii/<i)ii'ii;</ii>i    Tiitkii  niiiiii    Kiil)t)iiis;    .\.    Citav. 
■l.U-       1^=;''. 

Stems  slender,  terete,  much  hranched,  the  upper 
lirauclies  re])eate<lly  forkinj,',  6'-iS'  lonj,'.  Leaves  very 
delicate,  flat,  setaceous,  i '2 '2' lonj;,  the  broadest  scarcely 
'+'"  wide,  taperitiji  to  a  lon,n  hair-like  point,  1-3-nerved 
and  often  with  a  lew  cross-veins,  hri^ht  ),'reen  or  yellow- 
ish ;  stijjules  delicate,  ohtuse,  2"-^"  louj^;  peduncles  2'-S' 
lonj;,  erect,  sonic  ''.at  thickened  upward  ;  s])ikes  capitate, 
3""4"  lonjj; ;  fruit  rouudish-obovoi<l,  i"-!';"  louji  ""<1 
about  as  thick,  the  back  sometimes  a  little  annular  or  sin- 
uate, ,;-kceled,  the  middle  keel  sharp,  the  face  notched 
near  the  base,  the  sides  impressed  with  a  shallow  indenta- 
tion which  runs  into  the  notch  of  the  face;  apex  of  the 
embryo  nearly  touching  the  base  a  little  to  one  side. 

Ill  cold  iir  iiKniiit.iiii  iiiiiids.  Maine  and  New  Ilanipshiii  tn 
Ni  u  Jt-rsi-y  and  l\iiiisylvaiiia.     .VIxi  in  Ivuihik-.     .Vujf.   Sept. 

18.  Potamogeton  crispus  L.      Curled-k-avcd  I'ondwecd.      (  I*iJ,^  i.st;. ) 

r>iliiiihii;(l,>ii  ii  isf'Ks  \..  Sp.  V\.   1211.       1751. 

Stems  branching,  compressed.  Leaves  2-rauked, 
liiicar-oblonjj  or  linear-oblauceolatei  sessile  or  semi- 
a-.nplexicaul,  ol)tuse  at  the  apex,  serrulate,  crisped, 
/z'-A'  long,  },"--"  wide,  3-7-nerved,  the  midrib 
often  compound  and  the  outer  nerves  very  near  the 
margin  ;  stipules  small,  scarious,  obtuse,  early  ])er- 
ishing  ;  peduncles  r-2'  long,  frecjuently  recurved 
in  fruit,  sometimes  very  numerous;  spikes  about 
]!•'  long,  appearing  very  bristly  with  the  long- 
beaked  drupelets  when  in  fruit ;  fruit  ovoid,  about 
l]i"  long,  i"  or  more  wide,  ,^-keeled  on  the  back, 
the  middle  keel  with  a  small  projecting  tooth  near 
the  base,  the  face  slightly  curved,  the  style  facial 
and  ncarlv  as  long  as  the  clrupelct ;  embryo  small, 
its  apex  pointing  directly  toward  its  base.  The 
plant  is  nunnly  propagated  by  peculiar  winter  buds. 

In  flesh,  brackish  or  even  salt  water.  Massachusetts 
to  I'eimsylvania  and  Virginia.     .Mso  in  luirnpe.     .\u(i. 

19.  Potamogeton  zosteraefolius  vSdiuiii.      i;Ll-jj;mss  I'oiiduccd.     (  Imk-  i '><>.) 

J'ol,iiiii<i;,l,>ii  ■..islriiu/iiliii^  Seluiiii.    I\miiii.    I'l.   Satll.  50. 

I  Nil. 
/'ii/(iiiiiii;i/iiii    iiii>i/>rissiiK    l''riis.    Ncivil.   I^d     2.    ||-     '^''^■ 

Not  I,.  I7,s,v 

Stems  much  llattencd,  sonictimes  winged,  widely 
branching.  Leaves  linear,  obtuse  and  mucronate  or 
short-pointed  at  the  apex,  2'- 12' long,  1  "-2"  wide,  with 
3  principal  nerves  and  many  line  ones  ;  stipules  scari- 
ous, obtuse,  finely  nerviil,  soon  perishing;  peduncles 
i|j'-4'  long;  spikes  cylindric,  about  '•'  long,  12- i.s- 
flowered  ;  fruit  obovoid  with  a  broad  base,  about  2" 
long,  I  '4  "  I  '^''thick,  3-keeled)n  theback,  the  h.  al 
keels  rather  obscure;  face  arclied,  beaked  with  a 
short  recurved  style  ;  embryo  sliglitly  incurved.  The 
plant  is  i)ro])agatcd  l)y  the  terminal  leaf-buds,  which 
sink  to  the  bottom,  and  rest  during  the  winter. 

Ill  slill  nr  niiiiiiiin  water.  Niw  liniiiswicU  to  New  Jer- 
sey, wist  tn  (  MiK^m,     .\lsii  ill  I'MUuiu-      Jii)y  .\iin. 


■:p 


•i.lcly 
[le  or 

iilll 
Iscaii- 
Incles 
I2-1.S- 
lil  2" 
■al 
Itli    a 

Tlic 
diicli 


I'ONDWKEI)   I'AMILV. 

20.  Potamogeton  Hillii  Moroii^.     Hill's 
l'oiiil\vt.t.-(l.      I  I'ijf.  161.  ) 

/'otiiiii,'L;il<iii  llillii  .Moiiiiijr.  Cdllll.  Hoi.  C.az.  6:  2()o.     i.sSi. 
Stems  slij;hlly  coiiipressed,  slender,  widely  branch- 
ing, i°-2°  Ionj{.     Leaves  linear,  acntc  or  cuspidate,  or 


often   almost  aristate,    i'-2'+'  loni;. 


wide, 


3-ncrved,  tlio  lateral  nerves  delicate  and  nearer  the 
margins  than  the  midrib;  stipules  whitish,  many- 
nerved,  obtuse,  3"-,s"  lonj;;  peduncles  about  '.'  lon.u, 
erect  or  slifihtly  recurved,  more  or  less  clavate;  spikes 
capitate,  3  6-fruiled;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid,  obtuse 
at  the  base,  about  2"  Iouk,  i"-i  '*  "  llnck,  3  cariu.ite 
on  the  back,  the  middle  keel  sharp  and  more  or  less 
undulate.  Hat  on  the  sides,  face  sliiihtly  arched  ;  style 
nearly  facial,  short;  embryo  coiled. 

In  pniids,  iMslirn  Niw  Vmk  lo  MicliiKan  Tlicre  aru 
tw.i  riiiiiis  (if  tile  -|nciis,  tlu'  OIK-  2  ulaiidulav  at  tile  ba^i.- 
Ill"  tin-  U;uf>.  till'  otlui  «laiiillf^-i.     July  Sijil. 


21.   Potamogeton  foliosus  K:if. 


lA'afy  Poiulufcd.      <  Im^.   iC'^-  ' 

l\'l,niioi:,/n„  foliosKs    Kaf.  Mrd.    Kc]).  ill.  15: 

.vS-1-       iSoS.  ■ 
I'l'liiiiiiii^i'liiii  ftiii((  illi'i  i(s  I'tirsli.  I'l.  .\tu.  Sipt. 

121,       JNI),     Not  l.ani.  [7S,y. 

.Stems  flattened,  much  branched,  i°-3 
louj,'.  Leaves  i'-2'  lonj;,  ,'2"- i"  wide, 
acute,  3  -nerved,  not  j.;laudular  at  the  base; 
stipules  white,  hyaline,  obtuse  or  some- 
times acute,  6" -10"  lonji;  peduncles  more 
or  less  clavate,  erect,  about  '2'  long;  spikes 
about  ^-flowered;  fruit  lenticular  or  nearly 
orbicular,  about  1"  in  diameter,  3-keeled 
on  the  back,  the  middle  keel  winged,  sin- 
uate-dentate, often  with  projecting  shoul- 
ders or  teeth  at  each  end,  the  face  strongly 
angled  or  arched,  shar]),  often  with  a  ])ro- 
jecting  tooth  at  the  base;   style  apical. 

In  ponds  and  streams,  Xew  Hrunswiik  to 
liritisli  Columbia,  south  to  I'loriila.  New 
Mtxicoand  California.     July  .\UK 

Potamogeton  foliosus  Niagarensis  iTuikciiii  )  Movoiih.  Mini.  Torr.  Club.  3;  I'art  2.  ,vy       I'^o.v 
/'I'/./iii.i:;,  /.:ji  .\ /,/^',/(, //jm 'l"iu-ki  1111,  ,\iii  Jouiii,  Sci.  ill,i7;,vst-      '^lo, 

l.aiHftr,     Sti-iiis  J     ;    loiii;.  Uavi--.  soiiu tiiiu-,  nvc-r  ,('  in  kii(flli  and  1"  widt-.  ;,-5iuivi-d;  stipules 
laimr  and  in'cisioiially  aciili-;  spikis  ^   12  llnwt-ud,     N'iaK.ira  l'"alK  to  .Miiliigaii  and  California, 

22.    Potamogeton    obtusifolius    Mcrt.    iS: 
Koch.     lUmu-lcMvud  I'liiuUvfcd.     l'"i.u.  \(^t,.  ) 

l'ii/iii)l''i;i  hui  i;ii)if>iissii\  Walil,  I-'l,  .Siii-c,  I;  10;.      i~^2l. 

Not  I..  17.^3. 
l'i'/,iiilt>i;eliiii  oMiisif'ilni-,  .Milt,  iV  Kmli.  iMilsili,    I-'l. 

I :  ^.^.S.       1 12, V 

Stems  usually  slender,  coni|iresscd,  widely 
braiu'liing,  especially  above.  Leaves  linear,  2'-3' 
long,  '  • "  2"  wide,  obtuse,  often  mucronatc,  usually 
3-iierved  w  itli  a  broad  midrib,  soinelimes  3  7-nerved, 
2-g!a;idiilar  al  the  base,  the  glands  large  and  trans- 
luccnl;  stipules  white  or  scarious,  many-nerved,  ob- 
tuse, (>"  i/'  long,  often  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the 
internodcs;  peduncles  numerous,  1'  i  '.'long,  slen- 
der, erect;  sjiikes  3"  4"  long,  ovoid,  3  S-llowered; 
fruit  obli(|nely  obovoid,  about  i.^i"  long  and  1" 
thick,  3-keeled  ;  style  short,  blunt,  nearly  facial. 

Ill  --till  uaUr,  (Jm  bee  to  I'liinsylvania.  wist  to  Min- 
iii'sola  and  Wyoming      ,\lsii  in  Ihuopi-      July   ,\iih;. 


74 


NAIADACEAH. 


3: 


23.  Potamogeton  Friesii  Ruprtclit.     Fries'  I'oiuhvced.     (  FiK.  164.) 

/'iif<iiiii'i;i/iiii  ,(>»i/<i,ssiis  J.    !•;.   Siiiilh,    I'JIkI     lint 

/>/.  //V.       i;,,4.      N,,t  I.        i-s, 
J'ii/(iiiiiii;i/iiii  /iii.\i//iis  v;ir.  iiiii/ni    I'rits,  Niivil,  IM.   2, 

.(S.        IS2S, 
J',i/,ini(ii;</iiii  /•■/;<i// kupriclit,  liiiti.  I'fl    Kii>>.  Riiclis, 

4:  4,V     I>t5 
/'oliinii>L;i inn  iiininr  'Shn;n\y..  Mini    Turr.  Clul),  3:  I'art 

2, -)i.    is<i,v    'SiA  I',  f^iisil/iiswxx.  iiKii'diM.^K.    iS2,!. 

Stems  compressed,  2°-4°  lonj;,  bratichiiij,'.  Leaves 
I  '/i'-2}4'  loiiK.  about  1 "  wide,  acute,  obtuse  or  cus- 
pidate at  tlie  apex,  mostly  5-uervcd,  rarely  7-nerved, 
2-.!,daiidular  at  the  base,  the  ^lauds  siuall ;  stijiulcs 
white,  hyaliue,  finely  nerved,  obtuse  or  acute,  6"- 
12"  louj;;  peduncles  I'-i'i'  lon.y;.  often  thicker 
than  the  stem  and  sometimes  tliickenin>;  ujnvard; 
spikes,  when  developed,  interrupted;  fruit  (|uite  sim- 
ilar to  that  of  /'.  ftiisilliis,  but  with  a  recurved  style, 
usually  with  a  shallow  pit  on  the  sides,  and  with  the 
apex  of  the  embryo  pointing  toward  the  basal  end. 

Ill  still  water.  New  liniiiswii-k  tn  Xi-w  Vrnk.  west  ti> 
lirilisli  CiiUiiuliia.  Also  in  ICimipt'.  I'lnpatratiiiM:  IukIs 
(iccasiiiiial.     July  Aii)>. 

24.  Potamogeton  rutilus  WoUV.     Sleiuk-r  I'oii.hvLcd. 

/'.'/<;»/-.;■>■/,.//  riihiiis  Wnifir, ;  k.  \  S.  Maiit.  3:  v>-^     i>-'r. 

vStems  very  slender,  S'  ..4'  loiijr,  compressed,  sim- 
ple or  nearly  so.  Leaves  i'-m;'  lonj,',  ,'4"-';" 
wide,  acute  or  acuminate,  strict,  nearly  erect,  3-5- 
nerved,  revolute,  the  nerves  prominent  beneath, 
often  2-),dandular  at  base  and  brif,'lit  jrreen  ;  stipules 
acute, 6"  10"  lon.u,  often  louKcrthan  theinteruodes 
and  hiding  the  bases  of  the  leaves  above,  persistent, 
becoming  white  and  fibrous  with  age;  Jicdundes 
6"-  i,S"  long;  spikes  ;,"  5"  long,  usually  dense,  but 
sometimes  iiiterru])ted ;  fruit  oblifjueiy  obovoid, 
about  I"  long  and  K"  thick,  obscurely  keeled  or 
the  back  showing  only  2  small  grooves;  a])ex  of 
the  ilrupelet  tapering  into  a  short  facial  nearlv 
straight  recurved  style  ;  embryo  circle  not  com- 
plete, the  .apex  jiointing  a  little  inside  of  the  base. 

.\iiticoti  and  Jaiiu-  Hay  tn  MieliiKaii  anil  Miiiiusuta 
.\1>.>  ni   i;ui.p],i-.     I'riiiiajjalinj.-  lunls  usually  wanting. 


25.   Potamogeton  Vaseyi   Rohljjiis. 


T.  .rr. 


\.  Cray.  .Man.  ICd.  5, 
>rcni. 


3:  r.ait  2.   (I-       I'^'M 

Stems  filiform,  widely  branching  below,  and  with 
many  shortlateral  blanches  above,  l'^  I  'i^long,  the 
enurscil  fertile  forms  in  sh.illow  water,  and  the  more 
common  sterile  subiuergeil  forms  in  water  from  6°- 
S'  in  depth.  I'loating  leaves  on  the  fertile  steins 
only,  coriaceous,  in  1-4  opposite  pairs,  oval  oblong 
or  obovale,  ^"5"  long,  2"-;/'  wide,  with  5-9 
nerves  deeply  impressed  beneath,  tapering  at  the 
base  into  petioles  3" -4"  long;  submerged  leaves 
capillary,  1'  i','  long;  stipules  white,  delicate, 
many-nerved,  acute  or  obtuse,  2"  ;,"  long;  pedim- 
cles3"-6"  long,  thickening  in  fruit;  spikes  2"-3" 
long,  2-6-fruited  ;  fruit  roundishobovoid,  about  i" 
lougand  nearly  as  thick,  ;,-keeled,  the  middle  keel 
rounded,  tipped  with  a  straight  or  recurved  style. 

Ivistirii  Massacluisttts  to  soiitlKiii  ( )titario  and  Ohio. 
The  lilant  is  I'urnislieil  willi  pnipanative  buds.  July  .\UK. 


f.. ) 

Mi-m. 

(1  with 
ijT,  the 

iiiorL' 
■oin  6°- 

stems 
ohU)iiK 
itli  5-9 

at  the 

leaves 
.■Hi-ate, 

lediiii- 

-3" 
)OUt  l" 

keel 

style, 
il  Ohio. 

.\UK. 


I'ONDWRHI)    lAMILY.  75 

26.  Potamogeton  lateralis  Moron-j.    ()piK>site-k-;iVL-(l  PoikKvclcI.    (  Fi^'.  167.) 

I'l'hiiHoiiilun  hit,  iiilis  Miiiiiiin.   Ci'ult     Hut.  C.az.  5: 

51.   iSNi. 

Stems  fililbrtn,  imich  hraiicheil.  I'loatiny 
leaves  on  sterile  shoots  only,  coriaceous,  elli])- 
tic,  ohtuse,  4"-,s"  lonj;,  1"  2"  wide,  57- 
nerved,  the  nerves  deeply  impressed  beneath, 
usually  in  i  ,^  opposite  pairs  wliicli  stand  at 
right  angles  to  the  stem,  on  ])cti(iles  ;,"-i<i" 
long;  submerged  leaves  linear,  .icutc,  1'  ^'  long, 
'+"-.'2"  wiile,  I -3-nerved,  2-glan(hilar  at  the 
base,  l)nt  the  glands  small  and  dften  obsolete; 
stipules  small,  hj'aline,  many-iierveil,  obtuse, 
deciduous  ;  peduncles  and  lloatiug  leaves  lateral, 
with  a  ]>eculiar  appearance,  widely  s))rcading 
at  maturity,  sometimes  recurved,  thickening  in 
fruit,  4"  15"  long;  spikes  cajiitate  or  often  in- 
terrupted, 3  4-fl()wered;  fruit  olili(|uelv  obovoid, 
about  1"  long,  lenticular,  the  back  much  curved 
and  2-groovcd,  the  face  arched  and  surmounted 
!))•  the  nearly  sessile  stigma;  curve  of  the  em- 
bryo oval,  its  apex  nearly  touching  its  base. 

In  lakes  ,nul  sluw  streams,  eastern  .MassMcliusi  IN  ti 
niit  111' the  stem  and  on  tlie  upper  br.inclus  appeal  lali   in  tlie  si  a~oii,  as  tin-  plants  arc  iH-^inninu  tu 
decay.     Jtdy  .\UK 


Miiliin.Mi.     rriilifir'ius  ..liiMit.-  at  tin 


27.   Potamogeton  pusillus   I,. 

V    ^ 


Small  Pondwe'L-d.      (  l-'is;.   if^iS.  1 


I'l'hliiloi;!  Itin  t^ll^il/lis  I,.  Sp-  \'\.   1; 


'ong. 


Stems  filiform,  branching,  (V-: 
Leaves  all  sulmierged,  linear,  obtuse  and  mn- 
croiiate  or  acute  at  the  apex,  2-glandular  at  the 
base,  I '-3'  long,  about  ,'2"  wide,  i  3-nerved, 
the  lateral  nerves  often  obscure;  stipules  short, 
hyaline,  obtuse;  peduncles  usually  3"  i)",  or 
rarely  ;,'  long:  spikes  3 -lo-llowercd;  fruit  ob- 
liiHiely  illipsiii  1,  alH)ut  l"  long  and  '."thick 
curved  and  J-grooved  on  the  back  or  sometimes 
with  3  distinct  keels,  the  face  sliglitly  arched, 
beaked  by  a  straight  or  recurved  style;  apex  of 
the  embryo  slightly  incurved  and  pointing  ob- 
lii|iitl\  downward.  I'ropagalive  buds  occur  in 
greater  or  less  abundance. 


Ill  iioiids  and  slciw  slriaiiis,  New  ISniiiswick  to 
Ilriti-ii  CoUiiiihia,  soutli  to  X'irniiiia,  'IV.v.'is  and 
California      .\lso  in  ICuropc.     July   .\ujj 


Potamogeton  pusillus  Panormitanus  '  liiv.  1  .Momim.  Mi  111   Tovr.  Club,  3:  I'art  2.  |(i.      1S03. 

/'■i/iiini'i;i inn  /'ii/iiii  iii/'/iiinii  Hiv.  .Sic.  I'l.       i.soo  -. 

rpperuiost  haves  subciiriaeeous.  spalulate,  opposite,  divaricite,  35  nerved.  )"   .s"  loiij;,  ta))er- 
iiitf  into  a  broad  petiole  as  loii({  as  the  blade.     ( Ittawa.  <  liilario.     .\lso  in  I^uropc, 


Potamogeton  pusillus  polyphyllus  Moroiijr  Coull.  Hot.  Caz.  5:  ,si 


1.' 


Stem  3'  ,s'  loiiir,  divaricately  braiuliiim  I'lom  tlie  base  and  vt-rv  leafy  throu«lioiit ;  leaves 
v.ry  oliliise.  3  iiirved.  Plant  not  known  to  llow.r,  but  abiiiulaiitly  provided  with  propan.itiii^;  buds 
wliicli  all'  thickened.  Iiai<lemd  and  closely  invested  by  imluic.ited  Uavi  ■..      liasteru  Mass.icllUsells. 

Potamogeton  pusillus  Sturrockii  .\.  lieiinett  in  Ilook.  Stud.  I'l    b;d,  ,?.  4,?,s,      i.'^S4, 

.\  rare  form  with  delieite  bright  jrreen  pellucid  leaves,  1'  3'  loiin,  obtuse  or  often  apieulate  at 
the  apex,  less  than  1"  wide,  sometimes  s  nerved ;  fruit  much  smaller  than  that  of  the  type,  sliort- 
bi.'akeil.     ICastern  Massachusetts.     .\lso  in  luirope. 


76  NAIADACEAH. 

28.  Potamogeton  gemmiparus  (Roljhins)    Moroii);.      C;ii>illary    I'oiuUvcLd. 

Pi'/iitiii'i;,  li'ii  /^ii\illii.\\:\r.  1  ?i  i;,  iiiiii/'/iiii  IIS  Knl)- 
1)111--  ill  A.  Ciiiiy,  Man.  I'M    5.  4N1,      IM17. 

/'o/,ll>l:ii;,/iill    1^,1111111/1,11  IIS    Mdlolltf,   Cnlllt      lint. 

Cl.lZ.    5:    51.  IN-NI. 

Stems  filiform,  terete,  braiichiiij;,  ,s'-4^ 
loiiji.  Leaves  c.i])illary,  soinetitnes  not  as 
wide  as  the  stem,  often  with  no  perccptilile 
midril),  ta])erin>,'  to  the  finest  point,  i'-^' 
lonj;,  2-j,'laiidiilar  at  tlic  base  ;  stipules  '2'  i' 
long,  acnte  or  ohtnsi-,  mostly  decidnons ; 
spikes  interrnpted,  ;,  (i-dowercd  ;  pednncles 
filiform  or  sometimes  slightly  thiekeiicd, 
h'-2'  long;  frnit  seldom  formed,  similar  to 
that  of  /'.  piisiHiis,  except  that  it  is  (latter 
and  somewhat  impressed  on  the  sides. 

Ill  iiiPiiiN,  eastern  Massarliusi  tts  and  KIkkK- 
Islanil.  It  is  eniiiinniily  pru|ia^;.iti(l  hv  its  almn 
<laiit  Inid-.  tile  ka\i<  iiid  >tiiii>  are  ill'ti  11  aliki 
ill  tliiekiu-s  sci  that  the  plant  seems  l(j  ednsi-^t 
of  threads.      .Xiijj     Se])t. 


29.    Potamogeton  diversifolius  Raf.     KafuKsiiuc  s  Pomlweo!!.     (  Fi<. 


1 70.  > 

.\lll.   I: 


J',<l,i III, li;,/,, II   Inhiiiliis   Miehx.    1"1.    licir. 

101.      iSiiv      Not  •riiiiiU.   \-,,i.. 
/','/, nil, ':;,■/, 'II  i/i:,  I si/:</iii.\  Rif.  Mtil.  U.v\).  ill.i 

5:.iM-       !■-■'>. 

Stems  flattened  or  sotnelimes  terete,  nincli 
branched,  I'loaling  leaves  coriaceous,  the 
largest  i'  long  by  U'  wide,  oval  or  elliptic 
and  obtuse,  or  lanceolate-oblong  and  acute  ; 
petioles  generally  shorter,  but  sometimes 
longer  than  the  blades,  filiform  or  dilated  ; 
submerged  leaves  setaceous,  seldom  over 
'+  "  wide,  I  '-3'  long  ;  stipules  obtuse  or  trun- 
cate, ,',"-5"  long,  those  of  the  floating  leaves 
free,  those  of  the  submerged  leaves  some- 
times adiiate ;  eniersed  peduncles  y~y" 
long;  suljinerged  i)eduncles  2"-,V'  long, 
clavate,  as  long  as  the  spikes ;  eniersed  spikes 
,^"-5"  long,  occasionally  interrupted;  frnit 
cochleate,  rar.ly  ;, -er  }i"  long,  3-keelcd, 
the  middle  keel  narrowly  winged  and  usu- 
ally with  7  or  8  knob-like  teeth  on  the  mat- 
gin,  the  lateral  keels  sharj)  or  rounded; 
embryo  coiled  1  '2  times. 
In  still  w.itir.  .M  liiit-  tu  I'lnrida.  w^st  In  Nelir.iska  and  Texa-^.     June  Siiit. 

Potamogeton  diversifolius  multidenticulatus  M  innij:,  .M^in   Tnrr.  Club.  3:  I'.irt  2,  )S.      i.Sciv 

DillVrs  liiini  the  typv  in  the  iimiuniii'^  tei-tli  of  the  trait,  as  m  inv  as  12  beiiiK  SDiiutiiiKs  fnwiid 
on  the  middle  kiel,  and  each  lateral  keil  with  1.  s  mon-,  the  teeth  ol'teii  bristle  like  and  sunietimes 
2-i)rciiiKed.     Cniineetient  to  eastern  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware. 

Potamogeton  diversifolius  trichophyllus  Muioiih:,  M.iii.  Tnrr.  Club  3:  part  2.  (g.      1S95. 

riant  alinnt  (.'  Iniiv;.  wHlinnt  floaliiiK:  leaves,  the  sulitnerKed  leaves  as  fine  as  (loss  silk  and 
flllllely  nerveliss.      I.ake  Maieia.  New  Jersey. 


tiaasjaa^tiiM&Ui^tMtiatiia 


iptic 

aculc  ; 

■limes 

iited  ; 

over 

Iruii- 

leavc-! 


Ion;;, 
l>ikcs 

iVuit 
elcd, 

usu- 


.1 

niat- 
iii(U"l ; 


">.v 
fn\Ill(l 


lU  aiiil 


PONDWEEI)   I'AMILY.  77 

30.    Potamogeton  Spirillus  Tucktiiii.     Sinral  roiidwcLd.     *  I'in-  171  .) 

I'tiltiiii.xili'ii    S/iiii//ti\    Tiu'kiriii      Am     Jmirti.    Sii. 
i  II  I  6:  22S.      |S|S. 

Stems  cotiiprcsseil,  braiu'lieil,  6'  ;!()'  loii^,  the 
l)ranclies  often  short  and  recurved.  l"loatinj{  leaves 
oval  or  elliptic,  obtuse,  the  largest  about  1 '  louf; 
and  ,'2'  wide,  with  5-t.i  nerves  deeply  inijiressed 
beneath,  their  petioles  often  i'  lon^; ;  submerged 
leaves  linear,  1  '..  "-2"  lonj;,  about  '."  wide,  mostly 
5-lK'rvcd  ;  stip\des  of  the  upjier  floating;  leaves  free  ; 
those  of  the  submerj^ed  leaves  adnalc  to  the  blaile 
or  petiole  ;  spikes  above  water  ,V'  5"  lon;<,  contin- 
uous, the  lower  mostly  sessile,  capitate  and  1  ki- 
fruited ;  fruit  cochleate,  roundish,  less  than  1" 
lonj;,  Hal  and  deeply  imiircsseil  on  the  sides,  3- 
keeled  on  the  back,  the  middle  keel  win^^cd  and 
sometimes  4-5toothed;  style  deciduous;  embryo 
spiral,  about  I'i  turns. 

Ill  pdiids  anil  ditclies,  Nova  Sccilia  and  Ontario  to 
Miumsdta,  sdiith  lo  Virniiiin.  Missouri  and  Nibraska. 
Juiie-AuK. 


31 


rili- 


Potamogeton   filiformis    lVr>. 

form  Poiuhvccil.     <  l'"i>;.  17-.  ' 

/'"/iiiiioi;r/iiii  /i/i/i>i mis  IVrs,  Syii.  I:  15-'.       I'^o^. 

Stems  from  a  runniuji;  rootstock,  slender,  3^-20" 

long,  fdiform  above,  stout  and  thick  towards  the 

Imse.      Leaves    numerous.    2'   12'   lon^r,    V'-'j" 

wide,    I  -nerved   with  a   few  cross   veins ;   sheaths 

.about  1"  long  and  the  free  part  of  the  stipule   N' 

long,  scarious  on  the  edges  ;  (lowers  on  long,  often 

rccurve<l  peduncles,  2-12  in  each  whorl,  the  whorls 

'4'   1'  apart ;  fruit  i"-t '."  long,  slightly  less  than 

1"  wide,  the  sides  even,  the  back  not  keeled,  the 

face  nearly  straight  or  obtusely  angled   near  the 

top  ;  stigma  nearly  or  ([uite  sessile,  remaining  on 

the  fruit  as  a  broad  truncate  projection. 

Ill  pdiiils  aii<l  lakis,  AiUicDSli  in  wisUrii  Xiw  York 
and  Micliinan.     .VuRiist. 

Potamogeton  filiformis  Macounii  Monniu;  Maoniiii,  Cat.  Can.  I'l.  4:  ss.      iss.s. 
I.iavis  r   X  l<i"^'.  llir  lai'tftsl  '   "  (ir  nuiii-  wide  nbtusi-.  slilT,  willi  a  slrmin  midrib  and  niiscd 
<ir'sli;r|itly  rivdlulv   iiiainiiis;  fniil  raicly  niDrv  than   i"  Idtitt;  pi-duiicUs  mily  S"  m"  Iniii;:  plant 
coiiiiiKiiily  willi  a  imiipacl  biisliy  li,d>il.     In  brackisli  or  sail  waUr  lakes,  prairie  ritfinii  of  Canaila. 

32.    Potamogeton  pectinatus  L.     Ftiitit.1- 

k-axed  Pmuhvccd.     t  I""iK.  I7,'^-* 

/':<lii»iiii;c/i>ii  f'luliiiiiliis  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  127.       i7,s.V 

Stems  slender,  much  branched,  1°-},'^  long,  the 
branches  repeatedly  forking.  Leaves  setaceous, 
attenuate  to  the  apex,  i-ncrved,  i'-6'  long,  often 
capillary  and  nerveless;  stipules  half  free,  yi'-i' 
long,  their  sheaths  scarious  on  the  margins ;  pe- 
duncles filiform,  2' -1 2'  long,  the  flowers  in  verti- 
cils ;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid,  with  a  hard  thick 
shell,  xyi"-^"  long,  i"-i)4."  wide,  without  a  mid- 
dle keel,  but  with  obscure  lateral  ridges  on  the 
back,  plump  on  the  sides  and  curved  or  occasion- 
ally a  little  angled  on  the  face ;  style  straight  or 
recurved,  facial ;  embryo  apex  pointing  almost 
directly  toward  the  basal  end. 

Ill  fresh,  brackish  or  salt  water,  C.ipc  Urcloii  I'l  Brit- 
isli  Coliiinbia.  soulli  to  I'lnrida.  Texas  and  Caliioriiia. 
.\lso  in  ICuropc.     July-.VuK- 


Hi)hl)iiis'   I'oiiilwcL'd. 


FiK. 


78  NAIADACKAIv 

33.  Potamogeton  interruptus  Kitaitn-l.     Iiilcrrupted  I'oiulwfcd.    (Fiji-  174.  > 

Pi>liiini>i;iiiiii  iiilniiifitus  Kit.iilnl  in  SiImiIUh.  (llCst.  I'l. 

VA.  2.   \iS.      isi|. 
l',il,iinoi;i  It'll  lliihrUtilin  l!;il>.  M.in.  Unt,  VA    \.  \2\       1851. 

Stems  arisiti}^  from  a  rutiiiinx  rootstock  which  often 
springs  from  !i  small  tuhfr,  i' -4^  h'liK-  hraiicheil,  the 
branches  spreailinj^  like  a  fan.  I.i'aves  linear,  obtuse 
or  acute,  ;,'-,s'  lon>,',  \"  \\"  wide,  ,;-s-nerveil  with 
many  transverse  veins;  narrow,  i-nerveil  leaves occnr 
on  some  plants  and  these  are  acnmiiiate,  nuich  like 
those  of  /'.  pittinaliis  :  stipnles  partially  adnate  to  the 
leaf-blade,  the  adnate  part  '  .'-1'  Ion),;,  sometimes  with, 
narrowly  scarious  margins,  the  free  part  shorter  and 
scarious,  obtuse  ;  peduncles  1  '2'  lon>{ ;  spikes  slij,'htly 
interrupted  ;  frnit  broadly  and  obliquely  obovoid,  ob- 
tuse at  the  base,  the  largest  2"  long  and  nearly  as 
broad,  prominently  keeled  and  with  rounded  lateral 
ridj^es  on  the  back,  the  face  nearly  or  (|uite  straight  ; 
style  facial,  erect. 

In  1)ciiii1~:mi(1  -In  am-.  I'riiui  l-Mwanl  Nlanil  tn  tioitlurii 
Indian;!  and  Miciiiuan      ANo  in  ICiiniiH-.     .\uuii-t- 

34.  Potamogeton  Robbinsii  Oakcs. 

J'nltliiii'i;, 

Stems  stout,  widely  branchiti);,  2°-4'' 
lonj,;,  from  running  rootstocks  sometimes 
I'loii^.  Leaves  linear,  },'-•,'  lonj,',  2"-}," 
wide,  acute,  finely  many-nerved,  crowded 
in  2  ranks,  minutely  serrulate,  am-iculate 
at  the  point  of  attachment  with  the  stipule  ; 
stipules  with  the  adnate  portion  and  sheath- 
inj,;  base  of  the  leaf  about  ';;'  loiij^,  the  free 
part  '.'1'  lonj^,  acute,  persistent,  white, 
membranous,  mostly  lacerate ;  peduncles 
1'-,^'  long,  the  indorcsceiice  fre(|uently 
much  branched  and  bearing  from  ,s-2  > 
peduncles;  spikes interru])ted,  '>'-i'long, 
flowering  under  water;  fruit  obov<)iil,  about 
2"  broad  and  i'^"  wide,  ,3-kecled  on  the 
back,  the  middle  keel  sharp,  the  lateral 
ones  rounded,  the  face  arched,  the  sides 
with  a  shallow  de])ression  which  runs  into 
the  face  below  the  arch  ;  style  subapical, 
thick,  slightly  recurved  ;  apex  of  the  em- 
bryo iiointing  a  little  inside  the  basal  end. 

In  ponds  and  lakes.  Ntw  Ilrunswick  li>  (Irinon.  south  to  Niw  Jir-iy,  I'lnnsylvania  and 
Michigan.  Thu  i)lant  is  freely  iiropa^aUd  by  fratrnunts  of  Ihi-  sUnis  which  throw  out  niotkls 
from  each  joint,  but  this  is  the  rarest  of  our  species  to  form  fruit.     .Xn^.-Sipt. 


h't'hhiiiui  O.ikis,  III 


MaK. 


2.    RUPPIA  I..  vSp.  I'l. 


/.1.V 


Slender,  widely  branched  aquatics  with  capillary  steins,  slender  alternate  i -nerved 
leaves  tapering  to  an  acuminate  apex,  and  with  membranous  sheaths.  I'lowers  on  a  capil- 
lary, spadix-like  peduncle,  naked,  consisting  of  2  sessile  anthers,  each  with  2  large  sepa- 
rate sacs  attached  by  their  backs  to  the  peduncle,  having  between  them  several  pistillate 
flowers  in  2  sets  on  opposite  sides  of  the  rachis,  the  whole  cluster  at  first  enclosed  in  the 
sheathing  base  of  the  leaf.  Stigmas  sessile,  peltate.  Fruit  a  small,  oblicjuely  pointed  drupe, 
several  in  each  cluster  and  pedicelled  ;  embryo  oval,  the  cotyledonary  end  inflexed,  and 
both  that  and  the  hypocotyl  immersed.  [Name  in  honor  of  Heinrich  licrnhard  Rupp,  a  (ier- 
man  botanist.] 

In  the  develi)i)ment  of  the  plants  the  stauiinate  flowers  drop  olT  and  the  pedunole  elongates, 
bearing  the  pistillate  flowers  in  2  clusltrs  at  the  end,  but  after  fertilization  it  coils  up  and  the  fruit 
is  drawn  below  the  surface  of  the  water. 


I'ONDWKKl)   lAMII.Y. 

Tliri'i'  or  four  spt'i-iis.  (icciirrititj  in  >;\H  ami  liraiki^li  w.tli  is  all  uvir  tin-  wnrM 
an-  tin  iiiily  iims  kimwii  Id  mtiir  in  Nurtli  Aimrica 

Sluatli-  i"    i"  IciiiK;  <lniiK»  aliiiut  i"  I'liiK  i     h'.  iiim  iliiihi 

Sluallis'   '    r   '  liiiii;    ilrii|H«  r   "   2"  Imnj  1    h'.  n, .  iiliiil,ili\ 


79 

Tin  fipllii«  iiivf 


I.    Ruppia    maritima    I,.       Mari- 
time Ru])i)ia.      I  1m<;.   17^,  i 

l\iif'l>i,i  111,11  III iiiii  I,   S|),  \'\    ij;      175V 

Stems  often  whitish,  2  V'  '""K.  the 
interiKxlcs  irregular,  iiakcrl,  1'  V  loiif,'- 
I.e.ivcs  r  _^'  long,  '4"  or  less  widt- ; 
shcnthe)  },"  \"  loiij,;,  willi  a  short  free 
tij) ;  pciUineles  in  fr\iit  sometimes  1  ' 
lonj; ;  ])eclicels  4  6  in  a  cluster,  'z'  I'i' 
loiiK' ;  ilni])es  with  a  dark  hard  shell, 
ovoid,  alioiil  1"  lon^^,  often  ol)li(jue  or 
nibl)ons  at  the  l>asc,  i)ointed  with  the 
loiij;  style,  liut  varyiii),'  innch  in  sha])e  ; 
forms  with  very  short  pedutu-les  and  jicd- 
iccls,  and  with  broad,  strongly  marked 
sheaths  occur. 

Lciiiinuin  ill  liraikisli  ur  -ah  w.itt  i   aloiiif 
llu-    Atlaiilii'   anil    I'luifif   Cna»t-.    nf    N.>rtli 
Ann  rita  ami    in    -alim-  cli--trirts    in    tin    in 
l>  riiM       Wicli  ly  (li-lriliut<(l  in  llu  <  ild  Wnrld 
anil  in  Siaitli  Ann  rira.     July  Any 


ami 
ilk-ts 


2.     Ruppia    occidentalis    S.    Wats. 
Wcslcni  Kiippia.      '  I'i^.   177.  i 

A'»/>/>/.(  .•,,/,/,«/.;/;>  S.  W.il-    Vuw    Am    Ainl 
25:  I  ;^.     .S.'])l.  iN|ci, 

l\'iif'/'iiilii,iii/>i\  .Maciinn.  C.it    (.'an    I'I    5    (7.'. 
.Nnv.    iSjii. 

Stems  stouter,  1'  2'  loiij,',  the  liraiu'hiiij.; 
fan-like.  Leaves  3'  S'  lonj;,  their  larj^e 
sheaths  '2'  I '.;' loiiji  ;  branches  and  leaves 
often  thickly  clustered  at  the  nodes,  the 
sheaths  ovcrlajipinji  each  other ;  drupes 
larj{er,  1'."  2"  loU),',  ovoid  or  pyriform, 
borne  on  pedicels  about  1 '  loii^j,  the  pe- 
duncles brijjht  red  when  fresh  and  soine- 
tinies  nearly  2°  in  length. 


In    salim-  puml-.    Nebraska    In    llritisli    d 
himliia.     Sumiiur. 


ialcs, 
fruit 


3.    ZANNICHELLIA  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  1/19.       1753. 

Stems,  flowers  and  leaf-buds  all  at  first  enclosed  in  a  hyaline  envelope,  correspouding  to 
the  stipule  in  Potaiiioi^iiiHi.  Staminate  and  pistillate  (lowers  in  the  same  axil  ;  the  stanii- 
nate  solitary,  consisting  of  a  single  2-celled  anther,  borne  on  a  short  pedicel-like  filament  ; 
the  pistillate  2-5.  O.-ary  fiask-shaped,  tapering  into  a  short  style;  .stigma  broad,  hyaline, 
somewhat  cup-iihaped,  its  margins  angled  or  dentate.  I'ruit  a  fiattish  falcate  nutlet,  ribbed 
or  sometimes  toothed  on  the  back.  Kmbryo  bent  and  coiled  at  the  cotyledonary  end.  [In 
honor  of  J.  H.  Zanuiclielli,  1662-1729,  Italian  physician  and  botanist.] 

Two  ur  three  spicies  uf  very  wide  K<.()..{r,ipliic  ilistrihutiun  in  freshwater  pumls  ami  slreaius. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


m 

,'50 


m  1^ 
IIIIIU 

116 


IIM 

Z2 
2.0 

1.8 


14    i  1.6 


V] 


<^ 


/}. 


A 


/A 


e-'V^ 


? 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


i 


:V 


I 


8o 


NAIADACEAE. 

I.    Zannichellia  palustris  h.     Zan- 

f  nicliL'llia.     (  Fig-.  ijS.  i 

yaiiiiiilii  lli,i  /^iiliisli  is  I,.  S]).  I'l.  </i<),      I7i;, 

SU-uis  capillary,  sparsely  branclieil,  the 
rhizome  creeping,  the  roots  fihrous.  Leaves 
i'-3'  long,  ,V"  or  less  wide,  acute,  thin,  i- 
nerved  with  a  few  delicate  cross-veins  ; 
spathc-likc  envelope  separate  frctn  the  leaves 
and  fruits  at  maturity  ;  fruits  2-6  in  a  cluster, 
i''-2"  long,  sometimes  sessile,  sometimes 
pedicelled,  sometimes  the  whole  cluster 
pedunckd  ;  style  persistent,  straight  or 
curved,  ',"-1"  long;  jdant  flowering  and 
ripening  its  fruit  under  water. 


In  fresh  (ir  hrackisli  ])(iii(ls,  pmils  nr  <liiclK-s. 
lUMrly  tliiiHiKliciut  Xortli  AnK-rica,  iscipt  the 
ixlrcim-  north,  aiul  widilv  (lislrib'ilcd  in  the 
Old  Wnrl.l.     July  .Stpt. 


4.    NAIAS  L.  Sp.  PI. 


lOI  • 


/.io- 


.^'.  111(11  ilia. 
leaves  linear. 


Jiiwilis. 
(iiiiidohif^t'iisis. 
i;  I  lie  i//ii)iti. 


Slender,  branching  aquatics,  wholly  submerged,  with  liljrous  roots.  Leaves  opposite, 
alternate  or  verticillate,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  axillary, 
solitary,  sessile  or  pedicelled.  Sterile  flower  with  a  double  perianth,  the  exterior  one  entire 
or  4-horned  at  the  apex,  the  interior  one  hyaline,  adhering  to  the  anther  ;  stamen  sessile  or 
stalked,  1-4-celled,  apiculate  or  2-lol)cd  at  the  summit.  I'ertile  flowers  of  a  single  ovary 
which  tapers  into  a  short  style  ;  stignuis  2-4,  subulate.  IVLaturc  carpel  solitary,  sessile,  cllip- 
siod,  its  pericarp  crustaceous.  Seed  conformed  to  the  pericarp  and  embryo  to  the  seed,  the 
raphe  distinctly  marked.     [Greek,  a  water-nymph.] 

.\binit  ici  species,  iiccurriiiR  in  fresh  w.iter  all  ovi-r  tlU'  w  mid.     The  fullnu'iiiK  are  the  only  (lUes 

known  in  North  .\ineriea: 

.Sheaths  broadly  rounded,  tluir  niartfins  entire  or  uilli  a  few  larye  teeth. 

Sheaths  narrowly  and  obliquely  muiuUd.  eaeli  uiaririu  with  ,=;  M  miiuile  teeth; 
Seeds  sliinintf,  with  ,^o-,io  rows  of  faint  reticulations.  2, 

.Seeds  dull,  with  16-20  rows  of  stronjrly  marked  relieulatious.  i,. 

Sheaths  aurieulate;  leaves  delicately  filiform.  4, 

I.  Naias  marina  !„.     lyari;e  Xaias. 
<  t'iR-  179-  > 

\tiiiis  iiiariiiu  I,.  Sp    PI.  101,5.       I7,S,V 
A'aici.s  iiui/iir  .Vll.  Fl.  I'ed.  2  :  221.       i7.S,s. 

Dioecious,  stem  stout,  compressed,  commonly  armed 
with  teeth  twice  as  long  as  their  breadth.  Leaves  op- 
posite or  verticillate,  6"-j2"  long,  about  1"  wide,  with 
6-10  spine-pointed  teeth  on  each  margin  anil  fre- 
quently several  along  the  back  ;  sheaths  with  rounded 
lateral  edges;  fruit  large,  2"-2,'i"  long,  the  pericarp 
as  well  as  the  seed  rugosely  reticulated,  tipped  with  a 
long  persistent  style  and  t,  thread-like  stigmas  ;  seed 
not  shining. 

In  lakes,  Central  New  York  to  Florida,  wes'  to  Califor- 
nia.    .Suinnier.     .Vlso  in  liurope. 

Naias  marina  gracihs  MorouR.  Coult.  hot.  Ciaz.  10:  2,s.s  i8,^,s. 
Interni>des  1'  V  lon(f.  with  a  fewteelh  on  the  upper  part; 
leaves  scarcely  ',  "  wide,  with  i,s  24  larRe  teeth  on  the  mar- 
Kins  and  a  few  on  the  back  ;  sheaths  with  2  or  ,^  teeth  on 
each  margin;  seed  seuljjturetl  ,vith  about  25 rows  of  nearly 
square  or  irregularly  oIjIouk  reticulations.     Central  New  York  and  Florida. 

Naias  marina  recurvata  Dudley,  Cayujta  Fl.  io(.      18S6. 
Uranehes  and  leaves  recurved  ;  leaves  ,V'  ''     Ihub;,  narrow,  with  2-4  larne  teetli  on  each  niarKii 
and  ninie  on  the  back  ;  internodes  short,  naked,  or  witli  i  or  2  teeth  ;  sheaths  i-toothed  on  ei<eli 
side,     Cayujra  Marshes.  N.  Y. 


PONDWERD  FAMILY. 


8l 


2.  Naias  flexilis  (Willd.j  Rost.  iS:  Schmidt.     vSleiuler  Naias.      (  Fijr.  i8o.  ) 

Caiiliiiia  //(  iv7/,i  Wilkl.  .M)li.  .\kacl.  Herlin.  iis. 

1803. 
Naiasfle.vi/is  Rust,  &  Schmidt. I'M. Sf<l.,HS.(.  i,S24, 

Stem  slender,  forking,'.  Leaves  linear,  jiel- 
■  lucid,  acnminate  or  abruptly  acute,  yi'i' 
lonjr,  '/i"-i"  wide,  numerous  and  crowded 
on  the  upper  parts  of  the  branches,  with  25-30 
minute  teeth  on  each  edge;  sheaths  obli()uely 
rounded  with  5-10  teeth  on  each  margin  ; 
fruit  ellipsoid  with  very  thin  pericarp,  I  "-2" 
long,  %"-'/'  in  diameter;  style  long,  per- 
sistent; stigmas  short;  seed  smooth,  shin- 
ing, straw-colored,  sculptured,  though  some- 
times quite  faintly,  with  ;iO--lo  rows  of  nearly 
S(iuarc  or  hexagonal  reticulations  which  are 
scarcely  seen  through  the  dark  pericarp. 

In  ponds  and  streams  throUKliout  niarlv  all 
North  .America,     .\lsii  in  I'Uirnpe.     SumnuV. 

Naias  flexlUs  robusta  M.mjiiK,  Coult.  Hot.  Caz.  10  :  255.      iS.S.s, 

.Stem  stout,   fcw-kavcd,  3°-6''  Iouk:    intciiKules 
^^  \'>\\)i.     ^lassachusctts  tii  Miehiffau  and  Texas. 

I    I        3.    Naias    Guadalupensis     ( vSpreiig.  ) 
Moronjr.     Ciuadalonpe  Xaia.s. 
(  Fig.  I  Si.  J 

i'linliiiia    (,'/iiii/a/iipi'i/sis    Sprenif.     Syst      i-     20 

.Xiii'dx  Giiadiiliiprii.u.s  MurciuK.  Mem.  Torr.  Chib, 
3  :  I'art  2,  i'h\.      iS,,^, 

Stem   nearly   capillary,    i°-2°    long,    widely 

branched    from   the   base.     Leaves   numerous, 

6"~9"  long,   54: "-'2"  wide,  acute,  opposite  or 

in   fascicles  of  2-5,   frequently  recurved,   with 

sheaths  and  teeth  like  those  of  N.  flexilis  but 

generally  with  40-50  teeth  on  each  margin  of 

the  leaf;  fruit  about  I "  long  ;  pericarp  dark  and 

strongly  marked  l)y  16-20  rows  of  hexagonal  or 

\       rectangular  reticulations  which  arc  transversely 

\   oblong  ;  seed  straw-colored,  not  shining. 

I     _  In   ijoiids   and   lakes,    Nebraska   to   Orefron   and 
I  'JV'x.is,  east  t 
^  Jtdy-Sept. 

Moroiig.     Tliread-like  Xaias 


u 


l"l(iri<la.     .Mso  in  tropical  .\merica. 


Naias  gracillima  (  A.  I?r.  1 

liimelm 


Xaias  hnlica  \i\r.  gracilliiiiti  .\.  Hi. 

\.  (".ray,  Atari.  ICil.  .s.  fiSi.      isi,;. 
IVaias  iiiacillinia   Moronw',  Mem.   Tiirr.   CUil)    f 

I'art  2,  61.      1S93,  ' 

Dioecious,  stem  capillary,  6'  15'  long,  much 
branched,  the  branches  alternate.  Leaves  nu- 
merous, opposite  or  often  fascicled  in  3's-5's  or 
more,  setaceous,  ','2'  long,  usually  with  about 
20  minute  teeth  on  each  margin  ;  sheaths  auri- 
cled,  with  6  or  7  teeth  on  each  auricle,  the  teeth 
standing  upon  setaceous  divisions  of  the  sheath  ; 
stigmas  very  short ;  fruit  oblong-cylindric,  K" 
long,  '4  ■'  in  diameter,  slightly  curved  inwardly 
or  straight,  the  pericarp  straw-colored  or  pur- 
plish, marked  by  about  25  rows  of  irregularly 
oblong  reticulations ;  seed  not  shining. 

In  pimls  and  ponds,  eastern  Massachusetts  tn 
Delaware,  I'eimsylvinia  and  Missouri.    Jidy  Sept. 


(Fig.  182.) 


I 


82 


NAIADACl'AK. 


5.    ZOSTERA  I,.  Sp.  PI.  96S.       1753. 

Marine  plants  with  s'cndcr  rootstocks  and  branchiiifr  conipresseil  stems.  Leaves  2- 
rankcd,  sheathing  at  the  base,  the  sheaths  with  inflcxed  margins.  Spadix  linear,  contained 
in  a  spatlic.  I'lowers  monoecious,  arranged  alternately  in  2  rows  on  tliespadix.  Staniinatc 
flower  merely  an  anther  attachc<l  to  the  spadix  near  its  apes.,  i-celled,  opening  irregularly 
on  the  ventral  side  ;  pollen  thread-like.  Pistillate  llower  fixeil  on  its  back  near  the  middle  ; 
ovary  1  ;  style  elongated ;  stigmas  2,  capillary ;  mature  carpels  llask-.shaiicd,  membra- 
nous, rupturing  irregularly,  beaked  by  the  persistent  style  ;  seeds  ribbed  ;  embryo  ellipsoid. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  ril)bon-like  leaves.] 

.\bout '1  sju'cies  of  marine  distribution.  IksiiU-s  tin  roUowintf  oiu'  occurs  in  l"lori<la  and  one 
on  tlu-  Pacific  Coast. 

I.  Zostera  .narina  L.     KL'l-g;rass.     Gra.ss-wrack.     1  Kig.  iS,3.) 

/(is/rra  )iiiiiiiia  I..  .Sp.  IM.  06S.     i^.s.v 

Leaves  ribbon-like,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  i°- 
6°  long,  I  "-4"  wide,  with  ,^-7  principal 
nerves.  vSpadix  i'-2>2'  long  ;  flowers  about 
3"  long,  crowded,  usually  from  10-20  of  each 
kind  on  the  spadix  ;  ovary  somewhat  vermi- 
form ;  at  anthesis  the  stigmas  are  thrust 
through  the  opening  of  the  spathc  and  drop 
off  before  the  anthers  of  the  same  spadix 
open ;  the  anthers  at  anthesis  work  themselves 
out  of  the  spatlie  and  discharge  the  glutinous 
stringy  pollen  into  the  water;  seeds  cylindric, 
strongly  about  2o-ribl)ed,  about  t^"  long 
and  'i"  in  diameter,  truncate  at  both  ends, 
the  ribs  showing  very  clearly  on  the  pericarp. 

In  bays,  strcanis  and  ditches  alonn  the  .\l- 
lantic  Coast  from  (iricnland  to  I'loviila  and  on 
tile  Pacific  from  .\laska  to  California.  .\ls<>  on 
the  coasts  of  Ivuropc  and  Asia.     .Sunnncr. 

Family  4.     SCHEUCHZERIACEAE  Ajrardh,  Thcor.  Syst.  PI.  44.     1858.* 

Arrow-gk.vss  r.\Mii,Y. 

Mansh  herl)s  with  rush-like  leaves  and  small  spicate  or  racemose  perfect 
flowers.  Perianth  4-6-parted,  its  segments  in  two  series,  jjersistent  or  decidu- 
ous. Stamens  3-6.  Filaments  very  short  or  elongated.  Anthers  mostly 
2-celled  and  extrorse.  Carpels  3-6,  j-2-ovuled,  more  or  less. united  until  ma- 
turity, dehiscent  or  indehiscent.     Seeds  anatropous.     lunbryo  straight. 

I'our  ^a  iR-ra  and  about  10  species  of  wide  gcograpliic  distribution. 
Leaves  all  basal;  (lowers  numerous  on  naked  scapes,  sjjicale  or  racetned.  i.    Tiii^linliin. 

Stem  leafy;  (lowers  few  in  a  loose  raceme.  2.   Sihi-iichzciia. 

I.    TRIGLOCHIN  I,.  vSp.  PI.  33S,       1753. 

Marsh  herbs  with  basal  half-rounded  ligulate  leaves  with  membranous  sheaths.  Flowers 
in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes  on  long  naked  scapes.  Perianth-segments  .^-6,  concave,  the  3 
inner  ones  inserted  higher  up  than  the  outer.  Stamens  ,^6  ;  anthers  2-celled,  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  perianth-segments  and  attached  by  their  backs. 
Ovaries  36,  i-cclled,  sometimes  abortive;  ovules  solitary,  basal,  erect,  anatropous.  Style 
short  or  none.  Stigmas  as  many  as  the  ovaries,  plumose.  IVuit  of  3 -6  cylindraceous  ob- 
long or  obovoid  carpels,  which  are  distinct  or  connate,  coriaceous,  costate,  when  ripe  sepa- 
rating from  the  base  upward  from  a  persistent  central  axis,  their  tips  straight  or  recurved, 
dehiscing  by  a  ventral  suture.  Seeds  erect,  cylindraceous  or  ovoid-oblong,  compressed  or 
angular.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  three-pointed  fruit  of  some  species.] 

.Miout  o  species,  nativi-s  of  the  teniiH'rate  an<l  subarctic  /.ones  of  both  liennspheres.  Only  the 
following  are  known  to  <jccur  in  .North  .Vmerica: 

Carpels  3. 

I'ruil  linear  or  clavate,  tapering  to  a  subulate  base.  i.  T.  paliixli  is. 

Fruit  nearly  jrlobose.  2.  7".  xli  hihi. 

Carpels  6  ;  fruit  oblong  or  ovoid,  obtuse  at  the  base.  3.  /'.  iiidi  i/iiiia. 

*Text  contributed  bv  the  late  Ri;v.  Thomas  Morono, 


S 


^epa- 

vctl, 

:d  or 


Uk- 


ARKOW-CRASS   I'AM 

I.    Triglochin  paliistris  L.      Marsli  Arrow- 
j;rass.      (  Im.u,-.   1S4.  1 

Trii;/iu'//iii  /la/ii i/iis  I..  Sp.  I'l.  ,v;S.       i;,;. 

Rootstock  short,  oblii|iie,  with  sUiulcr  fugacious 
stolons.  I, caves  linear,  shorter  than  the  sc,'i])us,  5'- 
12'  lonj^,  taperiiij;  to  a  sharp  point  ;  ligulc  very  short  ; 
sca])es  I  or  2,  slender,  striate,  S'-2o'  high  ;  racemes 
5'-l2'  long  ;  pedicels  capillary,  in  fruit  erect-appresscd 
and  2,'."  ,Vj"  long;  perianth-segments  6,  greenish- 
yellow  ;  anthers  6.  sessile  ;  pistil  of  ,  united  carjH'ls, 
.S-celled,  ,s-ovnled  ;  stigmas  sessile;  fruit  ,i"-i>2" 
long,  linear  or  clavatc  ;  ripe  carpels  separating  from 
the  axis  and  hanging  suspended  from  its  apex,  the 
axis  ,^-winged. 

In  bciffs.  New  Knniswiok  tn  Alaska.  sciiiUi  td  New  Y(irk. 
hulianaand  .Mnntana.  .\lso  in  ICurdjje  and  Asia.  July  Sejit. 


2.    Triglochin  striata 

riljbed  Arrow 


R.    eS:   P.        Threo- 
rass.     (^Fig.  i''^5..i 


'J'riiiliicliii!  sh  iaiii  K.  N:  I'.  I'M.  Per.  3:  72.       1S112. 
rrii;l,>(hiii  li  iaiiili\i  Mielix.  \'\.  lior.  \m.  i:  2nS,      1S113. 

Rootslocks  upright  or  oblique.  Scapes  i  or  2, 
more  or  less  angular,  usually  not  over  10'  high; 
leaves  slender,  slightly  flesh}-,  nearly  or  quite  as 
long  as  the  scapes,  %"'\"  wide;  flowers  very 
small,  light  yellow  or  greenish,  in  spicate  racemes; 
pedicels  ]i"-^"  long,  not  elongating  in  fruit ;  per- 
ianth-segments ,^,  stamens  y,  anthers  oval,  large; 
pistil  of  3  united  carpels;  fruit  sub-globose  or  some- 
what obovoid,  about  i"  in  diameter,  appearing  3- 
winged  when  dry  by  the  contracting  of  the  car- 
pels; carpels  coriaceous,  rouiuled  and  vribbed  on 
the  back;  axis  broa<llv  3-winged. 

In  saline  inarslus.  Maryl.ind  tn  I'inrida  and  Louisi- 
ana.    .\lsi)  in  tn)i)ieal  .Vuieriea.     June-  Sept. 


3.     Triglochin    maritima    L.      Seaside 


An 


ow 


-grass,      i  JMg.  186.) 


'I'l  ii^lihliiii  niiuiliiiia  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  339.       i^.S,?. 
'I'riiilihliin  eUttn  Null.  den.  i:  j;,';.       iSiS. 
'rriiilitihiii  mill  itiiiui  var.  liiila  .\.  dray.  .Man.  ICd. 
2,  .(37.      18,52.     In  j)art. 

Rootstock  without  stolons,  often  subligiicous, 

the   caudex   thick,    mostly   coverctl    with    the 

sheaths   of    old    leaves.     Scape    stout,     nearly 

terete,  6'-2'^  liigh;  leaves  half  cylindric,  usually 

about   i"  wide;  raceme  elongated,  often  16'  or 

more  long;   pedicels  decurreiit,  i"-i '.. "  long, 

slightly  longer  'ii  fruit ;  perianth  segiiients   6, 

each  subtending  a  large  sessile  anther;  pistil  of 

6  united  carpels  ;  fruit  oblong  or  ovoid,  2'. ''-3" 

long,  I  '.'"-2"  thick,  obtuse  at  the  base,  with  6 

recurved    points    at    the    suinmit ;    carpels    3- 

angled,  flat  or  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  or 

the  dorsal  edges  curving  upward  and  winged, 

separating  at  maturity  from  the  hexagonal  axis. 

In  salt  marshes,  alunt;  the  Allantie  seidinanl  I'nim  I.abr.idor  tn  Ni  \v  J 
marshes  aemss  llie  eimliiieiit  to  .\laska  and  Calil'ornia.     .Mso  in  luirope 


•rsey, 
and 


anil  ill  I're 
Asia.    July 


;li  or  ■valine 
.Sejil. 


1 


84 


SCIIEUCHZICRIACI'AR. 


2.    SCHEUCHZERIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  33S.       1753. 

Rush-like  boj^  perennials  with  creeping  rootstocks,  ami  erect  leafy  steins,  the  leaves 
elongated,  half-rounded  below  and  flat  above,  striate,  furnished  with  a  pore  at  the  apex  and 
a  membranous  ligulate  sheath  at  the  base.  Flowers  small,  racemose.  Perianth  6-partcd, 
regularly  2-serial,  persistent.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  liase  of  the  perianth-segments; 
filaments  elongated;  anthers  linear,  basifixed,  extrorse.  Ovaries  3  or  rarc'y  4-6,  distinct  or 
connate  at  the  base,  i-cellcd,  each  cell  with  i  or  2  collateral  ovules.  Stigmas  sessile,  papil- 
lose or  slightly  fimbriate.  Carpels  divergent,  inllateil,  coriaceous,  •-2-see(le(l,  follicle-like, 
laterally  dehiscent.  .Seeds  straight  or  slightly  cur-ed,  without  endosperm.  [Name  in  honor 
of  Joliann  Jacob  Schcuch/er,  1672-173;,,  Swiss  scientist.] 

A  niondtypic  ri  ini-  (if  tlic  north  teiiii)i-ratc  ztmc. 

I.    Scheuchzeria  palustris  L. 

Scheiicli/.cria.      (Fij.^.  1S7. ) 

Silinic!iir<iij  paliishis  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  ,^,^S.      175,1. 

Leaves  4'-i6'  long,  the  uppermost  rci'.ccd  to 
bracts  ;  stems  solitary  or  several,  usually  clothed 
at  the  base  with  the  remains  of  old  leaves,  4'-io' 
tall ;  sheaths  of  the  basal  leaves  often  4'  long  with 
a  ligulc  I,'  long;  pedicels  3"-i()"  long,  spreading 
in  fruit;  llowers  white,  few,  in  a  lax  raceme;  per- 
ianth-segments membranous,  i-nerved,  ij^"  long, 
the  inner  ones  the  narrower;  follicles  2"-4'^  long, 
slightly  if  at  all  united  at  the  base  ;  seeds  oval, 
brown,  2 '2  "-3"  long  with  a  vcrv  hard  coat. 

In  biifrs.  I.iibiadiir  to  IIudsDU  ]!riy  and  Hritish  Co- 
lunibia,  wiutli  to  Xi  w  Jirsey,  IViuisylvani.i,  Wisconsin 
and  California.     .Mso  in  lUiropc  and  .-\sia.     .Sununcr. 


Family  5.  ALISMACEAE  DC.  Fl.  Franc.  3:  181.  1805. 
W.vTicR-l'r.A NT.\ i.v  I'.v M I r. V. 
Aqttatic  or  marsh  lierhs,  mostly  glabrous,  with  filjroiis  roots,  .scapose  stems 
and  basal  loiig-petioU'd  sheathing  leaves.  Inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate. 
Flowers  regnlar,  perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  pcdicelled,  the  ])edicels  ver- 
ticillate  aiul  subtended  !)y  l)racts.  Rece])tacle  flat  or  convex.  Sepals  3,  per- 
sistent. Petals  3,  larger,  deciduous,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  6  or 
more  ;  anthers  2-celled,  e.xtrorse  or  dehi.scing  by  lateral  .slits.  (~)varies  numerotis 
or  rarely  few,  i-ce!led,  usually  with  a  .single  ovtde  in  each  cell.  Carpels  be- 
coming achenes  in  fruit  in  our  species.  vSeeds  uncinate-curved.  Fmbryo  horse- 
shoe shaped.  F^ndosperm  none.  I,atex-tubes  are  found  in  all  the  .species, 
according  to  Micheli. 

.\bout  13  jTcncra  and  65  species,  of  wide  "distribution  in  frcsli  water  : 
Car|)els  in  a  ritiR  upon  a  small,  flat  receptacle. 
Carjjels  crowded  in  ni.iny  series  upon  a  larne  convex  receptacle. 
I'lowers  perfect,  slaniinate  or  polygamous. 
I'edicels  not  recurved  ;  calyx  S])reading'. 
I'edieels  recurved  in  fruit  ;  calyx  appresseil  to  tlie  carpels. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 


iwanips  and  streams, 
I.   .  \lisiiiii. 


/■'i  liiihhionis. 
Si7,l;  ///(Ilia. 


I.  ALISMA  L.  Sp.  PI.  342.  175;,. 
Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs  with  erect  or  lloating  leaves,  the  blades  several-ribbed, 
the  ribs  coiuiected  by  transverse  veinlcts,  or  seemingly  pinnately  veined.  Scapes  short  or 
elongated.  Inflorescence  paniculate  or  uiid)ellatp-panicnlate.  Flowers  siiuill,  numerous  on 
unequal  3-l)racteolate  pedicels,  the  petals  white  or  rose-tinted.  Stamens  6  or  9,  subperigy- 
nous.  Ovaries  few  or  many,  borne  in  one  or  several  whorls  on  a  small  flat  receptacle,  ripen- 
ing into  flattened  achenes  which  are  2-3-ribbcd  on  the  curved  back  and  1-2-ribbed  on  the  sides. 
[(Vreek,  said  to  be  in  reference  to  the  occurrence  of  the  typical  species  in  saline  situations.] 

.Vbout  10  si)ecies,  wide.  ,■  distributed  in  ten\perate  and  tropical  regions.     Only  the  following  are 
known  to  occur  in  North  ,\ineric.i. 


Stamens  (),  stroiiKly  compressed;  flowers  panicled. 
Stamens  9,  turKid;  flowers  umbellcd. 


..■I ,  r/iiii/i7<;o.ai/i/af/ca. 
.1.  loirlliiiii. 


WATER-PLANT  A  IN   I'A  M 1 1 A 


I. 


1 


Alisma    Plantago-aquatica     I^. 

Water  Plantain.      (  V'v^.  iSS.  ) 

Alisimi  Plaiilns^o-ai/iia/icd  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  3(2.      i^Sv 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  at  the  apex,  cordate, 
rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  blades 
3-10-ribbcd,  or  when  floating  somctiincs 
lanceolate  or  even  linear;  petioles  I'-io' 
long;  scapes  occasionally  2  from  the  same 
root,  usually  solitary,  '2°-,i°  high  ;  inllorcs- 
cence  a  large  loose  panicle,  6'-!^'  long; 
pedicels  verticillate  in  ,i's-io's,  subtended  by 
3  striate  acuminate  bracts  ;  petals  ',"-1" 
long  ;  stylcsdeciduous,  the  base  remaining  as 
a  small  point  or  short  beak  on  tlie  inner 
curve  of  the  achcne  ;  stigma  small,  terminal; 
achenes  obliquely  obovate,  nearly  I'Mong, 
arranged  in  a  circle,  forming  an  obtusely 
triangular  truncate  head. 

Ill  shallow  w.-itcr  or  iiiiid  IhidiiRliciit  Xoitli 
Aiiicrica.    .\lso  in  ICiiropt- and  Asia.    June  Sept. 


2.    Alisma  tenellum   Mart.      Dwarf  Water  Plantain.      (  Ki' 


.   iSy.  ) 

K.  &  S.  .Sysl.  7: 


.l/isiiiii  Itiiiilinii  .Man.; 

1<«KI.        i.S.V'.  .    ^ 

I'.t/iiiiinfiiiiis  ficiryiihis    ICiiRelm.    in    .\. 

Cray,  Man.  V,A.  2,  .\t,X.      1S56. 
lulihiodoiiii    1,11, /Ill's    lUtcheiiau,    .\bli. 

\at.  Cifsell.  liivineii,  2:  i,><.       iSdy. 

Plant  delicate,  stoloniferous,  i'-5' 
high.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  the  blades  acute  at  both 
ends,  4"-i.s"  long,  i "-;,"  wide; 
petioles  longer  or  shorter  than  the 
blades,  narrowly  dilated  at  the  base; 
scapes  solitary,  often  surpassing  the 
leaves,  commonly  reclined;  umbel 
2-S-flowercd  ;  pedicels  very  unecjual, 
often  recurved  in  fruit ;  bracts  lanceo- 
late, more  or  less  connate  at  the  base; 
flowers  white  ;  stamens  9  ;  style  much 
shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  ovaries  nu- 
merous ;  achenes  iu  several  whorls, 
coriaceous,  turgid,  obovate,  not  'i" 
long,  enclosed  by  the  erect  ])ersistent 
sepals,  the  beak  .short,  .sharp. 

Ill  11111(1.  Miissachnsitts  to  wesUrii  On- 
tario and  .■\Iiiiiusola,  south  to  IHorida, 
Missouri  aiKl  Texas.     .\pril-.\iiK. 

2.    E.HINODORUS  Ricli.;  I'liKelni.  in  A.  (iray,  Man.  4<k,.      i.S4,S. 

Perennial  or  iiinual  herbs  with  long-petioled,  elliptic,  ovate  or  lanceolate  often  cordate 
or  sagittate  Ic.ves,  3-9-ribbed  and  mostly  punctate  with  dots  or  lines.  Scapes  often  longer 
than  the  leaves  ;  inflorescence  racemose  or  jianiculate,  the  flowers  verticillate,  each  verticil 
with  3  outer  liracts  and  numerous  inner  bracteoles  ;  flowers  perfect  ;  sepals  -,,  distinct,  per- 
sistent ;  petals  white,  deciduous  ;  receptacle  large,  convex  or  globose  ;  stamens  12  v> ;  ovaries 
numerous;  style  obliquely  apical,  persistent;  stigma  simple;  fruit  achenes,  more  or  less 
compressed,  coriaceous,  ribbed  and  beaked,  forming  spinose  heads.  [Creek,  in  allusion  to 
the  spinose  heads  of  fruit.] 

About  1 1  species,  mostly  natives  of  Aiiicrioa.    Only  llie  followiiin  are  known  in  Xorth  \incrica 
vScapes  rccliniiitr<.r  prostrate:  style  shorter  than  the  ovary;  beak  ot  aclieiie  short,    i.   /•;   nuiiinns 
hcapes  erect ;  style  longer  th.ui  the  ovary;  beak  of  aeliene  loiiR.  2    /•'   ,o><ii/o/i'iis 


86 


ALISMACEAi;. 


I.  Echinodorus  radicans  i  Xuii..  )  lvnj;clni 

Similliii  ill  idilidtiis  .Null.  'rr;nis.  Am.  I'liil.  S<io. 

I  II.  )  5:   i.su.       iS.VV.i7- 
lu  liiiiihlni  IIS    iiii/i'iiiiis    ICnuilui.    ill    .\.    Ciinv, 

Mail.  I'M.  J.  i.^S.      is^f,, 

I.eavL'S  coiiise,  ovate,  obtuse,  cordate,  2'- 
S' loiifj,  I '2' -7 '2' wide,  marked  with  short 
peUiicid  Hues,  the  nerves  5-9,  eonnectcd  by 
netted  cross-veins.  I'ctioles  soinetitnes  20' 
long ;  scapes  creeping,  2°-4°  long,  slightly 
scabrous,  often  rooting  at  the  nodes  ;  verti- 
cils distant ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acuin- 
inate,  dilated  at  the  base  ;  pedicels  3-12,  un- 
equal, I  '-2  '.. '  long,  slender  or  filiform;  sepals 
persistent,  much  shorter  than  the  heads  ; 
petals  larger,  obovate,  about  3"  long;  sta- 
mens about  30;  style  shorter  than  the  ovary  ; 
acliencs  numerous,  about  2"  long,  6-10- 
ribbcd,  witli  2  several  oval  glands  on  each 
side  and  beaks  about  one  fourth  their  length  ; 
fruiting  heads  4"  in  diameter. 

In  swamps,  Illinois  to  Xiirth  Carolina  and 
I'Morida,  wtsl  Id  Missoiu  i  and  Texas.    June  July. 


Creeping  lUir-licad.     (  I'ig.  lyo. ) 


2.    Echinodorus  cordifolius   ( L.  )  (Vriseb 


Uprioht  Bur-head.     (  Kig.  uji.) 

.Mlsiiia  iitrtti/oliii  I..  Sp.  I'l.  ,?|,',.       i7,S.v- 

/u  liiiiotltinis    rush  II I  Hi    ICuk^Imi.    in    .\.    Crav, 

.Man.  ICil.  2,  .S.V'^.      i~<,S'). 
I'.iliiiiiHiiiiiis    iiiiiti/'iiliiis    Ciristl).    .Vbli.    Kon. 

('.(.■sell.  Wiss.  iKitl.  7:  2,57.      1.S57. 

Leaves  variable  in  form,  often  broadly 
ovate,  obtuse,  cordate  at  the  base,  6'-S'  long 
and  wide,  but  in  smaller  plants  sometimes 
nearly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  and  but 
I '-2' long;  ]ietioles  angular,  striate,  I'-io' 
high;  scapes  i  or  more,  erect,  5'-i6'  tall; 
flowers  3-()  in  the  verticils  ;  pedicels  Ji'-'A' 
long,  erect  after  flowering ;  bracts  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  dilated  at  the  base; 
sepals  shorter  than  tlic  heads;  petals  2"-t," 
long  ;  stamens  often  12;  styles  longer  than 
the  ovary  ;  fruiting  heads  very  bur-like,  2"- 
3"  in  diameter;  achenes  about  1/2"  long, 
narrowly  obovate  or  falcate,  fJ-S-ribbed;  beak 
apical,  oblique,  about  one-half  the  length  of 
the  aclienc. 

In  swamps  and  (litclus.  Illiniiis  to  I'lcirida, 
wist  In  Missouri  and  Texas.  .Vlso  in  tropical 
.Xnurica.     Jnnt-  July. 


3.    LOPHOTOCARPUS  T.  Diiraiul,  Iiid.  Gen.  riian.  (127.       1888. 
[Lopnioc.\Krus  Miquel,  I'l.  Arch.  lud.  i;  I'art  2,  50.     1S70.     Not  Turcz.     1343.] 

Perennial,  hog  or  aquatic  herbs  with  basal  long-petioled  sagittate  or  cordate  leaves, 
simple  erect  scapes  bearing  flowers  in  several  verticils  of  2-3  at  the  summit,  the  lower  per- 
fect, the  upper  staminate.  Sepals  3,  distinct,  persistent,  erect  after  flowering  and  enclosing 
or  enwrapping  the  fruit.  Petals  white,  deciduous.  Receptacle  strongly  convex.  Stamens 
9-15,  hypogynous,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  receptaulc.  Filaments  flattened.  Pistils 
numerous  ;  ovule  solitary,  erect,  auatropous  ;  style  elongated,  oblique,  persistent.  Achenes 
winged  or  crested.     Knibryo  horseshoe-shaped.     [Greek,  signifying  crested  fruit.] 

About  3  species,  the  folliiwiiiK:  of  eastern  North  .\imrica.  the  ipHkis  of  troi)ical  .America. 


J 


WATI'R  PLANTAIN    I'AMILV. 


87 


I.    Lophotocarpus    calycinus    (  I';ii.i,a.liii.  )    J.    V,.    vSniitli.       Lophotocarpus. 


Silt; illii rill    ciilvihht 

Siiiv.  212.       IS.S'). 
J.ii/^liiiiiarf>iis  iii/\'i  i/iitf 

3;')i.       iSSi. 
I-iil>liiiliHiiifiHs  cahciniis  J.  ( 

25.      I'^ijt. 


ICiijfihn.;   Tiirr.    linl.    Mix,    lidiiiid. 

Mii'luli    ill    DC.    Mniiiiir,   I'liati. 

Sniitli,  Mini.  Ti)ir.  C'Ui1),  5: 


/.1,V 


Annual,  leaves  lloatiiiij  or  asccmliiig,  entire,  has- 
tate or  sagittate,  the  basal  lol)es  spreading,  ovate, 
acnte  or  acnniinatc,  the  apex  acnte  or  obtuse,  tlie 
bl.idc  varying  from  I'-S'  long,  sometimes  12'  wide  at 
the  base.  Scape  simple,  weak  and  at  length  decum- 
lient,  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves;  verticils  of 
flowers  1-5;  bracts  membranous,  orbicular  or  ovate 
and  obtuse,  or  those  of  staminate  flowers  lanceolate 
and  acute;  fertile  pedicels  very  thick,  recurved  in 
fruit,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  slender  sterile 
ones;  petals  3"~.("  long  ;  stamens  hypogynous  ;  fila- 
ments flattened,  papillose,  about  as  long  as  the  an- 
thers ;  achcne  obovate,  \"  long,  narrowly  winged  on 
the  margins,  tipped  with  a  short  horizontal  triangular 
beak. 

Ill  swain))S,  Nt'W  liniiiswick  to  ViiKinia  and  Louisiana, 
across  tile  eoiitiiuiit  to  California,  lluis  occurriiii;  luarlv 
tlirouKliout  the  fiiilc<l  Slates,  iMiliauc  woiKkrl'ully  vari- 
able ill  form.     July-.Sept. 

4.  SAGITTARIA  I,.  Sp.  PL  993. 
Perennial  aquatic  or  bog  herbs,  mostly  with  tuber-bearing  or  nodose  rootstocks,  fibrous 
roots,  bisal  long  petioled  nerved  leaves,  the  nerves  connected  by  numerous  vcinlets, 
and  erect,  decumbent  or  floating  scapes,  or  the  leaves  reduced  to  bladeless  phyllodia 
(figs.  197,  20;,).  I'lowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  borne  near  the  summits  of  the  scapes 
in  verticils  of  ^'s,  pcdicelled,  the  staminate  usuallv  uppermost.  Verticils  3-bracted 
Calyx  of  3  persistent  sepals,  those  of  the  pistillate  flowers  reflexed  or  spreading  iu  our 
species.  Petals  3,  white,  deciduous.  Stamens  usually  numerous,  inserted  on  the  convex 
receptacle;  anthers  2-ceIled,  dehiscent  by  lateral  slits;  staminate  flowers  sometimes  with 
imperfect  ovaries.  Pistillate  flowers  with  numerous  distinct  ovaries,  sometimes  with  imper- 
fect stamens  ;  ovule  solitary  ;  stigmas  small,  persistent.  Achenes  numerous,  densely  aggre- 
gated in  globose  or  subglobose  heads,  compressed.  Seed  erect,  curved  ;  embryo  horseshoe- 
shaped.     [Latin,  referring  to  the  arrow-shaped  leaves  of  some  species.] 

About  2S  species,  natives  of  tciup;r,itc  and  tidi)ica1   legions,     liesides  the  folh 
others  occur  111  the  southern  and  wisteni  parts  of  Xorlli  .\iiicrica. 

Fertile  pedicels  slender.  asceiidiiiM-,  not  reflexed  in  fruit. 

Leaf -blades  sagittate, 

Jiasal  lobes  one  fourth  to  one  half  the  lenjith  of  the  blade. 

Heak  of  the  aehene  more  th;iii  one-fourth  its  leiiffth, 

lieak  of  the  acheue  erect, 

I'ruitiuK  iiediccls  shorter  than  llie  bnicts  ;  leaves  broad, 

I'ruitiiis,'  pedicels  loiii,n-r  than  the  bracts  ;  leaves  narrow 

]!cak  of  the  aehene  horizontal  orohliciue 

lieak  of  the  aehene  less  than  oiU'  fointli  its  length, 

I'etioles  rather  short,  curviujf  :  bracts  loiiK  ;  bo^  species, 

IVtioles  elongated  ;  bracts  short  ;  aquatic  sjiecies, 

liasal  lobes  two-thirds  to  threc-foniths  the  length  of  the  blad-- 

Leaves  entire,  or  rarely  hastate  or  cordate. 

Kilainents  sleniler,  taperiiiir  upward  ;  leaves  seciniiidlv  pinnatelv  veined 

I'ilainents  (flabrous  :  bracts  connate, 

I'ilanicnls  cobwebby  pubescent :   bracts  iiiostlv  distinct 

I'ilainents  abrn|)lly  dilated,  pubescent :  veins  distinct  to  the  base  of  the  blade 

l''ruitiiitf  heads  sessile  or  very  nearlv  so,  ;,    ,v   ;/.>/(/,/ 

liotli  staminate  ami  pistillate' llowers  pcdicelled,  '  '"' 

Leaves  reduced  to  terete  nodose  phyllodia.  rarely  blade  beariii(f, 

-  •-,,,,        1".  •*^.  lot's. 

Leaves  ritrid,  blades  elliptic  linear. 

Leaves  not  ri^id  ;  blades  lanceolate  or  lincar-oblonif 

i'ertile  pedicels  stout,  reflexed  in  fruit  ;  filainents  dilated, 

I'ilamenls  pubescent  ;  leaf-blades  ovate  or  ovale  elliptic, 

I'ilanients  glabrous  ;  leaves  linear  lanceolate  or  rc<luced  to  phyllcxlia. 


iwinu,  some  10 


1,  .S",  hDiffiroslra. 

2,  .V,  JCii,i;il Dili II Ilia. 

3,  .V,  lalifiilia. 


.).  .v.  a  I- if  alia. 
,s.  S.  iiiiieala. 
f>.  .V,  loiiifilohj. 


7.  .S".  a  in  bi fill  a. 
X.  S.  Itiiiiifolia. 


1 1.  S.  ciisliita. 

12,  .S",  ifiiiniiiiea. 


i.'v  S.  phtly/ilnlla. 
14.  S.  i  1(1)  II I  a  la. 


88 


ALISMACIvAE. 


I.    Sagittaria  longirostra  (Michcli)  J.  O.  vSmitli. 


Iy()ii};-l)c;ikccl  Arrow-heatU 

..(iMR.    193.) 

Saiii/tiiriii  siii;i//iii;/ii/iii  var.  /oni^iin'i/ia  Mi- 
i-luli  in  DC.  Moling.  I'luin.  3  :  (»).       i^Si. 

Sii  1:1 //ill  ill  /iiiil;ii  ii.i/iii,j.  {'..  Smitli,  Mfiii.  Turr. 
Club,  5:26,      iS(||. 

Monoecious,  j;l'i'>i'oiis,  scapes  erect,  rather 
stout,  I  ^'2°-,^°  tall.  Leaves  broad,  sagittate, 
4'- 1 2'  loui;,  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  the 
basal  lobes  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  blade  ; 
scape  usually  longer  than  the  leaves,  6- 
angled  below  ;  bracts  triangular-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  7"-i5"  long,  longer  than  the 
fertile  pedicels;  petals  S"-i4"  long;  fila- 
ments glabrous  ;  styles  curved,  twice  as  long 
as  the  ovaries;  achene  obovate,  about  2" 
long,  winged  on  both  margins,  the  ventral 
margin  entire  or  undulate,  the  dorsal  eroded, 
its  sides  with  a  short  crest,  its  beak  stout, 
erect  or  somewhat  recurved. 

Ill  s\viiiiii)s  and  almip;  ixmds.  Xiw  Jersey  aiuV 
Pennsylvania  tn  Alabama.    July.Sipt. 


2.    Sagittaria    Engelmanniana   J.    G.    Smitli. 
IviiRcliiKitni's  Arrow-head.      ( I'ig.  194.) 

S(it;il/aiiii  X'iin\il)ilis  var.  (?)  sniiilis  S.  Wats,  in  .\.  (iray, 

Man.  ICd.  (>,  555.       iSSq.     Not  IvnKcltn. 
Sai;i//aii(!  luifiiiiiiniiiiiniin  J.  C.  Smith,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 

2,i.      iSa). 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  scape  erect  or  ascending,  slen- 
der, ,S'-2C)'  high.     I,eaves  narrow,   i}4'-8'  long,    i''-^" 
wide,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  the  basal  lobes  nar- 
rowly  linear,  acuminate,  one-third  to  one-half  the  length  |  /^J 
of  the  blade;  scape  striate,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves; 
bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  slender  fertile 
pedicels,  4"-6"  long;  flowers  7"-i2"  broad;  filaments 
glabrous  ;  style  about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovaries ;  achene     /i 
obovate,  2"  long,  winged  on  both  margins  and  with  \-}^y 
lateral   wing-like   crests  on  each  face,  the   beak  short, 
stout,  erect,  about  Yz"  long. 

In   shallow   water,    Jtassacliusilts   to    Di'laware,    near   llu 
coast,  ])r(il).il)ly  extending  further  south.     \\.\%.  ,St])l. 

3.    Sagittaria  latifolia  WilUl.     Broad-leaved  Arrow-head.      <  I'ig.  195  ) 

Siii^i/Zaiiii  lii/i/'oliii  Wind.  .S]).  PI.  4  :  41KJ.       i,S(i6. 
SatiiZ/ciiia  rtii  iii/ii/is  I'jiKelni.  in  .\,  Cray,  Man.  461.      i8.(S. 

Monoecious  or  sometimes  dioecious,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  scape  stout  or  slender,  4'-4°  tall,  simple  or  branched. 
Leaves  exceeding  variable  in  form  and  size,  sometimes 
linear-lanceolate  and  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sometimes 
wider  than  long  and  obtuse  ;  basal  lobes  from  ,'4  to  'i  'is 
long  as  the  blade  ;  bracts  acute,  acuminate  or  obtuse,  the 
upper  ones  sometimes  united;  flowers  \'-i]i'  wide; 
filaments  slender,  glabrous;  achene  i"-2"  long,  broadly 
winged  on  both  margins,  its  sides  even  or  i -ribbed,  the 
beak  about  one-third  its  length,  horizontal  or  nearly  so. 

In  shallow  water,  throughout  North  .\nierica,  except  the 
extreme  north,  extendiuK  to  Mexico.     Variable.     July  Sept. 

Sagittaria  latifoha  pubescens  (Muhl.)J.  C.  .Smith,  Mem.  I'orr. 

Club,  5;  26.      i,S94. 
S<ii;i//iiiici  fiiilii'Sifiis  Mulil.  Cat.  S6.      iSi  v 

Whole  j)lant  pubescent,  varying  from  merely  puberulent  to- 
densely  hirsute.     ( )ntario  to  New  Jersey,  I-'loritla  and  Alabama, 


■; 


1 


WATHR  PLANTAIN   1AM 


4.    Sagittaria  arifolia  Xiitt.     Anini-lcavet 

I'lirsli,  I'l,  Am.  Sept. 


Sii,Qi//aiia  .u)i;i//,i,-/<i/ici  var.  iiiiii 

.\9S-       1814? 
Sa^n/f^na  ,,n/,,//u  XuU.;  j,  c    sniilli.  Ann,   K.i.    M,, 

Dot.  (.ard.  6:32.     />/.  /,       iStj).  ' 

Glalirous  or  nearly  so,  terrestrial  or  partially  sub- 
merged, scape  weak,  ascending,  S'~2n'  lonj,r.  i.caves 
sagittate,  broad,  acnte  attheai)ex,  about  as  long  as  the 
scape,  their  margins  slightly  curved,  their  basal  lobes 
acute  or  acuminate,  one-fourth  to  one-third  the  length 
of  the  blade;  petioles  usually  curving  outwardly; 
bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  usually  equalling  or  longer 
than  the  fertile  pedicels,  often  reflexcd ;  filaments 
glabrous;  petals  y^s"  long;  achene  cuneate-obovate, 
about  I"  long,  winged  on  both  margins,  the  sides 
smooth,  the  beak  short,  erect. 

guebcc  to  Jlinnisota  and   liritish   Coluiubia.  snulli   to 
MichiKan.  woslcrn    Kansas.   Now  Akxioo  an.l  Caliloniia. 
Rcseiiil)hnK:  in   fobaRf  llir   luiioptan  .V  x„i;,//,„-/a/,„  I 
out  dislinguisliod  from  that  spciiis  by  iis  aclunis. 


5.    Sagittaria  cuneata  Shddoii.     Floatiiicr  Arrow-head.     (Fig.  197.) 

.Sirai/nir/,,  ,i/i„;i/,7  SliiUIon.  liull,  Torr,  Chib   20-  28^ 


Aquatic,  submerged,  rooting  in  sand,  .scape  very 
slender,  simple,  terete,  i°-2°  long,  bearing  the 
flowers  at  the  surface  of  the  water.  Leaves  long- 
petioled,  the  blade  floating,  sagittate,  linear-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  2'-^'  long,  the  basal  lobes  acumin- 
ate, about  one- fourth  its  length  ;  phyllodia  of  two 
kinds,  one  petiole-like  and  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
the  other  lanceolate,  and  clustered  at  the  base  of 
the  plant;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  2"-3" 
long,  much  shorter  than  the  slender  fertile  pedi- 
cels ;  flowers  6"-8"  broad  ;  achene  only  Vj"  long, 
obovate-cuncate,  its  beak  very  short,  erect. 


Ill    sliallou-   water,    MiniKsula    to 
liritisli  Cnluiiibia.     Aun.   Si  pi. 


Wasliiiiirton  and 


6.    Sagittaria  longiloba  Ivngeliii.      I.oiig- 

lolxxl  Arrow-liL-ad.      (Fig.   198.) 

Saiii//,iiui    longiloba    ICiigebii.    in    Torr.    Hot     -\Kx- 
Jiound,  vSurv.  212.      1859. 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  scape  slender,  simple  or 
rarely  branched,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  long-pctioled, 
the  apex  acute,  the  basal  lobes  linear-lanceolatej 
acuminate,  about  three-fourths  the  length  of  the 
blade ;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  ,V'-4"  long, 
much  shorter  than  the  very  slender  fertile  pedicels 
which  are  longer  than  the  sterile  ones  ;  stamens 
numerous,  the  filaments  longer  than  the  anthers ; 
achene  about  i"  long,  quadrate-obovate,  somewhat 
broader  above  than  below,  winged  on  both  mar- 
gins, its  beak  exceedingly  short. 

In  shallow  water,  Nebraska  to  Colorado,  south  to 
lexasand  Jlexico. 


•I 


T 


90 


AMSMAClvAK. 

7.     Sagittaria    ambigua    J.     (i.    Smith. 
Kiinsas  Sa^iltaria.     (  Fij,^.  199.) 

SiiKi'lI'Dia  iiiiihixiKi  J.   ('..  Sniilli.  Ann.  Kcp,  Md.  Hot. 
Ciiird.  6  :    |S.  f,/.  ,-        \Xi,\. 

Monoecious,  j^'lahrous,  scape  erect  or  ascciidiiiK, 
simple  or  spariiiiily  l)ranclie(l,  1"  2'  liigli.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  entire,  lonv'-pctioled,  acute  or  acumin- 
ate at  both  ends,  seeinin>,'ly  pinnaiely  veined,  really 
5~7-ncrved,  s'-S'  lonj;,  C(|ualling  or  shorter  than 
the  .sca])e ;  hracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  ,t"-8" 
lonf,^  much  shorter  than  the  slender  frnitinjr  pedi- 
cels, connate  at  the  base,  papillose;  stamens  20- 
25;  filaments  glabrous,  longer  than  the  anthers; 
acliene  about  i  "  lc)ng,  oblong,  curved,  narrowly 
winged  on  both  margin.';,  its  sides  smooth  and  even, 
its  beak  short,  obli(iue. 

Ill  iiimds,  Kansas  and  tile  Iiulian  Terrilijiy. 


8.    Sagittaria  lancifolia  I,.     I/mco-lL'avt.'d  Saj^ittaria. 


Sii,i;i//(i)  III  liuicifolia  I,.  Aiiioen.  .Vcail.  5:  |. k|.       17(111, 
Sui;ill(iriii  /,il,:ii/ii    I'ursli,   I''l.   Am.  Sept.     ^117.       i.si). 
.Sin^-i/Ziiriii  /,iiiii/',}/i,i  t\iU(ila  J.  ('..  Siiiilli,  jleiii.  Torr. 
Club,  5  :  25.       1S94. 

iNIonoecious,  glabrous,  scape  rigid,  erect,  stnut 
or  rather  slender,  striate,  branched  or  simple, 
longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolale,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
firm,  entire,  the  blades  5-9-nerved,  S'-i 'j°  long, 
gradually  narrowed  into  the  long  petioles,  apjjar- 
ently  pinnately  veined;  (lowers  numerous,  5"-i.j" 
broad;  bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  not 
united  at  the  base,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  etiualling 
or  shorter  than  the  fruiting  jicdicels ;  stamens 
numerous;  filaments  cobwebby-pubescent,  e(|ual- 
ling  or  longer  than  the  anthers  ;  aclieiie  narrowly 
obovate-cuneate,  \"-\]',"  long,  winged  on  both 
margins,  its  sides  smooth,  its  beak  tapering,  oblique. 

In  swamps  ami  shallow  water,  Dilaw.ire,  to  I'lorida 
and  Texas,  iu;ir  tlie  coast.     Widely  distriliiited  in  trup 
ical  .Vnierica. 

9.    Sagittaria  rigida  Piir.sh.     Sessile-frtiitin>r  Arrow-head.      (Fig.  201.) 

Siitiilliiria  ritiiiin  I'ursli,  I'M.  .\in.  .Sept.  ,^17.      IM-). 
.Sii!;i//<iii(>  hi'lcrohhyllii  riirsli,  I'l.  .Viii.  .Sept.  V)f).     1S14,    Xot 
.Schreb,   iSii. 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  scape  simple,  weak,  curving, 
ascending  or  decumbent,  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Leaves 
very  variable,  linear,  lanceolate,  elliptic  or  broadly  ovate, 
acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  entire  or  with  I  or  2  short  or 
slender  basal  lobes;  bracts  ovate,  obtuse,  i"-\"  long, 
united  at  the  base  or  sometimes  distinct ;  heads  of  fruit 
sessile  or  very  nearly  so ;  pedicels  of  the  sterile  flowers 
>2'-i'  long;  filaments  dilated,  mostly  longer  than  the 
anthers,  pubescent;  achene  narrowly  obovate,  1,4' "-2" 
long,  winged  on  both  margins,  crested  above,  tipped  with 
a  stout  nearly  erect  beak  of  about  one-fourth  its  length. 

Ill  swamps  and  shallow  water,  (Juebec  to  Minnesota,  south  to 
New  Jersey,  Tennessee,  Missouri  and  Nebraska.  Petioles 
rigid  when  Kiowiiig  in  running  water.     July-.Sept. 


Hot. 


Not 


W.VrivR   I'LANTAIN    I'AMIIA'. 
10.    Sagittaria  teres  S.  Wats.     Slender  Sajrittari 


91 


(  I'i 


ii-  202.  ) 


S.,,^,/f,ir,:,  tnrsS.  Wills,  i,i  A.  (Way,  M.m.  i;,l.  (,.  ,,^. 


I  ■'<(/ ). 


.Monoecious,  glabrous,  soape  slonder,  erect,  simple 
ft' -IS'  loiijr,  bearing  only  i  ;,  verticils  of  llowers.  Leaves 
usually  rc.luceil  to  eloiiKalc.l  terete  nodose  phvllodia  or 
sonic  „f  them  short  and  l.racl-like,  one  or  two  ..f  tlic 
longer  ones  occasionally  bearing  a  linear  blade-  bracts 
ovate,  obtuse,  about  i>j"  lon^,  much  .shorter  than  the 
(iliforni  fruitiiiK  pedicels  which  are  louKcr  than  the  stcr- 
lie  ones;  flowers  6"-,S"  broad  ;  .stamens  about  12  their 
dilated  nlaments  pubescent,  shorter  than  the  anthers  ■ 
achene  broa.lly  obovate,  ,"  lo„^r,  the  ventral  niarKin 
wiiiKed,  the  dorsal  7 -1  l-crestcd,  the  sides  bearing  .several 
vrenate  crests,  the  beak  short,  erect. 

Ill  pciuls,  ^tas>aclulsc■tts  t,,  South  Can.liii  1.     .\uk,   .Sept. 


II.    Sagittaria  cristata  ICiijrelm 


Sua ///ti*  1,1 
.\ead.  4  : 


Cre.sted  Sagittaria.      (  Kij^.  203.  ) 

Ivu^relm.;   .\rtliiir,   I'ick-.   Daviiipdrt 


II  istaht 
.'"11.        is^-j 


Monoecious,  scape  slender,  erect,  i°-2>2°  hij,'h,  sim- 
ple, bearing  .(  or  5  verticils  of  rtowers  at  or  al)ovc  the 
surface  of  the  water.  Leaves  long-petioled,  spongy 
and  rigid,  reduced  to  slender  phvllodia  or  bearing 
linear-lanceolate  or  elliptic  blades  2'-4'  long  and 
:,"-i2"  wide  ;  bracts  acute,  2" -4"  long,  much  shortet 
than  the  slender  fertile  pedicels;  flowers  ,S"-io" 
broad;  .stamens  about  24;  filaments  dilalc.l,  pubescent, 
at  least  at  the  middle,  longer  than  the  anthers;  achene 
obli(iuely  obovate,  the  dorsal  margin  with  a  broad 
crenate  wing,  the  ventral  straight-winged,  each  side 
bearing  2  crenate  crests,  the  beak  short,  oblique. 

m  shallou-  water,  fiiwa  and  Minnesota.     I'livll.xlia  are 
c,,niMi.,Mly  .leveloped  fn.iii  the  iioUfs  of  tlie  'rootstock. 


12.    Sagittaria  graminea  .Miciix.     Orass-leaved  Sagittaria.     (Fig.  2 


ig.  204.) 


Sai^illai  ia  i^iaiuiiini  Mielix.  l.'l.  Ji,,,-.  Am. 


2  :  191 ).       iSij; 


^  Monoecious  or  dioecious,  glabrous,   scape  simple,  erect, 

4'-2°  tall.  Leaves  long-petioled,  the  blades  linear,  lanceo- 
late or  elliptic,  acute  at  both  ends,  2'  -6'  long,  %"-i,"  wide 
.^5-iierved,  the  nerves  distinct  to  the  base,  'some 'of  theni 
occasionally  reduced  to  llattened  phvllodia  ;  bracts  ovate, 
acute,  \yi"-i"  long,  much  shorter  than  the  slender  or  fili-' 
form  fruiting  pedicels,  connate  to  the  middle  or  bevond  ; 
flowers  4''-6"  broad;  stamens  about  iS  ;  filaments  dilated' 
pubescent,  longer  than  or  equalling  the  anthers ;  achene 
obovate,  ;<"-!"  long,  slightly  wing-crested  on  the  margins 
-md  nbbed  on  the  sides,  the  beak  very  short. 

i).k!,J7s!,;,Mrl'i'ui'"-T'''-'''i  M^^'f'*""''''-*"'' '"  •"""••'"  '""'1  «o«ti. 

.Iiilj   Sept.  '    '  ""'•  '"■•'"'"•     '''■"■'>■  '^"'^■^■"  "'■•^"  I'tirplish. 


92 


AMSMACEAi'. 


13.  Sagittaria  platyphylla  ( Ivngelin.  )  J.  C..  Smith. 

(Fig.  205.) 


Ovate- leaved  vSagittaria. 


Sa,i;i/laii(i  i;i(j  111  i  11  rn  var.  f>lalvt'h\'ltii  luinilni.  in  .'V. 

(■.rav,  Man.  VA.  ,s.  .(04.       1S67. 
Sot^iliaiin   f>l,il\i>li\il>i    J.  C.  .Sniilh.   Aim.   Kc]),   Mo, 

Hot.  Card.  6  ;  55.  '  />/.  .'0.      iSy|. 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  scape  erect,  siniplo,  rather 
weak,  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Leaves 
rij;i(l,  the  blades  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate- 
elliptic,  short-acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
rounded,  jjjradnally  narrowed  or  rarely  cordate  or 
hastate  at  the  base,  seemingly  pinnately  veined, 
2'-6'  long;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  acute,  connate  at 
the  ba.sc,  2"-4"  long;  flowers  S"-i4"  broad  ;  fer- 
tile pedicels  stout,  divergent  in  flower,  reflexed  in 
fruit,  ]2'~2'.'  long;  filaments  dilated,  pubescent, 
rather  longer  than  the  anthers  ;  achene  obliquely 
obovatc,  winged  on  both  margins,  the  dorsal  mar- 
gin somewhat  crested,  the  sides  with  a  sharp  wing- 
like ridge. 

fn  swamps  anil  slialluw  watir,  Sdutlicni  Missmiri  to 
Mississippi  aiul  'IVxas.  f'liyllddia,  wIrii  pivsciil. 
iibldiiK  ur  iiblaiiciolati'.     July  Supt. 

14.    Sagittaria  subulata  (  L.  )   Hiidieimti.     vSubulate  vSagittaria. 

Alisniii  si(hii!ii/a  I,.  ,Sp.  V\.  ,^4.v       ir.S.v 
Siigillu)  in  piisiilti  Nutt,  din.  2:  2i,v       iM'^. 
Stiffi/Zaria  sn/iii/ti/ii  Hiiclicnan.  .\l)li.  Nat.  \'i  r.  liivnun, 
2;49<i.      1S71. 

jMonoecioiis  or  rarelj-  dioecious,  scape  very  slen- 
der, a'-b'  high,  few-flowered,  about  equalling  the 
leaves.  Leaves  all  reduced  to  rigid  phyllodia  or 
sometimes  bearing  linear  or  linear-lanceolate 
blades,  I'-i  'j'  long;  bracts  united  to  the  apex  or 
becoming  partly  separated  ;  flowers  5"-S"  broad  ; 
fertile  pedicels  reflexed  and  much  longer  than  the 
bracts  in  fruit ;  stamens  about  S  ;  fdameuts  about 
equalling  the  anthers,  dilated,  glabrous;  acheucs 
rather  less  than  i"  long,  obovatc,  narrowly  winged, 
with  2  or  ,^  crests  on  each  side,  the  wings  and  crests 
sometimes  crenate  ;  beak  short. 

In  tide  water  mud,  sontliern  New  York  and  I'lnn 
■sylvania  to  I'lorida  ami  .\lahama.     Jiily-.Sfpt. 

Sagittaria  subulata  gracillima  (S.  Wats.  1  J.  C.  Smith.  Mini   Ton.  (Jluli,  5  :  -">.      iSoi 
Sai;i//iii  /'(.  ii.'inis  \;iv.  [})  l;  iti(i//iiiiii  S.  Wat-;,  in  .\.  Cray,  Man.  IM.  '>.  .s^').       in.|ii. 

Sul)inci(fi-il  ;  Iravis  2 '4'  loiiMT.  1)1ailLli>s  ur  bcariii^f  small  ;  lu  rviil  laiu'cnlatr  Mailo,  '  -2' 
loiiR.  .V  -4"  wide  ;  scape  simple,  iLiele  ur  compressed,  about  a^  loiiK  as  tin-  liaves  ;  llowi  rs  IV u.  .S"- 
10"  broad.     ICastern  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island.     I'lrliaps  a  distinct  siiiiiis.     f'rn.i  not  seen. 

Family  6.     VALLISNERIACEAE  Diiiiiort.  .\iial.  I-afii.  54.     i  • -9. 

T.\i'K-( "iKA.ss  Family. 

Submerged  or  floatifig  aquatic  herbs,  the  leaves  various.  I'lomrs  regular, 
mostly  di<jecious,  ajipeariug  frotn  an  involucre  or  spatlie  of  1-3  biactsor  leaves. 
Perianth  3-6-parted,  the  .segmetUs  eiliier  all  pelaloid  or  the  3  outer  ones  small 
and  herbaceous,  the  tube  adheretit  to  the  ovary  at  its  l)ase  in  ti.'o  pistillate 
flowers.  vStamens  3-12,  distinct  or  fiionadelphous.  Anthers  2-cel1ed.  Ovary 
I -celled  with  3  parietal  i)lacentae  or  6-9-celled.  Styles  3-y,  with  entire  or 
2-cleft  stigmas.  Ovules  anatrop:ius  or  orthotropous.  I'ruit  ripening  tuuler 
water,  indehiscent.     vSeeds  mnnerous,  without  efulo,si)erm. 

.\lHiut  14  Kcncra  ami  40  spiciis  of  wide  ilistribulion  in  warm  ,ind  tenipirati'  regions.     Itrsides 
the  following,  another  rcuus,  //<i/ii/>/ii/i!.  occurs  on  tlie  coast  of  I'lorida. 
Stem  branched  :  leaves  wliorRd  or  opposite.  I.   /'/li/d/iiii. 

Acauleseent  ;  stolonilVrous  ;  leaves  jjrass  like,  elontfated.  2.    Vdllisnrrin. 

Stem  .stoloniferous  ;  leaves  broad,  rounded,  cordate,  pelioled.  ,V   Limiiohiidii. 


TAPE-GRASS   I'AMIIA'. 


93 


:<>(■>.  ) 


I.    PHILOTRIA  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  2:  175.       1818. 

[Elodka  Michx.  I'l.  Bor.  Am.  i:  20.     iSo.v     Not  Elodcs  Adans.  1763.] 

[I'DORA  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  242.     1.S18.] 

Stems  submerged,  eliiogatcd,  branching,  leafy.     Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  crowded, 

i-nerved,  pellucid,  minutely  serrulate  or  entire.     Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  arising 

from  an  ovoid  or  tubular  2-cleft  spatlie.     Perianth  6-partcd,  at  least  the  3  inner  segments  peta- 

loid.    Staminatc  (lowers  with  9  stamens,  the  anthers  oblong,  erect.     Ovary  i-celled  with  3 

parietal  placentae.     .Stigmas  3,  nearly  sessile,  2-Iobed.     Fruit  oblong,  coriaceous,  few-seeded. 

[Naiiie  from  the  Greek,  referring  to  the  leaves,  which  are  often  whorled  in  threes.] 

.\bi)iU  S  spi'ciis,  inhabitants  of  frtsli  water  puuds  and  stn atus  in  tLinperalc  and  trojjical  AinLrica. 

I.    Philotria  Canadensis  (Michx.  )  Brittoii.     Water-weed.     Ditch-moss. 

Water  Tliyme.      1  Fig.  207.  ) 


iSo^. 
I  III. 

1^95 


JCIi'dfii  CiiiiiKlfiisis  .Mii'lix.  I'M.  li(ir.  Am.  i  :  'u. 
.Iiiiii/iiii  IS   Canadensis   riaiicli.   .\iin.   .Si-i.   Nat. 

7.S.       I'"**'). 
Philnlrni  Canaili-iisis  HiittDii.  .Sci(.-nct-  i  1 1.  1  2  :  5. 

Stems  4'  -3°  long,  according  to  the  depth  of  water. 

Leaves  linear  or  elliptic,  acute  or  obtuse,  serrulate  or 

entire,  verticillate  in  3's  or  4's  or  the  lower  op])osite, 

2"-7"  long,  %"-2"  wide  ;  flowers  axillary,  white,  the 

staminate  minute,  sessile,  breaking  olT  at  the  lime  of 

llowcring  and  rising  to  the  surface  where  they  shed 

their    pollen    aroimd    the    pistillate   ones ;    pistillate 

llowers  expanding  on  the  surface  of  the  water  which 

they  reach  by  means  of  the  slender  calyx-tube  which 

varies  in  length  from  2'-i",  their  spathes  5"-7"  long; 

stigmas  spreading,  papillose  or  pubescent. 

Nearly  tliriiuitlKint  Nurtli  .\tnerica,  except  the  extreme 
north.  Naturaiized  in  I-Unope.  It  has  been  maintained 
that  there  ale  four -North  .Vmerioaii  species.     May -Aiijf, 

2.  VALLISNERIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1015.  175.3. 
-•Vquatic  dioecious  submerged  i)ercnnials,  with  long  grass-like  lloating  leaves.  Stam- 
inatc flowers  with  a  2-3-parted  spathc  on  a  short  s  :ape,  numerous,  nearly  sessile  on  a  conic 
receptacle;  perianth  3-parted  ;  stamens  generally  2  (1-3).  Pistillate  flowers  on  a  very  long 
flexuous  or  spiral  scape,  with  a  tubular,  2-clcft,  i-llowered  spathc;  pcriauth-tube  .adnate  to 
the  ovary,  3-lobed  and  with  3  small  petals;  ovary  i-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae  ;  stigmas 
3,  nearly  sessile,  short,  broad,  2-toothcd  with  a  minute  process  just  below  each  sintts  ;  ovules 
numerous,  borne  all  over  the  ovarv-wall,  orthotropous.  I'ruit  elongated,  cylindric,  crowned 
with  the  perianth.     [Named  for  .Vntoiiio  Vallisneri,  1661-1730,  Italian  naturalist.] 

;\  moiuitvpie  neiuis  of  wide  distri1)utioii  both  p, 

in  the  Old  World  and  the  New.  r- ■     ■  •'A 

I.    Vallisneria    spiralis   L.      Tape- 

j^rass.      l{el-j;rass.      (  Im,!;-.  208.  ) 
I'allisiiriia  sfiii  all's  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  1013.      1753. 

Plant  rooting  in  the  mud  or  sand,  stolon- 
iferous.  Leaves  thin,  narrowly  linear,  5- 
ncrved,  obtuse,  sometimes  serrate  near  the 
apex,  '2°  -6°  long,  2"  9"  wide,  the  2  marginal 
nerves  faint;  the  staminate  bud  separates  from 
the  scape  at  the  time  of  (lowering  and  ex- 
pands upon  the  surface  of  the  water;  pistil- 
late flowers  upon  a  long  thread-like  scape, 
the  spathc  '..'-1'  long,  enclosing  a  single 
white  flower ;  ovary  as  long  as  the  sjiatlie  ; 
after  receiving  the  pollen  from  the  staminate 
(lowers  the  scape  of  the  pistillate  contracts 
spirally  ;  ripe  fruit  2' -7'  long. 

In  (piiet  waters,  New  Hniiiswiek  to  IMorida, 
west  to  Minnesota.  Iowa  and  Texas.  The  "  wihl 
cell  ly''  of  Cliesapeake  Hay,  and  ;i  favorite  food 
of  the  canvas-hack  duek,     .Any:    Sept. 


94 


VAIJ.I.SNICKIACUAI';. 


3.    LIMNOBIUM  I,.  C.  Richard,  Mem.  Inst.  Paris,  32:  66.      pi.  S.       iSii. 

.V(liiatic,  stoloiiiferous  herbs,  tlic  luavcs  fascick-d  at  the  ikkIcs,  jietioled,  broad,  cordate. 
I'lowcrs  inonot'cioiis,  white,  irisiii^  from  sessile  or  stipitatc,  2-lcaved,  iiieinl)ranous  spathcs. 
Perianth  6  parted,  the  seK'ncnls  petaloid,  tlic  ,^  outer  oblong-oval,  the  ;,  inner  oblong-linear. 
Staininatc  llowers  2-\  in  a  spallie,  longpcdnncled,  the  stamens  united  in  a  column  bearing 
6-12  anthers  at  dillerent  heights,  sometimes  producing  only  9-12  staniinodia,  the  filaments 
ti])pcd  with  abortive  anthers.  I'istillate  llowers  sessile  or  short-pednnclcd  with  3-6  vesti- 
gial .stamens;  ovary  6-9-celled  with  as  many  central  i)laccntae  ;  stigmas  as  many  as  the 
cells,  each  2-parted.     I'ruit  a  many-seeded  berry.     [  Greek  referring  to  the  a(|uatic  habitat.] 

'I'lini-  nr  rmir  spicics.  u.itivcs  nl'  .\nierica. 

I.   Limnobium  Spongia  ( liosc.  )  L.  C.  Rich- 
ard.    Frost's- bit.      (  Fij?.  2119.  ) 

Ifviii "Chillis  Sf>iiiii;ia  Huso.  .\tni.  Mus.  I'aris,  9;  ,vt''-  f'l- 

\  ill.       I  S(  1-. 
I.iiiiiiiiliiiiii  S/yiiiii;ia   [,.  C.   Riclianl,   Mcni,   Inst.   I'aris, 

32  :  6(>.  />/,  S.      iSi  I. 
JlydiiHliaris  iitrdi/nliii  Xult.  Citii.  2;  2\\.       iSiS. 
LiiiiiKicluiris  Sfii>iii;in  I,.   C.   Kichanl  ;  Steud.  Nuineiicl. 

ICd.  2,  I'art.  2,  4,s.      i8.)i. 

Blades  of  the  leaves  orbicular  or  broadly  ovate,  cor- 
date or  reniform,  faintly  5-7-nerved  and  cross-veined, 
purplish  and  .spongy  beneath,  io"-2'  broad,  on  peti- 
oles I'-io'  in  length.  Stolons  rooting  and  semling 
up  llowers  and  leaves  at  the  nodes  ;  peduncles  of  the 
stamiintte  llowers  ;^-4'  long,  those  of  the  pistillate 
llowers  stouter,  i'-2'  long,  nodding  in  fruit. 

In  shalliiw,  sta^tnant  water,  I.ake  Ontario,  to  I'lorida, 
west  to  Illiniiis,  Missouri  and  I.uuisiana.     July-.Vusf. 

Family  7.     GRAMINEAE  ,lii.s,s.  Oen.  28.      1789.* 

CiR.XSS    I'.VMII.V. 

Anmial  or  jicreniiial  herbs,  of  various  habit,  rarely  shrubs  or  trees.  Culni.s 
('stems)  j^enerally  hollow,  but  occasionally  solid,  the  nodes  closed.  Leaves 
sheathinj;-,  the  sheaths  iisiiall\-  sjilit  to  the  base  on  the  side  ()p])osite  the  blade;  a 
.scarious  or  cartilasfinoiis  rin^,  naked  or  hairy,  rarely  wantin.!.:;,  called  the  li^nle, 
is  borne  at  the  orifice  of  the  sheath.  Inflorescence  spicate,  racemose  or  panicu- 
late, consistino-  of  spikelets  composed  of  two  to  many  2-ranked  imbricated 
bracts,  called  scales  (<;Uniics),  the  two  lowest  in  the  complete  spikelet  alway.s 
einpt>\  one  or  lioth  of  these  sometimes  wanting.  One  or  more  of  the  upi)er  .scales, 
except  sometimes  the  terminal  ones,  contains  in  the  axil  a  flower,  which  is  tisnally 
enclosed  b>'  a  bract-like  awnless  ori;an  called  the  jialel,  jilaced  ojijiosite  the  scale 
and  with  its  back  toward  the  axis  (  rachilla  >  of  the  sjiikelet,  f^eiierally  2-kecled; 
sometimes  the  jialel  is  ])resen;  wilhoiil  the  flower,  and  vice  \ersa.  Mowers  per- 
fect or  .staminate,  sometimes  monoecions  or  lioecious,  subtended  by  1-3  minute 
hyaline  scales  called  the  lodicules.  Stamens  1-6,  usually  ;,.  Antliers  2-celled, 
versatile.  ()var.\' i -celled,  i-o\ided.  St>les  1-3,  conimonh- 2  and  lateral.  vStij;iiias 
hair>'  or  pliunose.     I'ruil  a  secdlike  t^rain  (  car\'opsis  t.     Juidospcrm  starchy. 

.\biiut  55i>i>  spicii"^,  widely  ilisUiliutiil  lliroiinlumt  the  world,  KruwiiiK  in  uattr  and  cm  .ill  kinds 
III'  soil,  'riiose  yieldiiiu  rciiiil  umius  are  called  iireals.  TIk-  siieciis  are  mure  iiiinRrnus  in  trupieal 
cciunlries,  while  thi'  mitnher  iil'  iii(lividui\ls  is  iiuicli  greater  in  temperate  rcKions.  ul'lui  rnniiinn  ex- 
tended areas  of  turl'.     Tlie  time  nf  year  iiuUd  is  that  ni'  ripening  seed. 

KEY  TO  THE  TRIBES  AND  GENERA. 

A.  Spikelets  1  iir  2  llnwered,  when  2  llnwereil  tin-  upper  fertiU-,  Inwer 
enlated  lieluw  the  seales  or  tlu'  snbUiuliuK  invnliure,  and  lint  e.vleiidiiijf  he 
Spikelets  not  llatteiied  lalerally. 

]"li)weriii(i'  seak-  and  palet  liyaliiie;  iiniie  nf  tlii'  seales  spiny. 

Spikelets  innniieeinus;  staminate  and  ))i-lillate  in  llie  same  paiiiele 
Spikelets  peii'eet.  or  one  staminati'  ur  nidimentary,  mostly  silky. 
I'Moweriiin  scale  and  palet  nienibranmis;  siemid  scale  spiny  (in  ours). 
I'Miiwirinii;  scali'  and  jialet  euriaceinis  nr  eliartaciims;  siiikelels  niiislly 
NdS.  i,(  and  i  |;  scales  ,(  nr  4. 
Spikelets  flattened  laterally,  i -llnwered;  scales  2. 

*Thi9  familv  has  been  elaborated  with  the  assistance  of  Mr,  Gi;o.  V.  N'ASil. 


staminate;  r 

icliilla: 

rti- 

yniK 

1  the  How- 

I 

.M.WIH 

.\i: 

II 

.\MlKi 

I'll! 

O.Sl 

.\i;. 

III 

y.DVSIl 

.\i: 

Iflal 

rims,  iiivnliicrat 

'  111 

1\- 

I'.WICI 

.w. 

\' 

OKVZh: 

\v.. 

I 


GRASS    I'AMII.Y. 


95 


I 


I.    Ti  iftsaciiiii. 


B.  Si)ikiUts  I  -in:iiiy  ll(iu(  rill:  r;K-liilla  fri'iicnillv  articulated  above  the  two  lowt-r  scales  I  below 
them  111  Niis,  ,^2,  40,  48  and  5(1  and  lieciuently  extending  beyond  the  Hower  in  1  lluweied  spike'n  ts. 
Culms  lierbaceons. 

Spikelets  iiiidii  pi-dieels  in  i)anicles,  spike-like  panicles  or  racemes,  not  in  rows. 

.Sjiikelets  with  but  1  perleet  Mower,  wliieli  is  terniiiial  except  ill  t,-  and  i)an  of  56. 

I'.iiipty  scales  . I  lexet'ptin  .No.  :?oi:  palet  i  nerved.  '\'l.   l'il.\i..\i<ri)r..\i;. 

_      ICiuply  scales  2;  palet  2  nerved.  VII.   Ac.KdSri  l)i:.\i:. 

Spikelets  with  2  or  more  iierfect  flowers  (except  that  on  -  is  staminate  in  Nos.  40  and 
-151;  upper  llower  ol'leii  imperlecl. 
I'lowiriiif,--  scales  Kenerallv  shorter  tli.ui  the  eiiii)tv  lower  ones,  usually  with  a  bent 

awn  on  the  back.  "  VIII.   .\vi:.\|-,.\i.;. 

I'lowerinjjf  scales  neiierally  lon^rer  than  the  eiuptv  lower  ones,  umiwned  or  with'a 
straight  awu  from  the  a])ex.  x.  I"i;srrcE-;.\i;. 

Spikelets  in  two  rows.  formiiiKa  one  siile<l  spike  or  raceme.  IX.   Ciii.oriiik.m;. 

Spikelets  in  two  oiniosite  rows,  forming  an  eciuilaleral  spike  (nuilateral  in  .V(/'v/;(v) 
,  ,  ,  XI    Hoi  ;.  :.\i;. 

(.ulms  «(]ody,  at  least  at  the  base;  tall  reeds.  XII.   U.\Mi!U.si:.\i:. 

Tribe  I.   Maydeae. 

Eertile  s])ikelets  imbedded  in  the  joints  of  the  thick  nicliis. 

Tribe  II.   Andkoi-ocjoxeae. 

Joints  of  the  racliis  not  much  thickened  nor  excavated  for  the  reception  of  the  siiikelets. 
Spikelets  alike,  iierfeet.  one  sessile,  one  pedice''.i(l.  2.   /'.riciiillnis. 

Spikelets  not  alike,  the  sessile  perfect,  the  pedieelled  staminate.  einptv  or  wanting. 

Inlloreseence  composed  of  spike  like  silkv  racemes.  "       4.   Aiidiofiogon. 

Innorescenee  paniculate;  spikelets  silky. 

I'edicelled  spikelet  wanting  (in  our  siieeies).  5.   Clirvso/ionoii. 

I'edicelled  sjiikelel  present  and  usuallv  staminate.  0.  Suri^lninP. 

Joints  of  the  racliis  ({really  thickened  and  excavated  for  the  reception  of  the  spikelets. 

3.   Mtiiiisiiris. 

Tribe  III.  Zoysieae. 

Spikelets  in  a  tenninal  spike;  second  scale  spiny.  -.   \ij:ia. 

Tril)e  I\'.   Paxiceae. 

Spikelets  without  a  subtending  involucre  of  bristles  or  valves. 
Scales  3. 

Spikelets  all  alike  in  close  i -sided  sjiikes. 

Spikelets  with  a  swollen  riiij;  like  callus  at  the  base.  10.   Eriochhhi. 

Spikelets  without  a  callus.  S.   Pa\/>,ihii)i. 

Spikelets  of  two  kinds,  one  borne  in  loose  linear  panicles,  the  other  solitarv  on  subterranean 
pedunclis  and  inatnrin(r  seed.  y.   'AiiipUiairhoii. 

Scales  4,  rarely  t,  by  snpprtssion  of  the  lowest  one. 

Spikelets  in  2's  or  Vs  on  one  side  of  a  loiifj  .iiid  slender  flat  or  v^inKled  racliis  ;  spikes  disji- 

late  or  aiiproximate  in  whorls.  ^  n.  Syii/liciisiiia. 

Spikelet'    sinjrle.  pedieelled.  ill  panicles  or  raceiue-likc  .sessile  and  panicled  sjiikes;  first 
scale  short,  third  empty  or  staniinate,  fmirtli  fertile.  12.  I'aiiUKiii. 

Spikelets  subtended  by  an  involucre  consisting  of: 

1  many  persistent  bristles;  spikelets  in  dense  spikes,  deciduous.  i :;.   [vojilionis. 

2  spine  beariiiK  valves  forming  a  bur  enclosing:  the  spikelets  and  deciduous  with  them. 

14.    I'cildlllli. 

Tribe  V.  Ouvzicae. 

Spikelets  iiioiioeei(Mis;  tall  acpiatic  (trasses. 

ristillale  sjiikelets  ovate,  borne  at  the  base  of  each  branch  of  the  panicle. 

ristillate  spikelets  linear,  borne  on  the  upperbrauches  of  the  panicle, 
Spikelets  not  moiuiecious;  grasses  of  swamps  or  wet  (rrounds. 


I.I.  Ziroiiiii/^siw 

10.   yC/:ii)ii(i. 

17.  JloiihilniCiuiiriis 


Tribe  \'l.   Piiai..\ki!)i:.\i;. 
Third  and  fourth  scales 

small  and  <niiity  or  riuliuuiitary.  not  awiied:  stamens  ,v 
empty,  awned  upon  the  back:  stamens  2. 

subtending  slainiuate  flowers  with  3  stamens ;  fertile  llowirs  with  2  stamen; 

20 

Tribe  \'\l.     Acro.stidic.m;. 

ElowcriuK  scale  indurated  at  maturity,  of  firmer  texture  than  the  einptv  scales 
lopiii(;  tile  urain. 
Kachilla  not  prolonged  beyond  the  jialet, 

I'lowirinn  scale  with  a  llirei-  liranched  awn;  stamens  iimstly  3.  21 

l''lowiriii(f  scale  with  a  siiii)ile  awn. 

Eloweriii(r  scale  narrow;  awn  persistent. 

Awn  tortuous  or  twisted,  stout:  callus  evident,  22.  Sli/>ii. 

\\\n  straight,  very  slender;  callus  ininnte.  2,,.   Mii/i/iii/ifiQia. 

I'MoweriiiK  scale  broad;  awn  slender,  straight,  deciduous:  callus  obtuse. 

23.   (>r]':(>/^sis. 
!•  lowering  scale  awnless.  24.   MiliKni. 

Kachilla  with  a  jiedicel  like  extension  beyond  the  palet;  stamens  2  20.   Hiacliycljli  iiin. 


iS.   riiahnis. 

ii).   .  \iifli,i.i  aiil/iHiii. 

.S(i:'ii\/,ii/ci. 


iiid  closely  enve- 
.  li  I's/idii. 


i 


96 


GRAMINEAE. 


Kloworiiijf  sciik- hyaliiu- or  miniUranous  at  maturity;  tiupty  soaks  coarser;  Kraiii  loose. 

SliikeUts  ill  a  (k'lise  siiiki-like  ijaiiick-.     (Sonic  species  of  No.  31  may  be  kiokcd  for  here. ) 
Spikekts  ,V'  or  kss  '.oiif;. 

Spikeiets  readily  (kciduous  at  maturity. 

ICmpty  seaks  not  awiied.  29.  Alof>iriii  lis. 

ICmpty  scaks  awiied.  32.   J'i>lypi>i;i>ii. 
Spikek-ts  not  (k'eiduous;  empty  ^calvs  ])ersisteiit. 

l''k)\veriiijf  seak-s  sli);litly  e.\c  cditiK  Hie  empty  ones.  27.  Ifcleochlna. 

I'loweritiK  seaks  much  sliortci  .lian  tile  empty  ones.  zS.   IVilciini. 


37.  Aniiiiiifiliila. 
few  species  of  No.  31. 


Spikekt.i  ,s"-fi"  loiiK;  tall  seashore  sirass^'s. 
Spikeiets  variously  panicled;  panicle  imt  spi'.-  like,  exceiit  in  ; 

Seed  loosely  enclosed  in  the  pericar]),  whic'i  ')])ciis  readily  at  inatiirily. 

ICnipty  se;des  ininntc;  low  arctic  Kr:..^s.  30.   IViif>/>siii. 

limply  scales  not  minute;  no  callus,  i'wiis  or  hairs.  31.  Sf>(>r<<'nihis. 

Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp. 

I'a'et  1  nerveil;  stamen  1;  flower  iilio-.ily  stalked:  scales  not  hairy.       34.   Ciniiu. 
I'alct  2  nerved,  stamens  3;  ;low^.■  not  plainly  stalked. 

I'lowerint;  ^cale  lifid   with  a  (klicr  •  awn  on  its  hack;  rachilla  prolonged  into  a 

sh  irt  l)rist!e.  .TO-     l;V;v(. 

T'lowcvins:  scale  entire,  rachilla  not  prolonged  into  a  bristle. 

Callus  with  a  tuft  of  lon(j  hairs  at  the  base  (exci-pt  in  species  of  Kciius  ,36). 

Rachilla  extended  beyond  the  palet.  ,^('1.   Cii/iniiii.vrn.s/is. 

Kaehilla  not  extended  beyonil  the  palet.  3S,   Ciiltiiiinz'il/ii. 

Callus  naked,  or  with  viry  short  hairs. 

Ivinpty  scales  somewhat  shorter  than  the  flowering  ones;  arctic  grass. 

7,1,.  y\irl(iifroslh. 
ICnipty  scales  longer  than  the  flowering  ones;  panicle  open;  spikeiets  small. 

^S-  -  \ii>oslis. 

Tribe  VIII.  Avknk.vk. 

Spikeiets  deciduous;  lower  flower  perfect,  upper  staminate.  awiied;  i)laiit  velvety.  40.   Ilolciis. 
Spikeiets  not  deciduous;  eni))ty  scales  persistent,  flowering  ones  deciduous. 

Spikeiets  of  2  perfect  flowers;  rachilla  not  prolonged  beyond  the  upper  one.    41.   Aira. 
Spikeiets  2~inany  flowered;  rachilla  prolonged  beyond  the  iipi)er  flower. 
Awn  of  flowering  scale  upon  the  back,  inserted  below  the  teeth. 
I'lowers  all  perfect,  or  the  upper  ones  staminate  or  wanting, 
Spikeiets  less  than  6"  long;  grain  free,  uiifurrowed. 

l"lowering  scale  finely  erose-dentate  or  2-lol)ed.  42.   Drstliaiiif^sia. 

Flowering  scale  cleft  or  2-toothed,  with  the  teeth  sometimes  produced  into 
awns.  43.    Trisr/iim. 

Spikeiets  over  6"  long;  grain  furrowed,  usually  adlicreiit  to  the  scales. 

44.   A:'rii(i. 
I'liper  flower  perfect,  lower  staminate,  its  scale  strongly  awned.      .),s.   Ai  1  liiiiallicnnn. 
Awn  from  between  the  lobes  or  teeth  of  the  flowering  scale,  generally  twisted. 

46.   Ihinlhonia. 

Tri1)e  IX.  Ciii.oKiniCAK. 

I'lowers  perfect  or  some  of  them  rudimentary. 

I  perfect  flower  in  each  spikelet;  sometimes  2  in  Xos.  ,53  and  54. 
Ni>  emj)ty  scales  above  the  flower, 
Spikeiets  deci<luous. 

K.ichis  ])rodueed  beyond  the  upper  spikelet;  spikeiets  narrow.        4S.  Sfiaiiiiia. 
Kaeliis  not  so  produced;  spikeiets  globose,  sometimes  j-flowered,  54,  Jlcckiiianiiia. 
Spikeiets  not  deciduous;  empty  scales  iicrsistciit;  low  slender  grasses. 

Spikes  2-6,  slender.  digita{e,  i'-2'  long.  .^7.   Capiiola. 

.Spikes  many  along  a  common  axis.  2'-4'  long.  52.  Siliccloniiariliis. 

One-several  empty  scales  above  the  flower. 

I.owcr  empty  scales  4;  spike  solitary,  dense.  49.   Ciiiiiftiilosiis. 

I,owcr  cin])ty  scales  2. 

Spikes  in  false  whorlsor  closely  approximate;  scales  long  awiied,    .so.   C/'/oris. 
.Spikes  reinote,  or  the  lowest  only  approximate. 

.Spikeiets  '^c-.tl' rid  or  remote  on  filiform  s])ikes.  .si.   I iviiiiiofioiiitn. 

Spilulets  crowded,  ,sonietiiiies  2-flowered,  53.  ISiuileloiia. 

2-3  perfect  flowers  in  each  spikelet. 

vSpikelets  .ieiisely  crowded;  spikes  usually  digitate, 

.Spil.cs  with  terminal  spikeiets.  "  ,s,s.   lileiisiiic. 

,Spil;cs  without  terminal  spikeiets,  the  rachis  extending  beyond  them  into  a  point. 

,S<>.  Dailylocti'iiiiim. 
Spikeiets  <listiiietly  alternating;  spikes  remote.  ,S"-   f.i'f>li>(liloa. 

Spikeiets  dioecious,  very  unlike;  spikes  short;  low  prairie  grass,  58.  liiilhili.s. 

Tribe  X.  Fkstuckar. 

Rachilla  with  long  hairs  enveloping  the  flowering  scale;  tall  acpiatic  grass.  60.  Pliragmiles. 

Rachilla  and  flowering  scales  ii.iked  or  hairy,  hairs  inueli  shorter  than  the  scales. 

Stigmas  barbcUate;  spikeiets  in  clusters  of  3-6  in  the  axils  of  stilT  s|iiuesccnt  leaves, 

59.  Afiiiin 


Stigrin 


^y.    ttiilitftni, 

rinas  plumose;  spikeiets  not  in  the  axils  of  leaves;  innoresccncc  various. 

Spikeiets  of  two  forms,  the  fertile  1-3-flowered,  surrounded  by  the  sterile,  consistfng  of 

nianv  emi)tv  pectinate  scales,  76.   L'yiiosiinis. 

c,.,i..„i-..ts  iill  aii!:" 

iveriiig  scale   2-.vlootlie(l  or   pointed,   usually  3  nerved;   lateral   nerves  and   callus 

(an  enlargement  of  the  rachilla  just  below  the  flowering  scale  )  generally  hairy. 
Spikeiets  with  3  liiaiiy  fertile  flowers.  61.  Sii\i;liiii;ia. 

Spikeiets  i -3-nowcred  ;  flowering  scales  keeled;  branches  of  the  diffuse  iiaiiicle 

1(1110*  :iii(l  (*'ii.tll'ir»'  l\n      A'j'///i#'/////i 


H 


■■a 


62.  Krdfiildia. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


97 


71.  flcuroftosroi 


I'lowering  scale  uf  sonu-  otliir  strui'turt". 

l-'Iowcriiiff  scaUs   i-viR-rvid,  all  with   pcrfict   flowers,  or  tlie  iii)i)irmost  with  a 
slainiinlu  (lnwi-r  only  or  I'liiptv. 
I'aiiiilc  braiiclR's  spirally  arraiiKVd. 

raiiirk'  br.inclu-s  simple,  in  spiku-likc-  ractims.  6).   Diphu/nir 

liraiiclics  of  tlR-  paniclf  nioslly  affain  divided. 

Spikelels  loosel-  2--4-nowered;  oonieal  racliilla  arlieiilated. 
,,    .,    ,  ,         ,  64.  ^f''illia. 

Spikelets   densely   2-70-nowertd;    racliilla   not   artieulaled;    \\y\\\c    or 
throat  of  sheath  bearded.  6:5.   /■:riii;r,'n//\- 

I'riniary  branches  of  the  panicle  distiehons,  usually  branched  i'lRaiii  at  tlie  base 
Panicle  spike-like  or  much  contracted. 

Second  scale  broader  than  the  2  flowerinK  ones.  66.   F.aloiiia 

Second  scale  not  broader  than  the  v~  flowering  ones.  67.   Kocloia 
Panicle  dilTuse,  with  lonif  slender  branches.  6S.   Oilahiosa 

l"IoweriiiK-   scales   3-inany-iierved,  with    2   or   more    of   the   upper   scales  empty 
appres.sed,  convolute  around  each  other. 
Stamens  ,t;  upper  sterile  scales  usiiallv  club-shaped.  fig.   Mt'lica. 

Slaineiis  1-2;  sterile  .scales  not  club-shaped.  70.   Kmycaihii^ 

I'loweriiiK  scales  5-many-nerved,  each  with  a  perfect  flower,  or  the  upper  sometimes 
abortive. 
Keel  of  the  palet  wiiifrol  or  with  a  linear  appendage. 
Kee!  of  the  palet  not  appeii(la>{e<l. 

Scali'S  more  or  less  stronKlv  compressed  and  keeled 
ICiupty  basal  scales  ,^-6;  spikelets  flat,  2-edged. 
Ivinpty  basal  scales  2:  si)ikelets  flattened. 
Panicle  contracted;  spikelets  <lii)ecious. 
Panicle  open;  spikelets  perfect. 

P'loweriiig  scales  herbaceous,  awn-pointed;  spikelets  collected 

ill  one-sided  clusters.  -5.   /huivlis. 

Flowering-  scales  scarious-margined;  racliis  glabrous  or  with 
Webby  hairs. 
Spikelets  large,  cordate.  74.   /lr/:ci. 

Spikelets  mostly  smaller,  not  cordate. 

ICmpty  scales  projecting  beyond  tlie  uppermost  flower- 
ing ones;  arctic  grass.  7S.   Diipoiilia. 
I'pperuiost  scales  exceeding  the  eiiiptv  ones;  flowering 
scales  2-10,  mostly  Webby  at  base.      77.   /',i<i. 
Flowering  scales  membraiious;  nichis  hirsute  with  stilT  hairs, 
extended  into  a  hairv  appendage.               So.   (,'i<ipk,hli,>rnin. 
Scales  rounded  on  the  back,  at  least  below. 

Stigmas  placed  at  or  ne.ir  the  a])ex  of  the  ovary. 

I'lowering  scales  with  a  bas.il  ring  of  hairs,  promineutlv  7nerved, 

toothed  at  ape.x;  water  grass.  79.  Sio'lodiloa. 

I'lowering  scales  naked  at  the  base: 

Obtuse  or  sub.acute  and  searious  at  the  apex,  usually  toothed. 
Plainly  ,s-7-nerve(l  :  styles  present.  ,Si.   /'n'liiiii/iirid. 

Obscurely  ,=;  nerved;  110  style  or  awns.         ,^2.   Piicciiitilia. 
.Vcute.  pointed  orawned  at  ajiex:  not  webby.    .S;.    /■'rsliica. 
Stigmas  plainly  arising  below  the  apex  of  the  ovarv;  spikelets  large, 
usually  drooping;  scales  mostly  awiied.  Xf.   Jlroiiiu.s. 


72. 
7,S- 


I  iiiola. 
/hsiuiili!. 


Tribe  XI.   Hokdkak. 

stigma  i;  spike  unilateral;  spikelets  i-flowered,  narrow. 
Stigmas  2;  spike  symmetrical. 

Spikelets  solitary  at  the  notches  of  the  rachis. 

I'lowering  scales  with  their  backs  turned  to  the  rachis. 
I'lowering  scales  with  their  sides  turned  to  the  rachis. 
Spikelets  1-2-llowered  in  slender  articulate  spikes. 
Spikelets  2-many-llowered  in  stout  inarticulate  spikes. 
Spikelets  2-6  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis;  scales  mostly  long-awned. 
Spikelets  i-flowered  or  with  the  rudiment  of  a  second  flower. 
Spikelets  2-niaiiy- flowered. 

ICmpty  scah'S  a  little  smaller  than  the  flowering  ones. 
Ivmpty  se;il  s  very  small  or  none. 

Tribe  XII.  Bamiusi^ak. 

Tall  canes  with  large  flat  spikelets  in  panicles  or  racemes. 


S,s.   XiiiiIks. 


86.  Loliiim. 

87.  f.rfi/iiriis. 

88.  .Ii; ro/iyion. 

89.  /fi>iilcii»t. 

90.  lCI\')iiiis. 

91.  Ifysln'x. 


92.  Aiiimlinaria. 


I.  TRIPSACUM  L.  Sy.st.  Kd.  lo,  2:  1261.  1759. 
[DiGiT.VRiA  Heist.;  Adans.  I'ain.  PI.  2:  38.  1763.] 
Tall  pcrentiial  grasses  with  thick  rootstocks,  rather  broad  flat  leaves  and  monoecious 
flowers.  Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  in  terminal  or  axillary,  solitary  or  clustered,  elongated 
spikes.  vStaminate  spikelets  in  2's  at  cacli  node  of  the  axis,  2-flowcrcd,  consisting  of  four 
scales,  the  two  outer  coriaceous,  the  two  in  ler  thinner,  the  palet  hyaline;  stamens  3.  Pis- 
tillate spikelets  in  excavations  at  the  lower  joints  of  the  spike,  i-flowered;  stigmas  exserted; 
style  slender.  Grain  partly  enclosed  in  the  excavations  of  the  spikes,  covered  in  front  by  the 
horny  exterior  lower  scale.     [Name  from  the  Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  polished  outer  scales.  J 

.\bout  ,1  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  temperate  .Vmerica.     llesides  the  following,  another' 
occurs  in  the  southern  United  .States. 


98 


ORAMIXKAK. 


Gaina 


'7<\V 
A.  Cray, 


1.    Tripsacum    dactyloides     I^. 

Clrass.      (  Fijr.  210.  j 

C'oi V  ittu/iliu'ili's  r,.  S]).  I'l.  1)72.       175V 
Tii fisiu  II  III  i/ii(/i/iiii/rx  I..  S]).  ri.  ICd. '2,  i,?;S. 
V'l  Ipsa, mil  i/,i,n/iu'i/is  var.   iiiniitisliiilniiiii 
.Man.  6i().       iSjS. 

Kootstock  yi'-i'  thick,  cultiis  stout,  erect,  4°-,S° 
tall.  Leaves  smooth  and  glabrous,  1°  or  more 
long,  .'j'-i'j'  wide,  loiig-acuminate,  truncate  or 
subcordate  at  the  ba.sc  ;  spikes  terminal  and  in  the 
upper  a.xils,  solitary  or  2-3  together,  4'-9'  long, 
the  lower  spikelets  pistillate,  the  upper  staminate 
and  very  numerous ;  outer  scales  of  the  staminate 
spikelets  linear  and  obtuse,  4"  long,  about  ]" 
wide,  faintly  many-nerved  ;  exterior  scale  of  the 
pistillate  spikelets  horny,  shining,  closely  appresscd 
in  fruit. 

In  swamps  or  alonp  streams,  CDnnccticut  to  I'lorida, 
Texas  and  .Mcxicn.  north  to  IIlitKiis,  Missouri  atui 
Kansas.  .Also  in  South  .\MUTioa.  Oni-ofour  larKist 
grasses,  souRtimcs  used  for  fodder.     June-,Sept. 


2.    ERIANTHUS   Michx.  Fl.  Hor.  Am.  i:  54.      iSo;,. 

Tall  generally  robust  perennial  grasses,  with  thick  creeping  rootstocks,  long  flat  leaves 
and  perfect  flowers  in  terminal  ])anicles.  .Spikelets  generally  with  a  ring  of  hairs  at  the 
base,  2  at  each  node  of  the  jointed  rachis,  one  sessile,  the  other  with  a  pedicel,  generally 
i-flowered.  vScales  4,  the  two  outer  indurated,  the  inner  hyaline,  the  fourth  bearing  a  terminal 
straight  or  con  to  ted  awn  ;  palct  small,  hyaline  ;  stamens  3.  Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in 
the  scales.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  woolly  s])ikelets.] 

About  17  species  natives  of  the  temperate  and  tropical  rcKions  of  liotli  lu  niisplures.  liesides 
the  following,  two  others  occur  in  tlie  Soullieiii  .Stales. 

•)"■"  ^l'"'';'':,  ,.    r..alot^cc,i,oid.-s. 

.Awn  slrai(flit.  ' 

I'iiiiielc  lax:   l.raiiclRs  long:  and  si>rcadiiiK;    basal   hairs  loiifrer   than    tin-   cmter  scale   of   the 
„     ^I>'l<clet.        ..,,,,  ,  2.   E.  s.urharohhs. 

I'.amcle   compact  or  strict:  branclus  short  and  <rect  <.r  appresscd:   basal    hairs   cduallinir   or 
shorter  than  the  outer  scale  of  tlie  spikekt  i  f. 

(  niter  scale  about  2;  .■'  Ioiim;.  ,.   /.;.  ,„„,/,„,/„,, 

Outer  scale  alxmt  4     long.  ^    /C.  />rrri/<„r/iis. 

I.   Erianthus  alopecuroides  (  I,.  )  JvU.    Spiral-awiiwl  Ht'nrd-Knis.s.    (I-i>r.  211.) 

.\iiihopiii;oii  :i/(i/iiriiniii/rs  I,.  S|).  IM.  io|=;.       17SV 
Eiimilliiis  iilnfiriiiroiiles  ICll.   Hot.  S.   C' iS:  C.a!  i  •  -,.">• 
iSif).      In  part. 

Culms  stout,  erect,  6°-io°  tall;  nodes  naked  or 
barbed,  the  summit  and  the  axis  of  the  panicle 
densely  pubescent  with  appresscd  long  rigid  silky 
hairs  Sheaths  glabrous  ;  leaves  usually  glabrous, 
6'-2°  long,  li'-i'  wide,  acuminate,  iiarrowc<l  and 
sometimes  hairy  on  the  upper  surface  near  the 
base;  panicle  oblong,  7'-i2'  long,  2'-,V  wide, 
branches  spreading,  3'-=;'  long,  slender,  loose,  in- 
tcrnodes  about  2"  long;  outer  scales  of  the  spike- 
let  about  3"  long,  exceeding  the  pedicel  and  about 
two-thirds  a,s  long  as  the  basal  hairs,  lanceolate, 
acuminate  ;  inner  scales  shorter,  the  awn  6"  S" 
long,  scabrous,  the  portion  included  in  the  outer 
scales  tightly  spiral,  bent  at  point  of  exsertion,  and 
theuce  loosely  spiral. 

In  damp  soil,  North  Carolina  to  Kentucky  and  Missouri,  south  to  CicoiKia  and  Alabama.    Com 
parisoii  with  the  original  specimens  of  I.innaens  proves  that  the  name  iiloprdi midis  belongs  to 
this  species.     .Se|)l. 


CRASS    rAMII.Y. 


99 


2.    Erianthus  saccharoides  Michx.     Plume  Cirass.      (  Imji;.  21: 

/■:>  /1111//111.1  sati/mriiii/fs  yiichs.  V\.  lior.  Am.  l: 

Culms  robust,  erect,  5°~h>''  tall,  barbed  at 
the  nodes,  thcsiiiniiiitaiid  the  axi:i  of  the  pan- 
icle densely  pubescent  with  appresscd  lonjj 
rigid  silky  hairs.  Sheatli''  glabrous  or  spar- 
ingly hairy  below,  densely  pubescent  at  the 
throat  with  long  more  or  less  spreading 
silky  hairs ;  leaves  scabrous  or  a])pressed- 
pubescent,  6'  2°  long,  V'-i'  wide,  long- 
acuminnte,  somewhat  narrowed  towards  the 
base;  panicle  lax,  broadly  oblong,  s'-i.s' 
long,  2'-4'  wide,  its  branches  spreading,  2'- 
4'  long,  slender,  internodes  about  2"  long; 
outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  about  2"  long, 
a  little  exceeding  the  pedicel  and  about  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  basal  hairs,  lanceolate, 
acuminate;  inner  scales  shorter,  the  awn 
10"- 12"  long,  straight,  scabrous. 


Ill    iiiciisl   saiKly    soi 
I"luri(laaii(l  I.oiiisiiiiia. 


isteru 
Culia. 


Virginia   to 
Aug. -Sept. 

3.    Erianthus  compactus  Xa.sli.     Con- 
tracted PI  iiiin.'-j^rass.      (  l"'ij^.  213.) 

/■:iiini//iiis  i(iiii/>,i,/iis  Xasli.   Hull.  Torr.   Club.  22: 
4U).       i8()5. 

Culms    erect,    4''-S°    tall,    stout,    the    nodes 

barbed,    the    summit  and  axis  of  the  panicle 

densely  i)ubcscent   with   appresscd   long  rigid 

silky  hairs.     Sheaths  glabrous,  or  pubescent  at 

the  top  ;  leaves  scabrous  above,  sparingly  ap- 

pressed-pubcscent  beneath,  6'-2°  long,  3"-6" 

wide,   long-acuminate,   narrowed    toward    the 

base:  panicle  narrowly  oblong,  4'-6'long.  about 

1  '2'  wide;  branches  erect,  i'-2'  long;  spikelets 

crowded:  internodes  about  i"  long;  outerscales 

of  the  spikelet  about  I'i"  long,  exceeding  the 

pedicels  and  about  equalling  the  basal  hairs, 

lanceolate,  acuminate;  inner  scales  shorter,  the 

awn  5"-io"  long,  straight,  scabrous. 

Ill  UKiisl  soil.  N'lw  Jirsi  y  In  Nnrlli  Carolina  and 
Teniussii-.     .\uk.   Sept. 


4.   Erianthus  brevibarbis  Miolix.     vSliort- 


hearded  Phiine-,u;ras.s.      (Fin'.  214.) 

lu  iiiii/liiis  /iri:t7)i7i  /lis  Mic]\\.  I'M.  I!or.  .\iii.  I:  .s.'i.  iSo.v 
lu  iiiiifliiis  siiii/hiiiiiiiis    Micli.\.    sub  s|).    hni'ihaihis 

Hack,  in  DC.  Motion.  I'liati.  6;  i.^i.     \i^^i). 

Culms  stout,  erect,  4°  5°  tall,  nodes  naked  or 
scantily  barbed,  the  summit  and  axisof  the  panicle 
smooth  or  scabrous.  Sheaths  glabrous;  leaves 
riiugh,  12'-  iS'  long,  3"-5"  wide,  acuminate  ;  jian- 
icle  linear- oblong,  S'-io'  in  length,  I'-i'i'wide, 
branches  erect,  2 '--5'  long,  internodes  about  2'j" 
long;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  about  4"  long, 
twice  the  length  of  the  pedicel  and  equalling  or 
twice  as  long  as  the  basal  hairs,  lanceolate,  long- 
acuminate;  inner  scales  shorter;  awng" -12"  long, 
straight,  scabrous. 

In  moist  soil.  VirRiiiia  (jiccordititf  li>  Walsoti )  to 
North  Carolina  and  I.ottisiaiia.     .\tttuiiiii. 


1 


lOO  CRAMINKAK. 

3.    MANISURIS  I,.   Mant.  2:   164.       1771. 
[RoT'riiuKi.tiA  I,,  f.  Dissert.  Nova  Gram.  Gen.  23.       1779.] 

Mostly  tall  perennials,  witli  runninfj  rootstocks,  narrow  flat  leaves  and  cylindrical  jointed 
spikes,  terminal  and  from  the  iijiper  axils.  Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  node  of  the  excavated 
rachis,  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  other  with  a  pedicel  .unl  either  staininate  or  cni])ty.  Scales 
of  the  perfect  spikelet  4,  the  outermost  thick  and  coriaceous,  covering,  t(i;,'ethcr  with  the 
pedicel  of  the  sterile  spikelet,  the  excavation  in  the  rachis  ;  second  scale  cliartaceous  ;  third 
and  fourth  hyaline,  the  latter  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  (lower.  Sf.uneiis  3.  >Styles 
distinct.     Grain  free.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  tail-like  spikes.] 

About  25  spii'ics.  \vi<K-ly  <lislri1)uU<l  in  tropical  and  Uinpi-rale  countrii's. 


I.  Manisuris  rugosa  ( Xutt.  )   Kuntze. 
Wrinkled  Manisuris.     (  Kig.  215.) 

Rollh,H-llin  iii'^oid  Nutt.  Ci'n.  \:\<\.      I.SlS. 

jranisiiris  rii^osa  Kunt/c,  Kcv.  Ci-n.  I'l.  7S0.     1S91. 

.T/'tiiii.siir/::  iiii;os(7  Cliafiiiaiii  .Scribn.  Mem.  Torr. 
Club,  5:  28.     1894. 

vSmooth  and  glabrous,  culms  erect,  2°-4°  tall, 
compres.scd,  much  branched  above,  branches 
spreading.  Sheaths  compressed;  leaves  Hat, 
acuminate,  6'-2°  long,  \"-},"  wide  ;  spikes  par- 
tially included  in  the  sheath  or  more  or  less  ex- 
serted,  \^i'~2)i'  long;  outermost  scale  of  the 
spikelets  oblong-ovate  to  ovate,  about  2"  long, 
strongly  transversely  rngose,  the  wrinkles  con- 
tinuous or  interrupted. 


In  wet  soil  alouE  tlic  coast,  Delaware  to  l''lorida, 
west  to  Louisiana  and  Texas.     June-.Sept. 


4.   ANDROPOGON  L.  Sp.  PI.  1045. 


^ /.-),>• 


Perennial  grasses  with  usually  long  narrow  leaves,  and  terminal  and  axillary  spikes, 
Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  node  of  the  jointed  hairy  rachis,  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  other 
with  a  pedicel  and  either  staminate,  empty  or  reduced  to  a  single  scale.  Perfect  spikelet 
consisting  of  4  scales,  the  outermost  coriaceous,  the  second  keeled  and  acute,  the  two  inner 
hyaline,  the  fourth  more  or  less  awned  and  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  .Stamens 
1-3.     Grain  free.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  bearded  rachis.] 


.\bout  150  species,  widely  distributed  in  troi)ical  and  teinpirate  rtRions. 
some  12  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  WLStern  parts  of  Xortli  .America. 


liesiJesthe  following. 


A.  srn/'aiiiis. 


lontf.     2.  yl.  (iix  t/tii'iis. 


.1.  Ilallii. 
A.  fiircaliis. 


Internodes  of  the  rachis  clavatc-thickencd: 
.\ltenuale  at  base;  spikes  solitarj-,  distant. 

liroad  at  base;  spikes  in  i)airs  or  digitate,  occasionally  panicled. 
Hairs  as  long  as  the  pedicel  or  longer. 

vSpikes  in  pairs;  outer  scales  of  sessile  spikelet  about  2'; 
Spikes  2-5  together;  outer  scales  of  sessile  spikelet  about  4"  fong. 

■\. 
Hairs  less  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  pedicel.  '). 

Internodes  of  the  rachis  not  elavate-thickened,  slender,  more  or  less  (lexuous. 

Spikes  protruding  from  the  side  of  the  inflated  spatlie,  never  on  long-exserted  peduncles. 
Branches  of  the  culm  short,  distant,  forming  a  loose  elongated  inflorescence. 
„         ,         ,    ,         ,  $.  A.  i'iriiiiiiciis. 

Branches  of  the  culm  elongated,  forming  at  sumndt  a  compact  bushy  inflorescence. 
„.,.,.  6.   ./,  i^litnwnihi.f. 

hpikes  terminal  on  finally  long-exserted  peduncles:  spatlie  narrow;  upper  sheaths  elongated 
and  much  inflated,  imbricated;  upper  nodes  deiiselv  bearded.  7,  .  /.  Klliollii. 

Internodes  of  the  rachis  much  thickened  on  the  niargins.lhe  intervening  portion  thin  and  translu- 
cent; nodes  of  the  culm  not  bearded.  8.  A.    Tofrcyanus. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


lOI 


I.    Andropogon  scoparius  Miclix.     Ikoom  HLard-j^rrass 


Aiidnipo^dii  Si,i/Hii  iiiiii  •S,\\i:\\\.  V\.  H(ir.    \iii    I 

Culms  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  smootli, 
simple  or  much  branched,  2°~4°  tall.  Sheaths 
smooth  or  scabrous,  sometimes  ghiucous;  leaves 
6'-i2'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  acuminate,  scabrous; 
spikes  I '-2'  long,  loo.se,  solitary,  on  long-ex- 
serted  slender  ])eduncles  ;  rachis  slender,  ilex- 
nous,  joints  and  pedicels  ciliate  with  long 
spreading  hairs;  outermost  scale  of  sessile  spike- 
let  about  T,"  long,  acuminate,  scabrous  ;  awn 
spiral,  more  or  less  bent  at  point  of  cxsertion, 
S"-6"  long,  scabrous  ;  pedicellcd  spikclet  re- 
duced to  a  single  awn-pointed  scale. 

Ill  dry  siiiidy  fiilds,  Niw  lirunswick  to  Mbiilii 
south  to  I'londa,  I.oiiisiann  mul  'IVxas.  \sceiids 
to  .yioo  It.  ill  (k'oivia.  .SpcciiiRus  ditcrmiind  as 
.1.  iiKii  i/niiKK  ChaiJiii.,  from  Capi-  May,  N  J  ap- 
pear to  1)L-  rcfcrabk-  to  this  species      .Vug  -Oct 


Andropogon  argyraeus  Scluiltes.     Silvery  Beard-gra.ss.      (  Fijr.  2.7. 


) 


Hot.  S.  C.  X:  Ca.  i:  14s. 
1S24. 


.\ii(hiifiiii;iin   aixni/riis  ICU. 
i>!ir-     Not  DC.  i.'<l,^ 

.iinJn-pi>i;„ii  aixvni'ciis  ,Sclnilli-s,  Maiit.  2:  4^0. 

.hi</r,i/>(i:;(ii/  Jlrlz'isii  ])fsv.  Opusc.  67.       iS.Vi. 

Culms  erect,  smooth,  2°-4°  tall,  simple  at  base, 
generally  much  branched  above.  Sheaths  some- 
what compressed,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  basal 
leaves  6'-i°;  upper  2'-,S'  by  i"  wide,  acuminate, 
smooth  to  scabrous  above,  glabrous  or  pubescent 
beneath;  spikes  in  paii.s,  1 '-2' long,  on  more  or 
less  exserted  slender  peduncles ;  joints  of  the 
rachis  and  pedicels  pubescent  with  long  silky  white 
spreading  hairs  ;  outermost  scale  of  sessile'  spike- 
let  about  2yz"  long,  acuminate,  scabrous ;  awn 
loosely  spiral,  6"-9"  long,  scabrous;  pedicellcd 
spikelet  reduced  to  a  minute  lanceolate  acuminate 
scabrous  scale,  which  is  early  deciduous. 

In  dry  sandy  soil.  Delaware  to  Missouri,  south  to 
MoruU  iiiul  Texas.  Cuhii  k-avis  shorter  and  broader 
lliaii  tliL'  basiil  ones.     .Sept 


Ai/i/roponoii  I  hill  i 
127,      1884. 


Andropogon  Hallii  Hack. 

Hack.   .Sitz.   Akad.    Wiss. 


Hair.s  Bc'ard-gra.s.s 
Wicii.  89: 


Culms  robust  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  ;,°-6°  tall, 
simple  at  base,  branched  above,  smooth,  more  or  less 
glaucous.  Sheaths  somewhat  glaucous;  leaves  1°  or 
less  long,  3"-4"  wide,  smooth  ;  spikes  '2-5  together, 
2'-4'  long,  the  lateral  ones  often  included  in  the 
spathes  ;  joints  of  rachis  and  pedicels  pubescent  with 
spreading  silky  white  or  yellow  hairs  of  about  their 
own  length  ;  outermost  scale  of  sessile  spikclet  about 
^"  louK,  acuminate,  glabrous  at  base,  from  sparingly 
to  copiously  silky-i)ubescent  toward  the  apex  ;  awn 
2"-5"  long,  or  sometimes  wanting;  pedicellcd  spike- 
let  consisting  of  4  scales,  the  outermost  generally 
larger  than  the  corresponding  scale  of  the  sessile 
spikelet  and  subtending  a  palet  and  three  stamens. 

Dry  sandy  soil.  Kansas  and  .Molilalia  to  Mexico  Aui?  - 
bept.  *■' 


y 


I02  CRAMINKAK. 

4.    Andropogon  furcatus   Mulil.      l-'orkctl 
Heard -j^rass.     (Fig.  219.) 

Jiniiii/iniiaii    t'in.tiliis    Miilil.;    Willd.  Sp.   I'l.  4:  i)i(|. 

1  Si  1(1. 

.Iiii/rn/iiiifdii  />r,i:iiiii(i/i.s  sulivar.   /'iiir,i/ii\  Hack,   in 
DC.  Moll.  I'liiiii.  5:  _i|2.       |NS(,, 

Culms  erect,  stout,  sinootli  and  Kl'''''rous,  3"-6° 
tall,  simple  at  base,  branched  above.  %Slieatlis 
smooth  and  >,dal)ious;  leaves  smooth  or  roufjh,  6'- 
iS'  louK,  2"-;"  wide,  acuminate  ;  spikes  2-5,  in 
pairs  or  approximate  at  tlie  summit,  2'-^'  lon>?  ; 
joints  of  rachis  and  pedicels  ciliate  with  short 
hairs  ;  outermost  scale  of  sessile  spikelet  .V'~Y' 
lon^,',  twice  the  length  of  the  rachis  joints,  scab- 
rous ;  awn  5"-7"  Ion;.;,  loosely  spiral  ;  pedicelled 
spikelet  consisting  of  4  scales. 

Ill  dryor  iiioisl  sdil,  Maiiii'  and  Ontarid  to  Manitoba, 
south  to  I'Morida.  Kansas  and 'IV.vas.     .\ujr.   .Scpl. 

5.    Andropogon  Virginicus  L,.     Virginia  Beard-gra,ss.     (Fig.  220.) 

.lii(/rii/}oi;,i)i  l'in;i)niiis  I,.  .Sj).  I'l.  1046.       175V 
Ciiiiui  liiUnilis  Walt.  I'l.  Car.  5-/.       I7S,S. 
.Iii(tr<>/>(ii;(>ii  ilissili/li'iiis  Miehx.   1"1.   Hor.   .\iii.  i: 

57.      i^'ov 
.lii(/ni/>iii;(iii    Vdniiiii/iis  ICll.   Hot.   S.  C.   &    (la,   i: 

i.(.s.     1S17. 

Culms  erect,  smooth,  2°-4°  tall,  simple  at 
base,  branching  above.  Sheaths  smooth;  leaves 
6'-i°  long,  i"-y  wide,  long-acuminate,  scali- 
rous  on  the  margins;  branches  of  culm  short, 
forming  a  loose  and  elongated  inllorescencc  ; 
spikes  in  pairs,  occasionally  3  or  4,  about  i'  long, 
loose,  protruding  from  the  sides  of  the  spathes; 
rachis  fle.xuous,  slender,  the  joints  and  pe<li- 
cels  pubescent  with  long  si)readiiig  silky  hairs; 
lowest  scale  of  sessile  spikelet  about  I'i"  long; 
awn  4"-9"  long,  straight,  scabrous;  pedicelled 
spikelet  generally  wanting,  occasionally  a  rudi- 
mentary scale  present. 

In  dry  or  iiioint  fitUls,  Massachusetts  to  I'eiiiisyl 
vaiiia  and  Illinois,  soiitli  to  I'lorida  and  Texas. 
.\lso  in  Cuba.     AuK.-Sipl. 

6.  Andropogon  glomeratus  (  Walt. )  W.  S.  V.    Bushy  Beard-grass.    (  Fig.  221.) 

Ciiiiiii  n/iiiiiirn/d  Wall.  I'M.  Car.  59.       I7SS. 
Ainlrofiiiiioii  iiiiurnii  1  mil  .Michx.    I'M.    lior.  .\in.  I:  s6. 

iSo^i, 
Aiiiliofxmoii  i,^lniii,'i;iliis  H.   S.   I'.    I'ril.  Cat.  X.  V.  (\-. 

isss. 

Culms  erect,  i  !2'°-3°  tall,  smooth,  sim])le  below, 
much  branched  above,  upper  nodes  of  branches 
barbed.  Sheaths  compressed,  smooth  to  strongly 
scabrous,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  leaves  i"~2" 
wide,  scabrous, lougacutninate, the  basal  two-thirds 
as  long  as  or  equalling  the  culm,  those  of  the  culm 
6'-l8'  long  ;  branches  elongated,  forming  a  com- 
pact terminal  inllorescence  ;  spikes  in  pairs,  about 
i'  long,  loose,  protruding  from  the  sides  of  the 
scabrous  spathes  ;  rachis  (lexuous,  the  joints  and 
pedicels  pubescent  with  long  spreading  silky  hairs  ; 
outermost  scale  of  sessile  spikelet  about  i '  i"  long  ; 
awn  6"-9"  long,  scabrous ;  pedicelled  spikelet 
reduced  to  a  single  scale  or  wanting. 

Damp  soil,  soutlurn  New  York  to  central  IVnnsylva- 
nia  and  IHorida.  mostly  near  the  coast.     Sept. -Oct. 


GRASS   l-AMILY. 


7.   Andropogon  Elliottii  Clmpiii.     Ivlliott's  Hcard-Krass.     (Imk-  222.  ) 

.Uii/iii/>iiL:i'ii    Elliollii  Cliapin.    I'l.    S.   Slates.   .sSi. 

l.S(«i. 

Culms  erect,  i°-3°  tall,  sinootli,  siiiii)le  or 
spariiijjly  branched  above,  branches  stron).;ly 
beanled  at  the  upper  nodes.  Sheaths  j^labrous 
or  loosely  villous,  the  lower  narrow,  the  upper 
elongated,  inflated,  imbricated;  basal  leaves 
about  one-half  as  lon>;  as  the  culm,  smooth, 
■j"-!  '2"  wide,  those  of  the  culm  fdiform  or 
narrowly  linear,  2'  10'  louf;,  ]i"-\"  wide; 
in  pairs,  i'-2'  lou};,  loose,  fnudly  lonji-exserted 
on  fdiform  pedimcles  ;  rachis  slender,  flcxuous, 
its  joints  and  the  ])edicels  pubescent  with  long 
spreadiuK  silky  hairs;  outermost  scale  of  the 
sessile  sjjikelct  I  '^''-a"  lonjj,  scabrous  on  the 
keel;  awn  6"-9"  lonj,',  scabrous;  p.iiicelled 
spikclct  a  minute  scale  or  wantinj^. 

In  dry  or  moist  places,  Pennsylvania  to  l-'lorida 
and  Texas.     Auif -Sept. 


8.    Andropogon  Torreyanus  .Steiid.     Toncy  s  Ikarcl-^rass.     (  l*i^^  223.  ) 


% 

;--? 


221. ) 

i:  ,sfi. 
Y.  h-. 


Ainliii/tii^iiii  i^/diii  IIS  'I'ltn.  Ann.  I,ve.  N.  V.  I:  i.s.v 

1S24.      Not  Muhl.  1(^17. 
.\ii(lii>pi>i;i>ii    'I'lirifyaiiiis  Steuil.   Noniencl.  lid.  2, 

9,1.      I.S4I- 
.  \ mi rof>os;i>ii  Ja iiiisi i 'ti)X\ ,  Marey's  Kep.  ,vi2-     I'^.S.I- 
.tiii/i'ii/'iii;iiii  siiii/iiiiiii'i/rsvM.  7'i'iiiyiiiiiis  Hack. 

in  DC.  MciiKijf.  IMian.  6:  49.S.      1SS9. 

Culms  erect,  i,'<°~,i'2'°  tall,  simple  or 
branched,  jjlabrous,  the  nodes  naked.  Sheaths 
smooth  and  n^'i'^rous,  more  or  less  k1''»ucous  ; 
leaves  },'-''  lonj,;,  2"-^"  wide,  long-acuminate, 
smooth  and  glabrous  towards  the  base,  scabrous 
on  margins  and  at  the  apex,  glaucous  ;  spikes 
I'-i  V2'long  in  a  terminal  long-exscrted  panicle 
2'-\'  long ;  joints  of  the  rachis  with  a  thin 
translucent  median  hue  ;  outermost  scale  of  ses- 
sile spikclct  i>^"-2"  long,  about  equalling  the 
terminal  hairs  of  the  rachis-joints,  lanceolate, 
acute,  pubescent  at  base  with  long  silky  hairs; 
awn  4"-8"  lon.g.  spiral,  bent,  scabrous;  pedi- 
celled  spikeU't  reduced  to  a  single  narrow  scale. 


In   dry  soil, 
Autf.-.Sepl. 


Kans.is    to    .\rizona    and    Meyico. 


5.    CHRYSOPOGON  Trin.  Fiiiid.  A^rost.  1.S7.       1S20. 

Generally  tall  grasses,  ours  psrennials,  with  long  narrow  Hat  leaves  and  terminal  pani- 
cles. Spikelets  in  pairs  or  3's,  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  lateral  pcdicelled,  staminate, 
empty,  or  reduced  to  the  pedicel  only.  Perfect  spikelet  consisting  of  4  scales,  the  two 
outer  indurated  and  shining,  the  inner  hyaline,  the  fourth  awued  and  subtending  a  palct  and 
perfect  flower,  or  the  palet  sometime?  wanting.  Stamens  ^.  Styles  distinct;  stigmas  plu- 
mose.    Grain  free.     [  Greek,  referring  to  the  golden-yellow  hairs  on  the  spikelets.] 

About  20  species,  in  temperate  and  tropical  countries. 


I04 

1.    Chrysopogon  avenaceus 


CkAAUNEAi:. 
I  Miclix.  I   Ikii  'i. 


Indian  (irass.     (  I""i^'.  224.  ) 

ihiiiiiiii  Mirlix.  I'l.  Hor.  Am.  !:>*<. 


I  Hi  i\. 
Sill  1; /ill III  iiii/iiiis  A.  ('■ray,  .Mail.  017.       |S|S. 

!:■!  ihiii  inn    Cliapm.    I"l.   S,    Stall's,   585. 


.Si  11X^1  II  III 
INmp. 

(  ■//;  I'v.i/),.;' 
•9:  7.1 


III  (tvfihir 


Itiiilli.  Jduni.  Mini,  Sdf. 


Culms  frect,  ,V^  ■'^^  tall,  from  creepiii).;  root- 
slDclcs,  smooth,  the  nodus  pubescent.  Sheaths 
smooth;  lower  leaves  \°  or  more  in  kiiKlh, 
2"  S"  \vi<lf.  loii^j-acumiuate,  scabrous;  panicle 
.\'  12'  1oii,l;  ;  branches  2'"4'  lonj.;,  slender,  erect- 
s|)rcadin,n;  spikelels  in  pairs,  or  in  ,Vs  at  the  ends 
of  tliu  branches,  erect  or  somewhat  spreadinj.j ; 
first  scale  of  sessile  spike'.jt  3""-l"  loUKi  acute, 
puliesceiit  with  lon>{  hairs;  second  scale  j;lab- 
rous ;  awn  5"-io"  lonj;,  the  colunin  very  little 
if  at  all  bent ;  lateral  spikelcts  reduced  to 
plumose  pedicels. 

In  ilry  fiilds.  (tularin  in  .Manitoba,  soittli  to 
KliocU-  Island.  l'Iori<la  ami  .\rizoiia.  I'aiik'k- brown- 
ish yil  low.     Aun. -Sept. 


Chrysopogon  nutans  1  I..  1  lu  iilli 
loiiKI.  supijoiuil  on  a  coliiniii  ilisliiutly  Ik  til  at 
said  to  have  been  reciiillv  I'ouiiil  in  Kiiiluikv, 


listiii^juislird  fidiii  this  species  by  its  lonjfcr  awn  (12"-I.s" 
ibonl  Ur-   middU',  occurs  in   Tiiiiussic  and  is 


6.   SORGHUM   I'crs.  Svn.  i:  loi. 


1 80s 


Annual  or  ]urcnnial  j^rasses  with  lonj;  broad  Hat  leaves  and  terminal  anii)lc  panicles. 
.Spikelcts  in  jiairs  at  uhe  nodes,  or  in  Vs  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  one  sessile  and  perfect, 
the  lateral  pedicelled,  staminate  or  empty.  Sessile  spikelet  consisting  of  4  scales,  the 
outer  indurated  and  shinini,',  ol)scnrcly  nerved,  inner  hyaline,  the  fourth  awucd  and  sub- 
tciuliug  a  small  jialct  and  perfect  (luwcr,  or  jtalet  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  .5.  Styles 
distinct,     (".rain  free.     [Xanic  Indian.] 

About  l,^  species,  of  wide  dislribulioii  in  tropical  and  wanii-tcuii)ciate  retfions. 


I.    Sorghum   Halepense  (I,. )  IVrs.     Johnson-o^rass 


HolcKS  Ifalipnisi.sl,.  Sp.  I'l.  10.17.      i7,s,i. 
Andiopoi;oii  Ifuhpiiisi.-^  Urol.  I'l.  I.usit.  i:  N). 
Sorglnnn  llalipfiisc  IVrs.  Syii,  i:  101,      i!5o,=i. 


iSo.|, 


Culms  erect,  3°-5°  tall,  simple  or  sonietinies 
much  branched,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
smooth;  leaves  1°  or  more  long,  V'-''  w'de, 
long-acuminate;  panicle  ojicn,  from  ,'2°-! 'j° 
long,  the  generally  wliorled  branches  spreading 
and  naked  towards  the  base  ;  outer  scales  of  ses- 
sile spikelet  i"-}/'  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  usually 
purplish,  pubescent  with  long  apprcssed  hairs ; 
awn  when  present  4"-8"  long,  more  or  less  bent; 
pedicelled  spikelcts  of  4  scales,  the  outer  two 
about  3"  long,  membranous,  7-9-nerved,  their  in- 
rolled  margins  ciliatc,  the  inner  two  shorter  and 
narrower,  hyaline,  sometimes  with  staminate 
flowers. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  southern  Pennsylvania 
to  Missouri,  south  to  I'lorida  and  Texas.  Widely  dis- 
tributed by  cullivalion  in  tropical  Aiiieiica.  Native 
of  southern  IJurope  and  .\sia,     July  Se])l. 


CRASS   IWMII.V. 


105 


7.    NAZIA  Ad.ins,  l"ain.  I'l.  2:  ;,i.       i;'",^ 
[Tkai.is  Hall.  Hisl.  Stirii.  Hclv.  2:  20;,.       ivd.H.J 
[I.Ai'i'AC.o  Sclint).  (kii.  ,=55.       iT^ol 
All  nniiiml  Kruss,  dilTusfly  hrani-hed,  witli  (liit  Icnves  and  i-flowcri'il  deciduous  spikelcts, 
cither  solitary  or  in  rliistcrs  of  v  ,S  in  a  terminal  spike.     Scales  of  spikelct  2  or  ;,  the  outer- 
most small  or  waiilinj;,  the  second  rij,'id  and  covered  with  hooked  prickles,  the  third  mem- 
branous, suhtcndiiiji;  a  ))alet  and  perfect  (lower.     [Name  unexplained. J 

.\    Itliillnlyjiii'  Ki  lUls. 
tini|irrali  riKiuM-  nl'  Uu 


iiiilivr  (if  ti(i|)iiiil  and 
old  World. 


1.     lia/Aa    racemosa   i  h.  )    Ktiiitzc. 
I'rickk'-Krass.    t  Vi^.  J2f).  ) 

Ceiiclinis  riiiiiiiii.id  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  io(i).      i7,s,v 
/Mf>p(i!,'ii  )iuiiiii>si7  Wind.  sp.  I'l.  i:  tS|.  '    1711S. 
.Wr.iii    iiuiiiiii^ii    Kuiit/c.    Ki  \ .    ('.111.    ri.    7S1. 

Culms  2'-i.('  tall,  erect,  iinple  to  diffusely 
branched,  smooth  below,  jniliescent  above. 
Sheaths  smooth  and  j.;labrons  ;  leaves  i '-},' 
lon^r,  I "-2"  wide,  acuniin.itc,  rallur  stroiijily 
ciliate  ;  spike  1'  .4' lonj;,  sotnetiincs  partially 
included  in  the  somewhat  inflated  upper 
sheath;  spikclets  i-llowcrcd:  first  scale  very 
small,  almost  hyaline  ;  second  scale  coria- 
ceous, \'i"  lonj;,  acute,  5-nerved,  each  nerve 
armed  with  a  row  of  hooked  prickles  ;  third 
scale  1"  lon).j,  keeled,  shar])-pointed,  1- 
ncrvcd,  membranous,  eiiclosinj;  a  palet  of 
like  texture  and  a  perfect  tlower. 

( »ccasi(iti.il  ill  l),ill;isl  and  waste  ]i1,kxs  abinil 
tin-  .\llaiitic  siapnits.  .Mnindaiil  rmiii  Ti  xas  to 
Ari/iiiia  and  Mixitii.  Native  of  liurope  and 
Asia.     July  Sept. 


8.    PASPALUM  L.  Sy.st.  I'M.  m,  2.  S55.       1759. 

Perennial  j,nasses  of  various  habit,  with  generally  flat  leaves  and  i-flowered  spikelets 
borne  in  2  .(  rows  on  i -sided  spikes,  which  are  sinj^le,  in  pairs,  or  pauicled.  Spikelets  oblonj^ 
to  orbicular,  flat  on  the  inner  surface,  conve.K  on  the  outer.  Scales  ,^,  rarely  2  by  the  absence 
of  the  outermost,  the  outer  ones  membranous,  the  inner  one  indurated  and  subteiidinj^  a 
palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  .Styles  separate  ;  stigmas  ])luniose.  Grain  ovoid  or 
oblonj{,  free.     [An  ancient  (ireek  name  for  some  gTiiss,  used  by  Hippocrates.] 

About  i(Ki  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  tropiciil  and  temperate  regions,  most  abundant  in 
America. 

Spikelets  secund.  with  the  back  of  the  llowerinK  scale  turned  toward  the  racliis. 

Kaeliis  nieinbranous.  dilatid.  its  wiii(,^s  alniosl  eiielosiiiK  the  spikelets  at  niaturity. 
ICxtendinj!;  beyiind  the  siiikelets,  lonn-acuiiiinate;  spikekls  aboiU  '■"  loiin. 

1.  I'.   Illlli  I  nllilllllll. 

Not  exli'iidiiiK  beyond  the  spiki  lets,  acute;  spikelets  about  i"  loiij;. 

2.  /'.  nil  III hni II nil' Kill. 
Kacliis  not  nieinbranous  nor  eiK'losiiii(  the  spiki  lets  at  maturity. 

Spikilit'^  nval  or  elliiilie.  acute. 

,S|)ikelets  iflabrous  or  sciiiiewliat  puliescint;  spikes  in  jiairs  or  occasionally  in  .^s. 

3.  y.  distiilniiii. 
Spikelets  villous  on  margins;  s]>ikes  j  12.                                    4.  P.  dihilnliiiii. 

Spikelets  from  uv.il  to  (irbicular.  very  obtuse. 

Spikes  I,  or  soiiieliuies  2.011  the  1,5  slender  i)C(luiicles  exserted  from  the  upper  sheath; 
spikelets  1"  or  less  lont;. 

Leaves  and  sheaths  pubescent,  the  former  generally  loiin,  narrow  and  erect;  spikc- 
lets about  ',"  loiiff.  ,S.  P.  siiiurinii. 
Leaves  .itid  sheaths  jrlabious  or  somewhat  pubescent,  the  foniicr  loiij{  aii<l  broad, 

lax.  ciliate;  spikclets  about  i"  lontf.  (\  I',  tilidli/nliiiiii. 

Leaves  and  shcallis  glabrous,  the  fiirnier  short  and  broad,  ciliate  on  the  marfjiiis; 
spikelets  about    ,  "  lonjf.  7.  ]'.  loiigipi'diiiHiihiliiiii. 

Spikes  2  or  mole  on  the  sintfle  stout  peduncle. 

Spikclets  1 14  " -I '•"  loiifj;  spikes  t;eiierally  spreadinjf.      S.  P.  fiirzv. 
Spikelets  exeecding  i'."  in  length;  spikes  generally  erect. 

<).   P.  J'/iii  ii/i}iiiiiii. 
Spikelets  not  strictly  sccuiid,  the  back  of  the  floweriiiK  scale  turned  away  from  the  racliis. 
Spikelcts  less  than  i"  loiiff.  ohloiij;.  Ki.   /'.  ((iiii/ii issiiiil. 

Spikelcts  abdilt  2"  loiijf,  broadly  lanceolate.  11.  /'.  paspalnidf.'!. 


Io6  GRAMINRAE. 

I.    Paspalum  mucronatum  Muhl.     Water  I'aspahini. 


(Vifi.  227.) 


/'(i\/>(i/iiiii  iiii((  I  iiiiii/iiiii  Muhl.  Cut.  .">.      iSi  5. 

(ill sill  fliiilitiis  IvU.  Hot,  S.  C.  iS:  (V,\.  i:  1119.       1S17. 

I'tisfiiihiiii  /liii/iiiis  Kunth,  Ui-v.  ('.rain.  ■..  24,       1.S29. 

Culms  ascending,  6' -3°  Ion},',  from  a  lloating  or 
creeping  base,  branched.  vSlicatlis  very  loose  or  in- 
flated, sinootli  or  scabrous,  glabrous  or  pubescent  ; 
leaves  3'-i2'  long,  '+'-1'  wide,  acuminate,  scabrous  ; 
spikes  20-100,  'i'-Y  long,  allerr.ate  or  whorlcd, 
slender;  rachis  flat,  thin,  cxceed'.ig  the  spikelets, 
long-acuminate,  scabrous,  its  margins  nearly  en- 
closing the  spikelets ;  spikelets  in  two  rows, 
about  '.. "  long,  elliptic,  i)ubescent ;  outer  scales  very 
thin,  2-ucrvc(l,  the  first  one  usually  a  little  the  longer. 

In  water,  Virffinia  to  soinlic-rn  Illinois  and  .Missouri, 
south  to  I'lorida  and  Texas  .Also  in  tropical  .America. 
,Sei)t. 


2.    Paspalum  membranaceum  Walt.     Walter's  Paspalum.     (  Imj^.  22S.  ) 

/'i).\/>(i/iiin   infiiihi iiiiiurii  1)1  ^Valt     I"l.  (Jar.  7,s.       17SS. 
Not  I.ani.      1791. 

Paspalum  W'alliriainiiii  Scliiiltis,  Mant.  2:  i()(>.     1S2). 

Culms  erect  or  ascending,  nuich  branched, 
smooth,  creeping  at  the  base.  Sheaths  a  little  in- 
flaied,  smooth;  leaves  i'.-'-^'.'  long,  i"-t," 
wide,  flat,  smooth,  acute  ;  spikes  3-7,  alternate, 
about  i'  long,  the  lower  ones  usually  included  in 
the  upper  sheath  ;  rachis  not  exceeding  the  spike- 
lets, flat,  thin,  i"-iji"  wide,  acute,  smooth, 
many-nerved,  its  incurved  margins  partly  enclos- 
ing the  spikoltls;  spikelets  about  i "  long,  crowded 
in  2  rows,  oval,  obtuse,  smooth;  outer  scales  5- 
nerved;  third  scale  lenticular,  slightly  shorter 
than  the  outer  ones. 

.Moist  or  wet  grounds.  New  Jersey  and  Del.iware  to 
southern  Oliio,  .south  to  IHurida  ind  Texas.     Sijit. 


3.    Paspalum  distichum   I„.     Joint-grass. 

(Fig.     2  2(J.) 

I'as/iatinii  itisticliKiii  I,,  .\uioen.  ,\ca<l.  5:  .V)i-       IT.SQ. 

Culms  erect,  6'-2^  tall,  extensively  creeping  at 
base.  Sheaths  smooth,  sometimes  ciliatc  on  the 
margins,  or  sparsely  pubescent;  leaves  flat,  ij.-'- 
5'  long,  1  "-2"  wide,  acuminate,  smooth;  spikes 
I'-iYi'  long,  in  pairs,  or  occasionally  with  a  third, 
exserted;  rachis  flat,  '."-l"  wide,  smooth;  spike- 
lets i'4"-i  ',"  long,  elliptic,  somewhat  pubescent 
or  glabrous,  acute,  nearly  sessile  in  2  rows;  outer 
sc.iles  3-5-nerved,  slightly  exceeding  the  acute 
third  one  which  is  sparingly  bearded  at  the  apex. 

\'irKinia  to  Missouri  and  California,  south  to  I'lor- 
ida, Texas  and  .Mexico.  .Mso  in  the  West  Indies,  cen- 
tral ami  South  .\nierica,     .AuR.-.Sept. 


spikes 
third, 
spikc- 
)esceiit 
outer 
acute 
apex. 

I'liir- 
'.  ceil- 


GRASS  FAMIIA'. 
4.    Paspalum  dilatatum  Poir.     Tall  Paspaliun.     (  Fij^.  230.  ) 

J'lis/itilinn  ilihiltilinii  I'oir.  in  I.ani.  Iviii'vcl.  5:  ,is-      1^1)4. 
J'lisftiilinii  o-.'iilKiii  Nii-s,  Ajrrosl.  liras.  .|,v       iS2i>. 

Culms  erect,  3°-6°  tall,  smooth  and  j^labrous. 
.Sheaths  compressed,  smooth  ami  (glabrous ;  leaves  1° 
or  more  louj;,  2"-5"  wide,  long-acuminate,  nither 
scabrous  on  the  margins,  sometimes  with  a  tuft  of 
hairs  at  tlie  base;  spikes  4-12,  2'-^'  long,  spreading, 
alternate,  ^x'-2'  distant  on  the  main  axis;  racliis  of 
the  sjiikcs  narrow,  less  than  1"  wide,  somewhat  flexn- 
ous,  scabrous;  s])ikelcts  about  I'j "  long,  in  3  or  4 
rows,  acute  ;  outer  scales  5-nerved,  the  first  villous  on 
the  margins,  the  second  glabrous  or  spsrsely  pubescent, 
the  third  nearly  orbicular,  minutely  punctate-slriate. 


107 


111    moist    Sdil.    \'irKiiiia    In    IMorida.    wt"-l    In 
Asi'i-nds  til  ii«Hi  ft.  in  Ct-orKia.     Aiitf.   Sipt. 


Tfxas. 


5.    Paspalum  setaceum   Miclix.     Slender  Paspalum.      (1m!lC.  231.) 

/'iis/'ii/niii  s,-/it,ii())i  Miclix.  I'M.  linr.  .\iii.  i:  4.5.       iSiv 
/'iisfxilinii  f'Khrsiiiis  Mulil.  Cram.  <)2.       1S17. 

Culms  mostly  erect,  i°-2°  tall,  slender,  smooth. 
Sheaths  and  leaves  generally  very  pubescent,  the 
latter  ,V-^' long,  i  "-3"  wide,  erect,  acuminate;  s])ikes 
I  '^'-,1  !i'  long,  more  or  less  curved,  generally  solitary, 
occasionally  2,  on  a  long-exserted  slender  ])eduncle, 
with  usually  i  or  2  additional  shorter  ])eduncles  from 
the  same  upjier  sheath  ;  sjtikelets  about  i("  long,  in  2 
narrow  rows,  broadly  obovate,  very  obtuse;  empty 
scales  ,^-ncrved,  glabrous  or  iiubcscent;  third  scale  ob- 
ovate, shining. 

Ill  dry  fields.  .Massacliusclls  to  Illinois,  suutli  to  I'lnrida 
and  'IVxiis,     .\scciulst(i  221H1  It.  in  \'irs{iiiia.     .\iiir.-.Sci)l. 


6.    Paspalum  ciliatifolium  Miclix.     Ciliate-leavcd  Pa.spaluin.     (Fi<r.  232.) 

/'iis/>ii/iiiii    c  i/iti/i/o/imii    .Miclix,    I'M.    lior.   .\iii,   i:   44, 
1  .S  i,v 

J'<is/-,;!iiiii  (f(is\/i/i]//iiiii  lUl.    Hot.   ,S,   C.  N:  Cia.  i:   105. 
1S17, 


Cuhiis  erect,    i  '_ 


tall,  smooth.     Sheaths 


varying  from  glabrous  to  ])ubesccut ;  leaves  4'-9' 
long,  i"-~"  wide  acuminate,  ]nibescent  or  glabrous, 
ciliate,  the  ujijier  one  usually  broad  and  cordate  at 
base;  spikes  i  or  2,  occasionally  3,  2'-4'  long; 
licduncles  1-3,  exserted  from  the  upper  sheath  ; 
racliis  very  narrow,  slightly  flcxuous  and  triangu- 
lar, scabrous;  siiikclets  i"-i  '4"  long,  in  2-4  rows, 
crowded,  oval,  the  first  or  convex  scale  sometimes 
sjiaringly  ])ubescent,  the  third  scale  with  a  distinct 
dei)ression  on  the  back  near  the  base. 

In  (lr>-  soil,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  to  Kansas, 
soutli  to  I'loiida  and  Texas.     Jiiiu    .\iit{. 


r^^ 


io8 


GRAJIINKAE. 


7.     Paspalum    longipedunculatum    Le  Conte. 

(1%.  233.) 


Loiitf-stalked   Pas]xiliiiii. 


Piisf'tiliini  dthilc  Miclix.  I'l.  licir.  Am.  i:  \\.       iSi,?? 
Pasftiiliiiii  Ii>nj4ipatiiiiri(hi/i(iii  I.iCoiilo,  Jiiiini    IMiv^   oi- 

2S4.         1^21). 

J'aspaliiiH    artiiiii  iidii    Solirad.;    ScliuUis     .Maiit    2    i-'> 
1S24? 

CuliiisrecliiiinRordcciiinheiit,  i°-i  'j°  long,  smooth, 
leafy  at  base.  Sheaths  j^jlabrous  or  ciliafe  on  the  mar- 
gins, pilose  at  the  tliroat ;  leaves  i'-3'.MonK,  2" -t," 
wide,  glabrous  or  a  little  pilose,  acuminate,  ciliate  on 
the  margins  and  along  the  mid-nerve  ;  peduncles  1-2 
from  the  upper  sheath  ;  spikes  1-2,  \'-2'z'  long,  more 
or  less  curved  ;  rachis  very  narrow,  more  or  less  flexu- 
ous;  spikelets  about  ^4"  long,  nearly  globular;  outer 
scales  .^-nerved,  tlie  first  one  glabrous  or  sometimes 
s]iarsely  pubescent;  third  scale  slightly  exceeding  the 
outer  ones. 

_  Sandy  s.iil,   Xorth   Carolina  to   I'liirida,   Kentucky  and 
'IVnntssii-.     Au^'-. -Sept. 


8.    Paspalum  laeve  Michx.     Field  Pas- 
palum.    (Kij;.  234.) 

Pas/>,)linii  htfvc  Miclix.  I"l.  Itor.  .\m.  i:  (.).       iSo^. 

Bright  green,  culms  rather  stout,  erect  orascend- 
i"g.  i°-3°  tall,  glabrous.  Sheaths  compressed, 
glabrous  or  pubescent;  leaves  3'-!  2'  long,  2"-4" 
wide,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  scabrous 
on  the  margins;  spikes  2-6,  i)i'-y  long,  more 
or  less  spreading,  alternate,  about  1'  apart  on  the 
sin.gle  stout  peduncle,  pilose  in  the  axils  ;  spikelets 
i,'4^"-i  '2"  long,  oval  to  orbicular,  close,  crowded 
in  2  rows,  glabrous. 

In  moist  fii-.ds,  Khodc  Island  to  Kintuckv  and  Mis- 
souri, south  to  I'loriila  .aiul  Texas.  Ascends' to  i^ihj  ft. 
in  North  Carolina.     .\un.  Sept. 


9.    Paspalum  Floridanum   Mich.x.     Florida  Paspaliiiii.      (FiJ,^235.) 

l\isf>,this  llondinnis  Miclix.  I'l.  I!or.  .\ni.  I:  \.\.      iSo,;. 
l\isfiiitiini  iiiii,  liisfti-niiniii  I'luffKo.  Monog.  172.       i.Sio. 

Culms  stout,  erect,  3"-6''  tall,  from  a  creeping  root- 
stock,  glabrous.  .Sheaths  glabrous,  or  the  lower 
pubescent,  sometimes  glaucous  ;  leaves  8'-i5'  long, 
3"^7"  wide,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  spikes 
2-5  on  the  single  stout  peduncle,  2'-^'  Ic.ig,  erect  or 
ascending,  bearded  in  the  axils  ;  rachis  about  i"  wide, 
flat  on  the  back,  scabrous  on  the  margins  ;  spikelets 
I  '2"-2"  long,  broadly  oval,  glabrous,  sometimes 
glaucous,  crowded  in  2  rows;  outer  scales  5-nerved  ; 
third  scale  striate. 


Moist  places.  Delaware  to  Kentucky,  south  to  I'Morida 
and  Texas.     Sept. 


GRASS   I'AMILV. 


109 


10.   Paspalum  compressum  (S\v.)  Xees.     Flat  Paspahnn.     (Fig.  236.) 


J'aspahini  h  islarliyii iii  I,aiii.T:il,I.  luicvi-l   11-6 
171)1  ?  .     ■    •    /    • 

Milium  L(iiii/>irssiiin  Sn-.  I'l.  Iii,l.  (>«■    r  iSi 
1 71)7. 

Pdsfxjiiiiii  filalvuiiilni,  Vin\\\n  \,m\\    ImicvcI    «• 

Piisf>(!liiiii  oiiiipinsiii}!  Xits.  ill  ."Miirt    l'\    liras 
2:  2,;.       1S29. 

Stolons  numerous,  leafy,  sonictiiues  2° 
long.  Culms  6'-2°  tall,  slender,  compressed, 
glabrous  ;  slicatlis  loose  ;  leaves  glabrous, 
sometimes  sparsely  ciliatc,  obtuse,  those  of 
the  culm  2' -4'  long,  2"  3"  wide,  those  of 
the  stolons  about  i'  long,  \"-2"  wide; 
spikes  2-5,  I '-2'  long,  approximate  at  the 
summit  of  the  long  and  slender  stalk  ;  s])ike- 
Icts  not  crowded  nor  secund,  about  1"  long, 
acute,  the  back  of  the  flowering  scale  turned 
oblong,  away  from  the  rachis. 

Virginia  to  Florida  luul  west  to  I.ouisi.iiia 
WkKIv  distributed  in  tropical  America.  I'roba- 
bly  not  native  in  tlie  Tiiitcd  States.     .\Hg  -.Sept 


II 


.   Paspalum  paspaloides  (Michx.)  vScribiier.     Crab-gra.ss  Paspalum. 

(Fijr.  237.  j 


/)(:,■  i/diio  f'ttspaloiiirs  Jlichx.   V\.   lior.  .\in.   i: 

46.       iNi.v 

J'ii.\/)ii/tim  .irichnii.i  iiuiKin  Kunth,  Rev.  Gram. 

P,is/>(j/iiii/  Elliollii  S.   Wats,   in  A.  Cray,  Man. 
VA.  6.  629.  1S911. 

P<isf>alii»i  pas/xi/dii/r.sScrihu.  Mem.  Torr  CUib 

5:    29.         iSy,,. 

Cidnis  i°~2'2°  tall,  erect,  from  an  ex- 
tensively creeping  base,  slender,  glabrous. 
Sheaths  and  leaves  glabrous  or  pubescent,  the 
latter  2'-9'  long,  3"-6"  wide,  obtuse  ;  spikes 
I'^S^'j'  long,  in  pairs,  or  sometimes  with 
an  additional  one,  near  the  summit  of  the 
1-2  slender  stalks,  which  are  long-exserted 
from  the  upper  sheath  ;  rachis  flat,  about  ;i" 
wide,  scabrous  on  the  margins,  the  inter- 
nodes  about  equalling  the  spikelets  in  length  ; 
spikelcts  about  2"  long,  broadly  lanceolate, 
acute,  not  crowded  ;  outer  scales  5-uerved, 
glabrous,  the  back  of  the  third  scale  turned 
away  from  the  rachis. 

^^  JFoist  Ki-ound,   Marvlaiul  to  Florida,  west  to 
Icxas.     July-.Vug. 

9.    AMPHICARPON   Raf.  Am.  Mouth.  Mag.  2:  175.       i.SiS. 

H rcct  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spikelcts  of  two  kinds  ;  one  kind  I)orne  iti 
terminal  panicles,  deciduous  without  perfecting  fruit ;  the  other  solitary,  terminating  subter- 
ranean peduncles,  and  maturing  seed.  Scales  3,  membranous,  the  innermost  subtending  a 
paletand  a  perfect  flower ;  the  scales  of  the  subterranean  spikelets  become  indurated  and 
cuclo.se  the  gram.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  two  kinds 
ol  spikelets.] 

Species  2,  iiih.abilinK:  the  southeastern  fnited  States,  one  of  llieni  restricted  to  Florida. 


IIO 


GRAMINKAK. 

I.     Amphicarpon    Amphicarpon    (  Pnrsln 
Xa.sh.     Amphicarpon.     (Fij;.  2,^8.) 

Milium  <i)iif>lii(iirp,iii   I'ursli,   I'l.  Am.  Sinl    I(j2    hi    • 
iSi.,. 

MiliiiDi  (iliiilKni  Miilil.  ('■ram.  ;;.       r.Si7. 

Aiiipliiiiirpiiiii  /'inxiiii  Kiinlli,  Kiv.  (■■ram.  2S.      rS2i)-,vs. 

.\iiif>liiiiii /tiiii    Aiiifiliiiiii fioii    Nasli,   Mum.  T.irr    Cltib 

Culms  erect,  i2'~i.S'  tall,  slender,  glabrous. 
vSheatlis  papillose-hirsute:  ligiile  jiilose  ;  leaves  i'-6' 
long,  2"-6"  wide,  erect,  aciiiainate,  hirsute  and 
filiate  ;  panicle  linear,  4'  6'  long,  branches  .v-4,  erect, 
hearing  few  spikelets  ;  sjjikelets  about  2"  long,  ellip- 
tic ;  outer  scales  ,s-nerved,  membranous,  glabrous ; 
subterranean  spikelets  ovoid  in  fruit,  about  3"  long, 
acute,  the  scales  all  becoming  much  indurated. 

In  moist  pine  barrens.  New  Jcrscv  to  I'lorida  mar  the 
coasl.     .VuK.-Sfpl. 


10. 


iSii 


ERIOCHLOA  H.H.K.  Nov.  ('.en.  i:  94. 

[Hia.oi'i  s  Trin.  I'nnd.  .\grost.  lo,:;.  1820.] 
Perennial  gnisscs  with  flat  leaves,  and  short-pedicelled  spikelets  borne  in  secund  s])ikes. 
which  form  a  terminal  panicle.  Spikelets  with  an  annular  callus  at  the  ba.se  and  articulated 
to  the  ])edicel.  Scales  3,  the  two  outer  membranous,  acute,  the  inner  one  shorter,  indurated 
and  subtending  a  palct  and  a  perfect  llower.  Stamens  ;,.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumo.se, 
('.rain  free,  [(ireek,  signifying  wool-grass.] 
.Species  about  5,  in  tropical  and  temperate  countries. 

I.    Eriochloa  punctata  (L.  )  \V.   Hainilt. 
Dotted  Milk-t.      (  Fij^.  239.) 

Milium  f>iiiii iiiliim  I,,  .\moeii.  .\ead.  5:  ,',()2.       1759. 
/■'.riihliloa  fiolvshii  Inn   H.H.K.  Nov.  ('.en.  I:o,S. //.    ,'/. 

F.i  ioililihi  (iiiHilalti  \V.  Ilamilt.  I'rodr.  IM.  Ind.  Oec.  s. 
1825. 

Culms  erect  or  ascending,  i°-3°  tall,  glabrous. 
Sheaths  glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent:  ligulc  a 
fringe  of  short  white  hairs  ;  leaves  2'~i()'  long,  2"- 
3"  wide,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  pubescent ;  spikes 
4-25,  I '-2'  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so  ;  rachis  pubes- 
cent;  spikelets  about  2"  long,  ovate-lanccolatc, 
acuminate  ;  outer  scales  pubescent  with  appressed 
silky  hairs,  the  first  a  little  exceeding  the  second, 
the  third  about  i"  long,  rounded  at  the  apex  and 
bearing  a  ))ubescent  awn  about  ,'."  long. 

Kansas  to  Texas  and  Mexico.  Wiilelv  dislril)ute(l 
in  tropical  .Vmeriea. 


II.    SYNTHERISMA  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  76.       ijss. 
LI)i(;iT.\Ki.^  .Scop.  PI.  Carn.  Kd.  2,  i;  52.     1772.     Not  Heist.  1763.] 

Annual  grasses  with  Hat  leaves,  and  spikelets  borne  in  pairs  or  sometimes  in  ^s,  in 
.secund  spikes  which  are  digitate  or  approximate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm.  Spikes  often 
purplish.  Scales  of  the  s])ikelet  4,  sometimes  3  by  the  suppression  of  the  lowest  one  ;  the 
fourth  or  innermost  scale  chartaceous,  subtending  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect 
ilower.    Stamens  3.    Stigmas  plumose.     [( ',reek,  crop-making,  in  allusion  to  its  abundance.] 

About  2n  species,  wi<lely  distril)iite<l  in  temperate  iind  troi)iea!  retfions. 
Kaehis  flat,  broadly  wintfed;  spikes  narrowly  linear. 

Spikelets  i ',  "^i ',"  Iouk;  second  scale  a'boul  onedialf  as  loutr;  first  minute,  rarely  waiUintr. 

C.   •!      1     .         1  .       M   ,  ■  ,  .  I.    .S'.   SllllilllilltlliS. 

.■ipikelets  about  I     long;  second  scale  about  as  Ioiik;  first  scale  waiiliuK-,  rarely  l)reseut. 

„     1  •  ,    ,  .,.,,.  2.  S.  liiiitiiis. 

Kaelns  ^  angled,  not  wintfed;  spikes  Idifonn.  ^.  .y  fiU/oi  mis. 


GRASS    FAMILY.  m 

1.  Syntherisma  sanguinalis  (I,.)  Xash.     Ur^e  Crab-grass       Finger-grass. 
.  (Fig.  240.) 

I itniiiim  SLiiisiuinnlt-  I..  S]).  I'l.  S7.       i-;;; 
/fi'm'/drid  .uii/i;iiiii(i/is  Sviip.    I'l.    Car'ii  '  I'd     1     i-r^ 
1772.  '       "'      '  ■^"' 

Sviilhrii.iiiKi  /i/vr, VIM- Wall.  iq.  Car   -6    i-.ss 
/Jisp,,/,,,,,  s,n,,i;iti„„l,-  I.ani.  Tabl.  I-iu'vcl.  'i:  iV,      1-,,, 
.Si7////,';/.v»/„  siiii,i;,ii,i„lis  Xash,   Hull'.  Toir    Club  22' 
420.     i,Si)5. 

Culms  erect  or  decuinljcnt,  often  looting  at  tlie 
lower  nodes,  i°-,,°  Iouk,  smooth.  Sheaths  ^lah- 
rous  or  piiljescent ;  leaves  2'  6'  loiifr,  2"^4"  wide, 
acuminate,  j,'Ial>rous  or  more  or  less  imhesceut  ;' 
spikes  3-10,  narrowly  linear,  2'^S'  long,  digitate 
or  in  approximate  whorls  at  tlie  summit  of  tlie 
culm;  rachis  flat,  winged;  spikelets  i'^"-jU" 
long,  in  pairs,  one  sessile  or  nearly  so,  acute, 
lanceolate;  first  scale  minute,  rareiy  wanting,' 
second  one-tliird  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  spikel  Jt! 

In  cultiv.itid  i,y  waste  placis,  llirou^rhoul  Xnrtli 
•AniorK-a,  i;.vcept  the  extrtuu-  nc.rtli.  Naturalized  IVdiu 
I'.unipe.  UKlelydistriliiitcdasawcfdiu  all  ailtivat.-d 
retjKius.     July-.\UK'. 

2.  Syntherisma  linearis  (  Krock.  )  Xa.sh.     Small  Crah-gr.a.ss.      (Fig.  .41.  ) 

J'lniiiiiin  liiuaiY  Krock.  I'l.  Sil.  i-  ()=;        i-,s- 
Syiilli,rism,i  s,-i;ili„a  Walt.  I'l.  Car.  76       'I'-SS 
/)i,i,n/aiiii  liKiiii/'ii^ii  IVrs.  Svu.  i-  .s^;       i,So= 
.Sviil/irnsnia  ■;/„/„,!  Schr.ui  V].  Cerni.  i:  iVi,        ,S,^, 
'"■■^pii/ini/  ,ni//<i!;i///ii/  ]>C.  l-\.  CM    i->^        iSx, 
/'<'ii'i"ii/  !;/,i/i, 1111/  V,:im\.  .\iru,sl    !■  2-''       i.sii 
.\vi,lli,risii,„  li,i,:,ris   Xash.  Hull.  Torr.  Club' 22-  j.,, 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  ',°-2°  long,  smooth 
and  glalirous.  Sheaths  and  leaves  glabrous,  the 
latter  I '^3'  long,  i"--2"  wide,  acuminate;  spikes 
2-4,  2'  4'  long,  narrowly  linear,  digit.ite  or  ap- 
proximate at  the  summit  of  the  culm  ;  rachis  nat, 
winged;  spikelets  about  i"  long,  in  pairs,  some- 
limes  in  .Vs,  one  of  them  sessile  or  nearly  so,  el- 
liptic, acute ;  first  scale  rarely  present,  second  and 
third  as  long  as  the  fourth. 

In  cultivated  KT,,uu<lsau<l  waste  places,  X,.va  Scotia 

,,  ,      v",'       !■  ^'"''"■^'"■'.  ^"»tli  t"  I'l"n.la  and  I.„uisi 
ana.     Xaturalizi.  il  fr.,ui  I';ur(.])e.     July  .Sipt. 


3.    Syntherisma  filiformis  (I 

PuiiiiKiii  li/i/nriiir  I„  ,Sp.  I'l.  ,S7.       175;. 
/'tis/hiliiiii  ii/i/,inii,'^\\.  I'nidr.  22.     r7,SS. 
Siiil/irn'siiia  :/'//, i.s,i  W.alt.  I''l.  Car.  77.     i-s.s. 
/>tQi/irri<i  lilihuiiiis  .Muhl,  Cram,  i.^i,      i,si7, 
Sviillnrisma  fi/i/oiiins   Xash.   Hull.  T<.rr    Club    22 

■■'''as. 


Xa.sh.     SleiulLT  I'iiigcr-gra.ss.      (Fig.  242.) 


42,1, 


Culms  erect,  1°  4°  tall,  slender,  smooth.  Sheaths 
hirsute;  leaves  i'  S'  long,  ',"  2"  wide,  erect,  smooth 
or  scabrous;  spikes  2-5,  filiform,  I'-s'  long,  a]  proxi- 
mate at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  erect  or  ne:y  ly  so  ; 
rachis  3-:iiigle<I,  very  slender,  not  winged  ;  si)ikelets 
"4  " -i"  long,  elli|)tic,  imbesceuL,  in  pairs,  occasionally 
m  3's,  one  sessile  or  short-pedicelled;  first  scale  rarely 
present;  second  three-fourths  as  long  ;is  or  equalling 
the  third,  winch  is  equal  in  length  to  the  fourth. 

Drv  sandv  soil,  .Massachusetts  to  MichiRaii,  south  to 
I'liinda,  Nebraska  and  Tc^as.     July-.Scpt. 


I  12 


CRAMINEAE. 


12.  PANICUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  55.  1753. 
Annuals  or  perennials  of  various  habit,  foliajfe  and  inflorescence.  Spikelets  i-2now- 
ered,  when  2-llowerc(l  the  lower  one  staniinate  only.  Scales  4,  the  .^  lower  nienibranous, 
eni])ty,  or  the  third  with  a  staniinate  flower,  varying  in  the  same  species;  the  inner  or  fourth 
scale  chartaceons,  shining,  enclosing;  a  ])alct  of  similar  texture  and  a  jierfect  flower.  Awns 
none,  exce])!  in  Xos.  I  and  2.  Stamens;,.  Styles  distinct.  vStigmas  ])lumose.  (".rain  free, 
enclosed  in  the  hardened  fruitinj^  scale  and  palet.  [Old  I.atin  name  for  some  j^ra.ss,  prob- 
ably the  cultivated  Sorf^hum,  referrin.t;  to  its  panicle,  taken  from  I'liny.] 

About  ,i<«)  species,  in  tciuperalc;  and  tr(i|)ical  riijidns.  Tlu'  Kcdyrapliic  <lislribiilii)n  of  many  of 
our  species  is  not  well  ascertiiined.  The  i>ld  Ivntjlish  name  I'aiiii  or  J'diiiri;  rii.s\.  is  often  applied 
to  .'Uiy  of  tile  species. 

I'anicle  obloni,'-  to  ovoiil;  spike-like  brandies  sessile,  more  or  less  siireadini;;  siiikelels  in  2-,(  rows, 
secutul;  lliinl  scale,  and  sometimes  tlie  sccoiiil  and  first,  awn  pointed  or  .iwiied. 
.Slieatlis  sinoolli;  culms  2'-.("  tall;  t'ourtli  scale  ovate,  abruptly  ])ointcil.    1.   /'.  (  1  m-i^ulli. 
Slieatlis,  at  least   llie   lower   ones,   liirsule;    eulms   .(" -d^    tall;  fourlli    scale    ovate-l.-inceolale, 
acuminate.  2.  /'.   Il'ii//iri. 

Panicle  linear,  spicate  .it  summit;  branches  appressed,  sessile;  third  scale  merely  acute  or  acuminate. 
.SpikeUts  ovate,  acute,  about  i',"  loii«'.  ,,.   /'.  <lii;il(ii  inhii's. 

,S])ikeUls  oval  or  obovoid,  obtuse,  llli«id,  .about  1',"  lonj;.  I-    /'•  chhisiiiii. 

I'anicle  ovoid  or  oblong-;  primary  brauclies  spreadiiit;  or  ascendiii(>:,  secondary  Kcuerally  ajipressed, 
occasionally  divaricate,  beariiifi;  numerous  poiutid  siiiki  lets  not  exceeding  1  '  •"  in  leiiKtli. 
Palet  in  the  axil  of  the  third  scale  conspicuous,  enbUKcd,  much  exciediiiK  the  fourth  scale; 

spikelets  open.  ,=i.    J'.liiiiiis. 

Palet  ill  the  axil  of  the  third  scale  inconspicuous;  spikelets  closed. 

Spikelets  1  '■"  loUK,  curved.  6.   /'.  rusliiilinii. 

.SpikeUts  less  tluin  i  ',•"  loiiK.  slraiKbt  or  but  sbulilly  curve<l. 

Culms  stout;  lateral  panicles  numerous;  lijiule  short,  naked  or  sparsely  sliort-ciliate. 
.Sjiikelets  about    ',"  lonif,  acute;  secondary  branches  of  lualiire  panicle  Kcnerally 

appressed.  "  ~.   /'.  ii,i;ri>s/i</i/'iiriiii: 

.Spikelets  about  I'j"   long-,  acuminate;  secondary'  branches  of  the  mature  panicle 
srenerally  s|)readiiiii  or  divaricate.  S.   /'.  f/<iin;(i/iiiii. 

Culms  slender,   simple,  or  occ.isionally  with  a  sinple  lateral  iiauiele;  spikelets  about 
i"  loiijr,  acuminate;  liRule  short,  pilose.  9.   /-".  loiii;i/iilii(iii. 

liranclies  of  the  panicle  single,  in  pairs  or  fascicle<l,  simple  or  subdivided,  naked  below;  spikelets 
on  slender  pedicels, 
nasal  leaves,  or  those  near  the  base,  much  shorter  and  broader  than  the  upper  culm  leaves; 
spikcU'ts  tuitiid,  obtuse  or  aciitish;  panicle  not  over  (/  in  length,  ffcnerally  much  smaller. 
Culm  leaves  broad,  cordate  and  claspiiiK  iit  base. 
Spikelets  less  than  i"  loujj. 

Leaves  erect  or  ascending.   2'-!'   lonp;;  sheaths  generally  shorter  than  the   inter- 
nodes,  10,   /'.  sfiliiir)iHii>f>iiii. 
Leaves  widely  spreading,  ,^'8'  long;  sheaths  longer  than  the  iiiteniodcs, 

II.   /'.  niiii'ihiiiftiiii. 
Spikelets  i"  or  more  long, 

.Sheaths  smooth,  glabrous  or  softly  pubescent. 

Nodes  strongly  barbed;  sheaths  and  leaves  generally  softly  pubescent;  spike- 
lets elliptic, "2"-2' ■"  long,  12.  J'.  J'm  frn'aiiinn. 
Nodes,  at  least  the  upiier  ones,  naked;  sheaths  glabrous. 

.Spikelets  about  i     long,  elliptic,  i,v   /'■  coiiinniliilin)!. 

.Spikelets  I  'j"-2"  long,  oval  to  obovoid;  leaves  generally  ciliatc. 

\\.     I'.    lUtllliHaifo)!. 

Sheaths    paiiillose-liispid,    spikelets   about   i', "    long;    panicle    generally    much 
included,  sometimes  long -exserted.  i,=i.   /'.  liiuiilcsliiiK in. 

Culm  le.ives  lanceolate,  rounded,  truncate  or  subcordiUe  at  base,  sometimes  narrowed. 
.Spikelets  i '  ."-2"  long. 

Panicle  linear,  loose;  branches  appressed.  if).   J\  Aiinlliofylirsiini. 

I'anicle  ovoid  to  oblong,  compact;  branches  more  or  less  spreading. 

heaves  spreading,  ,V'  'V  wide:  spikelets  obovoid.  17.   /',  SciihiifiiaiiKiii. 

Leaves  erect,  less  than  2"  wide,  longacuminate;  spikelets  elliptic, 

l.s,  ]'.  lI'iliiKX  hiiiiini. 
Spikelets  less  than  i '  •"  long. 

Culm  leaves  1-4,  erect;  culms  mostly  simple,  never  profusely  branched  late  in  the 
season. 
Sheaths  and  leaves  glabrous,  iq.   P.  hoiraU:. 

.Sheaths  and  leaves  pubescent.  20.   /'.  hixilhn  inn. 

Culm   leaves  generally  numerous,   usually  spreading;  culms  simple  e.arly  in  the 
season,  later  profuselv  branched, 
Spikelets  about  '■"  long.  2r    P.  nilidiiiii. 

.Spikelets  aliout  i"  long. 
Sheaths  glabrous. 

Nodes  naked,  or  the  lower  sometimes  sjiaringly  barbed;  spikelets  about 

i"  long.  22.  1'.  iiiclio/oiinitn. 

Nodes  barbed;  spikelets  about  V,"  long.  2,v   /'.  btirbulaliim. 

.Sheaths  pubescent. 

Primary  panicle  ,3' -6'  long;  s])ikelets  fully  i"  long,  primary  culm  leaves 

4'-;'  long.  "  ?(.  /'.  visiidiiiii. 

Primary  panicle  Y  or  less  long;  spikelets  hardly  1"  long;  ])riniary  culm 
leaves  less  than  .).'  long.  25,  /',  [mlicueiis. 

Culm  leaves  long  and  very  narrow,  soinetimes  involute. 

Leaves  elongated,  crowded  at  base,  half  .is  long  as  or  e<iualling  the  culm;  secondary 

panicles  borne  on  short  basal  branches,  2(i.  /',  itf/iaiit^niihiiii. 

Leaves  long  and  narrow,  distributed  along  the  culms,  which  are  profusely  branched 

above  late  in  the  season.  27.  /'.  angiisli/oliiiiii. 


GRASS   l-AMILV. 


113 


Ilusiil  liMves  and  llioso  of  11k-  culm  tlu'  saiiir,  nciunilly  ilimKatcd:  spikrUts  acute  or  acumi- 
nate. 
SpikcKts  2"  louK  or  more. 
Sheaths  ulahmus, 

I'anicle  usually  i'  louy  or  more;  branches  spreadinj;;  leaves  1"  lotiK  or  more,  flat. 

2S,   /'.  -.■iix»lii»i- 
ranicle  i"  Iouk  or  less;  hrauches  erect  or  appressed;  leaves  fi'    1     lonjr.  involute  on 
the  maruins.  at  least  at  the  apex,  thick,  glaucous.  2c).   /'.  aiiuiruin. 

Sheaths  pajjillose  pubescent.  ,V>.   /'.  iniliiuiiini. 

.Spikelets  1 '  ■"  loUK  or  less. 

Culms  stout,  finally  decumbent  ami  much  branched,  with  lateral  panicles  from  all  the 
Upper  sheaths. 
Sheaths  fflabrous.  ,y.   P.  piiilifi-tnm. 

Sheaths  pubescent.  ,^2.  /'.  cal'ilhirf. 

Culms  slender,  erect  or  decumbent,  branche<l  only  at  base. 

Spikelets  i"-i  !.•"  lonK.  (jenerally  single  on  the  ultimate  divisions  of  the  ]>anicle, 
I'anicle  narrow;  branches  erect,  the  lower  ones  about  V  lonjf;  [ixils  naked. 

\},.  I'.JIcxilc. 
ranicle  at  len(;th  dilTnse;  branches  .)'-  S'  Iouk:  axils  bearded. 

,^.(.  /',  (iiilii)iiniile. 
Spikelets  less  than  i"  lonn.  in  pairs. 

Spikelets  smooth,  elliptic,  .icutc.  3,s.  P.  im'/iiis. 

.Sijikelets  warty,  obovoid,  acutish.  ^i.   /'.  ri'iriuosiim. 

I'anicle  linear;  branches  appressecl;  sccinul  scale  of  spikelet  obtuse,  Kihbous  at  base. 

37-  P-  Q'if'I'iiiii. 


I.    Panicum  Crus-galli  1,.     Barnyard  Grass.     Cockspiir  Gra.ss.    (Fig.  243.) 


in  the 

;  about 
II. 

•I. 

I  leaves 
ly  culm 

Lndary 
I II  III. 
Imched 
III  III. 


II 


Panic  inn  I'liis-i'iilli  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  ,s<>.     I75,V 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  often  branching  at  base. 
Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrotis  ;  leaves  6'-2°  long, 
li'-\'  wide,  glabrous,  smooth  or  scabrous  ;  jianiclc 
composed  of  5-15  sessile  erect  or  ascending 
branches,  or  tlic  lower  branches  spreading  or  re- 
flexcd;  spikelets  ovate,  green  or  purple,  densely 
crowded  in  24  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis; 
second  and  third  scales  about  I'i"  long,  scabrous 
or  liispid,  the  tliird  scale  more  or  less  awned, 
imply,  the  fourth  ovate,  abruptly  pointed. 

In  cnltiv.ited  ;ind  waste  places,  throujjhout  Xorth 
.America  except  the  extreme  north.  Widely  distrib- 
uted as  a  weed  in  all  cultivated  rejjions.  Nalurali/ed 
from  ICnrope.     Anif.-Ocl. 

Panicum  colonum  I,.,  .1  southern  species,  related  to 
this,  but  with  awnless  scales,  has  been  found  in  south- 
eastern Virjrinia.  too  late  for  illustration  here.  (.See 
.\ppendix. ) 


2.    Panicum  Walteri  Pursh.     vSalt-inarsh 
Cockspur  Gra.ss.     (  Fig'.  244.) 

J'.iiiii  Kin  hiilcllum  Walt.  I'l.  Car.  72.       17SS.     Not  All. 

I'liiiiiinn  W'allii  i  V\Wr.\\.  I'l.  .\m.  Sei)t.  i:('i6.       1S14. 
/'luiiiinii  liisf^iiiiiiii  .Mnhl.  Cram.  107.       1S17. 
Piiiiiiuin   I'liisiinlli  var.  Iiisf>i\liiiii.  Torr.   I'l.  N.  Y.  2: 
.|2.1.      iSi.v 

Culms  },°-(i°  tall,  robust,  smooth.  Sheaths,  at 
least  the  lower  ones,  papillose-hispid  ;  leaves  1°  or 
more  long,  'z'-l'  wide,  generally  smooth  beneath, 
strongly  scabrotis  above  ;  panicle  h'-i^'  long,  con- 
sisting of  10-40  ascending  or  spreading  branches; 
spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  densely  crowded  in  2-4 
rows  on  one  side  of  be  scabrous  and  hispid  rachis, 
brownish  purple;  s  md  and  third  scales  about 
I, '2"  long,  scabro  and  hispid,  tipped  with  up- 
wardly barbed  awns,  sometimes  10-20  times  their 
length;  fourth  scale  ovatc-lanceolatc,  acuminate. 

In  marshes  and  ditches.  princii);dly  within  the  influ- 
ence of  salt  water,  OiUario  to  Khode  Island,  I'lorida 
and  I.ouisiifna.     .\uK,-<>el, 

8 


114 


GRAMINKAK. 


Panicum  digitarioides  Carpenter.     Narrow  Panicum.     (  Imr.  245. ) 


l\iiiiiiiiii  (tiiiiialiiiii  Torr.   lti)st.  Jdiini.  Nut.  Mist,   i: 

1,^7.      i.svs.     Not  I'tesl,  IS,^). 
ruiiianii    ilii^ilariiiiilrs    CM\wn\.i.\-.    Stiiul.    Syii.    I'l. 

Civaiii.  75-       iJ^.S.S- 
I'll  III,- II  III   Ciii/i.ui  ClMliiii,    I'M     S.    SliiUs.   ,S7,v     iS6o. 

Nut  Sliuel.  i>55- 

Cliibrous,  ciihiis  erect  from  ii  loiiK  iiii<l  sto"t 
crecpiiiLT  rootstock,  :,°-,s"  I"".  siti'l'lL',  stout, 
sinootli.  vSheaths  smooth  ;  leaves  4'-io'  loiiK,  t"- 
S"  wide,  loiifj-acumiuatc  ;  panicle  linear,  6'  12' 
loiiK,  its  branches  i'-:^'long,  erect ;  spikelets  about 
I  14"  long,  ovate,  acute;  first  scale  about  one-half  as 
long  as  the  spikclct,  acute,  .vncrved;  second  about 
1"  long,  5-nervod  and  a  little  exceeded  by  the 
3-nerved  third  one;  the  fourth  3-nerved,  slightly 
shorter  than  the  third. 

Inwiitif,  Dilauiin  III  I'lnrida  and  Tc-xa>..     July  .\UK 


4.   Panicum  obtusum  II.15.K.      Hliinl  I'aniciiin.      <  Fig.  246. 

raiiiiiiiii  iihliisiiiii  II.li.K.  Nciv.  (Uii.  i;  u.^.     iM.i- 

Glabrous,  culms  erect,  i°-2°  tall,  simple  or 
branching  at  l)ase,  smooth.  Sheaths  smooth  ; 
leaves  2,'j'-y'  long,  \"~i"  wide,  usually  erect, 
long-acuminate;  panicle  linear,  2' -(>'  long;  branches 
^'-1/2'  long,  apprcssed  ;  spikelets  about  I'z" 
long,  crowded,  oval  or  oliovoid,  obtuse,  turgid  ; 
first  scale  shorter  than  the  rest,  obtuse,  5-nerved; 
second,  third  and  fourth  scales  about  ecjual,  the 
second  and  third  5-nerved,  the  fourth  chartaceous. 

Kansas  t.i  .\rizniKi,  south  to  Texas  and  Mexii-<,, 
July-Sept. 


5.    Panicum  hians  I'.ll,      Capiiii;  ranicuin. 
(  I'i;^-.  247.  I 

Piiiiiniiii   (li:;tii,iiliiiii    Miclix.    f'l.    I'.ov.    -\iu.    i:   ,SO.      iSo,-,. 

Not  I,.      i7.>^. 
Panicuiii  iiu-!i,.tiiiiiii  .Miclix.  I'l.  l!or.  .\ni.  i:  ,so.       1803? 
r.iiiiniiii  hians  VM.  Bot.  .S.  C.  &  Ca.  i:  iiS.       \^i-. 

C.labrous,  culms  erect,  i°-2';°  tall,  generally  simple, 
sometimes  creeping  at  base,  smooth.  Ivcaves  3'-5'  long, 
,//_,/'  .^vide,  acuminate,  generally  erect;  panicle  3'-S' 
long;  branches  few,  generally  spreading,  the  longer  ones 
often  drooping,  the  lower  naked  below  the  middle  ;  spike- 
lets  about  \"  long;  fourth  scale  exceeded  by  the  third 
and  its  usually  empty  palet  which  is  much  enlarged, 
generally  forcing  the  spikelet  wide  open. 

In    tnoisl   Krouiul,    Norlli    Carolina   to    .Missouri,  south    to 
I'lorida  and  Texas.     .\uu.   Sept. 


GRASS    lAMII.V. 


"5 


6.    Panicum  rostratum   Mulil.      IWakcd  I'iiniciiiii.      i  l-'i^.  2^i>.  ) 

I'liiiidiiii  ,111,1  pi  Mii'lix.  I'l.  Ildv.  Am.  i:  p.       i""".!' 
l',iiii,iiiu  Ills/ 1  III  II  III  Miilil.  Cnmi.  \2\.      1S17. 

Culms  erect  from  a  crecpiuj,' scaly  1)raticlic'(l  root- 
stock,  i'2°-5°  tall,  iiiucli  branched,  compresscil, 
stout,  snu)otli.  vSlicaths  compresscil,  f;l"'>''0"s,  or 
tile  lower  ones  pubescent  ;  leaves  i'^  loUK  or  more, 
2"-s"  wide,  aciimiuate  ;  lif;ule  very  short ;  panicles 
pyramidal,  6'  -12' lonj,;;  axisauil  ascendinj.;  branches 
scabrous;  spikelets  I'j''  Ion),',  crowded,  lanceo- 
late, acuuiiuate,  curved,  hju^cr  than  the  scabrous 
pedicels ;  first  scale  less  than  one-half  as  lonj<  as 
the  spikelet ;  second  scale  about  I  '•'"  lonj;,  curved 
at  the  apex,  scabrous  above'  on  the  micMle  nerxc; 
third  scale  us\ially  subtcnilinj;  a  small  empty  palct. 

Mnisl  sciil.  Xl-vv  Jersey  tn  Illinois  iiiul  Mi~-.nini. 
SdiUli  111  I'lorida  iiml  'l\\;is.     July  Srpt. 

7.    Panicum  agrostidiforme   I, am.     As^ioslis  liki.'  I'anicmn.      '  Imk.  :!49. ) 

I'liiiiiiiiii  iv^i  iisliilihn  nil     I, am.    T.ilil.    I'lliiycl.    I:    172. 

i;i)i. 

I'iiiii,iiiii  iii;rii\liii,ti\    Trill.     I'liill.    .'i?.       iS^t'i.     Xot 

Mulil.  1S17. 

Culms  erect,  1 '_- '  3^  tall,  much  branched,  com- 
pressed, smooth.  .Sheaths  compressed,  glabrous, 
or  sometimes  hairy  at  the  throat  ;  lifiule  very  short, 
naked  :  leaves  1 '  lonij  or  more,  2"-.\"  wide,  acum- 
inate ;  i)auicles  pyramidal,  J^'-\2'  long,  terininatint; 
the  culm  aiirl  branches  ;  jirimary  branches  of  the 
panicle  spreadinj^,  secondary  ,t;euerally  apprcssed  ; 
spikelets  .'4.'"  long,  acute,  .straight  ;  first  scale 
Vnerved,  acute  ;  second  and  third  scales  5-nerved, 
aliout  twice  as  long  as  the  first  and  longer  than  the 
oval  fourth  scale,  which  is  slightly  stalked;  small 
paKt  of  third  scale  usually  empty. 

Wit  liKniud.  .M;iiiu  In  Minnesota,  .■-outli  to  I'lurida 
:iiiil  '1\  .sa-.      Jiil.N    Sipl. 


I 


iSo.v 
J  So,,? 

simple, 
-5'  lo"K' 
pie  .V-«' 
hger  ones 
le ;  spike- 
Ithe  third 
|;nlarged, 

SdUtll    to 


8.    Panicum  elongatum   I'lu^li.      I.ou 

r,iin\iiiii  liiiiii^ii/iiiii  I'lirsli,  I'l    .\iii    Sept.  '»i.       1^1  |. 
/1n/;'( /(/;/ f;;';(/.v/,i/i/(v  Miihl.  Cram.  ii<i.       1.^17,  ! 

Culms  erect,  3"-S'^  tall,  much  branched,  stout, 
compressed,  smooth.  vShcaths  smooth  and  glab- 
rous, compressed  ;  leaves  1^  long  or  more,  2"-.\" 
wide,  acuminate,  scabrous;  panicles  pyramidal, 
terminating  the  culm  and  branches,  4^-12' long  ; 
j)rimarv  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the  sec- 
ondary usually  divaricate  ;  spikelets  about  t '+ " 
long,  crowded,  acuminate ;  fust  scale  acute  or 
acuminate,  one-third  the  length  of  the  eepial  and 
acuminate  second  and  third;  fourth  scale  narrowly 
elliptic,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  third  and 
raised  on  a  delicate  stalk  about  '4  "  long. 

Moist  soil.  New  Jersey  and  IViiiisylv.inia  to  Kin- 
tueky,  Teimessee  aiid  North  Canilina.     July  .Sejit. 


I'atiiciiiii. 


Vh 


SO.) 


Il6  CRAMINHAK. 

g.    Panicum   longifolium  Torr.     Loii^^-lcavcd  rauicuiu.     (  Im^-  ^51.) 

I'aiiiiinii  loiii;i/iiliinii  'I'dir.  ]"1.  V .  S.  i  |i).      I'^J). 

Culms  erect,  i''-2°  tall,  slender,  simple,  or  occa- 
sionally witli  a  single  lateral  panicle,  llattencd, 
smooth  and  j^labrous.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glab- 
rous ;  leaves  .S''-i2'  lonj(,  i"-2"  wide,  acuminate 
into  a  lonjf,  slender  point,  ri)U}(h,  j^labrous  ; 
Hgule  short,  pilose;  panicles  .s'-y'  lonj; ;  primary 
branches  long  and  slender,  spreadinjj,  secondary 
very  short,  appresscd,  generally  bearing  1-3  spike- 
lets  ;  spikelcls  \"  long,  acuminate;  first  scale  acute 
about  one-half  as  long  as  the  acuminate  second 
one  ;  third  scale  etjiudling  the  second,  acuminate, 
one-third  longer  than  the  elliptic  obtuse  fourth  one. 

This  sciiiis  tn  be  a  wcll-niarkcd  sijcciis.  Tts  slender 
simple  very  iiUK'li  flattened  culms,  the  Inn);  and  nar- 
row leaves,  and  the  loiij;  slender  bninelus  (if  the  pan- 
iele  bearing  the  spikelets  almost  racenidsily,  abinid- 
antly  distiuKuish  it  fnini  any  others  of  this  Kr<nip. 
Mot,st  soil,  New  Jersey  and  rcnnsylvania.     AiiK.-Scpt. 


10.    Panicum  sphaerocarpon  ];il. 

» 


Roiind-fniitcd  Paniciini. 

Hot.  s. 


( Fij^.  252. ) 

C.  .V   C.a.  I;  125. 


J'aiiiciiiii  sftlhiri  ih'tii  f<(iii   V,\\. 

iSe;. 

Culms  generally  erect,  simple  or  somewhat 
branched  at  base,  io'-2°  tall,  smooth,  or  the  nodes 
sometimes  pubescent.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  glabrous,  the  margins  ciliate  ; 
leaves  2'-\'  long,  2" -1"  wide,  acuminate,  cordate- 
clasping  at  base,  scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath, 
the  margins  cartila.ginous  and  minutely  serrulate, 
ciliate  towards  the  base;  panicle  ovoid,  2'-^,'  long  ; 
spikelels  less  than  \"  long,  nearly  spherical  or 
somewhat  longer  than  thick,  obtuse,  purple ; 
first  scale  broadly  ovate,  obtuse;  third  and  fourth 
scales  three  to  four  times  as  long  as  the  first,  subor- 
bicular,  7-uerved;  fourth  scale  oval,  obtuse,  '4" 
long;  palet  of  third  scale  usually  empty. 

Dry  soil,  southern  Ontario.  Xew  York  and  Mis- 
souri, to  I'loiida,  Texas  and  Me.xico.     July  Sept. 


II.    Panicum  microcarpon  Miihl.     Sniall-fniilfd  ranicum 


Pauicion  »iiiiiHiirpnii  Muhl.  Cirani.  iii.       1S17. 

Culuis  generally  erect,  2°-3°  tall,  simple,  smooth. 
Sheaths  smooth,  glabrous,  longer  than  the  iuter- 
nodes  ;  ligule  none  ;  leaves  s'-S' long,  /-j'-l'wide, 
long-acuminate,  smooth,  cordate-clasping  and  spar- 
ingly ciliate  at  the  base  ;  panicle  s'-S'  long,  ovoid 
to  oblong  in  outline  ;  branches  slender,  ascending  ; 
spikelets  %"  long,  obovoid  to  nearly  spherical, 
numerous ;  first  scale  minute,  second  and  third 
about  equal,  7-ncrved,  puberulent,  the  fourth 
white  and  shining;  palct  of  third  scale  usually 
empty. 

Woods  and  aloupr  thickets,  southern  New  York  to 
Pennsylvania  and  Miehinan,  south  to  ITorida,  Louisi- 
ana, Nebraska  and  Texas.     July-.Sepl. 


i 

3 


CRASS    IWMIIA'. 
12.   Panicum  Porterianum  Xasli.     I'„rtcrs  I'anicuni 

J\iiii,  11,11   lalifoliutii   Wiilt.    V\.    Car.   ;,^      i7>,s.     x,,,   i,. 

I\inu,n„n-,,li,ri    IN.ir.   i„   r.;,n>.    l^.oH.   Sn,,,,l.  4:   2S2. 

Paiii,  1(1,1  l„li/„ti,n„  var.  uioll,-  Vas.v.  Cctilr.  Nat    ll,.,l) 

3^U-      i'^<i:?.     Vol  /•;;/,•//,■  S\v.  I -ss 
liinuun,   I'oilni.n,,,,,,   .\;,sl,,    luui.   Turr.   Cliih    22-    ,.,, 

Culms  erect,  i"  2  >  tall,  siinpk'  or  soim-what  diclio- 
toinously  branched  above,  the  nodes  densely  barbed. 
.Sheaths  Keiierally  softly  imbesccnt ;  leaves'ovatc  to 
broadly  lanceolate,  2'-.,'  l..n«,  '.'-i ',"  wide,  cordate- 
clasping  ,-it  base,  acute,  usually  softly  pubescent ;  pan- 
icle included  or  somewhat  cxsertcd  ;  branches  spread- 
ing or  ascending,  bearing  few  elliiitic  short-pedicelled 
appressed  spikelets  2"-2  >,"  long ;  first  .scale  one-third 
to  one-half  as  long  as  the  pubescent  and  equal  second 
and  third  ones  ;  fourth  .scale  about  as  long  as  the  third. 

iMdnila  ,111(1  Uxiis.     Juiu-.\ii(r. 

13.    Panicum  commutatum  Scliulte.^.     \-anal)lc  Panicum.     (  I'i. 


117 


'  I'lK.  2,S4-> 


2.55-) 


'Slim   'S\\\\\\.    CiMin.    116. 


I'aiiiiiiiii    iirr: 
I.aiii.       1797. 
I\iiiiiinii  (Kill  III  1(1,1 1  inn  Schultcs,   M.iiit.  2:  2^2. 


iSi;?     Not 
1824. 

Culms  erect,  i°-2°  tall,  rather  slender,  glabrous, 
or  pulicscent  especially  at  the  nodes,  simple,  finally 
dichotoniously  branched  above.  Sheaths  glabrous 
or  puberulent,  generally  ciliate;  leaves  2'~Y  long, 
',i'-\'  wide,  sparingly  ciliate  at  the  base,  acute, 
glabrous  or  puberulent,  those  of  the  branches  gen- 
erally broader  and  more  crowded  than  those  of  the 
main  stem  ;  panicle  2'  5'  long,  lax,  the  branches 
siireadiug;  spikelets  1"-! -4:"  long,  ellipsoid;  first 
scale  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  r- 
iierved  ;  second  and  third  scales  equal,  "-nerved, 
pubescent ;  fourth  scale  oval,  obtuse,  apiciilate, 
about  I"  long;  palet  of  third  scale  usually  empty.  ' 

In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  New  York  to  Kentucky, 
soiilli  to  Morula  and  Texas.     Juiie-.\ug-. 


14.    Panicum    macrocarpon    U-    Coiite. 
Larj,re-fniitecl  Paniciiin.      (V'l^.  256.  ) 

Paiii.KiH  iii.Kidcaipoii  I,e  Coiite;  Torr.  Cat.  qi.  kSiq. 
Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple  or  somewhat 
branched  above,  smooth;  the  nodes,  at  least  the 
upper  ones,  naked.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous, 
ciliate;  leaves  y--'  long,  9"-i>^'  wide,  cordate- 
claspnig  at  base,  acuminate,  smooth  and  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  on  both  surfaces,  ciliate  ;  ])anicle  V-6' 
long,  generally  long-exscrted,  rarely  included,  its 
branches  more  or  less  ascending  ;  .spikelets  i  '."-2" 
long,  turgid,  oval  to  obovoid  ;  second  and  third 
scales  broadly  oval,  obtu.se,  9-nerved,  pubescent, 
the  fourth  oval,  rather  acute,  i^"  long. 

The  more  simple  euhns,  Kla-rous  sheaths,  leaves  and 
nodes  and  the  tnrpul  spikelets  readily  distiiiKuish  this 
species  from  either  /'.  J'.,i,,n,ii,,(„^„r  1'.  ,/,„„/,.v//- 
niim.  Moist  places.  \  eriiioiit  to  xVew  York  New 
Jensey  and  Pennsylvania.     JulyAuR. 


Ii8 


c.raminivm;. 
15.    Panicum  clandestinum   I,.     Ilisjiid  I'auiciiiii.     i  Imk-  -'57.) 

I'miiiiiiii  ,l,iiuii\liinnii  I„  Sp.  I'l.  fl^.      I7,S.V 
J'lDiiiiiin  piidiiii  iiliilioii  Tiprr.  I'M.  l'.  H.   141.      iSj(. 

Culms  erei't  or  asceiidinf,',  l'.'""-)"  tall,  rather 
stout,  sinipk'  .it  first,  iiuicli  Imiticlu'd  liitrr  ill  the 
si'asoii.  Slit-atlis  loii^^tr  tliati  the  iiitcruotlfs,  tiiuch 
crowded  t)ii  the  hraiichcs,  paiiillosL'-hispid,  especi- 
ally the  upjier  ones;  leaves  2'  .S'  long,  'i'-\\' 
wide,  conlate-clns])iiij;  at  hase,  acuiuiiiate,  siiiootli 
and  glabrous,  the  margins  ciliate  at  liase  ;  primary 
liaiiicU"  somrlimcs  lonj^-exserted;  panicles  of  the 
branches  below  included  in  the  sheaths,  rarely 
slij^htly  exserted;  spikclets  i"-i^"  loii),',  ellipsoid; 
first  scale  about  one-third  as  lonj;  as  the  spikclet; 
second  and  third  oval,  acutish,  i)-nerved,  the  fourth 
oval,  obtuse,  apiculate,  whitish,  shiniu).;. 

""    In  tliiikft'-.  Ouibee  in  Micliinaii,  snuth   tn  Cidinia, 
Mi-sciiiri  anil  'lVxa>,     .|iiiii-  July. 


16.    Panicum  xanthophysum  A.  (iniy. 
vSk-iuk-r  Paiiiciini.      (  1'!'^.  2sS.  1 


Pauiciim    vaiilliiif'liv\inii  .\,  Cr: 
23,?-     i^.5.i- 


.\mii.    I.yc.  N.  V.  3: 


Culms  erect,  i"-2°  tall,  simple.  .Sheaths  spar- 
inj,'ly  papillose-pubescent;  lif^ule  very  .short;  leaves 
y-fi'  loii)r,  '('-'4'  wide,  rounded  at  base,  loiiK- 
acuminatc,  erect,  smooth  and  j^labn.us;  panicle 
loug-e.Nscrlcd,  linear,  i  '.'  4'  long,  its  branches  ap- 
pre.ssed  ;  spikclets  few,  about  i;^"  long,  obovoid, 
pubescent  or  glabrate;  first  scale  about  one-half  as 
long  as  the  nearly  ccjual  obtuse  second  and  third; 
fourth  scale  indurated  and  shining,  elliptic  or  oval. 

Dry  sdil.  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Manitnba,  south  to 
New  Jfisiy  and  I'liinsylvania.  I'laiil  IIkIU  k'ciii, 
beeoniiiiK  yellowish  in  drying.     June   .\uff. 


17.    Panicum   Scribnerianum  Xasli.     vScribiier's  Paiiiciiiu 


I'diiii  inn  siii/ym  iiiiii  var.  iiiiiinr  .Seribn.  Hull,  fiiiv.  Teiin. 

7: -t.*^.  i.Sti4.  SkV  /'■  Ki/ii/Zaii' vnT.  »//////.v  Muhl.  1S17. 
Piiiiiitiin  sii'pii  rill  III  S.  Wats,  in  \.  Ciray,  Man.  Ivd.  6,  632. 

iiSc)o.     Not  r.ain.      171)7. 
raiiiciini    fhiiu  ijliii mil   X.    (irav.   Man.   61 ',.     1S48.     Not 

ICll.       1.S17. 
Pdiiiiinn  Sci  ihiiriiaiiinii  Nash,  lUiU.  Torr.  Club,  22:421. 

Culms  erect,  6'-2°  tall,  siniiile  or  late  in  the  season 
dichotoinously  branched  above,  sparingly  pubescent. 
Sheaths  strongly  papillose-hispid,  sometimes  glabrate  ; 
leaves  2'-4'  long,  t,"-(>''  wide,  rounded  or  truncate  at 
base,  acuminate,  more  or  less  spreading,  smooth  above, 
scabrous  beneath  ;  panicles  small,  the  primary  one  ex- 
serted,  ovoid,  I'^'-y  long,  the  secondary  ones  much 
smaller  and  more  or  less  included  ;  branches  of  the 
primary     jianicle     spreading,     S^-l^a'     long,    often 


flexuous  ;  spikclets  turgid,  obovoid,  about 


long. 


In  dry  or  iiioisl  soil,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota, 
south  l<i  Virginia.  Kansas  and  .\rizoiia.     June  .\U(f. 


r.RASS    I'AMIIA 

i8.  Panicum  Wilcoxianum  \as(.> .     Wil- 
cox's I'anituiii.      I  I'ij;.  j^io.  ) 

I'lniidim    il'ili(i\  uiiiiim    Vasiv,     Hull.     I'     S.    Dipt 
Ajflii'.  Iliit.  I)iv.  S:  J2.       iSSi,.  ' 

Culms  erect,  (V-\n'  t.ill,  siiariiinly  pubescent. 
Slieatlis  papillosc-pubesi'eut ;  li^ule  a  riiij.;  of  hairs  ; 
leaves  I  I.'  ^'  lon>;,  less  than  2"  wiile,  lonfj-acuiil- 
iiiate,  stroufjly  puliescent  with  '.oiij,'  hairs;  panicle 
about  I  !.'  loiiK,  "hlonn  toovo'.d,  coini)ac-t ;  branches 
less  than  i'  lonj,',  spreacli'i^^orascinclinj,',  lle.xuous  ; 
spikelets  about  1 '+ "  long,  ellipsoid;  first  scale 
about  one-(iuarler  as  lon^  as  the  si)ikclet ;  second 
and  third  scales  about  equal,  pubescent ;  fourth 
scale  about  as  lonj(  as  the  third,  obtuse. 

In  ilry  snil,  .\i  bni-k.i,     July  Auk. 


"9 


19.    Panicum  boreale   Xasli.     N'ortla-ni   I'aniciiiii.     (  l''i«.  261.) 

I'uiiit mil  liKiciilr  Nasli.  Hull.  Tnir.  Club.  22:  .(.>r.     i.Si^j. 


Culms  at  first  erect  and  simple,  1''  2°  tall,  later 
decumbent  and  somewhat  branched,  smooth  and 
j^labrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
usually  smooth,  ciliate  ;  li^nle  short,  ciliatc  ;  leaves 
,^'5'  loiifi,  '+'-•>'  wide,  erect,  truncate  or  rounded 
at  the  si)ar.sely  ciliate  base,  acuminate  ;  panicle  2'- 
-l'  lonK,  ovoid,  its  branches  i'-2'  lonj.;,  spreading  or 
ascending;  spikelets  \"  long,  about  equalling  the 
pedicels,  ellipsoid,  somewhat  pubescent ;  first  scale 
ovate,  obtusr,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let  ;  second  and  third  scales  oblong-ovate,  7-ucrvcd, 
pubescent,  equalling  the  fourth,  which  is  oval, 
acute,  and  slightly  more  than  ;V"  long;  palet  of 
tliird  scale  usually  empty. 

Moist  soil.  Xiwfoundland  and  Ontario  to  Nlw  York, 
Vcriimnt  anil  .Minnesota.     Suininir. 


20.    Panicum  laxiflorum  Lain.     Lax  -  flowered  Patiicum.     {V\\i,.  2^2.) 


J'aiii(  Hill  Uixillorniii  I.ain.  liucyi'l.  4:  7|S. 


1707 


Culms  erect,  S'-i5'  tall,  simple,  pubescent  or  glab- 
rate.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  hirsute; 
leaves  2  U'-5'  long,  2"  5"  wide,  erect,  generally  nar- 
rowed at  base,  long-acuminate,  pube.scent  orglabrate  ; 
panicle  2'~\'  long,  its  axis  and  erect  or  spreading 
branches  sometimes  hirsute  ;  spikelets  about  \"  long, 
ellipsoid  or  narrowly  obovoid,  strongly  pubescent ; 
first  scale  minute,  i -nerved  ;  second  and  third  about 
equal,  9-ncrved,  very  pubescent,  as  long  as  the  shining 
obtuse  minutely  apiculate  fourth  one ;  third  scale 
usually  with  an  empty  palet. 


Moist  soil,  VirKinia  to  Kentucky,  south  \^^  I'lorida. 
Also  reported  from  niucli  further  north.  It  has  been  cf)n- 
founded  with  the  preceding  species.     June-.Vug. 


I20 


GRA.MINKAE. 


21.    I^anicum  nitidum  Lain.     vShinins  I'anicuin.     (  Kig.  263.) 

J'liiiii/iiii  iii/idiiiii  I,;im.  l';iuvcl.  4:  7(>>.       iro?. 

Culms  at  first  siiiipk',  I2'-I.S'  tall,  later  profusely 
(lichotomously  branched,  2°-3°  long.  Sheaths  nlnh- 
rous  to  pubescent ;  ligule  pilose  ;  leaves  glabrous  to 
.sparingly  hirsute,  truncate  or  slightly  rounded  at  base, 
the  primary  ones  i'-3'  long,  i';"~y  wide.  I'rect, 
those  of  the  branches  '.'-1'  long,  i"  wide  or  less; 
primary  panicle  long-exserted,  I '-2'  long,  ovoid, 
those  of  the  branches  smaller  and  exceeded  by  the 
leaves;  spikelels  about  ^"  long,  obovoid,  pubescent, 
usually  purple;  first  scale  about  one-third  as  long  as 
thespikelet,  i-nervcd;  second  and  third  scales  liroadly 
oval  or  orbicular,  7-nerved,  shining ;  fourth  scale 
minutely  apiculate,  '^i"  long. 

CdinnKin  in  dry  s.itidy  soil,  in  llii'  Ivaslcni  ami  Middle 
.Slates,  and  pmbubly  much  more  widely  distributed. 
June   Auk. 

22.    Panicum  dichotomum  L.     Forked  Panicum.     (  Kitif.  264.  ) 

/'aiiiiinii  i/ii/iii/iiiiiiiiii  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  .s.'i.       1755. 

J'(iiii<  Kill  laiiiiilnsiiiii  Miclix,  I'l.  liiir.  .\ui.  i:  50.      iSiv 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  or  the  lower  nodes  barbed, 
culms  erect,  '2°-2°  tall,  at  fust  simple,  liter  pro- 
fusely dichotomously  branched  at  about  the  middle. 
Leaves  light  green,  widely  spreading,  generally 
much  narrowed  toward  the  base,  the  primary 
ones  distant,  2'-^'  long,  2"--\"  wide,  those  of 
the  branches  1' long  or  less,  ^'2"-!"  wide,  somc- 
titnes  involute  ;  primary  panicle  usually  long- 
c.xserted,  \'-2'  long;  branches  lax,  spreading, 
bearing  few  spikelets  ;  secondary  panicles  smaller, 
not  exceeding  the  leaves,  their  branches  with  very 
few  spikelets;  spikelets  about  i"  long,  ellijisoid, 
glabrous. 

In  woodlauils  and  thickets,  New  York  to  Kentucky, 
Missouri  and  southward.     June-July. 


Panicum  barbulatum  Micli.v. 

I  »,iiii 

i\f,iii  II  III 

I.Sov 


ISarhc'd   Paincnni.      (  Im^.  265.  ) 


bill  hiihitinii    Miclix.    I'l.    Ilor.    \\\\.    i:   ,(9. 


Culms  at  first  simple,  erect,  2°-^^°  tall,  later  pro- 
fusely ranched  for  their  whole  length,  ,^°-4°  long, 
prostrate  or  leaning,  the  nodes  strongly  l)arbed. 
Leaves  smooth  and  glabrous,  generally  truncate  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  the  primary  ones  .^^5'  long, 
about  yi'  wide,  widely  spreading,  the  lower  ones 
usually  rcfiexcd,  those  of  the  branches  ,'j'-2'  long, 
i"-2"  wide  ;  primary  panicle  ,V-5'  lo"Ki  cxserted, 
ovoid,  its  branches  ascending,  rigid ;  secondary 
panicles  smaller,  lax,  not  exceeding  the  leaves,  tlie 
branches  bearing  few  spikelels;  spikelets  about 
}i"  long,  ellipsoid,  purple,  glabrous;  first  scale 
about  one-third  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  acute. 

Moist  soil,  Niw  York  to  Tennessee,  south  to  h'lorida 
and  Texas.    June  \\\k. 


GRASS  TAMILY. 


121 


24.  Panicum  viscidum  Ivll.     Vt.lvety  Paiiicuni.     (Fig.  266.) 


■19- 


/./.  7. 


PaiiiiiiDi    s.opdiiiiiii    Mitlix.    I'l.    linr   Am.   I 

N(il  I,ani.       !r'*7- 
I'diiiiiini    visciitiiiti   lUl.   lint.   S.  C.  iS:   (la.   i: 

/•  ..'■       'f^'7- 

Culms  erect,  2°  4°  tall,  simple  or  at  length  much 
branched  above,  villous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodcs,  villous;  leaves  j^cnerallv  narrowed,  some- 
times roundcil  or  truncate  at  base,  softly  pubescent, 
those  of  the  culm  4'-7'  long,  5  "S"  wide,  distant,  those 
of  the  branches  i'-2i2'  long,  2"-^"  wide,  crowded; 
pritnary  panicle  ji,'-(i'  long,  ovoid,  branches  ascetuling; 
secondary  panicles  much  smaller,  not  CNcceding  the 
leaves  ;  spikelets  ovoid  to  oval,  about  i  '4  "  long,  pu- 
bescent ;  first  scale  broadly  ovate,  about  one-fourth  as 
long  as  the  s])ikelet  ;  second  and  third  scales  nearly 
orbicular,  9-ncrved,  pubescent,  the  fourth  oval,  apicu- 
late,  1"  long. 

Mdist  soil,  New  Jersi  y  tu  Indiana  and  the  Iiidi.ui  Terri- 
tory, south  to  I'lnrida  and  Texas.     N(il  viscid.     June   .VuK- 


Panicum  pubescens  I.aiii.     Hairy  Paiiicmn.     (Fig.  267.) 


I'iiiii, mil  f>ii/iistiii.s  I.ain.  iMieyel.  4:  74S.     1797. 
/'iiiiitniii  liiiiiiiiiiiiisiiiii  ]\\\.  licit.  ,S.  C.  iS:  <'ia.  i:  12^ 


1817. 


Culms  at  first  erect  and  simple,  later  proinsely 
branched  ;ind  leaning  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  ])u- 
bescent.  .Sheaths  hirsute  to  villous,  often  papillose  ; 
leaves  rounded,  truncate  or  often  narrowed  at  the 
base,  pubescent  or  glabrate,  generally  more  or  less 
spreading,  those  of  the  culm  2'  ^  long,  those  of  the 
branches  much  shorter;  primary  panicles  less  than  3' 
long,  ovoid,  their  branches  ascending;  lateral  pan- 
icles much  smaller,  not  exceeding  the  leaves  ;  spike- 
lets  hardly  i "  long,  pubescent. 

In  ilrv  soil.  CdtUMion  in  the  Hasli-ni  and  .Middle  States, 
its  western  and  sdullieni  riin.i;e  iui(Uterniine<l.     Jinie   .Xug. 

Panicum  lanuginosum  Ivll.,  luri'  regarded  as  referable  to 
this  species,  may  pnive  tu  be  distinct. 


.19. 


<>"K. 
fted, 
llary 

,  the 

ll)OUt 

Rcalc 


l)ri<la 


26.    Panicum  depauperatum  Miilil.     Starved  Paiiicuiu 

/'(iiiiiinii  s/iiilinii  I'tirsli,   I'l.   .\ni.  .Sept.  (>i|.       iSi).     Xut 
K.  Hr.       1S12. 

I\iiiiiiim  difiiul'iiiiliim  Mulil.  {"•rani.  112.       1S17. 

Paiiituiu  in-.-nliiliiiii  Torr.  I'l.  V.  .S.  i2|.      iS2(. 

Culms  erect,  l'^  tall  or  less,  simi)lc  or  branched  at 
base.  .Sheaths  glabrous  to  hirsute  ;  leaves  erect, 
elongated,  'j"  2"  wide,  mostly  crowded  at  base  and 
equalling  or  one-half  as  long  as  the  culm,  the  upi)er 
culm  leaf  often  much  exceeding  the  panicle  ;  primary 
panicle  generally  much  exsertcd  from  the  upper 
sheath,  I'-j'  long,  usually  linear,  its  branches  mostly 
erect ;  secondary  panicles  on  very  short  basal  branches 
and  often  concealed  by  tlic  lower  leaves  ;  spikelets 
about  I  '2"  long. 

In  <lry  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  sontli  to  I'lorida 
and  Texas.     June  Sept. 


(I'ig:.  26S. 


122 

27. 


GRAMINKAK. 
Panicum   angustifolium  1\\\.     Xarrow-leaved  Paiiiciim.      (  Im^.  269. ) 

a  I\iiii,iiiii  ini'^KSii/'oliiiiii  V,\\.  Hot.  S.  C.  \.('.;i.  I:  I2<).      iSi;. 

I'liiii,  Kill  litiismigiiiiiiiiiii  S,  Wills,  in  A.  Ciniy.   Man.  VA. 
(1,  (1;;,  in  part.     \^^fy     Neil   Kunlli,  .>i,s. 

Ciiltns  eroct,  \°-2°  tall,  glabrous,  at  first  simple, 
later  jirofusely  braiu-hcd  above.  Sheaths  glabrous  or 
the  basal  ones  pubescent,  those  on  the  culm  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  those  on  the  branches  crowded  ; 
leaves  elongated,  i  "-3"  wide,  narrowed  to  the  base, 
firm,  glabrous,  those  of  the  culm  distant,  those  of  the 
branches  shorter  and  crowded  ;  primary  panicle  lotig- 
exserted,  i'  ;,' long,  its  branches  ascending  or  erect ; 
lateral  panicles  smaller,  shorter  than  the  leaves ; 
spikclets  few,  about  iV"  long,  elliptic  to  obovoid; 
first  scale  one-fourth  to  one-third  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let;  second  and  third  oval,  9-nerved,  pubescent;  fourth 
oval,  minutely  pubescent  at  the  apex. 


Dry  soil.  Xnrtli  Camlina  t< 
ami  Texas.     Juiu    \\\v.. 


Missouri,  soutli  to  I'lorida 


28.    Panicum  virgatum  L. 

I\x)iiiuiii  riii^aiiiiii  I.,  Sp.  I'l.  ,sv.       17.S.V 


Tall  Siiioolh  Panicum.      i  l-'ig.  270. 


Culms  erect  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  ,^'-,s'^  tall, 
glabrous.  ,Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous  ;  leaves  elon- 
gated, 1°  or  more  long,  ;,"  6"  wide,  flat,  loug-acumin- 
ate,  narrowed  toward  the  base,  glabrous,  rough  on 
the  margins  ;  panicle  6'-2o''  long,  the  lower  branches 
4'-lo''  long,  more  or  less  widely  spreading  or  sometimes 
nearly  erect;  spikelets  ovate,  acuminate,  2"-2,'4" 
long;  first  scale  acuminate,  about  one-half  as  long  as 
the  spikelet,  ,3-5-ncrved  ;  jecond  scale  generally 
longer  than  the  others,  5-7-nerved,  the  third  similar 
and  usually  subtending  a  palet  and  staminate  flower; 
fourth  scale  shining,  shorter  than  the  others. 

Ill  r.ioist  or  dry  soil,  Itaiiic  and  Ontario  to  MiniKSnta, 
south  to  l"loriila.  Kansas  and  'IV.x.is.     Xwf,.  .Scjjt. 


29.    Panicum  amarum  V\\.     Sca-l)cacli  Paiiiciun.      f  Im^'.  271.) 

r,iin\inii  (1111,11  mil  \\\\.  Hot.  S.  C.  >S:  Ca.  i:  121.      i"^!;. 

,Sniooth  and  glidirous,  glaucous,  culms  arising  from 
long  branching  rootstocks,  l°-,^°  tall,  decumbent. 
Sheaths  ovcrlajiping ;  leaves  6'-i°  long,  3" -6"  wide, 
long-acuminate,  thick  and  leathery,  involute  on  the 
margins,  at  least  toward  the  ai)ex,  the  uppermost  leaf 
generally  exceeding  the  panicle ;  panicle  linear,  less 
than  1°  long,  its  branches  erect;  spikelets  2'i"-3" 
long;  first,  second  and  third  .scales  acuminate,  the  first 
one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  the  third 
somewhat  longer  than  the  second,  usually  with  a  jialct 
and  staminate  llower,  the  fourtii  elliptic,  about  i  }i"  long. 

(Ill  sea  biaclics   Conmcticut  to  I'lorida.     .Sept.   N'ov. 


r.RASS   FAMIIA'. 


123 


30.    Panicum  miliaceum  I^.     Milkt. 

(  l'i<r.    2-2.    ) 

I'iiiiiiiiiii  iiillitiiCK III  I,.  S]).  I'l.  ,ss.      I7,s,v 

Culms  erect  or  (lccuml)ent,  ratlier  slout,  i^  or  more 
tall,  j^lahrous  or  hirsute.     Sheaths  papillose-hirsute  ; 
leaves  5'- 10'  long,    '  I'-i'  wide,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent ;  panicle  rather  dense,  4'-io'  lonj;;  branches  erect 
or  ascendinjf ;   sjiikelets   2"-2'i"    lonjj;,    acuminate;     ,,^ 
first  scale  about  two-thirds  as  lonij  as  thespikelet,  acum-    vV'i, 
iiiate,  5-7-ncrveil  ;  second  scale  2"  2 'i"  lonjj,  acum-     •,! 
inate,  i.^-ncrvcd,  somcw'iat  cxceedinj^  the  "-i.vnervcd     \.l 
acuminate  third  one,  which  subtcuils  an  empty  palet;      'j 
fourth  scale  shorter  than  the  f.iird,  becoming  indu-    /\ 
rated,  obtuse. 

Ill  waste  places.  Maine  In  New  Vnrk,  \e\\  Jersey  and 
rennsylvania.    .\clveiuive  I'niiii tlie  (lid  World.    July  Sept. 

31.    Panicum  proliferum  Lam.     vSprcadiiii;  raiiiciiiii.     (  Kig.  273.") 

I'liiiiriiiii  pniH/'iTinii  I.ain.  Ivncycl.  4:  747a.       1797. 
I\tiiiciiiii  i;i'iiiiiiliilii>n  Mulil.  Crrani.  I2,v  1S17. 

Culms  at  first  erect,  i°~2°  tall,  simple,  later  de- 
cumbent and  ji;cniculate,  4°-6°  lout;,  branched  at  all 
the  upper  nodes.  Sheaths  loose,  j^labrous,  some- 
what llattened;  ligule  ciliale ;  leaves  6'-2°  long, 
2"- 10"  wide,  long-acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  mar- 
gins and  occasionally  on  the  nerves;  panicle  pyra- 
midal, 4' -I')'  long,  lower  branches  ^'-6'  long,  at 
length  widely  spreading;  spikclets  i"-ij.'"  long, 
crowded,  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous,  sometimes 
pnrjilish;  first  scale  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the 
spikelet,  enclosing  its  base;  second  and  third  scales 
about  e(|ual,  acute,  5-7  nerved;  fourth  scale  elliptic, 
:\  /  shining,  somewhat  sliorter  than  or  equalling  the 
V,/    lliird. 

-^  V//  111  wet  soil.  Maine  to  Pennsylvania  and  Nebraska, 

siiiilh  to  I'lorida  and  Texas.     July  -Sept. 

32.    Panicum  capillare  L.     Witch  Cirass. 
Tuiiil)lo-\veod.      (  Fig.  274.  ) 

J'ltiifi  mil  (ii/'i//i!ii'  I,.  .Sp.  I'l.  .s.'^.       17,S.^ 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  1°  2''  tall,  simple  or  some- 
times sparingly  branched.  Sheiiths  jjapillosc-hirsutc; 
leaves  6'  1"  long,  ,V'-'*^"  wide,  more  or  less  pubescent; 
terminal  panicle  generally  S'  i.)' long,  lower  branches 
at  first  included  in  the  upper  sheath,  finally  cxsertcd 
and  widely  spreading,  6'  10'  long  ;  lateral  iianiclcs, 
when  jiresent,  stnallcr ;  spikelcts  i"  \W'  long,  acu- 
minate ;  first  scale  one-fourth  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the  spikelet;  second  and  third  scales  nearly  ciiual, 
very  acute,  the  fi)urth  '4"  long. 

Ill  dry  soil,  eoiiniioii  as  a  wiiil  in  eiiltivaled  fields,  Nnva 
.Secilia  til  llritisli  Cnliiiiibia,  smitli  In  P'lorida.  .Nev.ida  and 
Texas.     July  Sejit. 

Panicum  capillare  Gatting^ri  Nash. 
I'liniiiiiii  ,ii/>i//ii) r  \-,{r.  1  i/vz/ii  a/;c  ('lalliiiKer,  Teiiii.  I'M.  i((.      iSS-.     Niit  /'.  iiiiiiftishi  Nees,  r.sji). 

Cnliiis  iiiiiie  slender  than  in  llie  type;  terminal  panicle  rarely  over  h'  Icinjf,  the  lateral  ones  very 
nninerniis.     Moist  places.  New  Jersey  to  Teiiiiessee,  Missouri  and  soulliward. 


0 


124 


GRAMIXEAE. 


33.  Panicum  flexile  (Gattiiiser)  Scril)ii 


Wiry  Panicum.     (  Fij^.  275.) 


l\tiii,i())i  ,ii/>i//,i/r\nr.  fli-xilr  (;aUiiiKC'i-,  TiMiii.  I'l,  nj, 

1.^87. 

Piinuinii  Jli-rilr  Scrilm.  Hull.  T(^rr.  Club,  20:  .\-;(,.    iSij^, 

Culms  erect,  6'-iS'  tall,  slender,  simple  or 
somewhat  branched  at  base,  bearded  at  the  nodes. 
Sheaths  papillose-hirsute;  leaves  4'-9'  loiifj,  ^"-t," 
wide,  erect,  lon},'-acumiiiate,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent; panicle  4'-9'  loni;,  narrowly  ovoid  to  oblong 
in  outline,  its  branches  ascending,  the  lower  ones 
2'-3 ",'  long;  spikelets  i  "3"  long,  much  shorter  than 
tlie])edicels,  acuminate;  fir.st  scale  about  one-fourth 
a  long  as  the  spikclet ;  second  and  third  scales 
about  etiual,  5-7  nerved;  fourth  scale  elliptic,  some- 
what shorter  than  the  third. 

In  moist  or  dry  soil,  IVniisylvania  to  Tinncssce  and 
Missouri.     Auk.  <  HI. 


34.  Panicum  autumnale  liosc.     DilTusL-  I'anicmii. 

PiUiiciiiii  iiiulniii  Walt.  I'l.  Car.  7,;.       i7S,s? 
J'ctiiiiiii}!    ,li:;T<;nis    Mulit.    Ciraiii.    120.       1817.''  Not 

II.li.K.       iSi.s. 
J\iiiiiiiiii  aiiliiiintalt-  liosc:  Spri-n^.  Syst.  i:',yo.  ,  1825. 

Culms  erect  or  decuudient,  l°-2°  tall,  generally 
much  branched  at  the  base,  slender.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  the  upper  glabrous, 
the  lower  sometimes  den-iely  pubescent  ;  leaves 
^Yi'-X'  long,  l"~3"  wide,  ascending,  acuminate, 
glabrous;  panicle  5'~12' long,  bearded  in  the  axils, 
the  lower  branches  4'  8'  long,  at  first  erect  with 
the  lower  portion  included  in  the  upper  sheath, 
finally  exserted  and  widely  spreading  at  maturitv  ; 
spikelets  lanceolate,  about  1  '2"  loug,  acuminate, 
glabrous  or  pubescent,  on  capillary  pedicels  of 
many  times  their  length  ;  first  scale  minute  ;  sec- 
ond and  third  equal,  acute,  glabrous  or  sometimes 
villous,  the  fourth  lanceolate,  i%"  long. 

In(lry  soil.  Illinois  to  (Uortjia  luid  inorida.  wisl 
lo  Minnesota,  Kansas  and  .\rizoii.i,     July  .Sepl, 

Panicum  minus  (  Mulil.  )  Xa.sli.     Wood  Panicum 


(  Fi<r 


(  Fis.  277.  ) 

rani, mil  (af'ilhiif  var.  iiiiiior  Mulil.  ('.nun.  i.rj. 
ranicinii  lafiilUiirswx.  svlrnliiiiiiiTurr.  V\.  1 1(). 

Not  /'.  .\rl:'(ilhiiiii  I.aiii.       1797. 
Pdiii, mil  (/iff'iisniii  I'ursli,  I'l.  .\ni.  Sept.  I:  ()S. 

Not  .S\v.       i7.^S. 

/'iiiiii mil  iiiiiiiis  Nasli,  lUill.  Torr.  Club,  22:  421. 


1.817. 
1,824. 

1S14. 

"■8<AS. 


Culms  erect,  or  occasionally  decumbent,  .S'^" 
long,  slender,  somewhat  branched  at  base.  Sheaths 
hirsute  ;  leaves  2'-4'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  erect,  more 
or  less  pubescent  ;  panicle  4'-9'  long,  its  lower 
l.>ranches  3'-4'  long,  spreading  or  ascending; 
spikelets  about  ,V"  long,  elliptic,  acute,  smooth, 
borne  in  jiairs  at  the  extremities;  of  the  ultimate 
divisions  of  the  panicle;  first  scale  about  one-thinl 
as  long  as  the  equal  ;icute  second  and  third  ones, 
tlic  fourth  .somewhat  shorter  than  the  third. 

Ill  dry  woods  ami  lliickits.  New  Uruiiswick  to 
C.iortfia.  west  to  ?;issotiri.     .\uK    Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


125 


iSij.v 


ami 


36.  Panicum  verrucosum  Muhl. 

Panidiiu  :ciiutosin)i  Mulil.  (iram.  riv      1^*17- 

raiiicuiii  di))iU'  \\\\.  Dot.  S.  C.  &  (".a.  i:  129.      1817 
Dfsf.      iSi«>. 


Warty  Panicum 


Nut 


(Fig.  278.) 


Culms  erect  or  decuiuhent,  slender,  jjeiierally  much 
branched  at  base.  vSheaths  j,dabrous,  much  shorter 
than  the  intcniodcs;  ligule  short,  ciliatc  ;  leaves  2'-7' 
long,  I  "-4"  wide,  erect  or  ascending,  glabrous,  rough 
on  the  margins;  panicle  3'-i2'  long,  its  lower 
branches  2'-6'  long,  naked  below,  strict  and  ascend- 
ing, or  lax  and  spreading;  spikelets  about  '4  "  long, 
elliptic,  acutish,  borne  in  pairs  along  the  branches, 
the  first  scale  about  one-quarter  as  long  as  the  warty 
second  and  third,  the  fourth  scale  apiculatc. 

Moist  siiil,  Massachusetts  to  f'lorida,  west  to  Louisiana, 
mostly  near  till' coast.      July  Sipt. 


37.  Panicum  gibbum  Ivll.     Gil)b()us  Panictim.     (  Fig.  279.  ; 

'     I'll^r"  I''' "I'll III  .Ki/'/'niii  ICll.  Hill.  S.  C.  iS:  C.a.  i:  116.      1S17. 


Culms  erect  from  a  creeping  base,  2'^-6°  tall, 
dichotomously  branched  below.  Lower  sheaths 
denselj-  hirsute,  the  u])per  generally  glabrous  ;  leaves 
,^'-7'  long,  2"-io"  wide,  usually  spreading,  more  or 
less  pubescent ;  panicle  3'-9'  long,  dense  and  con- 
tracted ;  branches  '^'-i'  long,  erect;  spikelets  I's"- 
2"  long,  elliptic,  somewhat  acute;  first  scale  about  one- 
quarter  as  long  as  the  spikelct ;  second  scale  gibbous 
at  base,  ii-nerved;  third  scale  about  equalling  the 
second,  7-iicrved,  empty,  the  fourth  one  shorter  than 
the  second. 

Swiinips,  \'ir^Hnia  to  Ti-nncssce,  south  to  I'lorida  and 
Louisianii.     .\N(i  in  Cuba.    July-Sipt. 


1S17. 

lS2.). 

i;-i.t. 

1%S. 


vii'k   to 


13.  IXOPHORUS  Schlecht.  Litmaea,  31:  420.  1861-2. 
[SlCTAKr.\  Heauv.  Agrost.  11;,.  i,Si2.  Not  .Vcli.  179.S.] 
Mostly  annual  grasses  with  erect  culms,  flat  leaves,  the  inflorescence  in  si)ike-like  panicles. 
Spikelets  1 -flowered,  or  rarely  with  a  second  slaminate  flower,  the  basal  bristles  single  or  in 
clusters  below  the  articulation  of  the  rai-hilla,  and  therefore  persistent.  Scales  of  the  spike- 
let  4,  the  three  outer  membranous,  the  third  often  subtending  a  palet  and  rarely  a  staminate 
flower  ;  the  inner  or  fourth  scale  chartaceous,  subtending  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a 
perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  elongated.  Stigmas  plumose.  C.raiii  free, 
enclosed  in  the  scales.     [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  viscid  spikelets  of  some  species.] 

Species  a))out  10,  in  temperate  ami  tropical  legions.     Tliose  oeeuniiiK  in  oui  ratine  are  iiitro 
(luced  from  the  t)Ul  World. 

llristles  dowiuvardly  barlied.  1.   /.  ■.■<r/i,  i7/ii/iis. 

liiislles  upwaidly  t)arbed. 

Mature  fo\irtli  scale  of   si)ilielel  oval    in  outline,   very  eonve.<i.  almost  In  niisplierie,  coarsely 

transversely  rugose.  2    /.  t'/'""  ">• 

Mature  rourtli  scale  Kenerally  elliptic  in  outline,  only  moderately  convex,  liiiely  transversely 
rugose  or  jiitted.  striate. 
Spikes  l' -,V  ■'  louR,  '.•'  or  less  thick;  siiikelels  abmit   1"   loiin,  always  mueli  e.xceeded  l)y 

the  jrreeii  bristles.  ,V    /.  vii  litis. 

Spikes   1'  i|'   lotin,    ' :' -2'    thick;  spikeUts   about    i',"   loii^,  eciiialled  or  exceeded  by  the 
usually  i)urplisli  bristles.  4.  /.  llaliiiis. 


Nil. 


126  GRAMINRAK. 

I.   Ixophorus  verticillatus  d,.  1  Xasli.      I-oxtail-orass.     1  Imk-  -^so.  ' 

Piiiiiiinii  -.rrlii  illntuiii  I..  Sl>.  I'l.  VA.  i.  ^^.       171,.' 

Si-Uii  ill  ;irli(illit/a  lUsiuv.  AKinst.  51.       iSi  1. 

I'liiiiiuu-iiifiliis   :;ili<ilhihi    I'mUi.    Mull     'I'on     Club.  20: 
U|(i.        I.Sin. 

/r»f>liiiiiis   :;'i/i,i7/,i/ii^   S;\>h.    Hull.    'run.  Club.  22-   42.1. 

CiiliiiB  erector  (leciiiiil)ciit,  i'-2  tall,  more  or  le.vs 
l)raiiclieil.  Slieatlis  glabrous;  leaves  2'H'  long,  ^4' 
^i'wiile,  scabrous  above;  spikes  2'  ;/  long;  spikelets 
about  I"  long,  c(|uallc(l  or  exceeded  by  tlie  down- 
wardly barbed  bristles;  first  scale  less  tlian  one-half  as 
long  as  the  spikelet,  i -nerved:  second  ami  third  .scales 
5-7-nerved,  e(|ualling  the  oval  fourth  one;  palct  nf 
third  scale  empty. 

.\biiut  (Iwclliii^s  aiul  in  waste  places.  Xdva  .Scnlia  .luci 
Outaiicitii  N\«  Jersey  and  Keuluekv.  X.Ltuiali/eil  Inmi 
I'lurniie.     July  Se])t. 

2.   Ixophorus  glaucus,  I,.  I  Nash.    Vcllcw  I'oxtail.     PiKcoii-.ura.ss.    (Fi.u.  2S1.. 

/'ii II /1 1111/  i; /(III I' II III  I,.  Sp.  ri.  sii.       175;. 
Sctiiiid   •;/iiii,ii  lieauv.  .\i;rn-,l.  si.      '\Si2. 
Cliaiiiiii  i\ipln\  i;l,iii,,i  Kuut//.  Rev.  (ieu.  I'l.  71:-. 
Ixiiplun  II-.  ,i;l,iiini\    Xash,    Hull.    Tiirr.    Club.'  22 

Culms  erect  or  sometimes  decumbent,  \"-.f  tall, 
more  or  less  branched.  Sheaths  glabrous;  leaves 
2'-6'long,  2"-4"  wide;  spikes  I ' -4' long;  spikelets 
•/+"-! 'j"  long,  oval,  much  shorter  than  the  up- 
war(ll\  barbed  yellowish  brown  bristles;  first  scale 
1-3-nervcd,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  ,s-nerved 
second  one;  third  scale  5-ncrved,  e<iualling  the 
fourth  which  is  coarsely  transversely  rugose,  very 
convex,  \'-shaped  in  cross-section,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  second;  palct  of  third  scale  usually 
empty. 

[u    waste    iil.iee-.    and    eullivaled  yiouuds.   lluou.i;li- 
out  Nnrtli  .\uKiiea  e.\eepl  the  e\tiiiue  unrth.      ( I  I'll  11  a 
tninlileMiuU'   uee(i,      Xatufali/i  il    I'lcuu    lunopi-.     Julv 
Sejit 

Xasli.      Crevii  I"()xiail-.i;ra.ss.     (  I'"ii;-.  ^.sj.  > 
/'iiiii<iiiii  :iii,li-  I.,  ,S]).  I'l.  VA.  -\  s;,       171,2. 
Siliiiiii  rii  i(/i\  lieauv.  A.uidsl.  ii.       i.s[j. 
Cluiiiiii,  I, i/>/us  :  iridic  WwWt.  Hull. '1'. in    Club   20    uK. 

l.\-«f:li,.i  lis  -.-iiidis  Xasli,  liiill.Tun.  Club,  ii    \2\.     iS,,,i. 

Culms    erect   or  .isi'cnding,    1     ,V''    tall,    siniiilc 

or  branched.     Sheaths  glabrous;  leaves,^'   10' long, 

2"  6"  wide,  usually  scabrous  .above;  spikes   i'-4' 

long;  .spikelets  about  1"  long,  elliptic,  much  shorter 

than  the  green,  or  sometimes  yellowish,  upwardlv 

barbed  bristles;  first  scale  less  than  one-half  as  long 

as  the  s])ike!ct,  l-;,->ierved;  second  and  third  scales 

,S-nerved;  fourth  scale  finely  and  faintly  transversely 

rugose,  or  pitted,  striate,  only  moderately  convex, 

equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  second;  palet  of 

third  scale  usually  emjity. 

Ill    waste   places  and    cultivalid   ^;rciuuds,  Uik.ukIi 
out  Xiirtli  .\liiericaexeei)l  tile  exlreiue  iiiirtli   aiul  nriell 
a  troublesoiue  we((l      Xatiirali/eil  Iniin  ICnriipe.     July 
Sept. 


GRAS.S    KAMII.V. 
4.    Ixophorus    Italicus    1  L,  1   X.isli.      Italian 

Piliiiiiiiii  lliiliiKiii  I..  S)!    I'l.  s'v       175,1. 
Sflaria  Ihiliai  R.  \-  S.  Sysl.  2:  (uv       1S17. 
Chaiiiafntpliis  llaliiii  Kmit/t-,  Kcv.  Ciii.  I'l.  -ia^.      lUn. 
fxoplionit  llalitiis  Nasli,  liull.  Turr.  Chil>,  22:  125.      i^i|,=;. 

Culms  erect,  2"-5°  tall.  Sheaths  sinootli  or  scab- 
rous; leaves  6'-i°  or  more  in  length,  \'-\li'  wide, 
generally  scabrous;  sjiikes  4''-9'  long,  'i'-i'  thick, 
usually  very  compound;  s])ikelets  about  1 '4  "  long, 
elliptic  C(iualled,  or  excccdcil  by  tlic  upwardly  barbed 
generally  purplish  bristles;  first  scale  less  than  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  1-3-nerved;  second  and 
third  5-7-nerved;  fourth  :xale  etiualling  or  somewhat 
exceeding  the  second,  finely  and  faintly  transverse- 
rugose,  or  pitted,  striate,  only  moderately  convex; 
palet  of  third  scale  minute  or  wanting. 

Ill  waste  places,  eseapi-d  rmiii  cultivatidll,  Ouebee  t'l 
Miiiiiesdt.i,  siiiitli  to  I'lorida  and  Texas.  Natne  of  tlir 
Old  World.     July  Sept. 


127 


14.  CENCHRUS  L.  Sp.  I'l.  1049.       1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  usually  Hat  leaves.  Inllorcscencc  in  spikes.  Spikc- 
Icts  subtended  by  a  spiny  involucre  which  is  deciduous  with  tlicin  at  nialurity.  .Scales  .(; 
the  first  hyaline;  the  second  and  third  membranous,  the  latter  sometimes  having  a  ]ialct 
and  staminate  llower  in  its  axil;  the  fourth  ehartaceous,  subtending  a  jjalet  of  similar  struc- 
ture which  encloses  a  perfect  llower.  Stamens  ,v  Styles  uniteil  below.  Stigmas  phiinose. 
Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scales.     [Ancient  Creek  name  for  some  grass,  probably  Millet.  ] 

.\bout  12  species,  in  tropical  and  tetnperati  k  jjious.  licsi.ks  tlie  followiiiK.  some  (  i)tlieis 
occur  in  the  sontlu  111  pails  of  Noitli  .\tiu  rica 


I.   Cenchrus  tribuloides  L.     lUir-j^rass. 
Hcdgehog-gras.s.     (I'i.U-  -^A- ) 

C'ii(//i  IIS  /)  t7ii(/iii(f,-s  J,,  sp.  I'l.  lo^o.       175;. 
l'iit,liii(\  l'iiit>liiii,tiiiis  \\a\\.  1"1.  Car.  70.       178S. 

Culms  erect  or  decuii  '  >  nt  from  an  annual  root, 
usu.iUy  robust,  .S'-j',,  long,  branching  freely. 
Sheaths  usually  very  loose,  compressed,  smooth; 
leaves  2'j'  5'  long,  2"  .\"  wide,  Hal  or  somewhat 
coniplanate;  spikes  1'  2'j'  long,  sometimes  par- 
tially included  in  the  upper  sheath;  involucres 
crowded  on  the  scabrous  raeliis,  2  (lowered,  glo- 
bose, pubescent  except  at  the  base,  forming  spiny 
burs,  the  spines  slout;  spikelcts  about  ,^"  long. 

( 111  sandy  shores  .ui<l  in  wasli-  places,  Maine  and  On- 
l.ivio  to  >iiiniesota,  south  to  I'lorida,  Colorado  and 
Texas.  ,Soiiu  liiiu  s  a  noxious  wei  d.  .\ppaieiitly  lier- 
iiniial  ill  till   Sontlu  111  Stales.     \\\\i.  Si  pt. 


15.   ZIZANIOPSIS  Doell  .V  .Xm-Ikts.  in  .Marl.  I'l.  ISras.  2:  Part  2,  12.       1871. 

Tall  aquatic  monoecious  grasses,  with  long  flat  lea\es  and  )>aniculate  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  l  nowercd,  the  slaminate  borne  at  the  top  of  the  branches,  the  pistillate  at  the 
base.  Scales  2,  nearly  eipial,  meinbranous,  the  outer  one  in  the  pistillate  spikelets  broad, 
acute  and  bearing  an  au  .Stamens  6.  Styles  united,  driiiu  nearly  globose,  the  pericarp 
readily  separable.     [Name  in  allusion  to  the  reseinblance  of  this  grass  to  Xiidniii.  | 

,\  iiioiiiilypie  HI  nils,  of  Unipeiale  and  troiiieal  .\nierica. 


CRAMINKAK. 


I.    Zizaniopsis   miliacea  (Miclix.)   Doell 
^t  Asclu-rs.     Zizaniopsis.     (  Vifi.  285. ) 

y.i-.iiniii  niiliiucn  Mklix.  I'l.  lliir.  Am.  I:  74.       1805. 

/iza)ii(if>sis  iiiiliiiit:a  Duill  &  Ascliirs. ;  liaill.  Hist.  I'l. 
12:  21^.       iSy.v 

Culms  .i°-i5°  tall  from  a  loiij.;  and  creeping  root- 
stock,  robust,  glal)rous.  Sheaths  loose,  glabrous; 
ligulc  y-~"  long,  thin-membranous;  leaves  1° 
longormorc,  'i'-l'  wide,  smooth,  glabrous;  panicle 
dense,  i°-i  '.°  long,  narrow;  branches  erect ;  stani- 
inatespikelcts^"  -4"  long,  tlie  outer  scale  5-nervcd, 
the  inner  ,vnerve(l,  both  acute;  pistillate spikelcts 
about  y  long,  the  outer  scale  about  eiiualling  the 
inner,  bearing  an  awn  i"-3"  long,  scabrous,  5- 
nervcd;  inner  scale  ,^-nerved,  acute. 


Swaini)S,  (k'orKia   to   (lliio   (iicconliiiK  to  KidikU), 
south  to  I'loridii  and  Ttxas.     June  Jidy. 


16.  ZIZANIA  I,.  vSp.  PI.  991.  (  1753. ) 
A  tall  aquatic  monoecious  grass  with  long  flat  leaves  and  an  ample  panicle.  Spikelcts 
i-flowcred,  the  pistillate  borne  on  the  upper  branches  of  the  panicle,  the  staminate  on  the 
lower.  Scales  2,  mend)raiious,  the  outer  somewhat  longer,  acute  in  the  staminate,  loiig- 
awned  in  the  pistillate  spikelcts.  Stamens  6.  Styles  nearly  distinct.  Grain  linear,  5"-8''' 
long.     [I''rom  an  ancient  Greek  name  for  Parnel.] 

.\  inotiotypic  genus  of  North  .Xnitrica  and  .\sia.  //  /      ////// 

I.    Zizania    aquatica   L.      Wild   Rice. 

Indian  Rice.    Water  Oats.     Reed. 

(  Fi^.  2,S6. ) 

/hit Ilia  lu/iiiiliiii  I,.  Sp.  ri.  <;kji.      i75,V 

Culms  erect  from  an  annual  root,  3°-io^  tall, 

smooth  and  glabrous.     Shcatlis  loose,  glabrous  ; 

ligiile  about  '.^' long,  thin-membranous;  leaves 

1°  or    more   long,    '4'^' '2'  wide,  more  or  less 

roughened,  especially  above,  glabrous  ;  panicle 

l°-2°  long,  the  upper  branches  erect,  the  lower 

widely  si)rcading  ;   staminate  spikelcts  3" -6" 

long,    scales    acute   or    awn-pointed,    outer    5- 

uerved,  the  inner  ,v"»-'rved  ;  scales  of  the  linear 

pistillate  spikelcts  4"-i2"  long,  the  outer  one 

5-nerved,  with  an   awn    i'-2'   long,  the   inner 

narrower,  3-nerved,  awn-pointcd. 

In  swamps.  New  Jirunswick  to  Manitoba,  south 
to  Florida,  I.ouisiana  and  Tfxas.    June  (Jet. 

17.   HOMALOCENCHRUS  MieJ,^;  Hall.  Hi.st.  Stirp.  Helv.  2:  201.       1768. 
[Li;i:rsi.\  Sw.  Nov.  Gen.  &.  Sp.  21.     17.SS.     Not  Hedw.     17.S2.] 

Mi:ish  grasses  with  flat  narrow  generally  rough  leaves,  and  ])aniculate  inflorescence. 
Spikdets  i-flowcrcd,  perfect,  strongly  flattened  laterally,  and  usually  more  or  less  imbri- 
cated. Scales  2,  chartaceous,  the  outer  one  broad  and  strongly  conduplicate,  the  inner 
much  narrower.  Stamens  1-6.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid, 
free.     [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  supposed  resendilancc  of  these  grasses  to  .Millet.] 

About  ,■;  species,  natives  of  tiinperate  and  tropical  countries.     Iksidis  the  foUowiuR:,  2  otlurs 
occur  in  the  soullicni  I'nilcd  Slates. 
S))ikilits  olilontf,  llicir  width  kss  than  one-half  their  leiiRtli,  somewhat  ind)rieate(l, 

Spikelcts  I  H"-l '3"  loiiK;  i)aniele-l)raMclies  usi;ally  rigid.  i.   If.  I'hxiiiiius. 

Spikelcts  2"-2'j"  long;  i)anielel)ranc!ies  generally  la.\.  2.   If.  <iiv:i>i(l<:s. 

.Spikelcts  oval,  their  width  more  than  one-half  their  lengtli,  much  indirieated.    },.   II.  Iiiiti,  iiliii  is. 


r.RASS   I' AMI  I,  V. 


b68. 

■nee. 
Iihri- 
liiicr 
loid, 

lliors 

Ills. 

'.V. 

fits. 


I.  Homalocenchrus  Virginicus  (  W'illd.  )  IJiit'Mii.    Wliiic  (iiass.    i  \'\<:i. 


129 

2S7. ) 


/.III. -.ill  I'iixiiiiiii  Willil.  S]).  I'l.  i:.iJ5. 
J.i/iiii/u  I'iixiiiiic  K-  N:  S.  Sysl.  2:  2H\. 
llKiiitiliuriii  Inns    I  '11  l:  iiii'i  ii\    llritldii, 
Acad.  Sii.  9;  i  |.      iss^. 


1M7. 


V. 


Culms  Kli'l'roiis.  (Iccuiiiboiit,  i°-3°  loii),',  iiuicli 
hraiiched,  slender,  smooth.  Slieatlis  iisu.illy 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  li^ulc  short;  leaves 
2' -h'  lon^,  1"  S"  wide,  acute,  usuallv  narrowed 
toward  the  hase,  scabrous;  terniinid  panicle  linally 
lonu-exserted,  .i' -S'  loni;,  its  branches  generally 
s])rcadinj,',  usually  naked  below  the  middle;  lateral 
panicles  smaller  and  usually  included;  spikelets 
1  '4  "-'  'i"'"U.U.  about  '  .'■  wide,  oblonji,  appresscd; 
outer  scale  hispid  on  the  keel  and  mars.;ins;  inner 
scale  hispid  on  the  keel;  stamens  i  or  2. 

Swanijis  iir  wit  wikmN.  Maine  to  <  intario  and  Miniu- 
sula,  simtli  li>  inorida,  Kau'-as  ;uid  TcNas.     .\utj    .Sipl. 


2.   Homalocenchrus  oryzoides  1  I<.  i  Poll.      Kkc  Ciil-j;rass.     (  Vvj;.  2S8. 


riialiii  h.  iiif.niifis  I,.  Sp.  PI.  .SS.       T.Si. 
ll,iiii,il,Hrii,iini.siirv:ni,l,i  Poll,  llisl.  i'l.  I'alat.  l:,S2.    1776. 
/.Ill  sill  ,in-.i)i(/rs  Sw.  I'l.  Ind.  Occ.  i:  1,52.      I7')7. 

Culms  ).;labrous,  decumbent,  i"-.|.°  long,  much 
branched,  rather  stout,  smooth.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  interno<les,  very  rough;  ligulc  very  short; 
leaves  3' -lo'  long,  2"-5"  wide,  acute,  narrowed  to- 
ward the  base,  scabrous  ;  terminal  panicle  5 '-9'  long, 
finally  long-exserted,  its  branches  lax,  naked  at  the 
base,  at  first  erect,  later  more  or  less  widely  spreading  ; 
lateral  panicles  generally  included;  spikelets  2"--2}i" 
long,  aliout  J4  "  wide,  elliptic;  scales  pubescent,  the 
outer  one  his])id  on  the  keel  and  on  the  margins;  inner 
scale  much  narrower,  hispid  on  the  keel;  stamens  3; 
anthers  yellow. 

In  swamps  and  alonf{  streams,  often  furminu'  dense 
tangled  m.isses.  Nova  .Scotia  tu  western  Uutario,  south  to 
I'lcirida.  Kansas  and  Texas.  .\lso  in  the  teni])crate  parts 
1)1"  ICnriipe  and  .\sia.     .\u.i>:. -.Sept. 


3.    Homalocenchrus  lenticularis  (Miclix.  ) 
vScrihii.     Catch-fly  (irass.      (  Kit;-.  2S9.  1 

/.I'l-rsiii  /,'ii/iiii/iii  is  'M\i:h\.  1"1.  lior.  .\m.  i:,vi.       i>^'iv 
I/iiiiialihciulii  IIS  liiilii  iiliii  is  'Ai.-uhw.  Mem.  Turr.  Club,  5; 

Culms  glabrous,  erect,  2"-.}°  tall,  usually  simple, 
smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  scab- 
rous; ligule  very  short;  leaves  4'-! 2'  long,  4"-lo" 
wide,  acute,  more  or  less  narrowed  at  the  ba.sc,  scab- 
rous; panicle 4 ','-9'  long,  finally  exserted,  its  branches 
lax,  naked  below,  at  first  erect,  later  spreading; 
spikelets  much  indiricatcd,  2''-2ji"  long,  i"-iV" 
wide,  broadly  oval;  scales  smooth  or  sparingly  hispid- 
scabrous,  the  outer  one  strongly  3-nerved,  hispid  on  the 
keel  and  margins,  the  inner  much  narrower,  strongly 
I -nerved,  hispid  on  the  keel ;  stamens  2. 

Wet  unmnds,  Virninia  to  Illinois  and  Missouri,  south 
to  I'Morida  and  Texas.      July-,Sept. 


I30 


C.kAMINI'Ai:. 


i8.    PHALARIS  I,.  Sp.  PI.  54.       1753. 

Annual  or  perinnial  jirnsscs  with  (hit  k-aves,  the  inlloresciiicc  spikc-likf,  capitate  or  a 
narrow  panicle.  Spikclcts  crowdcil,  i-llowcrid.  Scales  5,  the  first  and  second  about  e(|iial 
in  length,  strongly  compressed  laterally,  usually  wing-kieled  ;  third  and  fourth  scales  niiu'h 
smaller  or  reduced  to  mere  rudiments  ;  fifth  scale  sutitending  a  palet  similar  to  itself  ami  a 
perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  .Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Cirain  oblong,  free, 
smooth,  enclosed  in  the  scales.     [(Ireek,  alluding  to  the  shining  grain.] 

.MidUl  111  speciis.  tiinsUv  nalivis  ol'  MHitlicrii  PUuoiu-,  lii^idis  tin-  fnlluwiuK,  \  (itlRt>  ini-iir  in 
the  riiitid  States. 

Outer  scales  licit  \\iin;e<l;  iullousceiice  a  uarniw  iiauicli'.  i.   /'  ,ii  iii/diiidKii. 

{Juter  scales  litdailly  winded;  innciresceiici'  a  spiki'  oi  spike  liki   pMuiclc. 

Spikelets  ii.irniw:  third  and  I'nurtli  scali-  iiituli  n-dtu'id.  liyid.  subulate,  liairy. 

2.   /'.  C(i  1 11/ ill  Id  ml. 
Spikelets  brn.id:   tliivd    and    rdiiMli    sealcs  tliiu  UKiidiiimiHis.  bm.idly  laiu-edlate.  Klabnms  or 
sparingly  hairy.  "       ^i.  /'.   i'<ni,ii  iciisis. 

I.    Phalaris  arundinacea  I,.     Recti  Caiiaiy-grass.      (  I-'ig.  290.) 


I'luihii  is  iiiKiidiiuiiiii  I,.  .S]i.  \'\. 


1 7.=i,v 


Cllabroiis,  culms  erect,  2''-5°  tall,  simiile,  smooth. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  \"  s" 
long,  obtuse,  membraiKnis  ;  leaves  ^]i'~\o'  long,  3"- 
S"  wide,  acuminate,  smooth  or  scabrous  ;  panicle  3'- 
S'  long,  dense,  its  branches  'j'-i'j'  long,  erect  or 
sometimes  slightly  spreailing ;  spikelets  2'2"",i" 
long:  outer  scales  scabrous,  _^-ncrved;  third  and  fourth 
•scales  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  lifth,  subulate, 
rigi<l,  liairy  ;  fifth  scale  abotit  three-fourths  as  long  as 
the  spikelct,  chartaceous,  pubescent  with  long  ap- 
pressed  silky  hairs,  subtending  a  jialet  of  similar 
texture  and  a  perfect  flower. 

In  moist  or  wet  soil.  Nova  .Scotia  to  liritisli  C'nluiubia. 
south  to  New  Jersey.  Kiiitiuky.  Kansas  and  .Nevada. 
.■\lso  ill  ICurope  and  .\sia.  July  .\ui;.  Thi'  Rilibcui  ^rass 
or  Tainted  ^rass  of  cnUiviitinii.  thr  mi  callid  variety  piilii, 
has  leaves  variejjateil  willi  ^leeu  and  wliiti-  stripes,  is  a 
derivative  ul'  this  species,  and  soinetiuKs  e>e;i])es  Irinii 
Hardens. 

2.    Phalaris  Caroliniana  Wall.     Carolina  Caiiary-gra.ss.      (  I'Mg.  291.) 

I'lutliiris  Oil :'/iiu\iiia  Walt.  1"1.  Car.  71.       17S8. 
P/iiiluris   inlcimedia    Hose.;    I'oir.    in    I„-iiii.    I-jieyel. 

Siippl.  1:  ,^ou.       i.siii. 
I'lialtii  is  Aiiiii  iiiiiiii  V.W.  lint.  .S.  C.  iS:  t'la.  i:  loi.     1*^17. 

Culms  l°-3,'2^  tall,  erect  or  sometimes  decuni- 
bcnt  at  base,  simple  or  somewhat  branched,  smooth 
or  roughish,  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes  ;  ligtile  \"-J,''  long,  roimded, 
thin-membranous  ;  leaves  2'-6'  long,  2"-,5"  wide, 
smooth  or  slightly  scabrous  ;  spike-like  panicle  i'- 
4'  long,  dense,  its  branches  about  /i'  long,  erect; 
spikelets  i)^''  long,  the  outer  scales  more  or  less 
scabrous,  3-ncrved,  wing-keeled  ;  third  and  fourth 
scales  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  fifth,  subu- 
late, hairy;  fifth  scale  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
spikelet,  acuminate,  pubescent  with  long  appressed 
silky  hairs. 


Ill  moist  soil.  South  Carolina  to  Missouri  and  Cali- 
fornia, south  to  I'lorida  and  Te.xas.     Juiie-.Vug. 


hcUIll- 

liooth 
liorler 
fukcl, 
jwiile, 
lie  1'- 
t'rcct ; 
|r  less 
>urtli 
Isu1>u- 
lis  the 
lessed 


Ciili- 


C.RASS    lAMILV 


3.    Phalaris  Canariensis    I,.     Canary- 
Krass.      (  Im^.  21)2. ) 

J'/iii/iiiis  Ciiinn  itii\i<  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  5(.     I7,s,v 

More  or  less  roiij^lieiicil,  culms  1''-.^°  tiill, 
erect,  simple  or  hriiiicliid,  j^lahrous.  Slieatlis 
shorter  than  the  iiiternoiles;  ligiile  about  1" 
lonj^,  rounded;  leaves  2'  12'  lon.n,  2"-f>"  wide. 
stronj;ly  scabrous;  spikes  ','  i  'j'  long,  ovoid  or 
ohlonj,';  spikelets  ,V'-4"  long;  outer  scales  gla- 
brous or  sparingly  pubescent ;  third  and  fourth 
scales  about  half  the  length  of  the  fifth,  broadly 
lanceolate,  thin-membraiKJUs,  sparingly  hairy; 
iiflh  scale  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let,  acute,  pubescent  with  api)rcssed  silky  hairs. 

In  wasti-  iilaii-^.  Xuva  Siutia  tn  Onlariu.  Vir- 
niiiia  anil  Nibniska  .\atniali/i(l  fnini  ICmopc. 
( luttr  seaks  UMially  marly  uliiu-  with  Kmii  viins. 
Tile  main  is  tin  innimcui  I'imkI  uI'  laiiary  binls. 
July  \\iii. 


19.    ANTHOXANTHUM  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  2S. 


>753- 


I'ragraut  annual  or  ])crcnnial  grasses,  with  Ihit  leaves  and  spike-like  panicles.  Spike- 
lets  i-llowered.  narrow,  somewhat  compressed.  Scales  5  ;  the  two  outer  acute  or  produced 
into  a  short  awn,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second  ;  third  and  fourth  scales  much  shorter, 
2-lol)ed,  awned  on  the  back  ;  the  fifth  scale  shorter  than  the  others,  obtuse.  Stamens  2. 
Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  elongated,  plumose,  drain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scales.  [Greek, 
referring  to  the  yellow  hue  of  the  spikelets  in  some  species.] 

A  Kiuus  of   )  or  ,i  spiciis,  iiativts  of  luiropc. 

I.    Anthoxanthum  odoratum  L. 

vSwect  Venial-j;ra.ss.      1  I''ig.  293.) 

.< iillii' xiiiillniiii  ihIoi ii/iiiii  I,.  Sp.  \'\    2S.      175,^ 

Culms  i°-2''  tall,  erect,  simple  or  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
ititernodes  ;  ligile  1"  2"  long,  acute,  membra- 
nous; leaves  }i'  -h'  long,  l"-,V  wide,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so;  spike-like  panicles  i'  2/3' long, 
branches  short,  erect  or  ascending;  spikelets  4" 
long,  crowded;  outer  scales  acute,  glabrous  or 
pubescent,  the  first  i-nerved,  half  as  long  as  the 
second  which  is  3-ncrved  ;  the  third  and  fourth 
very  hairy,  the  former  with  an  awn  nearly  twice 
its  length  inserted  about  the  middle,  the  fourth 
scale  bearing  near  the  base  an  awn  more  than 
twice  its  length  ;  fifth  scale  about  two-thirds  as 
long  as  the  fourth,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  ape.v, 
and  bearing  a  fertile  flower. 

In  fiiUls  and  tmadows  tliroutfliout  ni.irly  the 
wlioU-  of  Xorth  .\imric,i.  Very  IniKraiil  in  drying. 
Nalurali/.td  from  lCiiro])e.     Juiif  July. 

20.    SAVASTANA  vSchratik,  Baier.  Fl.  i:  100.       17S9. 
[HliCKociii.oi;  J.  f..  C.mel.  I'"l.  Sib.  1:  101.     1747.] 

.Aromatic  i)crcnnial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets 
,vflowere<l,  the  terminal  llowcr  perfect,  the  others  stiuninate.  Scales  5;  the  first  and  second 
nearly  equal,  acute,  glabrous;  the  third  and  fourth  somewhat  shorter,  obtuse,  entire,  emar- 
ginate,  2-toothed  or  2-lobed,  with  or  without  an  awn,  enclosing  a  palet  and  stamens;  fifth 
scale  often  jiroduced  into  a  short  awn,  cuclosiug  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  in 
the  staminate  dowers  3,  ill  the  perfect  2.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Clrain  free, 
enclosed  in  the  scales.     [Name  unexplained.] 

About  S  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  cold  regions. 


II' 


'32 


CRAMIMvAIv. 


Tliiid  iiiid  rniiitli  ••(■;iU  s  tii.t  ;i\viu(l. 

lillliU',  lUllUS  I       _■ '  tail, 

ICinsc  tnimalc,  iiilnis  d'  till!  cir  Uss. 
Tliinl  Mini  I'niirtli  scaU-  :iuiiiil. 


1.  .V  inlci ,i/ii. 

2.  S.  f^illli  lllol  il. 

},.  S.  iilf^iiiii. 


I.  Savastana  odorata  i  I,,  i  Scrilm.     Holy 


(lias 


SiMiLca  (irass.     <  l-'i^'.  -u4-  ' 


Hull  11^  i'i/,ii,i/iis  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  liqS.       175V 
IliiUhhUni  luiii-iilis  K,  iS:  S,  Sysl.  1:  ,SI,(,       I><I7. 
SiiviishiiHi  odmahi  Sfrihii.  Mini.  'I'drr.  Chil),  5:  (|.      iSi)(. 

(ilal)r()iis,  iniltiis  i^  2"  tall,  erect,  siini>le,  smooth. 
Sheaths  sinoolh  ;  lijjule  \"--2"  loiin ;  lower  leaves 
eloiiKated,  4'  S'  loiiR,  i"  3"  \vi<le,  scabrous,  the  iijiper 
ones  '.'-2'lonK;  panicle  2'~\'  lonj^,  its  branches  1'- 
2'  lon)4,  u<\ially  spreailin^;,  nakeil  helow ;  spikclcls 
ycUouish-hrown  and  jjurple,  2"-,^"  lon^;  first  ami 
second  scales  about  e(|ual,  glabrous;  third  and  fourth 
villous  anil  stronj,dy  ciliate,  entire,  awn-pointed,  the 
fifth  smaller  than  the  others,  villous  at  the  ajiex. 

Ni  wrnunillaiKl  In  Ala-ika,  south  to  New  Jiv>-i  y.  Wiscim- 
sin  and  C'lilmailn.  Alsn  in  ucirlhini  ICnropc  and  Asia. 
June  July.  'I'liis  and  citlur  >ui  1 1  sciiUcd  yras-^cs  are 
stn  wn  111  fori'  tin-  iluncliis  in  niTrtlurn  ICurdjif,  wlii-nce 
tin-  naini-  Ibilv  Cirass.     Also  known  as  Vanilla  drass. 


2.  Savastana  pauciflora  (  R.  Hr.  )  .Scribn. 

Arctic  II()1\'  drass.      (  Imk-  -'^)^■  ' 

l/ici  tu  hliui  ftaiiiiflimi  K.  lir.  .App.  I'any's  \'ipy.   Ji).;.     isj). 
.Sin'its/'iiKi  />iiiii  (//:'!  (I  Sciiliti.  Mini.  Tcirr,   lint.  Chili,  5:  .i,=;,v 
1>^'H. 

Cilabrons,  culms  f/  hij^h  or  less,  erect,  simple,  smooth. 
Sheaths  mostly  at  the  base  of  the  culm,  ovcrlaj)])inf; ; 
lifjule  about  Ji"  loii^;  leaves  smooth,  the  basal  ones 
I '--2'  lon^,  }z"  wide,  involute  at  least  when  dry;  culm 
leaves  '2'  long  or  less,  i"  wide,  flat;  panicle  less  than  i' 
long,  contracted  ;  spikelcts  few,  i '."-2"  long;  first  and 
second  scales  i  ',"-2"  long,  smooth  and  glabrous;  third 
and  fourth  shorter,  scabrous,  erose-trnncatc,  the  fifth 
shorter  than  the  others,  obtuse,  villous  at  the  apex. 

Arctic  .\nurica.     Suiiinur 

3.  Savastana  alpina  (  S\v.  )  .Scrihti.     Alpine  Holy  Grass.     (  Fig.  296.  ) 

Ih'liiis  i//>iiiiisS\\.:  Wind,  .Sp,  PI,  4;  g,^;.      iSiif.. 

//ii'idi/i/dii  alfn'mi  V.  .S:  S.  ,Syst.  2;,si.S.       1S17. 

.SV; :iii/(iiiii (i//>iiiii  .Strilin.  Mem.  Tcirr.  L'lub,  5:  ,i (.     iSfiJ. 

(Uabrous  and  smooth,  culms  6'-i.S'  tall,  f^rcct, 
simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodcs ; 
lignle  less  than  i"  long;  lower  leaves  elongated, 
y  -f>'  long,  about  i"  wide,  the  upper  much  .shorter, 


-2'  long,    \"-2"  wide;   panicle 


-lYi'  long, 


contracted,  branches  short,  erect  or  ascending;  oc- 
casionally the  panicle  is  larger  with  longer  and 
spreading  branches;  spikelets  2;i"-Vi!"  long, 
crowded;  first  and  second  scales  glabrous,  2^2"- 
},)'i"  long  ;  third  and  fourth  shorter,  scabrous,  cili- 
ate on  the  margins,  the  former  bearing  an  awn 
about  i"long,  the  latter  with  a  more  or  less  bent  awn 
about  },"  long  ;  fifth  scale  shorter  than  the  others, 
acute,  usually  awn-pointed,  villous  at  the  apex. 

Ctreenland  to  .\laska,  south  to  the  \\\v,\\  iniiuutainsof 
New  I';nKland  and  New  York.  Also  in  northern  ICunipe 
and  .\sia.     July-.Vug. 


lS(4. 

r-rcct, 

lotlcs  ; 

tated, 

arter, 

oc- 
and 
|lonn, 

\,  cili- 
avvn 
II  awn 

lUers, 
|x. 

luis  of 


CKASS    I'AMII.V. 


133 


21.    ARISTIDA  I..  Sp.  I'l.  x: 


r  .-(.v 


.  I.  ilidliilitllhl. 
.  I.  t;iti(i/is. 


.  I.  />iir/tiii,iSii'ii\. 
A.  laiiiilii. 

.  I.  i'lii;inilhii. 


(irassts  v.ityiiiji  j^rcatlv  11;  lialiit  ami  iiillorcscfiii'i'.  Leaves  tiaridw,  ofuii  iiivolute-'-eta- 
oeoiis,  S|iikilets  iiariuw,  i-lhiuiieil.  Scales  },.  narrow,  tlu- two  (Uitcr  cariti.ite  ;  the  third 
ridded  ancl  convolute,  hiarini;  three  .awns  occasionally  iiniled  at  the  li;i>e,  the  lateral  aw  ns 
rarely  wantini;  or  rednctd  to  rndinients.  I'alct  2-ncrved.  Stamens  1,  Styles  distinct. 
StiK'nas  iilniuosc.  (irain  tree,  lij,;htly  enclosed  in  the  ^.cale.  [I.atin,  from  drishi,  an  awn.] 
.Xhiiut  iiKi  s|iiiiiH,  in  tin  warmer  riKions  of  hotli  lu  iiiisplu  n-^  11^si(U^^ln  IHlldwinK.  some 
ao  otiurs  (lecnr  in  tlu-  sniulurii  ami  westi  rii  ))arts  of  Nipilli  Am<  rica.  Tlu  Ijiylish  name  iliiii- 
a:i  iiiil  (,'i<i\\  is  .a)>|>li<  d  to  .ill  the  species. 
Awns  not  arlicnlalid  to  tlu  sialc  nor  iniitcil  at  the  base. 

I.atiral  awn>   n-nally  in  it,  tint   inon    llian   hall'  as  Imiu  as  llie  hoti/mit.il  or  ti  lUxid.  central 
oue,  neiMl.iUv  tinuli  ..li.irlii  or  occ.i^inii.illv  watninn. 
Tliiril  seale,  e\eUi-i\e  of  awns,   ;"  Imin  or  less. 

Central  awn  spiral  at  base,  tirminal  strai^;lit  portion  2"-?''  lotlfr,      I. 
Central  a\\  n  not  spival  at  base,  termiti.il  sU.ii«lit  jiortion  ,\'  ■--"  loinf,   2, 
'I'liird  scale,  cxcliisiM   of  awns.   |"  lony  or  nmn  . 

CeiUral  a«ti  spir.il.  Literal  awns  one  (piarter  to  one  hall'  as  lonn.       v    .  I.  /iiiMliiiilid, 
CiiUral  awn  not  spiral  ..r  rauly  s...  refU  .\eil,  literal  awns  Uss  than  om  sixth  as  lipnit  or 
w.intinn.  |.   .1.  I (iiiii'\i\\iiii,i. 

I.ali  ral  awns  iisnally  ilivi  ryini;.  more  than  hall'  as  lonK  .is  tlu-  horizontal  or  diverkrent  central 
one,  uemrall>  .ibniU  cipiallinK  it. 
h'irst  seah   exceeilinj;  the  second. 

Sheaths  i^labnais  .<;. 

.Sheaths,  at  le.isl  the  lower  ones,  woolly.  (1. 

l''irst  scale  hair  as  loni;  as  the  second  or  icpiallinu  it 

I'irst  scale  ,s  nervi  il,  or  occasionally  7  nervid  at  base. 

I'irst  scale  i  nerved,  sometimes  witli  an  obsenie  iidditional  nerve  on  each  side. 

Central  awn  r   '    |' lon^;  paiiicU-  ('  o' loii^,  lax,  lew  llowered.    s,   .\.  f>iii pii  1  ,,i. 
Central  awn  i'  lonu' or  li  ss. 

Culms  simple;  panicle  strict,  (^i'   .'    h     li. 
Cnlms  branched;  panicle  somew  .   it  ..i\.  not  1     hmu. 
Awns  articulated  to  the  scale,  more  or  less  nnited  at  the  base. 
Column  ol'  the  awns  e.inspicneiis,   ;"  loiij;  or  more. 
Column  111'  tin-  awns  inconspicuous,  Uss  thim  1"  hint;, 

I.    Aristida  dichotoma  Miclix.      I'ovLfty 
drass.     I  l''io'.  J97.  1 

Ai  isliilii  liiiholiniui  Michx.  1"1.  llor.  Am.  1;  |i,     i.So^. 
Aiisliita  liiilioldiiiii  val.  ('iii,'i.\m'i  .\.  Cray,  Man.  \'.i\   o, 
6.|i  >.       I  S<)i  I. 

Cultns  6'  2°  t.ill,  erect,  slender,  dicliotonioiisly 
branche<l,  smooth  or  roughened.  Sliealhs  mneli 
.shorter  than  the  internodes,  loose,  smooth  and  glab- 
rous; lij^nle  very  short,  ciliale;  leaves  1'  3' loni^',  Uss 
than  1"  wide,  involute,  aeuminatc,  usually  scabrous; 
spike-like  racemes  or  panicles  2'  ,s'  lony,  sleinlcr; 
sjHkelets  about  ,,"  lonjj  :  outer  scabs  nearly  C(|nal  or 
the  lower  somewhat  shorter,  us\tally  awn-pointed  ; 
third  scale  shorter  than  the  second,  llie  middle  awn 
horizontal,  eoileil  at  base,  the  terminal  straight  por- 
tion 2"  ,;;"  lonj;,  the  lateral  aw  us  1 "  lotij;  or  less,  erect. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Maine  to  Ontario,  Missouri  and  the  In 
<lian  Territory,  south  to  deorttia  and  Ti  xas      .\m:.  .Sept. 

2.  Aristida  gracilis  V.W.     Skiidcr  Aristida. 

(  Imj^.  jijS.  ) 

Ai  islitlii  i;i,uih\  I'll.  Hot.  S.  C.  >S:  ('.a.  1:  i ).',     1S17. 
.\i  islhlii  tiiiu  His  var,  il</'(nif^,i,ihi  X.  Crav.  Man,  i;d, 
.S,  OiS,       \Xu-. 

Cilabrous  and  snn)oth  throujjhout,  culms  6' -2'' 

tall,  erect,  simple  or  branched.     Sheaths  shorter 

than  the  internodes;  ligulc  very  short ;  leaves  1' 

4'  louf,',  I "  w  ide  or  less,  llat,  or  invidute  when  dry  ; 

panicle  spike-like,  ;,'-"'  lon.i;,  slender  ;  .sjiikelets 

about  T,"  lonK  ;  outer  scales  eipial.  or  the  lower 

somewhat  shorter,  awn-pointed  ;  third  scale  about 

eiiuallinj;  the  second,   j,;enerally  mottled,   middle 

awn  hori/.onlal,  the  terminal  straight  portion  ;,"- 

7"  in  length,  the  lateral  awns  i  "-:■,"  long,  erect. 

Hry  soil,  Mas.saclnisetls   to    Illinois   and    Nebraska, 
south  to  Florida  and  Ti  xas.     .\n.i{.  Sept. 


\ 


134  ORAMIMvMi;. 

3.  Aristida  basiramea  JCn.i-Lliii.     iMM-kcd  Aristida.     (  iMi^.  299.  ) 


.\ii\/i(lii  /iiisi'itiiiiiii   Iviijjilin. ;  \'MSiy.  Coult.    lint.   Ciaz.  9: 

Glabiiius  and  smodUi,  culms  6'  iS'  tall,  erect, 
sUmkUt,  imicli  brauclud.  Slicatlis  shorter  than  the 
iiitcriKxles,  loose;  HkuIc  very  short,  ciliatc;  leaves  2'- 
6'  long,  aliout  1"  wide,  involute-setaceous;  spike-like 
panicle  ,V  .=;'  lotif^;  llrst  scale  of  spikelel  half  to  Ihrec- 
(|uartcrs  as  Icmjr  as  the  second,  which  is  5"  7"  in 
lenylli,  both  awn-jxiinted;  third  scale  shorter  than  the 
second;  middle  awn  6"  9"  lonj{,  coiled  at  base,  hori- 
?'j  il,  lateral  awns  one-c|uarter  to  one-half  as  long, 
erect  or  divernciit,  somewhat  spiral  at  the  base. 

Ill  dry  fulds,  Illinois  ii.  M;iiiilol)a,  snutli  to  \'irjfiniaaiid 
Kansas.     July  Sept. 


4.    Aristida  ramosissima  Knjjcdiii.     Hranched  Aristida,      (Imj;'.  300. ) 

An'slhta  /(niiiisiisiiiKi  l-;iiKelni.;  A.  Cirav.  Man.  i;d.5. 'uS. 
1S67.  ,/ 

Arislida  riniiosiss/iiiii  var.  iniiiii  islahi  A.  Clay.  Man.  I'M. 
5,  6iS.     i!S67. 

Glabrous,  culms  6'-2^  tall,  erect,  slender,  branched, 
smooth.  Sheaths  much  .shorter  than  the  interiiodes, 
loose  ;  ligule  very  short ;  leaves  ijj'-^'  long,  i"  wide 
or  less,  (lat,  attenuate  into  a  long  point,  smooth 
beneath,  scabrous  above  ;  spikelcts  few,  borne  in  loose 
spikes  from  2'~4'  iu  length  ;  first  scale  awn  pointed  ; 
second  scale  8"-io"  in  length,  exceeding  the  first, 
tenninated  with  an  awn  i"  3"  long;  third  scale  as 
long  as  the  second;  nnddle  awn  about  1'  long,  hori- 
zontal or  rellexed  and  forndng  a  hook,  the  lateral 
awns  erect,  \"-2"  long,  rarely  wanting. 


Ill    drv 
July-Sept. 


.oil,     Illinois     tci     KeiitiK-ky     and     .Missouri. 


Aristida  purpurascens  Poir.      I'iir])lisli  Aristida.      (  Imj;.  301. ) 


.\)i\/iil,i  /HI) /^iiitiMiifi  I'oir.  ill   I.aiii.  ICucycl.  SuppI, 
i;4,S2.       iSi.i. 

Cilabrous  and  smooth,  culms  i'^-2'j'  tall,  erect, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched  at  the  base.  Sheaths 
longer  than  the  intcrnodes,  crowded  at  the  base  of 
the  culm;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  .j'-S'  long, 
about  1 "  wide,  flat,  or  beconnng  involute  in  drying, 
attenuate  into  a  long  point ;  spike-like  ])aiiicles 
,S'-iS'  long,  strict,  or  sometimes  nodding,  its 
liraiiches  ajipressed  ;  outer  scales  of  spikelet  awn- 
pointed,  the  lirst  longer  than  the  second  ;  the  third 
scale  from  two-thirds  to  three-ipiarters  as  long  as 
the  first,  ndddlc  awn  9"  12"  long,  horizontal,  the 
lateral  awns  somewhat  shorter,  erect  or  divergent. 

In  dry  Sdil,  Massaeliusi  tls  In  .Miiiiusota,  simlli  to 
I'll  irida,' Kansas  and  Ti  .\iis    Scalis  purplish.  Sept.  Oct. 


CRASS    I-AMII.V. 


135 


6.    Aristida  lanata  I'oir.     Woolly  Aristida 

.liii/ii/,i  liiiiiilii   I'liii     ill   I,;iiii.   ICiuvil.  Suppl.  i:  l.S.V 
iSm. 

Arisliilii  lining, I  Miilil.  <'ii;iiii.  171.       1S17. 

Culms  2°  -4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  tjlali- 
rous.  Sheaths  loiij;er  than  tlu'  internodes, 
crowded  at  the  base  of  tlie  culm,  woolly;  1'mile 
very  short,  minutely  ciliiile;  leaves  i*^  lonj;  or 
more,  ahout  2"  wide,  attenuate  into  a  ionji 
slender  point,  smooth  bciieatli,  scabrous  above; 
panicle  i°-2°  long,  strict,  branches  erect  or  occa- 
sionally somewhat  spreading  ;  outer  scales  of  the 
spikelet  awn-ixiinted,  tlic  first  5"  ;"  lony,  exceed- 
ing the  second;  tliird  scale  slightly  shorter  than 
the  second,  middle  awti  S"  u"  long,  usually  liori- 
/ontal,  the  lateral  awns  abo\it  two-tliirds  as  long, 
erect  or  divergent. 


(  FiK.  302.1 


Dry  sandy  snil,  Delaware  li 
Auk. -Sept. 


I'liirida,  wist  lo  Texas. 


ippl. 

L-rcct, 
i;allis 
ise  of 
long, 
ying, 
lides 
its 
awn- 
third 
ng  as 
1,  the 
Incut. 

Itli  to 
-Det. 


7.    Aristida  oligantha  Miciix.     Kcw-flowered  Aristida.     (  Ki<r.  303.) 

/       .tiis/itfa  olitfiiitllia  Miclix.  V\.  Hor.  Am.  i:  41.      iSi)_v 

Glabrous,  culms  i°-2^  tall,  erect,  slender,  dichot- 
omouslv  branched,  .smooth  or  rougliish.  Sheaths 
exceeding  the  internodes,  loose  ;  ligule  very  short, 
minutely  ciliate  ;  leaves  l'-6'  long,  ]z"-i"  wide, 
smooth,  the  larger  ones  attenuate  into  a  long  slen- 
der point;  s))ikelets  few,  borne  in  a  lax  spike-like 
raceme  or  panicle  ;  first  scale  5-uerved,  occasion- 
ally 7-nerved  at  base,  acuminate  or  short-awncd, 
equalling  or  somewhat  shorter  than  the  second, 
which  bears  an  awn  2"-4"  long;  third  scale  shorter 
than  the  first,  awns  divergent  or  spreading,  the 
middle  one  i  'z'-2%'  long,  the  lateral  somewhat 
shorter. 

Dry  soil.  New  Jersey  and  >[iirylaii(l  to  Nebraska, 
soutli  Id  l.iiuisiana  and  T(  \as.     .\ug.-Sci)t. 


8.    Aristida  purpiirea  Xult.     Purple  Ari.stida.     (Fig 


Aiisliilii  piii/>iiiia  Nutt.  Triiiis.  Am.   I'liil.   Sue.  ill.) 
5:  M.S.       i^Vi  ,17- 

(ilabrons,  culms  S'-iS'  tall,  erect,  slender,  sim- 
ple, .smooth  or  rough.  Slieaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  smootli  or  slightly  scabrous; 
ligule  short,  ciliate;  leaves  I'l'  .\'  long,  'j"  wide, 
involute,  at  least  when  dry,  generally  scabrous  ; 
spikelcts  few  in  spike  like  racemes  or  i)anicles 
which  are  4'-.S'  in  length;  first  scale  one-nerved  or 
sometimes  witli  an  obscure  .additional  nerve  on 
each  side;  .sccoiul  scale  ""-9"  long,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  first;  tliird  scale  e<|iialliiig  or  a  little 
exceeding  the  first,  awns  divergent,  the  middle  one 
1 '-.^,2' long,  the  lateral  ones  a  little  shorter  or 
of  the  .same  length. 

Dry  soil,  Minnesota  tn  Idaho  and  IJritisli  Coltimbia, 
■eolith  to  Kansas.  'lV\as  and  .\ri/.oiia.  I'laiil  piirpk  or 
llllr|lli^ll.     July  Sept. 


13^' 


C.RAJIINI'AK 


9.    Aristida  stricta  Miclix.     I'l'Lct  Aiistida.     ( I'ij;.  305.  ) 

Aiis/id,i  .\lii,la  Miili\.  I'l.  I'mr.  Am.  i:   (i.     iNij. 

Culms  2° -4°  tall,  irci't,  simple,  smooth  anil  glali- 
rous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intornoiles.  smooth, 
j^lahrous  or  pulifsiont  at  the  apex  ;  lij^'ule  short  ; 
leaves  mvoUitc-lilifonn,  the  liasal  r'  or  more  in 
len,i;th,  those  of  the  culm  S'-i2'  long,  or  the  u])pcr 
shorter  ;  panicle  s])ike-like,  strict,  or  the  top 
sometimes  noilding,  6'  J"  long,  its  branches  erect  : 
outer  scales  of  the  spikclet  a\vn-])()inte(l.  the  Inst 
I-uerved  or  occasion.illy  with  an  ohscnre  additional 
nerve  on  e.ich  side,  shorter  than  the  second  ; 
third  scale  equ.illing  the  lirst  or  a  little  sho.  ier;  mid- 
dle awn  5"-iii"  long,  liorizonta!  when  old,  the 
lateral  ones  shorter,  erect  or  divergent. 


Dry  soil.  \'irgini.i  lacccinlinir  to  S.  Wats 
riorida.     July  Si  pi. 


•iitli  I. 


10.  Aristida  dispersa  Triii.  iS:  Rtqir.      lUisliy  Aristida.      (  I'ij. 


;o6.  ) 


.l)i\/i,/(i  Am,  I  i, ,111,1  I,.  .Viucieu.  .\cad.  5:  .vr,.       I7.S'i? 

.  ('  i si  1,1,1  l',!\,ii  iil,il,i  'I'lirr.  .\ini.  I.yc-.  N.  V.  i:  i.i),     \S-2\  ? 

Aii\nd,i    i//\/',ii,i    Trin.    iV     Knpr.    Mini.    .\cad     St. 
I'ltirsli, 


i//-./'iiu!    Trin.   iV    Knpr. 
I  \'  I .  I  5 :  I  21  (.       1  s  1 2. 


•  ilahrous.  ctdnis  1°  2°  tall,  erect,  slender, 
branclied,  sinootli,  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
tcrnodes  ,  ligule  short,  ciliate  ;  leaves  2'-6'  long, 
i"  wide  or  le.ss.  Mat,  attenuate  into  a  long  point, 
smooth  or  scabrous;  panicle  3'  7'  long,  at  first 
strict,  the  branches  finally  more  or  less  spreading  ; 
lirst  scale  of  spikelct  i-nerved,  or  occasionally  witli 
an  obscure  addition.il  nerve  011  each  side,  shorter 
than  the  second  scale;  third  sea leci|ualling or  longer 
than  the  second  ;  aw  ns  divergent,  tlie  middle  one 
.|"  -8"  long,  tlie  lateral  ones  shorter. 


Dry   siiil.    Kansas  In   'I'l  \as 
and  Calirdiiiia.     Any..   Si  jil. 


Mixicii.    New    Mi\icci 


II.    Aristida  tuberculosa  Niitl.     .Si.a  l>Lacli  Aristida 

I) 

Aiisliitii  /iihi  I ,  itliixii  Null.  Ciin,  I:.s7.      '"'i''. 

("ilabrous,  culms  6'  2"  tall,  erect,  dicliotomouslv 
branched,  smooth.  She.itlis  shorter  than  the  iii- 
ternodcs;  ligule  short,  cili.ite;  leaves  ,s'  i)'  long, 
about  l"  wide,  attenuate  into  a  lotig  slender  point, 
smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  jiatiicle  $'  S'  long, 
branches  slender,  ascending;  outer  scales  of  tlie 
spikelct  about  e(|ual,  awned,  the  third  scale 
shorter;  awns  divergent  or  rellexed,  more  or  less 
coiled,  united  at  base  into  a  column  },"(>"  long 
which  is  articulated  to  the  scale. 


.Sandy  soil,  ispicially  mi  sia  luacliis,  Massadiusitts 
to  Miiiiu  sola,  soutli  to  Cicirnia.  .\lso  in  tin  iiiti  lior  in 
llliuuis.  Wiscuiisin  and  MiiiiRsola.     .\lin.   Sept 


I'l-. 


CRASS    I'AMILV 


12.   Aristida  desmantha  Trin.  i\:  Kii])!-. 

Western  Aristida.      i  l-'ii;-.  ^oS.  i 

.liis/i(/,/  <l, siiiiiiilliii  Trill,  \  Riipr    Mini.  Aciid.  St. 
I'tU-rsli.  I  VI.  I  5:  h»i.       \^\:i. 

Culms  l°-2"  tall,  (.'reit,  luaiiclicd,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth,  glabrous  or  the  Kiwer  sometimes  pubes- 
cent;  lij^ule  short;  leaves  6' -12'  lonj;,  less  than 
1"  wide,  attenuate  into  a  slender  point,  smooth 
heueatli,  scabrous  above  ;  panicle  about  6'  lonj;, 
tlie  liranches  slen<ler,  asiendinj^  ;  outer  scales 
of  the  spikelel  about  equal,  tlu'  third  one 
shorter  ;  awns  spreailiiii;  or  rellexcd,  somewhat 
coiled,  miited  at  base  into  a  column  less  than 
1"  lon)4,  which  is  articulated  to  the  scale. 


Ill  dry  soil,  Kansas  1 
Texas.     AuK.-Sept. 


i,  tin-   Indian  Territnrv  and 


22.    STIPA  I,.  Sp.  IM,  7S.       1753. 

(icnerally  tall  .yrasscs,  the  leaves  usually  coiuolute,  rarely  Hal,  the  iaflorescence  panicu- 
late. Spikelets  lllowcrcd,  narrow.  Scales,^;  the  two  outer  narrow,  acute  or  rarclj*  bearinj.; 
an  awn,  the  third  riyid,  com ohite,  with  a  hairy  callus  at  the  base,  and  bearin.i;  a  more  or  less 
bent  awn.  which  is  spiral  at  the  base,  and  articulated  o  the  scale.  I'alel  j-ncrved.  Stamens 
3,  rarely  fewer.  Styles  short,  distinct  Stigmas  plumose,  drain  narrow,  free,  tightly  en- 
closed in  tlie  scale.     [Creek,  in  allusion  to  the  tow-like  plumes  of  .some  species.  ] 

.\  minis  iif  abiiul  ii«i  s|n  ciis.  distributed  tliroujthout  tile  temperate  and  Impiral  /ntu>-.  lii-idi  ■- 
Ihi-  I'dildwiiitf,  some  20  Dtlurs  incur  in  the  siiutlurii  and  western  parts  nf  .N'mtii  .\iiurica. 

( lull  r  sc;des  of  the  si)ikeUt  2"  '1"  Imij;: 
(llitiisr  iir  blunt  i>iiiiitiil.  2"  ill  U  ii)itli. 
.\ciite.  .)"  ii"  in  liuiitli. 

.\\vii  less  than  five  liliii  s  tlie  lin^tll  nl'  the  siale. 
.\uii  iiicire  than  si  \iii  linn  >  tin-  U  u^jtli  nf  the  seale. 
Outiv  se.ili?-  of  the  --liiki  li  t  10"  IciiiK  nr  iiiuir. 

HaM-  111'  paniele   ii-.iially   iiKlucliil   ill   tile   upper  sliiatli;  tllird   scale    |' 

eurlid. 
raniele  is'-i  iteil  In  nil  tin   upper  slu  alli :  tliiid  seali-  7"    I.'"  InllH,  bent. 


I.   .v.  .tfiiii'iniii. 

i.   S.  :ii  iiliiiii. 
\.  S.  iiri  iKh  III. 

lllll^t;  awn  blender. 
|.   .V  I  iiiiiiilii. 
=,.  S.  \/>iir/i,i. 


1.    Stipa   Macounii  .Scrilm, 


Macoiin's  Stipa.     (  Imj;'.  309. 


Slipii     l\'ii  Inn  ilsmiii    .\. 
is^ii.     Niil  Link.  iS^v 

S/i/'ii  Mill  I'll  nil  .Seribn.; 
,ii|ii.       iSijii, 


Cray,    Man.    IM.    2.    j|ii 


Maiiniii,   Cat    Cm    I'l. 


Culms  glabrous,  I  "  2"  tall,  erect,  simple,  slen- 
der, smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  about  l" 
loiiK.  obtuse  or  truncate;  leaves  j'  5'  long, 
'.."1"  wide,  Hat,  becoming  involute-setaceous 
ill  drying,  scabrous;  Jiaiiicle  2'  ,s'  lon.g,  con- 
tracted, the  branches  1'  2'  hii.g,  erect,  naked 
below  ;  spikelets  borne  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches;  outer  scales  about  2"  long,  obtuse  or 
bluiit-piiiuted,  glabrous;  third  scale  somewhat 
shorter,  ])ubesceiit  with  long  appresseil  silky 
hairs,  callus  obtuse;  awn  4"-5"  long,  contorted. 

New  Ilriiiiswiik  liitlii  Niirtliwi  St  Tirrilmy.  M.iitli 
In  .Maine,  New  Ilampshiri,  I.ake  Supi  rinr  and 
Miiulaiia.     lulv. 


CRAMINHAi;. 

2.    Stipa  viridula  Triii.     C.ivlii   Slipa. 
a-'i^;.  310.; 

.S7//>./  vi 1 1,1  Ilia  Trill.  Mi-iii.  Aiacl.  St.  I'ilii-1>,  1  \'I.  1  2-  vi 

iS.V., 
.S///),/  sf>,ii/,;i  llciiik.  I'M.  lior.  Am.  2:  j\y.     \'<\,k     .Nnl  Tiiii. 

Glabrous,     ciilins     i'.."  ;,°     tall,     erect,      simple, 

smooth.     Slieatlis  shorter  than  the  iiiteriioiles;  liji;ule 

i"-2"  lon)4  ;  leaves  smooth  or  scahrous,    tlie    hasal 

ones  involutc-filiforin,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as 

the  eiiliii,  those  of  the  cnlni  ,V  9'  lonj;,  broader;  i)an- 

ii'le  spikc-likc,  strict  and  erect,  branches  appressed  ; 

outer  .scales  of  siiikclet  ,V  -4"  loiijf,  lon.i;-acumiiiate. 

!j;labrous  ;  third  scale  shorter,  more  or  less  pubescent 

with  lon.i;  appressed   silky  hairs,  callus  acute  ;   awn 

'4  '-I  '4  '  loll},',  bent,  loosely  spiral  at  base. 

Miniusr>ta  to  liritish  Cnluiiibia.  smith  In  Kansas.  N\\v 
Ml  xico  and  Calil'diuia.     July  .\ii.it. 

3.    Stipa  avenacea  L.      Black  <)at-,ij;ra.ss.     i  l'"ijr.  ;iii.t 

Sfif^ii  t>:cii(ii,;i  I,.  S|).  ri.  7S.       175;. 
S/ip,i  l),iih,ihi  Michx.  I'l.  linr,  .\iu.  i:,Vv       1"^",!- 
Slifiii   r/ixi'iii,,!  IVrs.  Syu.  i :<)<).       i.Scis. 
S/ipii  hiiol.ir  rursli,  I'l.  Aiii.  Si  |)t.  ;,;.       iSi). 

Culms  j,dabrous,  \°-2l-i°  tall,  erect  or  leaniuj.;,  sim- 
ple, smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes  ; 
lijjule  about  1"  loiij;,  obtuse;  leaves  involute-fili- 
form, smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above,  the  basal 
one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  culm,  those 
of  the  culm  3' -5'  long;  panicle  ,s'  S'  long,  loose, 
the  branches  lax,  erect  or  finally  sprc.-idiug,  u.ikcd 
below;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  4"  5"  long, 
acute,  glabrous;  tliird  scale  a  little  shorter,  scabrous 
near  the  summit,  black,  pilose  at  base  and  with  a 
ring  of  short  hairs  at  the  top,  otherwise  smooth  and 
glabrous;  callus  hard,  acute;  awn  i'2'  -2':'  long, 
bent,  loosely  spiral  below. 

"ill  dry  wuiids.  Kliode  Island  to  I'Mnrida.  mostly  near 
the  coast.  Also  in  western  Oiitariii  and  Wiscniisiu. 
May   iune. 

4.    Stipa  comata  Trill,  ^c  Riipr.     Western  vStipa.      (  I-'ij;.  312.  ) 

,S///>,/  iiiiiuila  Trill.  iS:  Kiipr.  Mem.  .\oail.  .St.  I'ltersb 
I  VI.  1  5:  7,v       KS4-'. 

C.labrous,  culms  1^-2'  tall,  erect,  simple, 
smooth.  Sheaths  usually  longer  than  the  in- 
ternodes, smooth  or  .scabrous,  the  uppermost 
very  long  and  inflated,  enclosing  the  base  of 
theiianicle;  ligule  i"-2"  long,  obtuse  ;  leaves 
smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous,  the  basal  invo- 
lute-filiform, one-(iuartcr  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the  culm,  the  culm  leaves  ,^'6'  long,  a  little 
broader  than  the  basal  ones,  involute;  panicle 
6'-i>'  long,  loose,  the  branches  3'-5'  in  length, 
erect-ascendiug,  naked  at  b.isc  ;  outer  scales  of 
the  spikelet  9"-! 2"  long,  glabrous,  acuminate 
into  an  awn  2"  4"  in  length;  third  scale4"  6" 
long,  callus  .icute;  awn  4'  .S'  in  length,  slender, 
curled,  spiral  and  pubescent  below. 

( )ii  prairies,  Alberta  to  liritish  Coluiiiliia.  s.nitli  to 
Nibiiisk.i,  .\cw  Mexico  and  Caliriirtiia.     June  July. 


I'U-rst). 

iiiiplc, 
lie  iu- 
inuost 
use  of 
leaves 

iuvo- 
iiiK  as 

little 

aiiicle 

I'liK'tli. 

■lies  of 

liiimte 

-6" 

L'luler, 


liithto 
J  lily- 


GRASS   I'AMII.V. 
5.    Stipa    spartea  Trin.     I'orciiiniic  (irass. 

Slipii  s/>iirf(,i  Trill.   Mi  111    Aiad.  St.   IVtiisl)    1  \I.  1  I:  n.>. 

Culms  ^lalirc'is,  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  siiuiile,  smooth. 
.Sheaths  longer  thnii  the  iiitcriiodes,  smooth  or  some- 
what scabrous;  li^ulc  1"  2"  long,  obtuse;  leaves 
smooth  beneath,  s'-.ibrous  al)ove,  the  basal  one-third 
to  one-half  as  long  ar  the  culm,  i"  wide  or  less,  usually 
involute,  those  of  t'le  culm  h'\2'  long,  about  2" 
wide,  generally  Hat,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender 
point;  panicle  liiially  long-exsertcd,  4'- 10'  in  length, 
its  branches  ;,'-6'  long  erect,  naked  below;  outer 
scales  of  si)ikelet  12"-]S"  long,  acuminate  into  a  long 
slender  point,  glabrous;  third  scale  7''-]  2"  long,  callus 
acute;  awn  4'-S'  long,  stout,  usually  twice  bent, 
tightly  spiral  and  jinbescent  below,  doubly  spiral 
about  the  middle. 

On  prairies,  Manitoba  In  Iirili-,li  Cnluiiibi.i.  south  tn  lUiiinis  and  Kan 


139 


.as.     JuiH-  July. 


23.  ORYZOPSIS  Michx.  l-l.  Hor.  Am.  i:  51.  i.S<)3- 
[Ur. veil  NIC  Trin.  I'und.  .\grost.  kxj.  iSiS.] 
T'snally  tufted  grasses,  with  Hat  or  convolute  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spike- 
lets  i-flowered,  broad.  Scales  ;,;  the  two  lower  about  cipial,  obtuse  or  acuminate;  the  third 
scale  shorter  or  a  little  longer,  broad,  bearing  a  terminal  awn  which  is  early  deciduous, 
the  callus  at  the  base  of  the  scale  short  and  obtuse,  or  a  mere  scar.  Stamens  3.  Styles  dis- 
tinct. Stigmas  plumose.  Cirain  oblong,  free,  tightly  enclosed  in  the  convolute  scale. 
[Clreek,  in  allusion  to  the  su])])(psed  resemblance  of  these  grasses  to  rice.] 

.\l)init  24  siiii-iis,  (lislriUutid  tliinuuli  tiiupiiatc  and  subtiopical  icniuns,  rarely  exteiuliiitr  into 
the  Uiipios.      Ik>i(les  the  l'i)lliiwiiin.  Millie  7  dIIhis  neeiir  ill  tile  western  parts  iif  Nutlll  .\llleiiea. 
'I'liiid  scale  of  the  spikelel  nialiinu-^  or  sparingly  piit)e>eeiit  with  slinil  appri  ssed  hairs, 
,S])ikelel.  exclusive  (if  awn.  1',"    .2"  hmg. 

Awn  less  than  1"  Imitj,  iiuicli  shniter  tlian  the  scale  ;  outer  scales  1  '  ■"   2"  in  length. 

1.  (I  /mil  til. 

.\wii  ,V'-4"  loUK,  niiiii  than  twice  as  hunt  as  the  scale  ;  outer  scales  about  1 ',  "  in  leiiKtli. 

2.  ('.  mil  1 1111//111. 
.Spikelet.  exchlsivi'  of  awn,  .i  "    I     '"HH- 

Culiiis  iiearlv  naked,  leaves  all  crowded  attheliase;  panicle  2'    i'   loii.u.  its  blanches  1'   in 

length  or  less,  erict.  ,<.   (>.  ii.~/'irij'o/i,i. 

Culms  leafy  to  the  top;  iianide  i>'    12'  loiiK:  branches  2'    )'  in  leiinth,  more  or  ie^s  spreading. 

4.   ('.  iiir/iiiii'iiiipit- 
Third  scale  of  the  spikelet  densely  pubeseeiit  with  loll^t  silky  hairs.  ,s.   ('.  1  iis/u't/ii/ii. 

I.    Oryzopsis  jiincea  (  Midix.  i  15..S.1'.     Slender  MomUain  Rice.     ( l-'ig;-  3'4v) 


S/ipii  /iiiiiiii  Miclix.  I'l.  lior.  .\iii.  I;  .=;). 
<  >ii:ii/)sis  (  ii  iiiiiti  iisi'-i  'fitrr.  I'l.  N.  V.  2 
Oi  \:of>-is  Jiiihiii  U.S.  I'.   I'rel.  Cat.   N. 


V 


(17.     isS^, 


Culms  glabrous,  (V  2°  tall,  erect,  slender,  .simple, 
'smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  usually 
crowded  at  the  b.asc  of  the  culm;  ligule  about  i  "  long, 
decurrent;  leaves  smooth  or  scabrous,  erect,  involute, 
the  basal  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  culm,  occa- 
sionally eipinlling  it,  filiform,  those  of  the  culm  I '-4' 
long,  the  uppermost  often  very  small  or  reduced  to 
the  sheath  only;  panicle  i'-2'.'  long,  the  branches 
'>'-!'  in  length,  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  half 
naked;  spikclels  i  ',"-2"  long,  the  outer  scales  about 
e([ual,  glabrous,  whitish;  third  scale  about  the  same 
length  or  a  little  longer,  ])ubescent  with  short  ap- 
prcsscd  silky  hairs,  the  awn  less  than  i"  long. 

In  ilry  rocky  places.  (Juebic  to  Ihitish  Coliiiiibia,  south 
to  Massachusetts.  I'liiiisyhaiiiaaiid  Wisconsin.  .May  June. 


i4<> 


CKAMINICAH. 


2.   Oryzopsis  micrantha  i  Trin.  iS:  Riipr.  )  Tliiuh.     Siuall-nowcrcd 


Mouiilain  Rice.      (  Vn 


,1 


>5-  ' 


(i  III  hill'   iiiiiiiiiillia    Trill    i*i    Kupr.   Mini.   Aciid.   St. 

I'llclsb.    (\'I.  I  5:   1(1.       lS|2. 

(Uyziiftsis  iiiiriiiiilliii  'riuirli.    riuc.  I'liilii.  Aiiiil.  1863: 

Culms  glabrous,  i"-2J2°  tall,  erect,  slfiider,  sim- 
ple, sniootli.  Slieatlis  shorter  than  the  iiiteruoiles; 
ligulc  about  ij"  loiiK,  truncate;  leaves  erect,  scab- 
rous, the  basal  one-half  the  length  of  the  culm,  less 
than  '."  wide,  usually  more  or  less  involute,  the 
culm  leaves  2'-.S'  long,  ',"-\"  broad,  the  larger 
attenuate  into  a  long  slender  ])oint;  panicle  ,i'-h' 
long,  the  branches  finally  sjireading,  the  lower  ones 
1  '-2'  long,  naked  for  about  two-thirds  their  length  ; 
spikulets  \"-\]^"  long,  the  outer  scales  about 
e(|ual,  acute,  glabrous  ;  third  scale  shorter,  glab- 
rous, bearing  an  awn  },"■  \"  long. 


Scmlli  Diikutali 
JuiU'  July. 


Xi  bniska,  Niw  Mixicnaiid  Aii/niM. 


3.  Oryzopsis  asperifolia  Miclix.    Wliite-i^raincd  Moiiiilaiii  Rice.    (I'i.t;-.  3if'.  ) 

Orv:of>sis  iisf^rii folia  Mii'lix.  I'l.  r>i>r.  Am.  i:  ,si.       iSci^. 
Crai/iiw  iis/tii  i/(i/iii  '['viw.  I'liifl.  i;  17.).       \S2\. 

Culms  glabrous,  i()'-2()'  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth 
or  scabrous.  Sheaths  i'-2'  long,  crowded  at  liase; 
ligule  very  short,  truncate  ;  leaves  erect,  scabrous,  es- 
pecially above,  the  basal  ones  elongated,  often  eipial- 
lini;-  or  exceeding  the  culm,  2"-^"  wide,  attenuate 
into  a  lo-.ig  point,  the  I  or  2  culm  leaves  much  reduced, 
less  than  ';:'  long  ;  ])anicle  2'-^'  long,  contracted,  the 
branches  1 '  in  length  or  less,  erect ;  spikelct,  exclusive 
of  awn,  ,>"-4"  long;  outer  scales  glabrous,  usually 
apiculate,  the  first  somewhat  shorter ;  third  scale 
whitish,  equalling  the  second  or  a  little  shorter,  spar- 
ingly pubescent,  the  awn  3'i"-.s"  long. 

Ill  woiuls,  Niiva  Seiilia  In  liritisli  Cdhiiiibia,  south  to 
Ni  w  Ji  rsi  y,  IViinsylvaiiia.  .Miiiiusola  and  in  tin  Koeky 
Moiiiilaiiis  lo  Niw  SU-.\ico.       May  Juiii' 


4.    Oryzopsis  melanocarpa   Miilil.      Hlack- 
I'niilcd  Moiiiilaiii  Rice.      (  I'i.t;'.  .iij.) 

<>i  \  :ii/>M\  iiir/iiiii'iiii  /ill  ."\Iulil.  Ciaili.  711.       iSi;-. 
I  I  III  liiir  I  III,  iiiiisii  '['y'\\\.   I'liill.  I:  171.       lSj|. 

(rlabrons,  culms  i  '  .°-,'\"  tall,  erect,  simple,  roughish. 
Sheaths  smooth  or  scabrous,  the  lower  ones  usually 
longer,  the  upper  slightly  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
ligule  very  short;  leaves  5'-i2'  long,  2"-7"  wide  nar- 
rowed toward  the  base,  acuminate  at  apex  into  a  long 
slender  point,  scabrous  es])ccially  above ;  panicle 
branched  or  nearly  simple,  ;/-i2'long,  its  branches 
2'-.)'  long,  spreading  or  ascending,  the  lower  half 
naked ;  outer  scales  of  the  spikclet  about  equal, 
,',"-4"  in  length,  acute  ;  third  scale  shorter,  acute,  dark 
colored,  sparingly  pubescent,  the  awn  8"-l2"  long. 

Koeky  woods,  \iriiioiit  and  Ontario  t<i  Miiuusota,  south 
to  New  Jersey.  KeiUiieky  , Hid  Missouri.      July  .\us;. 


lUack- 


jvi.nliisli. 
usually 
Icrnoik's; 
Tide   uiir- 
|()  a  louj; 
panicle 
l)rauclu.'S 
Iver   half 
It    ciiual, 
|\U'  (lark 
lonj;. 

Iitii.  St  mill 


CRASS    I'AMII.V.  141 

5.   Oryzopsis  cuspidata  (  Xiut.  )  N'ascy.     Silky  ( My/opsis.      1  Imlt.  ;ii8.  ) 

.S/ipii  iihiiihiiiiiiiii,!  I'liv-li,  I'l.  Am.  Sipl  -JS.      |S||.     Not 

I..  I7M. 
10  iii<i<iiiii  I  iisf^idtilii  Nmt.  ('.Ill    I:  |ci.      iSiS. 
(h  y:,>/>.\is  nis/>itliilil    lirlitll.;    \'aMy,   Spi  lial    Kcp,    1'.    S. 

i>i])t.  Aniii'.  (i.V  2V       ISS;. 
( >ii-.,i/>si.\    nil  iiihi, 111,1(1  ii    Vasi  y.   Ciiasscs   S.    W.    I'art    -', 

/>/,    UK        |N|I. 

CuItiis  f^lalirdiis,  i"-2"  tall,  crei-l,  rij>i(l,  simple-, 
siiioolli.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  lliati  the  iiitcriiodes, 
smooth  or  somewhat  rouj-h;  li^ule  i"  3"  long,  acute; 
leaves  6'-i2'  long,  less  than  1"  wide,  involute,  stifT, 
smooth  or  somewhat  scahrous;  panicle  6'-i°  long, 
(lifTuse,  generally  partially  included  in  the  ujiper 
sheath,  its  hrannhcs  widely  spreading  and  many  times 
forked,  the  ultimate  divisions  llcxiioiis;  outer  scales 
of  the  spikelet  3"-4"  in  length,  long-acumiuatc,  ^ 
glalirons;  third  scale  about  one-half  as  long,  acute, 
densely  pubescent  with  long  silky  erect  hairs  nearly 
twice  its  own  length,  the  awn  2" y  long. 

On  prairirs,  Albiilatn  Wasliiiintim,  soulli  In  Niliraska,    \ii/i>iiM  and  Mixkn      Miiy  July. 

24.    MILIUM  L.  Si),  ri.  61.       175;,. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  Hat  leaves  and  terminal  lax  panicles.  Spikclets  i- 
flowered.  Scales  3,  obtuse,  not  awncd  ;  the  outer  about  e(nial  ;  the  third  thin-membranous, 
at  length  rigid,  glabrous  or  jnibescent  ;  jialet  scarcely  shorter.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short, 
distinct.  Stigmas  iilumose.  ('.rain  ovoid  or  oblong,  free,  tightly  enclosed  in  the  rigid  and 
shining  scale  and  palet.     [Latin  name  for  ;\Iillet.] 

.Spi'cies  5  (ir  (1.  tliirdy  in  lUiiopc-  and  .\sia. 

I.     Milium    effusum    L.      Tall    Millet- 
j^ra.ss.     (V\)X..   3H).  ) 

Mi/iinii  ift'iisiiii!  1,.  .S]).  PI.  111.       I7,s,v 

Glabrous  throughout,  culms  2°-6°  tall,  erect, 
simple,  smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes;  ligule  1  '2"  3"  long,  truncate,  erose- 
denlate;  leaves  3'-9'  long,  3"-.S"  wide,  nar- 
rowed toward  the  base,  .acutuinatc,  smooth  or 
scabrous ;  panicle  3'-lo'  in  length,  lax,  its 
branches  2'-3'  long,  slender,  somewhat  ilexu- 
OU9,  naked  at  base  and  dividing  above  the 
middle,  at  length  widely  spreading ;  spikelets 
1 '+  " -I  ':; "  long  ;  outer  scales  ecpial,  smooth  or 
scabrous,  the  third  scale  shorter,  smooth,  white. 

Ill  wdiids,  Capi-  liretiin  Island  and  Ouibic  Id 
wcstirn  Onlarii),  siiutli  tn  Massacliusitl^  riiuisyl- 
vaiiia  and  Mii'liijtan.  .\lsii  in  iiortlRrii  I  .mpcaiid 
.\sia.     June-July. 

25.    MUHLENBERGIA  Sdirel).  (kn.  44.       17S9. 
[Vasi;y.\  Tluirb.  I'roc.  Acad.  I'hila.  1863  :  79.      1S63.I 

^lostly  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  paniculate  inllorescence. 
Rootstocks  often  scaly.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  very  rarely  2  flowered.  Scales  3,  very  rarely 
4 ;  the  outer  ones  empty,  membranous  or  hyaline,  acute  and  sometimes  awned  ;  third 
scale  s-.s-nerved,  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower,  obtuse,  acute,  or  very  often  pro- 
duced into  a  capillary  awn;  palet  2-kee1ed.  Stamens  often  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Callus  minute,  drain  narrow,  free,  tightly  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [In  honor  of 
Henry  Muhlenberg,  1756-1817,  North  American  botanist.] 

About  fio  siiicics.  chiifly  natives  of  Aiuirica,  a  few  .\sialic. 


■  1 


142 


(■.r.\:mi.\Kar. 


raiiiiU-  I'linUaclccl.  iiainiu-,  sjiiki   liki-,  Uu-  slmrt  bnmi-lus  ranly  si)UiiilinK' 
l"l(HVtriii((  soalf  iinl  iiuiud  hut  sdiiu  tiiius  awii  pdiiiti  il. 

Outer  si-alis  ikiI  awiuil,  abcml  half  as  IcniKas  the  llnwcniiK  scali-.  ai'iitt-.    i.   J/,  suhfli/,  i  ,i. 
Oiili-i  scali'S  IdiiK  ai'iiniiiiatc,  awn  imiulid  or  awiiiil. 

( luUr  soaks  abniU  ii|\ial   in   U  until   tn  tlU'   lldwitiiit;  stale,  sliai])  imitili'd.  abnill   I  '  •" 

I'liitf-  ->.   M.  Mri  i, ,111,1.  ' 

Outer  scalis  ixtiidiuK  tile  llnwiriuK  st-alc,  jriiurallv  twice   its  U•n^^tll.  awnid,  alxMit 
2'."  \in\K.  5.    .1/,  ,,,,,■„/. 's,i. 

I''l<i\vi-riuK  si'ale  Imiu  avvnid:  awu  usually  twiec  the  leUKtli  u(  the  seale,  souu  tiuies  shutter. 
( )utt  r  seales  about  i'i{ualliuK  the  lloui  riiin  scale. 

basal  hairs  not  umri  than  oiu   lialT  llii  leiit;lh  <>(  the  llnwerinn  seale, 

SpiUelets  eciiisistiuit  of  .^  seales  and  i  perl'eet  fbiuer.  ,(,    .lA  \r/:;i/ii,i. 

Spikelets  edUsistiuK 'il'   |  seales,  thi    third  with  a  perfect  flimer,  the  fciurth  imply 
and  aw  ued,  5.   .'A  <niihii;ii,i. 

basal  hairs  as  hint;  as  the  llnwcriu«-  scale.  (i.   JA  cuiiialii. 

( )nti  r  seales  oue  half  to  twn  thirds  as  Innn  as  thi'  llnweriuir  seale.  7.   .lA  tciuiijhii  ,1. 

( Inter  scales  less  than  mu-  (|Uarter  the  li  iiytli  nf  thi'  tli>werinn  scale. 

l.nwcr  seale  luiiuite,  nftcn  wautiuK;  llnwi  riiiK  scale  with  an  awn  twice  its  leuj;th. 

S.   M.  diffiiui. 
I.ower  scale  about  two  thirds  .is  lotin  as  the  second;  llowerinn:  scale  with  an  awn  four 
times  its  leiit'th  or  more,  9,   JA  iiiuinsf^,  1 111,1. 

I'lUiicle  open,  its  brauehes  loiin  and  spriadiiiK, 

Culms  I  '  ■'-'  tall  or  more;  panicle  diffuse;  leaves  cloii^;atcd,  not  riKid,  10,   .lA  iiipill,n  i\. 

Culms  r   tall  or  less;  leaves  2'  Iouk  or  less,  ri};itl. 

Secondary  branches  of  the  panicle  single;  basal  leaves  short,  mimerous,  stronijlv  recurved. 

ir.   .}/.  i; 1 ,1,  i7//iii,i. 
Secondary  branches  of  the  panicle  fascicUd:  basal  leaves  few,  not  recurved, 

I-'.    ,1A  /illll<;,l/s. 

1.   Muhlenbergia  sobolifera  (  Miilil.  i  'Priii.    Rock  Miililfnl)LT.ij;ia.     (  Imj;.  ;,2n.  ) 

.[f;r,iilis  siihiili/ii  ,1  Miilil,;  Willd,  bjiiini,  i),s.     iSih,, 
Miililnilh'ixht  st>hiili/'cr,i  Trin.  fiiifl.  i8y,     IS24. 

Glabrous,  culms  2°-;,°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple, 
or  sparingly  branched  above,  smooth.  Sheaths 
smooth,  those  of  the  culm  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  those  of  the  branches  overlapping  and 
crowded;  lij;iile  very  short,  truncate;  leaves  roiiKli, 
those  of  the  culm  4'  6'  lonjf,  i  'j  "-3"  wide,  those 
of  the  branches  1 '-3' lonjr,  about  1 "  wide  ;  panicle 
;,'-6'  in  length,  slender,  its  branches  '4  '  1 '  long; 
outer  scales  about  ,'j"  long,  half  to  two-thirds  the 
length  of  the  spikclct,  eipial,  or  the  lower  some- 
what shorter,  acute,  scabrous,  especially  on  the 
keel;  third  scale  scabrous,  oVjtuse,  3-nerved,  the 
middle  nerve  usually  excurrent  as  a  short  point. 

Koeky  woods,  Massaehusi  tts  to  Minnesota,  south  to 
\'irKiuia,  Tennessee  and  the   Indian  Terrilorv.     Sept 
( )ct. 


2.   Muhlenbergia  Mexicana  (  I„  i  Trin. 


McadDw  Miiiik'iil)erKia. 

■  r"7- 


(  lM> 


521.; 


.\K'i'(tshs  M,M(,iii,i  I.,  M;int.  1:  ,v 
A'^fiL^lis  fili/nniiis  Willd,  ICnum,  (),s, 
Miihl,  iihri'^iit  ,)A,i /<,;;/,/ Trin.  rnill. 
(ilabrous,  culms  2 


l.Nx). 
iSi,.      l,Sj(, 

\°  long,  erect,  or  often  prostrate, 
much  branched,  smooth.  Sheaths  .shorter  than  the 
internodes,  excepting  at  the  extremities  of  the 
branches,  where  they  are  crowded  and  overlapping, 
smooth  or  scabrous  ;  leaves  scabrous,  those  of  the 
culm  4'-6'  long,  \"-^"  wide,  the  branch  leaves 
smaller;  panicle  2'-6'  long,  contracted,  its  branches 
spike-like,  I '-2'  long,  erect  or  appressed;  spikelets 
1  '•»"  1,'j"  long;  outer  scales  somewhat  unequal,  ex- 
ceeding the  llowering  one,  or  slightly  shorter,  acumin- 
ate or  short-awned,  scabrous  especially  on  the  keel ; 
third  scale  acuminate,  scabrous,  particularly  toward 
the  apex. 

In  swamjis  and  borders  of  fields.  Xcw  Uninswiek  to 
western  Ontario,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Tennessee  and 
the  Iiulian  Territory,     .\tiK,   .Sept, 


CRASS   FAMILY. 

3.    Muhlenbergia  racemdsa  (  Michx.  )   li.S.P. 

(Fig.  ,^22.) 

.Ixriis/i.s  itiifiiioMi  Miflix.  I'l.  llor.  Am.  i;  5,v      lS<i>.V 
Miililtiihii t;i(i  i;/i'iiiii iihi  'I'rin.  t'liill.  uii.       i^2|. 
Miihlciihiiiiiii  I, I,; III, 'Ml  USA'.  I'lil.  Cat.  N.  V.  (>■;.  iSS.S. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  usually  iiiuoli  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheath  smooth,  those  of 
the  culm  shorter  than  the  internodcs,  those  of  the 
branches  overlapping  and  often  crowded;  ligule 
about  }i"  \ontf,  erosc-truncate;  leaves  2'-^'  lon^, 
i"-,i"  wide,  scabrous;  ])aiiicle  a'-.p^'  in  length, 
usually  dense  and  interrupted,  the  branches  li'- 
1'  long,  erect  or  apjircsscd,  the  siiikelcts  much 
crowded;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  acuminate, 
2"-T,"  long,  including  the  awn,  smooth  or  sca- 
brous, especially  on  the  keel;  third  scale  one-half 
to  two-thirds  as  lont;,'  acuminate,  the  strongly 
scabrous  midrib  excurreiit  in  a  short  point. 

In  wit  places,  N'cwfciundland  to  liritish  Ci)lunibia, 
south  ti>  Niw  Jersey,  Missouri  and  New  Mexico. 
Allg.-Se])l. 


143 


Marsh  Muhlenbergia. 


4.    Muhlenbergia  sylvatica  Torr.     Wood  Muhlenbergia.      (Fig.  323.) 


?,2i-) 


hstrate, 
liin  the 
l)f  the 
Ipping, 
lof  the 

1  leaves 

inches 

likelcts 

lal,  ex- 

iLumin- 
keel ; 

Itoward 

lick  to 
»ee  an<l 


.•l.!,'M).\7/.v  (//////vir  Muld.  (;rani.  6).     KS17.     Not  Host, 
J/ii/i/rii/hTL;ii!  s]/:'ii/ic;i  Torr.  I'l.  V.  .S.  i:  ^y.      182). 


iS,^. 


Culms  1°-;,°  tall,  erect,  branched,  smooth  or  some- 
what scabrous.  Sheaths  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous, 
those  of  the  culm  shorter  than  the  internodes,  those 
of  the  branches  overlapping  and  often  crowded;  ligule 
about  ^2"  long,  erose-truncatc;  leaves  2'-''  long,  1"- 
3"  wide,  rough;  j)anicle  3'-7'  in  length,  somewhat 
lax,  the  branches  i'-3'  long,  erect  or  ascending;  outer 
scales  of  the  sjjikclet  i'4'"-ij'2"  long,  awn-pointed, 
scabrous;  third  scale  equalling  or  somewhat  exceed- 
ing the  outer  ones,  strongly  scabrous,  attenuate  into  a 
slender  awn  2-4  times  its  length. 

In  moist  woods  and  along  streams.  New  lirunswick  to 
Ontario  an<l  Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Temiessee 
and  the  liidiiin  Territory.     Aug,   Sept. 


5.   Muhlenbergia  ambigua  Torr.     Minnesota 
Muhlenl)ergia.     (Fig.  324.) 

.Miihliiihii fiiii  (iiii/>iL;iii!  Torr.  Nicollet's  Kip.  i(>|.       i>>l.v 

Glabrous,  culms  1"  tall  or  lower,  erect,  branched, 
smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
about  }'i"  long,  erose-truncate;  leaves  i'-,^'  long, 
I "-2"  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  i'-,,'  long,  rigid,  its 
branches  I^'-i'  long,  dense,  appressed;  outer  .scales  of 
the  spikelet  awn-pointed,  unequal,  the  longer  about 
2"  in  length  and  exceeding  the  body  of  the  third 
scale  which  is  scabrous,  villous,  and  attenuate  into  an 
awn  2-3  times  its  length;  a  fourth  narrow  awned  scale 
is  nearly  always  present. 


.MouK  a  lake  shore  in  Minnesota. 


i: 


10 


144 


C.RAMINHAi;. 


Muhlenbergia  comata  (  Tluirl).  )  Ikiitli.      Hairy  Mnliknl)t.rK:ia. 


/  i/vi .;  ri'W(//f/ 'riuirli.  rnn'.  I'liilii.  Aiail    1863:71 


iS(.;. 


.1fii/i/iii/>i  I  i;/ii  ((iiiiii/i!   iiiiilli  :  X'asiv.  Cal.  ('.iasM>   I".  H,  30. 

ISS.S- 

Culms  1°  2''^  tall,  erirt,  slcndir,  sinocitli  and  jjlalirous. 
Slicatlis  shoittr  tliati  tin-  iuteriuKlcs,  siiiootli  or  slij^htly 
scabrous;  li),'uk'  almut  yi"  louK.  truncate,  naked  or  mi- 
nutely ciliate;  leaves  2'.-'-,s'  Ion),',  l"-2"  wide,  erect, 
liat,  rou!,di;  panick'  (iflon  tinned  with  purple,  2'  .('  in 
lenytli,  dense,  branches  ';'~i  '•'  long,  erect;  outer  scdes 
of  the  spikelet  ecjual,  or  the  second  a  little  the  longer, 
smooth,  scabrous  on  the  kiel  ;  third  scale  shorter, 
smooth  and  glabrous,  bearing  an  awn  23  times  its  length, 
the  basal  liairs  silky,  erect,  fully  as  long  as  the  scale. 


On 
Sept. 


piairn- 


Kansas 


CiiUiraild  111   Califiirnia.       .\iiK. 


7.    Muhlenbergia  tenuiflora  (  Willd.  1  H.S.I'. 

{  V'v^.   :^2h.  ) 

-li^rds/is  li-iiiii/loiii  Willil.  Sp.  I'l.  i:  VM-       '7'i""- 
Agroslis  paiiii/loid  Pursh.  I'l.  .\in.  Sipt.  i: 'i,v       ''"^U- 
Mulihnbeii;ia  H'lZ/driinrii  'i'riu.  fnifl.  iSS.       iS2|. 
Muhli-iilwixia    Iriiidfloia    U.S. I',    rrcl.    Cat.    X.    \'.    67. 
1888. 

Glabrous,  culms  2°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple  or 
sparingly  branched,  smooth.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  intcrnodes;  ligule  short  and  truncate;  leaves 
s';'-"'  long,  l"-4"  wide,  narrowed  toward  the  base, 
acuminate,  scabrous;  panicle  5'-9'  long,  slender,  its 
branches  i'-},'i'  long,  apprcssed;  outer  scales  of  the 
spikelet  unecjual,  half  to  two-thirds  the  length  of  the 
third  one,  awn-pointed,  scabrous;  third  scale  iU"~ 
\yi"  long,  scabrous,  bearing  an  awn  24  times  its 
length. 

In  rocky  woods.  Massachusetts  to  southern  Ontario  and 
JliniKsola,  suulli  to  Alabama  and  Texas.     .\UK-  Sept. 


Skiider  Muhlenbergia. 


8.    Muhlenbergia    diffusa    Sclirel).      Nimble 
Will.     Dropseed  Grass.      (Fig.  327.) 

M^iililnihi  i^i"  (/i//'iisti  Sclircb.  liisclir.  Cras.  2:  I4,v  />/.  5/. 
.1772-9. 

Glabrous,  culms  1'  3°  long,  decumbent,  or  often 
prostrate  or  creeping  and  ascending,  very  slender,  dif- 
fusely branched.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
loose;  ligule  short,  fringed:  leaves  ili'-^v'.. '  long, 
i^"_2'/  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  2'-S'  long,  slender 
somewhat  lax,  its  branches  i'-2'  long,  erect;  outer 
scales  of  the  siiikelet  minute,  the  lower  one  often 
wanting;  the  third  scale,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  about 
i"  long,  strongly  scabrous,  particularly  upon  the 
nerves;  the  awn  ',"-2"  in  length. 

On  <hy  hills  and  in  woods.  Maine  and  snutlienrontario 
to  Miiniisota,  smith  to  I'lorida,  Kansas  and  Texas. 
AuR.   Sept. 


f.KASS    I'AMII.V. 


'45 


iiblc 


)ftCll 

r,  dif- 

(ult'S, 

|1<>"K. 

LMider 
loutcr 
I  often 

about 
the 


Intiinii 


9.    Muhlenbergia  microsperma  (  DC.  t  Triii 

(  Im.i;.  32S.  ) 

Ti  iiliddiloii  i/ii(iiii/iii  iiiii  DC.  L':il.  Ilml    M<iiisi>,  lii.' 

^^llllh  iihiiXKi  mil  liisftii  iihi  'I'rin.  riiifl.  \u\.       i>3|. 
.Miilili  iilii  iKiii  </i/ii/i.\  Trill.  Mini.  Aiad.  St.    I'l  lrr>l). 
O'l.)  6:  2ij,s.       I>|i. 

Culms  6'-i  i,°  tall,  trct-l,  finally  defuiulictit  or 
somewhat  ])rostrate  at  base,  sleiuU-r,  (lifTiisely 
branched.  vSheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  loose;  lif^ule  ';"  loiij^,  truncate,  toothed; 
leaves  )i'-2y,'  lonj^,  i"  wide  or  less,  scabrous; 
panicle  2'  .^'  in  length,  slender,  open,  the  branches 
i'  lonjj  or  less,  ascending;  or  erect;  outer  scales  of 
the  spikelet  unequal,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  apex, 
about  one-third  the  lenjitli  of  the  third  scale, 
wliich  is  i'4'"-i'.."  lonj.;  exclusive  of  the  awn 
anil  strongly  scabrous  ;  awn  6"-i2"  in  leiij^jth. 

n  <lry  Miil,  Kaiisiis  In  Califciruia,  SdUtli  to  MixiiD. 

10.    Muhlenbergia  capillaris  1 1.,am.  )  Triii. 


sfL-ik'd    Miilik-iil)crKia. 


Loiij^-awned  1  Iair-jj;rass. 


.S/iY'ii  iii^ilhi)  is  I.aiii.  Tabl.  Iju-yd.  1:  i,s^ 
A/iiIiIchIhi  oiii  iii/>i7/tn  is  'I'riu.  Inifl.  lyi. 


1791. 
1S24. 


Glabrous,  culms  l,'i°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple, 
smooth  or  nearly  so.  Sheaths  smooth,  the  lower 
short  and  overlappinj;,  the  upper  ones  much 
lon).;cr;  lif;ule  about  2"  in  length;  leaves  6'- 1°  long, 
i"-2"  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  7'-i°  in  length  or 
more,  difTuse,  the  capillary  branches  4'-8'  long, 
at  length  widely  spreading;  spikelets  on  long  hair- 
like pedicels  which  are  davate-thickencd  at  the 
apex;  outer  scales  unecpial,  acute  or  short-awned, 
slightly  scabrous;  third  scale,  exclusive  of  the 
awn,  2"  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  first 
one,  scabrous,  the  awn  ^"-9"  in  length. 

In  (by  sandy  or  nicky  soil,  SlassacliusLtts  to  New 
Jirsty  and  Misscmri,  south  to  l"l()ri<la  and  IV.xas. 
I'anick  usually  li^l't  imrpk'.     .Sipl. 


( )cl. 


II.    Muhlenbergia  gracillima  Ttnr.     iMlifonii  Muhlenbergia 


.1fii/i/<ii/<iioi,i  i^r.nilliiihi  Tnrr.   I'ac.    K.    K.   Kipt.  4;  i.S.S. 

filabrous,  culms  .i'-i4'  tall,  from  a  slender  creeping 
rootstock,  erect,  sleiuler,  simple,  rigid.  Sheaths 
smooth;  ligulc  i"-2"  long,  entire  and  acuminate,  or 
variously  cleft,  with  acuminate  teeth;  leaves  1'- 2' long, 
involute-setaceous,  smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous, 
rigid,  the  basal  numerous,  usually  strongly  recurved, 
the  1-,^  culm  leaves  erect  or  ascending;  panicle  2'-9' 
in  length,  open,  the  branches  finally  widely  spreading, 
1'-;,'  long,  filiform;  spikelets  about  as  long  as  the  fili- 
form pedicels  which  are  davatc-thickeiied  at  the  apex; 
outer  scales  unecpial,  usually  awn-pointed  or  short- 
awned,  slightly  scabrous;  third  scale  i%"  i  '•"  long, 
longer  than  the  outer  ones,  sometimes  twice  as  long, 
scabrous;  awn  i"-2''  long. 

On  prairies,  Kansas  to  Colorado,  south  to  Texas  and 
New  Mixico.     .Sept.  Oil. 


14''' 


C.RAMINI'Ai;, 


12.    Muhlenbergia  pungens  Tliurl). 

riiiiric  Miilikiihcr^ia.     (  Imj;.  ,\t,i.  ) 


Mtlllli  l/htri;  /./      />/f  Iti^tll  \ 
I'liila    1863:  7>        iSiiv 


Tliurti      I'lin'.     Ai-.iil 


Culms  ()'  15'  tall  from  a  crcci)iiin  root- 
stock,  erect  from  a  ilccuinl)eitl  l>ratichiiiK 
liiisc,  riniil,  iiiimitely  imlHsceiit.  Sheaths 
overlapping,  crowded  at  the  hase  of  the 
culm,  scabrous;  lij,'ule  a  riuK  of  soft  silky 
hairs;  leaves  I'-j'  lon(„',  involute-setaceous, 
ri;iid,  scalirous;  panicle  _^ '6'  in  lennlli,  open, 
the  l)ranclics  2'-2'2'  louK,  sinj^lc,  distant, 
much  divided  from  near  the  base,  the  divi- 
sions apparently  fascicled;  s])ikelets  on  long 
pedicels,  which  are  clavate-thickened  at  the 
apex;  outer  scales,  when  mature,  e(|ualliuj; 
or  often  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  third 
one,  scabrous,  especially  on  the  keel;  third 
scale,  when  matnre,  ^^"  1"  lonj;,  scab- 
rous, the  awn  shorter  than  its  bodv. 


(Ill  i)r,iiricv 
1111(1  Ariziiiin. 


Ncbfiisk.i  ti 
Autf.   S<i)t. 


llali.  >.(iiitli  loTt  x;is 


26.    BRACHYELYTRUM  Ikativ.  A^rost.  .v>       iSu. 

A  tall  j^rasi  with  Hal  leaves  and  a  narrow  panicle.  Spikelcts  1 -flowered,  narrow,  the 
rachilla  produced  beyond  the  (lower  and  sometimes  bearinj^  a  niiuute  scale  at  the  summit. 
Scales  3;  the  outer  sni.ill  and  inconspicuous,  the  lower  often  wantinj;;  the  third  much 
loiijijcr,  rij!id,  5-nerved,  acuminate  into  a  long  awn;  palct  scarcely  shorter,  ri^iil,  suleatc  on 
the  back,  2  nerved  Stamens  2.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stij^mas  plumose,  elongated. 
C.rain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palct.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  minute  outer 
scales.] 

.\  iii()ii(ityi)ic  Kiiiiis  of  i;i^Uni  .North  .\iiifiica. 


1.  Brachyelytrum  erectum  (Schnl).  )  BL-auv.     Hrachyelytriiin.     (lM^^,^;,2.) 

A/ii/i/i  ii/ii'i  1;  ill  rirdti  .Sclircli.    lit-scli.  ('.las.  2:   i,V).    /'/. 

y>.        1772   <|. 

Ill iiiliyilyli  iiiti  i)i\linii  Ikauv.  .X^riisl.  iii.       1M2. 
Iliiuhyilyli  11)11  tirisliihnii  K.  ^t  S.  .Syst.  2:  (l,v       1S17. 
Jhiulivilvli  inn  III  islaliiiii  var.  /\iii;ehiiiiiiiii  .\.  (".ray. 
JIaii.  V,i\.  5.  61  (.       1S117. 

Culms  i°-^°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
or  rough,  pnbescent  at  and  near  the  nodes. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intcrnodes,  scabrous  to- 
ward the  apex,  more  or  less  villous  especially  at 
the  throat;  ligule  about  V"  'ofR.  irregularly 
truncate;  leaves  2'-^'  long,  ,^"-9"  wide,  acuminate 
at  both  ends,  scabrous;  panicle  2'-6'  in  length,  slen- 
der, branches  i'  ,^'  long,  erect  orappressed;  outer 
scales  of  the  spikclet  unequal,  the  upper  less  than 
one-third  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale,  the  lower 
minute  or  wanting;  third  scale,  exclusive  of  the 
the  awn,  4,'2'''-6"  long,  5-nerved,  scabrous,  espec- 
ially on  the  midncrvc,  the  awn  erect,  9"- 12" 
long;  rachilla  produced  beyond  the  flower  about 
half  the  length  of  the  third  scale  and  lying  in  the 
groove  of  the  palet. 

Moist  places,  Nywroiitullaiul  to  western  ( )iilarii)  and  Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Tenn- 
essee and  Missouri.     .Xscciids  to  50110  It.  in  North  Carolina.     July-AuK- 


C.KASS    I'AMII.V. 


•47 


'rciin- 


27.  HELEOCHLOA  Host,  {>raiii.  i:  2,v  />/.  .-'a  .i".  i«i)i. 
ICuvi'Sis  I.ittii.  Tal)I.  I'lncyct.  1:  166.  1791.  Not  Ait.  i7.Hi>.] 
riTfiiiiiiil  tufted  jjiiisses  witli  llat  k-avcs  ami  spicate  or  |):iiiiiiilate  inllort'Si-eiire.  Spikf- 
lets  itlowiTt'd.  Stales  V  tlif  2  oiitir  empty,  soiiiewliat  mic(|iial,  tiR'iiil)raii<ms,  acute,  cili- 
atf-kceled;  llu-  lliird  stale  similar,  a  little  lotintr;  palct  slitirter.  liyalille,  2-nerved,  Slaiilelis 
3.  .Styles  distinct.  Stij»mas  ]iluiii()se.  (Iraiii  oMtiii^;,  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale, 
(dreek,  sinnilyin^;  me,idow->;rass. ] 

.\IhiiiI  s  s|ntii>i,  iliii  lly  tiiitivis  ol  tilt-  Mediterranean  riKioii,  one  or  two  aNo  widely  distri- 
l>tlti(l  tliioiiuli  iiiiildli   lairiiiie  and  Asia. 

I.   Heleochloa  schoenoides  i  I<.  <  Most.     Ktisli  Cat's  tail  (irass.     (  I-'i^.  ;^,^,"v  • 

I'lllt  inn  u/im  iii'ii/i  \  I„  S|).  I'l    'ki.      \jc,i,. 

('/r/x'*   siliniiiiiiiliw  I.iin    Ta1)l.  Uneyl.   I:   \H'.    /■/.  /-'. 

Jfi'lciuhlitii  silii>i-iioi,li\  Most.  Cram.  I:  :?.v   />/.,".    i.Sii. 

(ilabrous.  culins.i'  is'  tall,  erect  or  sometimes ilc- 
cumlK?nt  at  the  base,  hraiidied,  siiiootli.  Slitaths 
about  half  the  length  of  the  interiiodes,  the  upper 
loose,  the  one  itnincdiatt  ly  below  the  spike  in- 
llated  and  usually  partially  enclosing;  it;  lijjulc  a 
rinf;  of  .short  hairs;  leaves  1 '-3' loiijj,  1"  2"wi<le, 
fl.it,  acuminate,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above ; 
spikelcts  I '4  "  loi)|^,  the  empty  scales  acute,  com- 
pressed, ciliate-kenled,  I  nerved,  the  lower  shorter 
than  the  up])er-  third  scale  e<iuallinn  or  longer 
than  till  second,  acute,  compressed,  ciliate-kceled, 
otherwise  glabrous,  r-nerveil;  palet  shorter,  obtuse. 

In  waste  plaei —.  smitliern  Nt  w  York  to  Delaware. 
Xatnrali/ed  Irmn  i;inn|ie      July  .\iin 

28.  PHLEUM  \..  Sp.  I'l.  .stj.       1753. 

.Annual  or  perennial  gr.isses  with  llat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence.  Spikelcts 
illowered.  .Scales  v,  the  2  outer  empty,  membranous,  compressed,  keclerl,  the  apex 
obli<iuely  truncate,  the  midnerve  produced  into  an  awn;  the  third  scale  much  shorter, 
brtiader,  hyaline,  truncate,  denticulate  at  the  summit;  palet  narrow,  hyaline.  Stamens  ,^. 
Styles  distinct,  somewhat  clongiited.  Stigmas  plumose.  Cirain  ovoid,  free,  enclosed  in  the 
scale  and  palet.  [Name  (".reek,  taken  from  I'liny;  originally  applied  to  some  very  dilTercnt 
plant.  1 

.\bout    10  spieii  s,  inliabitin^  the  liini)etate  znnesof  lioth   lit  niis|ilieres.     Tile  folluwiiiK  only 
are  natives  uT  North  .\imriea.     The  linnlish  name  (  'iil'\/iiil  i,'r<isi  is  aj>]>lieil  to  all  the  siueies. 
.Spikes  usually  ( lonnaltil,  eylindrie;  awns  It  ss  than  one  half  the  length  of  the  outer  scales;  upper 

sheath  not  iiitlatt  (I.  I.   /'.  />IiI/iiim  . 

.Spikes  not  eliitin.ili  il.  ovoid  to  olihiiiH  and  eylindrie;  awns  about  oue  half  the  leiij{th  of  the  outer 

scales;  uppir  sliiMtli  iiiflateil.  1.   J'  nlpiiiKin. 

I.   Phleum  pratense  I,.     Timothy.     Herd's 
(rrass.      ( I•'iK^  ,^34-  ' 

I'lllt  iiiti  fii ill,  ii\c  !..  Sp.  I'l.  ~t\.     I7,s,v 

Crlabrous  and  smooth  or  very  nearly  so  throughout, 
culms  i°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple.  Sheaths  usually  ex- 
ceeiling  the  intcrnodes,  sometimes  shorter,  the  upper 
one  long  and  not  inflateil,  or  very  slightly  so;  ligule 
I  "-2"  long,  rounded;  leaves  3'  9'  long,  2"  ,^"  wide, 
smooth  or  scabrous;  spike  usually  elongated,  eylindrie, 
I  '2 '-7' in  length,  2 '2  "-4"  in  diameter;  outer  scales  of 
the  spikelet,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  Vi"  long,  ciliat.e 
on  the  keel,  the  awn  less  than  half  their  length. 

In  fields  and  meadows  nearly  tliroUKhout  North  .\mer- 
iea.  .Mso  in  Ivurope  atitl  .\sia.  Widely  eultivatetl  for  hay. 
The  scales  are  sometimes  niodilietl  into  small  leaves. 
Jnly-.VUM:. 


Skrl\ 


I' 
I  i 


I; 


2.  Phleum  alpinum  I,.     MoiiiUaiii  IMikuni.     i  Fij;.  t,t,^.  ) 

J'liliiini  iilfiiiniiii  I,.  S]).  ri.  51).      175,;. 

(Ihibrous,  culms  6'-i.S'  tall,  erect  or  soinctiincs  de- 
ciinibcnt  :it  the  base,  simple,  smooth.  Sheaths  often 
much  shorter  than  the  internodes,  sometimes  longer, 
the  upper  one  usually  much  inflated;  ligule  about 
1"  long,  truncate;  leaves  smooth  beneath,  scabrous 
above,  the  lower  2'  ,V  long,  i"  .|"  wide;  upper  leaf 
generally  very  short,  less  than  l'  long;  spike  short, 
ovoid  to  oblong  and  cylindric,  ,'2 '-2'  in  length,  3"-6" 
in  diameter;  outer  scales  of  the  spikclct,  exclusive  of 
the  awn.  1  '_. "  long,  strongly  ciliate  on  the  keel,  tlic 
awn  about  <iiR-half  their  length. 

I,abiii(l(ir  111  Alaska,  siiuth  to  tile  mouiitains  of  New 
llampsliirr,  Wrmonl,  .Xrizima  aiul  Caliluniia.  Also  in 
nnrtluTii  ICuropi-  ;ind  .\sia  and  in  I'alancmia.     Suinim  r. 


29.  ALOPECURUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  60 


I7.=i3- 


.Annual  or  perennial  gra.sses  with  erect  or  decumbent  culms,  usually  flat  leaves,  and  spi- 
cate  inllorescence.  .Spikelets  i-flowered,  llattencd;  scales  .^,  the  2  lower  empty,  acute,  some- 
tiiucs  short-awned,  more  or  less  united  below,  compressed-keeled;  keel  ciliate  or  somewhat 
winged;  third  scale  truncate  or  obtuse,  hyaline,  vnerved,  awned  on  the  back,  subtend- 
ing a  perfect  llower  and  usually  .-i  palet;  palet  hyaline,  acute,  sometimes  wanting.  .Stamens 
J.  Styles  distinct  ornircly  united  at  the  base.  Stigmas  elongated,  hairy.  [Greek,  signify- 
ing I'ox-tail  Grass,  in  allusion  to  the  s])ikeB.  | 

.\l)iiut  2i>  specit  s,  ])rincip.illy  iiiitivi  ■;  of  Uk-  inirlh  U  iiipiratc  zdiic.  liisidis  \.\\v  f(ill(iwiii(f,  some 
4"otlRrs  (neur  in  wislirn  .N'cirUi  .Ximrica. 

Outer  soaks  <if  tin.-  spikiUt  uiiiUil  fur  oni'  lialf  Ihiir  Uiijjtli.  sniiMilh  to  hispid  cm  the  kiel. 

I,    .1.  Ill; I ,:s/i.\: 
Outer  scales  of  the  spikcUl  uiiilcd  for  mif  (|uarl<r  tluir  UhkHi  nr  Uss.lonK-ciliati'  on  tiu'  keel. 
.Scales  1"   I ',  "  in  UiiKtIi.  2-  .1.  ,i;iiii\ii/ii/ii.s: 

Scales  i"  -X'  in  length. 

.Spike  I  '.•'-2':'  loii^;;  oiitir  scales  Klahrnus  or  sparingly  pul)escent  mi  llie  lateral  nerves. 

,V   •  (•  f>i  iilriisis. 
Si)ike  I '  ■'  Inntf  or  less;  ciiiUr  scale-,  villous.  .(.   .1.  iiZ/'uins. 


I.  Alopecurus  agrestis  I,.     .Skiukr  I'oxtail.      ( l'i,u;.  t,t,Ci.) 


.lli>f>i\in  IIS  agicslis  I,.  .Sp.  I'l.  VA.  2,  S9.     17(13. 

Smooth  or  slightly  scabrous,  culms  i"-2"  tall,  erect, 
simple.  .Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
i"  long,  truncate  ;  leaves  i'.'-;'  long,  i"-,^"  wide, 
scabrous,  especially  .iliove ;  spike  !'.'-.('  long,  2"-\" 
tliick  ;  outer  scales  of  the  spikclct  united  at  the  base 
for  about  half  their  length,  narrowly  wing-kccled, 
2"-2,'j"  long,  the  nerves  smooth  or  scabrous,  some- 
times hispid  Ijclow,  especially  on  the  keel;  third  scale 
eijualling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  outer  ones,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  the  awn  inserted  i.  .'r  the  base,  about 
twice  its  length,  bent. 


In  waste  places  and  ballast,  soutliern  N'ew  York  and 
New  Jersey.  .Vdventive  from  liiirope.  Native  also  of 
.\sia.     July  .\uif. 


CRASS    I'AMII.V. 


'49 


2.  Alopecurus  geniculatus  I,,      Marsli  I'oxtail.      (  l-'itf.  337.  ) 

.Mo/'iiii I  IIS  i^riiii  ii/ii/ii\  \,   Sjp.  I'l.  iin.     17.S.V 
.\liif>,iiii  iis/iiliii'i  ].  IC.Smitli,  \'.nK\   I'.ut.  /•/.  //'■-■      i"^"5. 
Ali'l^iiiii  IIS  III  isliil:ilii\  Miilix.  I'l.  Itcir.  Am.  i;  (,;.     iSo;. 
.\li>t<i-iiii  IIS  iii-iii,  iiliilHs  v;ir.  ai  i-.liihiiii<  Tuir.   i''l.  I'.  S. 
1:97.      if^at. 

Glabrous  or  very  iiuarly  st),  culms  6'-i.S'  tall,  crfct, 
or  Sfniietinics  ilecuiubi'iil  at  tlio  base,  sini])U-  or  spar- 
ingly brancht'd,  snK.otli.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  louse  or  soiuiwhat  inllated  ;  lig- 
ule  i^'<"  ;,"  long;  leaves  1'  6' long,  '2"- :;"  wide,  sca- 
brous, es])ccially  above;  spikes  1'  },' '\\\  lenglh,  2"-\" 
thick;  outer  scales  of  the  spikilet  slightly  united  at  the 
base,  I  "  I '+ "  loll,!,',  obtuse  or  subacute,  smooth,  gla- 
brous except  on  the  pubescent  Literal  nerves  and 
strongly  ciliatc  keel;  tliird  scale  somewhat  shorter, 
obtuse,  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  awn  inserted  at  or 
below  the  middle,  e()ualling  or  exceeding  it. 

In  wet  soil,  N'lwfnumllaiid  lo  liiiti-li  C'uluinbia.  south 
to  I'Moricla,  'riiuussec,  .\rizoua  ami  Caliloinia.  .\lso  in 
Jvuropi-  and  .\sia.     July  Sipl. 


3.    Alopecurus  pratensis   I,.     Meadow  Foxtail.      (  V'vf,.  3,vS.  ) 


Aliiftiiiini'i  f^i 111,  lists  t,.  Sp.  ri.  ()o.     17,S.>. 

Nearly  or  (|uite  glabrous,  slender,  culms  1^-2 '2^  tall, 
erect,  simple.  Sheaths  usually  much  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  loose  or  somewhat  inllated;  ligule  about 
'i"  long,  f-rose-truiicate;  leaves  i'j'-3,'j'  long,  1"- 
;,"  wide,  scabrous,  at  least  above;  spikes  i>3'-2'j'  in 
length,  4"-6"  thick;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  unit- 
ed at  the  base  for  about  one-quarter  their  length,  2"- 
},"  long,  acute,  glabrous  except  the  sparingly  pubes- 
cent lateral  nerves  and  the  strongly  ciliate  keel;  third 
scale  slightly  shorter,  obtuse,  smooth  and  glabrous, 
the  awn  inserted  about  cpiarter  vsay  up  the  scale  and 
cxcee<ling  it. 

Ill  imailous.  Nova  Scotia  to  soulliirii  Ni  \v  York  ami 
Ohio.     Naliiiali/t<l  Iroiu  Muropi'.     Jum-  July. 


Alopecurus    alpinus   J.   1',.  .Sniilli. 
I'oxtail.     I  I''i,s;.  .VW-  ' 


Alpine 


INo;. 


.l/o/>,;  III  IIS  ii//tiiiiis  J.  IC.  Smith,  luinl.  Hot.     />/.  '/ 

Culms  glabrous  and  smooth  or  nearly  so.  ,s'  2^  tall, 
erect,  sometimes  decuml)cnt  at  the  base,  simide.  Sheaths 
generally  shorter  than  the  internodes,  loose,  often  inflated; 
ligule  i"-2"  long,  rounded  at  the  apex;  leaves  t'-7' 
long,  \"\V'  wide,  smooth  beneath,  slightly  scabrous 
above;  spike  i'.'  in  length  or  less,  ,V  f>"  thick;  outer 
scales  of  the  spikelet  united  only  at  the  base,  2"  long, 
obtuse,  villous  and  ciliate;  third  scale  about  e<|ualling  the 
outer  ones,  obtuse,  glabrous  except  at  the  villous  apex, 
the  awn  inserted  about  one-third  tlie  way  up,  a  little  ex- 
ceeding the  scale. 


Oreciilaiul   and    I.abr.ulor  to  .\laska. 
.all)iiic  I'iurope  ami  .\sia.     Summer. 


.Mso   in   arctic   au<l 


I50 


r.RAMINIvAE. 


30.    PHIPPSIA   U.  Mr.  Siippl.  App.  Parry's  Voy.  275.       1X24. 

A  low  amiuiil  Uifteil  Kiass,  with  Hut  leaves  ami  spike-likepaiiiclcs.  vSpikelets  t-(loworc<l; 
scales;,;  the  2  outer  cin])ty,  luiiuite,  the  first  often  wantiiif;;  the  third  scale  thiii-mcinliraii- 
ous,  keeled.  I'alct  somcwlial  shorter,  3-keek<l.  .Stamen  1,  rarely  2  or  ;,.  .Styles  short, 
distinct.  .Sti^^nnas  pliitnosc.  ('.rain  oblonj,',  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet,  whicli  readil\ 
split  and  allow  it  to  drop  out.  [In  honor  of  John  Con.stantinc  IMiipps,  1744-1792,  Arctic 
navigator.  ] 

.■\  inoiiiitypii-  mnns  nl'  tin-  .irctic  ii'^inns. 


I.    Phippsia  algida  (.Solaiul.  I  K.  l?r.     Piiippsia.      (l'iJ,^  340. ) 


.(<,'/ <'.i//.v   ii/i;i(/ii   S<ilaii(Ur,    in    I'liipps'    Voy.    2(io. 
1810. 

/'//i/>/'s/„  alaiila   K.   llr.   Siippl.   App.   Parry's  \'(iy. 
275.       1.-^21. 

.Smooth  and  glabrous  throu,!,'liout,  culms  i'-5' 
tall,  erect,  simple;  lignlc  '."  lonjj;  leaves  i'  in 
length  or  less,  %"-i"  wide,  obtuse;  panicle 
;+'-!  '.'  in  length,  contracted;  branches  '4  '-V 
long,  erect  or  apprcssed;  spikelets  ,'."  ,V" 
long;  outer  scales  luinutc,  unecpial,  acutish, 
the  first  often  wanting;  third  scale  broad,  1- 
nerved,  obtuse,  or  sub-truncate  and  somewhat 
ero.se,  the  palct  about  two-thirds  as  long,  broad, 
2-keelcd,  erose-trnncatc. 


Aulii-  nyicins  of   hnlli  tlif   ( )l<i  WdiIcI  and  tin. 
Niw      Siiniiiur. 


31.  SPOROBOLUS  R.  ]5r.  I'mdr.  l-l.  Nov.  II. .11.  i:  169.  i.Sk,. 
[Vii.i'.v  Hcauv.  .Vgrost.  id.  1.S12.J 
Perennial  or  r.ircly  annual  grasses,  with  Hat  or  convolute  leaves  and  open  or  contracted 
panicles.  Siiikelets  generally  small,  i-llowered,  occasionally  2  .v'lowcred.  .Scales  in  the 
i-flowered  spikelets  3,  membranous;  the  2  outer  empty,  the  first  somewhat  shorter;  the 
third  scale  efpialling  or  longer  than  the  empty  ones;  palet  2-nerved.  Stamens  2  ;,.  .Styles 
very  short,  distinct.  .Stigmas  plumo.se.  Crain  free,  and  often  early  deciduous.  [Creek, 
referring  to  the  deciduous  grain.] 

.Xbiiut  .Sij  spicics,  in  trupical  ami  tcmpvnili-  nyidiis,  vi  rv  iMniuiiiiis  in  .\imrica.     litsidisthe 
foUowiiiK,  4  111-  s  iitlu-rs  niiiu'  in  tlir  soiilliiMi  anil  wi  -.ti  iii  I'liiti  il  Slates. 

I'anicU'  conlraolcd.  spiki-  like. 

Spikckts  nKiVc  llian  i  ',"  in  UiiHtli. 

I'aniclc  li'iniinal;  upper  slaallis  ;'  li)n«  nr  more. 
Leaves  Klabroiis  or  very  marly  so. 

Third  scale  of  llie  spikilct  .u-iimiiiate.  nnitli   lipumr  llian   tin    xtoikI  and  usually 

greatly  CNieiiled  by  tlu-  pall  I.  i.   \.,i\/>,,. 

Third  >iaU-  of   the  --pikili  I   aciitisli  or  olitn-e,    somiwlial   exin  ditiy   the    sci-oml 
ami  I  quallinu  or  a  little  shorter  than  the  palet.  2.  .S.  /m/i; /yii/iii\. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  papillose  hirsute.  !,.   .V.  /ii7?,m<.\. 

I'auieles  terminal  and  lateral;  sheaths  1  ','  Iomk  or  Uss.  '1.  .V  ;;f  iiiii,/l,ini\ 

.SpikeUts  I '.."  louR  or  less. 

.Sheaths  inllated,  the  uppvrmost  usually  enelosiuH:  the  li.ise  ol'  tin-  panicle. 

.,,.,,  .">■  ■'^-  infill  Ills. 

Sheaths  not  inllated;  panule  exsvrteil. 

Ihanelus  of  the  panicle  not  crowded;  third  scale  aeinnittate. 

Outer  scales  of  the  r-pikeUt  obtuse  or  abruptly  acult ,  less  than  half  as  lonn  as  the 

third  si-aU-:  liuiiU- .about  1"  lonj;,  aciUisli.  o,  .s.  hi,:i/,iliiis. 

( luler  seaUs  ol'  the  s)iifcilrt  acuminate  and  awn  poiiUed.  more  than  halt  as  Iouk  as 

the  third  scale;  liiinle  less  llian  1,"  loim.  iiysi  tniniiiti-.  -.  S.  t  ii\/>i,titliis. 

Ihanelus  of  the  paniclv  diiisi  ly  erowdiil.  third  scale  acute. 

Culms  deciimbeiit  iiml  braneliid  at   the  base,   Ironi  a  sloiit   horizontal  rontstock- 

lianiele  short.  S.  S.  rin;iiii,iis. 

Culms  I  rect,  simple,  tufted;  panicle  usuallv  eloiik'ated.  ^).  .S,  liniiiin. 


. 


CRASS    I'AMIIA'. 


151 


I'aiiiik'  cipiii,  till-  Imimlii-  iinm  nr  less  spriadiiin.  at  kast  at  iiialiirily. 

IVdiicls  cinialliiiy  nr  ■.IkpiIc  t  than  tin  spikiUts;  first  si'ak-  alumt  lialf  as  hma  as  the  siiiiiid. 
liraiii'liis  (if  tin-  [laiiiili-  \iilicillatc. 

Sl)iUtk'ts   ','     1(111^;.  jitffii.  I''.   S.  tni^i/Z/ci. 

Spikr'.i  Is  1  I,"    I  '   "  liiiij;,  ])iillik-.  IJ.   .S.  /nil,  I  IIS. 

Iliaiuliis  111'  the  i)aiiii'U  altrrnatt'  nr  sdiiii  tiiius  sub  vt-rtiiillali.'. 
Spikikls  about  1"  Iniit;;  first  scalr  lamiolati-. 

SlK-allis  iiaki  (1  (ir  siiariiinly  lilialf  at  the  tlinial;  i)aiiiik-  usually  ixscrtcd. 

12.  .S.  iiiiiiii/ft. 
Shiatlis  (Iciistly  pilusc  at  llu'  thmat:  basi-  uf  the  paiiiok'  jti  111  tally  iiicUnkil. 

1,;.  .V  ,  I  i/'/iiiii/i  IIS. 
Spiktlits  j"    .'  ,  "  liiiin;  first  si-ali-  subulate.  i-[.  .V  Inliiuli  ftis. 

I'riliii  Is  at  least  twiee  llie  leii^rtll  ol'  tile  sjiiki  I'ts;  first  seak'  abiillt  eiilialllilK  the  seemiil. 
Culms  ereet,  simple:  b  aves  elminated. 

Culms  skiiikr,  frcnii  an  annual  root;  (Hiter  seales  about  half  tlu-  teuntli  of  the  spikelet. 

IS.  .v.  SI  loliiiiis. 
Culmsstout,  fidtu  a  horizontal  rootstock:  outer  seales  slightly  shorter  than  the  s]>ikelet. 

10.  .V.  iiiiii/>nssiis. 
Culms  <keumbent  and  bninehed  below;  leaves  short.  17.  .S'.  iis/iri  i/i'/iiis. 


m 


I.    Sporobolus  asper  I  Michx.  )  K1111U1.     Kouj-h  Riish-j;niss.     (  Imjj.  341.  ) 


.li.'i(is/is  cis/>ir,i  Miehx.  Fl.  lior.  .\m.  i:  52.     i.so.v 

.S/>i)iti/<ii/iis  (is/>ii  Kuntli,  ICnum.  i:  210.     i.s^j. 

.S/'ni  iihi/iis  ififiii   var.  I)t  ininiixiidii  Vasev,  Coutr. 
r.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  i«i.     i;<i)2. 

Culms  2°  .s''  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
>,'lal)rous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  ititernoiles; 
lijfule  a  mere  rinj;,  less  than  %"  loiii;.  naked; 
leaves  3'-i5'  loii^,  \"-i"  wide  at  the  base, 
attenuate  into  a  Ion)f  slender  involute  tip, 
smooth  ami  jilabrons  beneath,  scabrous  above, 
or  somewhat  hairy  at  the  base;  jianicle  2'  5'  in 
length,  linear,  strict,  its  branches  i'--2'  lon;r^  ap- 
prcsseil;  spikelets  }."-.\"  lonn,  the  onter  scales 
iinc(|ual,  acute;  third  scale  pubescent  at  the  base, 
much  lonjjer  than  the  second  and  ).;rcatly  cx- 
ceedcil  by  tln'  lonj^'-acuniinate  alinost  awned 
palet. 

In  dry  soil.  Delaware  to  Illinois,  south  to  I'lorida 
au<l  Ti  \as.     .\nu    Sijil. 


idly 
m<l 


.  the 

V, 

IK  iis 
oek; 


2.    Sporobolus  longifolius  i  Torr.  i  Wood.     Kdun-kavcd  Rusli-Km.ss. 

I  I'i;;.  ;i4--  ' 

.l^' I  I'stis  /<iiixi/'i>/iii  'I'lirr.  b'l.  W  S.  I:  i)o.      iSj). 
Sftiiiiihuhis  iis/>,  /   \'asey,  Coutr.  1'.  S.  Nat.  Hi  rb.  3 

,Si|      l"^i)2.     Not  Ktmlh,  i^\\. 
S/>,";i/i,i/tis     /,iiii;i/ii/iiis     Wood,     Class-book,     77s. 

iSoi. 

Cnlnis  I'j"  ,^'2'  tall,  erect,  simple  or  occa- 
sionall\  branched,  snionlh  and  .glabrous. 
Sheallis  shorter  than  the  internodcs;  li.i-ulevcry 
short,  minutely  ciliate;  leaves  .|'-l.S'  lonj;,  1" 
2"  wi(K'  at  the  base,  attenuate  into  ,1  K>uk  slen- 
der involute  tip,  smoolii  and  j;labrous  beniath, 
scabrous  and  hairy  at  the  base  above  ;  panicle 
more  or  less  included  in  the  ujjper  sheath,  _V- 
10' in  len,v;th,  linear,  strict,  tile  branches  I'-a' 
lonj,j,  erect;  spike'  's  2"-2  ' ."  loii),';  outerscales 
nne(|ual,  acutish,  jjlabrous,  the  lower  shorter; 
third  scale  ulabrous,  acntisli  or  obtuse,  exceed- 
in>{  the  second  and  e(|nallin^  or  a  little  shorter 
thhii  the  obtuse  Jjalct. 

In  dry  soil,  Maine  to  I'l  tinsylvania,  Missouri  ami 
Kansas,  south  to  I'lorid.i  and  Texas      .\uk    ,Si  pt. 


152 


(•.ramini;ai:. 


3.    Sporobolus  pilosus   \ascy.     Hairy  Riislij,na.ss.      i  iMjr.  -43.) 

.S/i,'l,i/i,:/lls  /ll/.iUls   \'a>ty,  Cnlllt.    lint.   ( '.az.    l6;    2(1.       1S91. 

Culms  i"-i^'  tall,  erirt,  rij,'iil,  stout,  suiootli  and 
Khilmms.  vShuaths  sliortir  than  the  iiiternocles, 
(•ro\v(U(l  and  ovcTlappinj,'  at  tlie  liasc  of  tlic  culm  ; 
li),'ulc  very  short,  niiuutoly  filiate  ;  leaves  ;/  6'  loufj, 
1"  2"  wide  at  hast',  cnct,  rinid,  attenuate  into  a  slcn- 
tler  involute  tip,  the  lower  paijillose-hirsute  on  both 
sides,  the  u])])er  usually  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous 
above  and  somewhat  hairy  near  the  base  ;  paincle 
2'  ;,'  in  IcuKlh,  included  at  the  base,  erect,  strict, 
its  branches  '2'-!'  louj,',  erect;  spikelets  2'.."loujr, 
the  outer  sci'.les  unequal,  ijl.ibnms,  obtuse,  the  lower 
shorter;  third   scale  obtuse,  glabrous,  somewhat  ex- 

1/  \MV///      ?     \\\  V  /  iTeding  the  second  and  ecjualling  or  a  little  longer 

/  W//      T    \  v/  ''''"'  ""=  obtuse  palet. 


In  dry  Miil,  Kansas  ,uiil  Mi>Miiiri.     .Xiiy.   ,St  pt. 

SlieatliL'd  Kiisli-};ras 


4.    Sporobolus  vaginaeflorus  iTorr.  )  Wood 

I'i//<i  :ii!;/niii//,'iii  Torr.:  A.  Crav.  Cram,  ami  Cvn.   No.   j. 

■St- 
S/'(iioli,iliis  :;ii;niiif/liii  IIS  \\\nti\,  Classboiik,  775.       iSdi. 
.Sfionilioliis  iiiiiiin  Vasey;  .\.  Cray.  Man.  I';il,  (>,  (i(ii.     iS()ii. 

Culms  S'-iS'  tall,  erect,  slender,  smooth  or  scabrous. 
Sheaths  usually  inflated,  about  half  as  long  as  the 
internodes;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  1 "  wide  or  less, 
smooth  and  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  and  hairy 
near  the  base  above,  attenuate  into  a  slindcr  invo- 
lute ])oint,  the  lower  elongated,  the  upper  1 '  ,V  long, 
setaceous  ;  j)aniclcs  ^  '-2'  i"  length,  the  terminal  one 
exsertcd  or  sometimes  partially  include<l,  strict,  the 
branches  H'  long  or  less,  erect,  the  lateral  ones  en- 
closed in  the  sheaths;  spikelets  i  V"-2'4"  loi\g.  the 
outer  scales  uneipial,  acuminate,  smooth,  the  lower  one 
shorter;  third  scale  scabrous,  especially  toward  the 
apex,  about  as  long  as  the  second  and  e(jualling  or 
slightly  exceeded  by  tile  very  acute  palet. 

In  dry  snil,  New  Vnrk  In  Illinois  .ind  .Missouri,  south  to 
f.eorKia  and  Texas.     .Aujf. -Sept. 

5.    Sporobolus  neglectus  \asli.     Small  Rush-^nass.     (Kij^.  345.  ) 

.Spoi,i/i,i/ii\  :iii;iii(i,-fl<u  IIS  \'asey;  A.   Cray,  Man.   lid.  6, 

'il.S.       I.Si|o.       Not   Wnnd.         iSl,;. 

.Sf>iiii,h,i/ii.s  lift;/,; /us  .Nasli,  Hull.  Torr.  Chih,  22:  464.  i.Sg.s. 
Culms  6'  12' tall,  erect  from  a  usually  decund)ent 
base,  slender,  often  ninch  branched,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  .Sheaths  about  half  as  long  as  the  inter- 
nodes, inllated  ;  ligule  very  short  ;  leaves  i"  wide  or 
less  at  the  base,  smooth  and  glabrous  bene.ith,  sca- 
brous anil  hairy  near  the  base  above,  attenuate  into  a 
slender  point,  the  lower  elongated,  the  upper  1'-.^' 
long,  setaceous;  ternunal  i)ainclc  I'-ili' \n  length, 
usually  more  or  less  included  in  the  upper  sheath, 
strict;  lateral  panicles  enclosed  in  the  sheaths;  spike- 
lets about  I  '2 "  long,  the  outer  scales  r.cutc,  the  lower 
one  slightly  shorter;  third  scale  a'.ute,  glabrous,  a 
little  longer  than  the  second  and  about  equalling 
the  acute  l)alet. 

Ill  dry  soil,   .Massachusetts  to  Kentucky  and   Kansas. 
.AuK    .Sept. 


i 


GRASS   I'AMILY. 


153 


6.    Sporobolus  brevifolius  (  Xutl.  i  Scrihii. 

(  I'iK.  346- ) 

.\i;nislis  hirfili>li,i  N\iU.  ('.iii.  i:    ||.     isis, 

.S/>iiiii/iii/ii.i   i/i />iiii/>ii ii/iis   Si'iilm.   IliUI.  Tiiir.  Chili,  9:  t'\\. 

Ill  part       i^sj. 
Sporoholiit  hi  i:'i/'(ilnis^i:y'\\n\.  Mini.  Tcur.  Chili,  5;  ,vi.     i"-ii,S. 

Sinootli  and  j^lalirous,  cuhiis  6'  is'  tall,  arising;  from  a 
liori/.ontal  rootstock,  erect,  sU'ikUt,  lUcuiiilieiit  ami 
Ijrancliinjf  at  the  liase.  Sheaths  iiuich  shorter  than  the 
internoiKs;  li>fulc  '4"  '"  lo"K.  aeiitish  ;  haves  '/z'  2' 
long,  invdlutesetaceous;  panicle  ':'-},'  in  lenifth,  usu- 
ally about  I'.',  linear,  its  liraiiches  '4'-';'  loiii;,  erect 
or  appressi'd;  spikelcts  i,'4"  I  '.. "  lonj;,  tl;e  outer  scales 
i.'ieciual,  less  than  half  as  lonj,'  as  the  third,  obtuse  or 
abruptly  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel  and  at  the  .'ipex  ; 
third  scale  long-acuminate,  sometimes  cuspidate,  .scabrous 
towani  the  apex. 

.\iilirus'i  Island  ;md  Maim-  t"  Itriti'-li  Ciplunibia.  --Hiitli  in 
till'  niciinilaiiis  tn  New  .Mixico  and  Calif'iniia      Suiiinii  r 


Sh()rt-k-a\X'd  Rush-grass. 


i;d,  6, 

It.    i^9.S- 

imbent 

ill  and 

inter- 

,ide  or 

|h,  sca- 

into  a 

I'-.V 

length, 

jheatli, 

spike- 

liiwcr 

rous,  a 

[lalling 

kiiiisas. 


7.    Sporobolus  cuspidatus  (Torn)  Wood. 
I'rairie  Rush-grass.      (Kig.  347.) 

/'///;/  ,  ii.\/>ii/,i/,i  T(irr. ;  Hook.  1"1.  l!or.  .\ni.  2:  23S.     1^40. 
Sfiiini/tii/iii  I  iisf>i<tiiliis  Wdod,  I!(it.  iS:  I'l.  .(S.s.       1870. 
Spiiioholiis  /)rr:'i/ii/iiis  Scribii.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  ^()^ 
In  part.      i^^'M. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  i°"2"  tall,  erect,  sim- 
ple or  somewhat  branched.  Sheaths  shorter  than 
the  inlernodes  ;  ligule  a  mere  ring.  '4"  long  or  less, 
erose-truncate  ;  leaves  i'-4'  long,  less  than  1"  \vi<lt; 
at  the  base,  erect,  involute-setaceous,  at  least  ^lien 
dry;  panicle  I'l's'  in  length,  slender,  its  branches 
'4  '-I '  long,  appressed;  spikelets  I  ,'4  "~\  'j  "  long,  the 
outer  scales  half  to  lhree-<iuarters  as  long,  acuminate 
or  cuspidate,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  .scale  lung- 
acuminate  and  cuspidate,  sparingly  scabrous. 

In  dry  soil,  M.inildba  tci  tile  Ndrtlnvcst  Trrrilnry,  siiutli 
In  .Missouri  and  Kansas.     ,\iin    Sept. 


8.    Sporobolus  Virginicus  (  L.  1  Kiiiilli.     .Suashorc  Rtisli -grass 


.li:iii.s/is  lin;iiiiiii  I,,  Sp,  I'l.  ().v      'r.s.v 

.Sf>t>)iihii,'iis  riii;iiii,  lis  Kuntli.  Kev  ('■ram.  I:  (17,     IS^.S. 

Culms  fi'  2"  tall,  erector  sometimes  decumbent, 
simple  or  branched  at  the  base,  smooth  and  glab- 
rous. Sheaths  numerous,  short,  overlapiung  and 
crowded  at  the  lower  part  of  the  culm,  smooth, 
glabrous  or  sotuetimes  pilose  on  the  margins  and 
at  the  throat;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves 
1'  S'  long,  2"  wide  or  less  at  the  base,  distichous, 
acuminate  into  a  long  point,  involute  on  the  mar- 
gins and  at  the  apex,  smooth  l)eneath,  scabrous 
above  or  sometimes  sparingly  hairy;  panicle  1'  y 
long,  2"  5"  thick,  dense  and  sjiike  like,  usually 
cxserted;  spikelets  1"  I  '4  "  long,  the  outer  scales 
about  equal,  acute,  smooth  and  glabrous;  third 
scale  smooth  and  glabrous,  acute,  slightly  shorter 
than  the  second  ami  about  equalling  the  obtuse 
palct. 

On  sandy  sliiires.  \'ir({tnia  to  IMcirida,  west  tci  Texas 
and  Mexioii.     .Msu  in  Cuba.     .\UK    Si])t. 


•34 


GRAMIXIvAK 


9.    Sporobolus  Indicus  (I,.)   R.   Hr.     India  Kusli-jrrass.     Smut-grass. 

(  Fig.  349.  ) 

.■l,i;iii.\n'.'i  Intlidi  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  (i;.       17SV 
Sf>«i(,h,)liis  liidifiis  K.  lir.  I'riidi.  'l>i.  Nnv.  IlciU.  1:  170. 
lS|(i. 

("Fla))rous  an<l  smooth  tlirouKhout,  culms  i°-4° 
fall,  ircct,  tufted,  simple  or  raroly  sparingly 
l)raiiclieil.  Sheaths  fiw,  louj,',  shorter  than  the  iu- 
tcrnoflcs  ;  lijjule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs  ;  k-avts 
I  "-,V  wide,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender  ])oint,  the 
lower  .S'-i°  louj,',  the  upper  shorter  ;  paniele  4'-l5' 
ill  length,  usually  elongated,  narrow,  s])ike-like  ; 
spikcUts  '+"1"  long,  the  outer  scales  une(|ual, 
aliout  half  as  long  as  the  third,  ohtuse,  smooth  and 
glabrous,  the  lower  one  shorter  and  often  erosc- 
truucate  ;  third  scale  acute,  somewhat  exceeding 
the  ohtusc  or  acutish  ])alet. 

Ill  lUf.iiliius  ami  waste  places.  X'irKiiiiii  tii  IMoriila, 
wist  to  Arkansas  and  Califnniia.  .Naluraliziil  fnim 
trcipuiil  n^;i(llls;  virv  abmidaiil  in  Central  and  Snutli 
.Viilericii.     Julv   Sei)t. 


10.  Sporobolus  argutus  <  Xws  )  Kiiiilli.    Pointed  Dmpsecd-grass.    ( I-ig.  ,v5o.  ) 


I'll/,)  tiixii/,1  Nt 


Aurnst.  llras.  2:  ,;9.s.       iXjq. 
Kuiitli,  ICiiuin.  I:  215.       iS,^^, 

Culms  1°  tall  or  less,  erect,  or  somewhat  decum- 
bent at  the  base,  simple  or  sometimes  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
intcrnodes,  their  margins  sometimes  hirsute  at  the 
top;  ligulo  a  ring  of  short  li.iirs;  leaves  i'-2'  long, 
i"~2"  wi'lc  at  the  base,  acuminate,  smooth  and 
glabrous  bcne.ith,  scabrous  and  often  sparingly  hairy 
at  tlie  base  above;  panicle  i'>'-3'  in  length,  the 
liranches  Ji'-i' long,  vcrticillate,  at  first  aiipressed, 
finally  widely  spreading;  spikelets  V"  long;  outer 
scales  smooth  .iiid  glabrous,  the  first  rounded  or 
obtuse,  one-quarter  the  length  of  the  acute  second 
one;  third  scale  about  etiualling  the  second,  acute. 

^  Kansas,  the  Imliaii  Territorv  and  Colorado,  south  to 
I'exas  and  Mexico.  .\lso  in  the  West  Indies  lulv- 
Seut.  •'     ■ 


11.    Sporobolus   junceus    (  Miclix.  )    Ktiiilh. 

I'lirple   Dropsfc'd-grass.     Wire-grass. 

'  I'ij,^  ,\S I .  ) 

.l,t;i,is/i\  /iiii,,;i  .Miehx.  I'M.  linr.  Am.  I:.=i2.      i.Si^. 
.S,/!.)/.//!,///;.! //^«,, /M  Kniltli,  Kev.  Ciiam.    I :  fiS.      iS^^, 

Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  culms  i°-2°  tall, 
tufted,  erect,  .sleniler,  simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than 
the  iiiternodes  ;  ligule  very  short  ;  leaves  filiform  or 
setaceous,  the  basal  6'-i"  long,  numerous,  those  of 
the  culm  few,  i'  y  long;  panicle  3'-;'  in  length, 
open,  the  branches  vcrticillate,  the  lower  i'-2'  long 
widely  spreading;  spikelets  i,'4 "-!,'. ",  jiuriile,  the 
outer  scales  very  une(|nal,  the  first  obtuse  or  acutish, 
one-fourth  to  one-third  the  length  of  the  acute  second 
one  ;  tliinl  scale  subacute  or  blunt,  eipialliug  the 
second  and  the  obtuse  jialet. 

Dry  samly  soil,  \'irjfiiiia  to  I'loriila.  west  to  Texas.     Ke- 
poite<l  from  .Minnesota  and  Wisconsin.     .Xux.Sept. 


C.RAS.S    lAMILV. 


'55 


<  I'lK-  35^-  » 


t!lll, 

lliati 
till  or 
|su  of 

till' 
litisli, 
t'coiul 

tlic 


12.    Sporobolus  airoides  Torr.     Hair-grass  Dropsccd 

.1i,'i\)s/is  tihi'ii/i'.  'I'livr.  Ann.  I.yc.  N.  V.  I:  i,si.     |S2(. 
.'■i/tiim/tii/iis  iiiiiiidis  Tiirr.  1':il'     K.    K.    Kiiit.  7;  r;irl  (,    21. 

Culiiis  l'j°  3°  tall,  ercit,  siinplo,  smooth  and  k'^"- 
brous.  Slieaths  j^ciieraUy  shorter  tliaii  the  intcrnodes, 
soiiietiiiics  s])arsely  filiate  at  the  throat ;  lij^ailc  very 
short  ;  leaves  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above  and 
sometimes  sparin^ily  hairy  near  the  base,  'j"  I'j" 
wide  at  the  base,  attenuate  into  a  lonj^  slender  involute 
point,  the  basal  about  one-half  as  lonjjas  the  culm,  the 
upperculm  leaves  2'-5'in  lenj^'th;  panicle  s'-i.s' Ion;,', 
usually  cxserled,  the  branches  alternate  or  the  upper 
verticillate,,  at  lenjjth  widely  spreadin;^,  the  lower  3'- 
7'  lonj^;  spikelets  '4  "  i"  lonj^,  the  scales  acute,  gla- 
brous, the  outer  unecpial,  the  lower  one  about  half  as 
lon^  as  the  up])er;  third  scale  equallinj^  the  second 
and  the  palet. 

I'riiiries.  Nebraska  tii  Califnniiii.  simtb  In  Texas  .ind 
Arizona.     \\\\i.  Sept. 

13,  Sporobolus  cryptandrus  (Torr.)  A.  Gray.    Sand  Droj     ed.    ( l'"ig.  },•,},.) 

.  Ii;ri>s/is  (ii/i/iiiii/ii!  'l'i>rT.  .\iin.  I,}       N.  V.  i:  i.si.     1.S24. 
Sp'ini/m/i/s  1 1 T/>/tniifi  IIS  \.  Ciray.  >Ian.  571).     1S4S. 

Culms  i'2°-3,'4°  tall,  erect,  simple  or  sometimes 
branched  at  the  base,  smooth  and  ).;labrous.  Sheaths 
smooth,  with  a  dense  pilose  rinjf  at  the  summit,  the 
lower  short,  crowded  and  overlapjiini.;,  the  upper 
much  lonj^er,  generally  enclosing  the  base  of  the  pan- 
icle; lij^ule  a  rin>;  of  short  hairs;  leaves  3'-')'  long, 
i"  2"  wide,  flat,  >;labrous  beneath,  scabrous  above, 
long-acuminate;  panicle  6'-i()'  in  length,  the  base  gen- 
erally included  in  the  upper  sheath,  rarely  entirely 
exserted,  the  branches  .spreading  or  ascending,  alter- 
nate, the  lower  i  'a'-.','  loi;g;  spikelets  i"-i  '4"  long, 
the  scales  acute,  glabrous,  tlie  outer  scabrous  on  the 
keel,  the  lower  one-third  as  long  as  the  upper;  third 
scale  soniew  hat  longer  or  shorter  than  the  second. 

In  sandy  soil,  coast  of  New  ICuKland.  almiK  all  llie  Creat 
[,ikes,  west  tii  Dakota,  snutli  in  tile  inleriiir  tii  Missouri, 
'I'lxas  and  -Mexico.     .\uii    Oil 

14.    Sporobolus   heterolepis  .\.  Gray.      NorlliLTU  Droitsccd.      '  I'ig;.  ,vS4.) 

I'i7/,i  IhhioUI'is  \.  Ciray,  .\nn.   I.yc.   N.  V.  3:  2.5,?.       I'^.i.S. 
Sf>i''i(ihi>liis  liiliiiili-f'is  .\.  C.r.ay.  Man.  ,S7<'.       l^l"^- 

Culms  1°  ;,°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  sometimes  sjj.'iringly  pilose  at  the  summit,  the 
lower  short,  loose,  and  overlapping,  the  upper  much 
elongated  and  light  to  the  culm;  ligule  a  ring  of  short 
hairs;  leaves  involute-setaceous,  glabrous,  the  margins 
and  u])pcr  part  of  the  midrib  very  rough,  the  basal 
about  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  culm,  occasion- 
ally ef|ualling  it,  those  of  tlie  culm  shorter;  panicle 
3'-i()'  in  length,  its  branches  erect  or  ascending,  al 
tcrnatc  or  sub-verticillate,  the  lower  I'l'  .I'j'  long; 
spikelets  2"-2V"  lu"K.  the  scales  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, the  outer  unequal,  acuminate,  the  lower  sub- 
ulate, about  half  the  length  of  the  broad  second  one, 
often  awn-pointed;  thinl  scale  obtuse  or  acute,  shorter 
than  the  second  or  occasionally  equalling  it. 

In  dry  soil,  (Jiieliec  to  .\ssiniboi.i,  south  to  I'ennsylvania, 
Illinois  and  .\rkansas.     \\\\i.   .Sept. 


i.sr. 


C.RAMlM'Ai:. 
Sporobolus  serotinus  ( Torr.  i  A.  Cray, 


Latc-nowt-iiiii;   I)ri>]>sec(l 


■  It; I iif/iy  .■iixit/iiii  'i'lirr.  I'l.  r. 
SftiiiDhiiliis  scidliiiK.'.  A.  ('.lav, 


S.    I.   .SH. 

Miiii.  sr; 


IS2|. 
1S(,S. 


C.liilirous  Mild  smooth  or  very  nonrlv  so,  culms 
h'  IS'  tall,  from  an  iimnial  root,  eri'ct,  sIoiuIlt, 
siiii])lc.  Slu'atlis  short,  confiiiud  to  the  lowtr  |)art 
of  till"  culm;  li,u;ulc  less  than  '2"  in  Iciijilh,  irrc- 
Knlarly  trum-atc;  leaves  ',"  wide  or  less,  sli^jhtly 
scahrous  ahove,  flat,  the  lia.sal  one-third  to  half  the 
lenjith  of  the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  2'-.\'  louj;; 
j)anicle  ;,'  q'  in  leiij,4li,  the  branches  capillary, 
erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  \'-2','  lonn;  spike- 
lets  ahout  ?s"  long,  the  outer  scales  sul)e<|ual,  ob- 
tuse, smooth  or  sometimes  sparitijriy  scabrous; 
thinl  scale  twice  the  lcn,i;th  of  the  outer  oius, 
acuminate. 

In  wet  sandy  >nil, 
Jersey.     .Selit    Oct. 


.Maine  In  .Michigan,  sdulli  to  Xiw 


16.    Sporobolus  compressus  (Torr.)  Kunlli. 

(  1m^^,  ;i56.  ) 

Agios/ is  fompirssa  Torr.  Cat.  IM.  X.  Y.  91,     isu). 
Spiiroholus  comf>irssus  Kiiiilh,  ICiiuin.  1:217.      >Viv 

Culms  i°-2°  tall,  from  a  horizontal  rootstock,  stout, 
simple,  much  compressed,  smooth  and  j'li''>roiis. 
Sheaths  compressed,  ov  Tlappinjr,  sometimes  scabrous 
at  the  summit;  lij,nilc  very  short;  leaves  5'  10'  loiijr, 
\"  wide  or  less,  folded,  slijrhtly  rough;  panicle  4'-io' 
in  length,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower 
2'-3'  long;  spikclets  about  Ji"  long;  outer  scales  sub- 
equal,  obtuse  or  somewhat  acute,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous; third  scale  obtuse  and  apiculate,  strongly  scab- 
rous, slightly  exceeding  the  outer  ones. 

In  boKS,  I.oiitr  Island  and  in  the  pine  barrens  ol"  New 
Jersey.     Sept. -Oct. 


Klat-steiiiuiecl  Dropsccd. 


17.    Sporobolus    asperifolius    (  Xcts    iS: 

Dropsecd.     (Fig.  357, 


Me-yeii )    Tlitirhtr.      Rough-leaved 


Trill.  Mem.  .Vcad.  .St 
Wats.   Hot.  Cal 


/■///;/   asf>rii/iili<i  Nccs  cV  Mevi  11 

I'etersl).  (VI.  I  6:  .j.s.      1,^40. 
Spun  1/1,1/ IIS  (ispri  i/h'/iiis  Thiirber;  S.    Wats    Hot    Cal     2- 

2fx).     i,S8o. 

Culms  6'  i,S'  tall,  erect  from  a  decumbent  and 
branched  base,  smooth  and  glaI)rous.  Sheaths  short, 
crowded  and  overlapping,  the  upper  usually  enclosing 
the  base  of  the  panicle  ;  ligulc  V"  long,  crose-trun- 
cate;  leaves  numerous,  i'-3/^'  lo'>K.  l"-i'."  wide  at 
the  base,  acuminate,  strict,  often  erect,  flat,  glabrous, 
smooth  beneath,  very  rough  above  ;  panicle  3'  8'  in 
length,  included  at  the  base,  rarely  entirely  e.xsertcd, 
the  capillary  branches  spreading  or  a.scending,  the 
lower  2'-4'  long;  spikclets  occasionally  2-3-llowered, 
H"  long;  outer  scales  subequal,  acute,  glabrous,  spar- 
ingly scabrous;  third  scale  obtuse  or  acute,  glabrous, 
somewhat  exceeding  the  second. 

Dry  soil,  .Vssiniboia  to  Itritisli  Columbia,  south  to  Mis- 
souri. Nebraska,  Calil'oriii.i  and  .Mexict).     Xwyr,  Sept, 


I! 


GRASS    CAMII.V. 


'57 


32.    POLYPOGON    Iksf.  ri.  Atl.  1:  66.      i-ijS. 

Mostly  annual  j,'r.i'-scs,  with  (lciniinl)i!t!t  or  rarely  erect  culms,  flat  leaves  ami  s])ike-like 
patiidcs.  Spikelcts  i-llo\vereil;  scales  ;,;  the  2  outer  eiii))ty,  each  extemUil  into  an  awu;  third 
scale  smaller,  j,'eiicrally  hyaline.  sh<)rt-a\vue<l  from  helow  the  a])e\.  sulitcniliu),'  a  palet  and 
perfect  llower;  palct  sliortcr  than  the  si'.ile.  Stamnis  1  ;,.  Styles  short,  distinct.  StiK'"!»s 
plumose,  drain  free,  cncloseil  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [<  '.reek,  in  allusion  to  the  many  long 
awns  which  rcsenihlc  a  heard.] 

.\l)(iut  10  s|iii'i(s,  uiilily  (li-triliiili(l  in  ttniixnitr  imil  w.irni  ridiims.  rare  in  the  tinpics, 

I.    Polypogon  Monspeliensis  (I,.  1  Dcsl".     ]karcl-j;ra.ss.     ( l-'ig.  35^.) 

,\iii/>, , III ii\  .]f<iiis/>,/iiiisi\  I,,  sp.  ri.  sci.    i^.Sv 

/',)/l/),.;.,/;;      Mi'll  sf>,l  iill  \i  •.     Dof.      l-'l.     .\tl.     I:     (.7 

Culms  2''  tall  or  less,  erect  from  a  usually  de- 
cumbent base,  smooth  and  fjlabrous.  Sheaths 
generally  shorter  than  the  intcrnoilcs,  loose, 
sonietinus  slij;htly  scabrous;  lij,aile  l}i"-^" 
lonj.;:  leaves  i'^'  6'  lon^,  I'j"-,^"  wide,  sca- 
brous, especially  above;  jianicle  1'  ('  in  lenj^th, 
dense  and  spike-like,  the  branches  '.'  in  lenj;tli, 
ascendinj.;  ;  spikdets  crowded  ;  outer  scales 
about  1"  long,  obtuse,  slightly  bifid,  sc.ibrous, 
bearing  a  more  or  less  bent  awn  2"-;-,"  long; 
thinl  scale  much  shorter,  erose-truncate,  hya- 
line, bearing  a  delicate  awn  about  \"  long, 
inserted  below  the  apex. 

In  wiistc  plaii  >.  .\i  w  Ilanipsliirc  to  SduIIi  C'ani- 
lina,  incistly  near  tile  coast  Wry  ahiMidanl  in 
wt  sti  111  .\iiitli  .\ii\trica.  rrniii  liritisli  Culuniliia  to 
.Mexico.  .Natiir,ili/((1  rrimi  I'Uinipc.  Native  also 
of  Asia.     July   Sipt, 


y  -:^/^T^ 


33.    ARCTAGROSTIS  Crisd).  in  lA'dcl).  I-'l.  Ross.  4:  434.      185:,. 

.\  pereimial  .grass  with  Hat  leaves  and  contracted  panicle.  Spikclets  l-flowered.  Scales 
y,  the  2  outer  empty,  unei|ual,  somewhat  acute,  membranous;  the  third  scale  exceeding 
tlie  second,  subtending  a  palet  and  pirfect  flower,  obtuse:  palet  obtuse,  2nerved.  Stamens 
2  or  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  ))luinose.  ('.rain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale 
and  jialet.     Seed  adherent  to  the  pericar)).     [Latin,  signifying  an  a:ctic  .  /.v/vw/A-like  grass.] 

.\  iiiraiitypic  minis  nf  [trclic  anil  subarctic  iijiiuus 

1.    Arctagrostis  latifolia  1  R.  Hr.  )  (iiiscl). 
ArctaKi'ostis.     <  l'"ig.  3.S9. ) 

Co/f>"i/iiiiii    hili/iiliinii    K.     I'.r,    Suppl.    .\pp.    Tarry  s 

Voy.  2H6.       iS2|. 
ArcliiV!>i)slis  liili/'i'liii  tirisib.   in   l.iilil).   l-'l.   U'l^s.  4: 

Culms  6' -2"  tall,  erect,  or  soniitinu'S  decumbent 
at  the  bast',  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  inlernodes;  ligule  2"  long,  trun- 
cate; leaves  1'  7'  long,  1"  |"  wide,  usually  erect, 
scabrous;  panicle  1  I2'  -S'  long,  narrow,  its  branches 
li'~2'  in  length,  ascending  or  erect;  s])ikelets 
I '^"-2"  long;  outer  scales  une(|ual,  aculish,  the 
lower  about  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  the  length 
of  the  upjier;  third  scale  obtuse,  exceeding  the 
second,  hispi<l  on  the  keel. 

(Ireenlaiul  to  Hudson  Hay  ami  .\laska.  .\No  in 
arctic  Ivurope  and  .\si,i.     .Suiiiiiu  r. 


i5'H 


GRAMINRAi;. 


34.    CINNA  L.  S]).  IM.  5.      i75,v 

Tall Krasses  with  (lat  leavfs  and  paiiicli'd  s])ikfli'ls.  Spiki-lvls  i-dowiml.  Scak'S  y,  the 
2  (lutcr  empty,  ki'ikd,  ai-iilt-;  tin-  third  scalt'  similar,  hut  usually  short-awnrd  ou  the  hack, 
suhti-ndinj,' a  pak't  and  a  stalkid  pirfcct  lli>wtr;  pakt  a  little  shorter,  i-iUTVed.  Stamen  I. 
Styks  short,  distinct.  Stijjmas  plumose.  (Vraiu  narrow,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and 
palet.     Seed  adherent  to  the  ])ericarp.      [tireek,  t.iken  from  I  )ioseorides.  | 

I'dur  kmiwn  species,  inlialiiliin;  tin-  tempi  i:ite  reuinn^  of  i;urii|)e  and  .North  .\nu  riea.  lUsides 
tile  following,  anotlier  neeurs  in  the  western  rtiiteil  Stales. 

I'aniele  narrow  at  tn.itiirily.   its  filiform  hranelus  erect  or  drooping;  spikekls  j"   2'   "  limn:  first 

scale  nmcli  shorter  than  the  .second.  i.   ('  <ii  1111,1  .iniiiii. 

Panicle  open,  its  capillary  liranehes  flexuons  and  <lroii])inj;;  spikelets  1'"  Iouk:  first  scale  about 

2.   ( '.  hililKlia. 


equalling  the  second, 

I.    Cinna  arundinacea  L. 


Wood  Rccd-Kfiis-s.     (  I'ij;.  360,  ) 

liiiiKi  III  II  11(1  hull  III  I,.  Sp.  ri.  5.       I7,s,v 

Culms  2°-,s°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
ylahrous.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternoiles,  overlapping;  at  the  hase  of  the  culm, 
smooth  or  rouj^hish;  li>;ule  i"-2"  lon^,  trun- 
cate; leaves  6'-!'^  loiiK',  2"-;"  wide,  scahrous; 
])anicle  6'- 12'  in  length,  usually  contracted, 
.sometimes  purple,  the  fdiform  branches  erect  or 
droopinjj,  the  lower  \'i'-^'z'  lonj;;  spikelets 
2"-2'2"  in  lenj(tll,  the  scales  acute,  scabrous, 
especially  on  the  keel,  the  first  i>ne  shorter  than 
the  second;  third  scale  slij.;litly  exceeded  or 
equalled  by  the  second,  usually  hearing  an  awn 
about  .!+"  louj.;  from  the  2- toothed  apex. 


In  moist  w Is  and  swanii)s.  Ncwfoundlanil  to 

tile  .Northwest  Terrilorv,  south  to  North  Carolina, 
l.ouisian.'i,  Missouri  and  Texas,  .\sceiids  to  1700  ft. 
ill  Noi'lli  Carolina.     .\iiK.-Se|)t. 


2.    Cinna  latifolia  ( Trc-v.  )  Griseb.     Slender  Wood  Keed-j^ras.s.     (Fijr.  361.) 

.  1 1;  IDS/ is  liili/iiliii  Treviran.   in  ('.<>ei)pert.    Ik-schr.  d. 

Hot.  (iart.  lireslau,  S2.     i.>»,V'- 
Ciiimi  fiiiiiliilii  Trill.   Mem.   .\ea(l.  ,Sl.  I'etersb.  (VI.  i 

6:  2IS0.     iS|i. 
Cinna    lalil^lia   (iriseh.   in   I.cdel).  l'"l.   Koss.   4:  4^,s. 

Culms  2°-\°  tall,  erect,  usually  slender,  simi^le, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  tliau  the 
internod'  s,  sometimes  slightly  scahnms;  ligule 
l"-2"  long;  leaves  4'-i()'  long,  2"-6"  wide,  scab- 
rous; panicle  5'-lo'  in  length,  open,  the  capillary 
branches  generally  spreading,  flexu<ms  and  often 
drooping,  the  lower  i^''2'-5'  in  length;  spikelets 
1)^"  long;  scales  scahrous,  the  outer  acute,  strongly 
hispid  on  the  keel,  the  first  about  equalling  the 
•second;  third  scale  usually  exceeded  by  the  second 
and  bearing  a  rough  awn  yi"-\"  long  from  the  2- 
toothed  apex. 

In  damp  woods,  Xewfoundl.and  to  liritisli  Cohiiii- 
l)ia.  south  to  New  Jersey,  in  the  .Mk'Klianies  to  North 
Carolina,  to  Wisconsin,  and  in  the  Kocky  Mountains 
to  Colorado  and  Clah.  Also  in  northern  ICiirope. 
Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  the  .Vdirond.ieks.     .VuK.-.Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY.  159 

35.   AGROSTIS  I,.  Sp.  PI.  r,.      1753. 

[Triciiodii-.m  Michx.  Fl.  H<>r.  .Xiii.  1:41.      1.S03.] 

Annual  or  perennial  tuftt'd  jjrassos  with  flat  or  hrislk'-likc  leavi'S  an<l  paniculate  inflorea- 
cenco.  Spikulfts  1 -flowered.  Scales  3;  the  2  outer  empty,  membranous,  keeled,  acute  ; 
the  third  shorter,  olituse,  hyaline,  Miinelimes  hearing  a  dorsal  awn,  subtending  a  perfect 
flower;  palet  shorter  than  the  scale,  sometimes  minute  or  wanting.  Stamens  usually  3. 
Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose,  (irain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  Seed  adlierent 
to  the  pericarp.     [Name  Greek,  referring  to  the  field  habitat  of  many  species.] 

A  Keiitis  of  abcpul  nm  s]Kiiis.  widily  distributed  tliroUKbout  the  world,  particularly  numerous 
in  temperate  regions,     HesiiUs  tile  fdlluwiiiK  siiiiie  i,i  others  are  found  in  western  North  Aineriea. 

I'alet  c  inspicuous.  at  least  one  third  as  loiiK  as  the  scale.  i.   .1,  alha. 

I'alet  iiicoiispieuous,  minute  or  wanting;. 

llraiielies  of  tlie  eoiitraeted  i)anicle  short,  si)ikelet  bearing  to  the  base;  third  scale  awnless. 

?.   -/.  r.itiKi/d. 
Hranches  of  the  panicle  slender,  naked  below,  spikelet  bearing  from  about  the  middle  to  the 
ends. 
Third  scale  awned. 

Awn  very  finely  fdiforni  and  tUxuous,  at  least  twice  the  leuKth  of  the  spikelet  which 

is  ',"  iontj.  ,(.   .1.  /■://i(i//iiiiiii. 

Awn  stouter,  riifid,  usually  bent,  less  than  twice  the  leiiRth  of  the  spikelet. 
Hranches  of  the  i)aniele  nenerally  asceiuliiiK;  spikelets  1"  lotiK. 

1.  .,1,  rniiiiiii. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  usually  spreading;  spikelets  i  ;<"-!  '•     lontf. 

5.  .1.  iiihia. 
Third  scale  not  awned.  or  very  rarely  beariuK  a  short  awn. 

Culms  weak,  usually  decuinbetii  and  often  prostrate  at  base;  leaves  lax;  spikelets  )i" 

lonj;.  6.  A.  pereniitiHs. 

Culms  and  leaves  erect. 

Hranches  of  the  panicle  caijillary,  eloiisfaled.  usually  dividing  above  the  middle, 
the  spikelets  crowih  (1  at  the  extremities. 
.Spikelets  ',"-1"  lonjj;  leaves  short.  7.  .1.  Iiiniialis. 

.S|)ikelels  i'/'    !'•"  Iouk;  leaves  elongated.  .'^.   .1.  iil/issiniii. 

Hranches  of  the  panicle  not  eloiijfated,  dividiuK  at  or  below  the  middle. 

Spikelets  about  i"  lon^t:  a  j;rass  of  low  elevations.  9.   ,1.  in  I  mil  (ilia. 

Spikelets  1  \"   \  '  ■"  loan:  a  hiifh  nKPUnlain  Krass.  10.  .1.  .Xozuc-.liigliae. 


I.   Agrostis  alba  I.,.     Red-top.     Fiorin.     Herd's-grass.     (Fijj.  362.) 

Agroslis  alba  I,.  Sp.  1*1.  6,^.      175^. 

.tgros/i.i  yiilgaiis  With.   Hot.  .Vrr.  Hrit.  I'l. 
ICd.  3,  132.      1796. 

Agritslis  alha  var.  Z'li/gaiis  Thurber  in  .\. 
('■ray,  Man,  ICd.  6.  6.17.      li^yo. 

Culms  8'-2J^°  tall,  erect  or  decumbent 
at  the  base,  often  st(doniferous,  simple, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually 
shorter  than  the  intcrnodes,  often  crowded 
at  the  base  of  the  culm;  ligule  4"  long  or 
less;  leaves  2' -S'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  sca- 
brous; panicle  i'-y'  in  length,  contracted 
or  open,  green  or  purplish,  the  branches 
ascending  or  erect,  the  lower  I '-3'  long; 
spikelets  i"~i  '4"  long;  outer  scales  about 
equal,  acute,  smooth  and  glabrous,  except 
on  the  hispid  or  scabnms  keel;  third 
scale  shorter,  obtuse  or  acute,  the  palet  at 
least  one-third  its  length. 

A  most  variable  species  occurrintr  in  fields 
and  meadows  nearly  throuirhout  North  .\nier- 
ica,  extensively  cultivated  for  fo(l<Ur.  Natu- 
ralized from  ICurope,  ami  perhaps  also  native 
northward.  We  have  been  unable  satisfac- 
torily to  separate  .1.  w/T'a/ica  I,,  from  this. 
July-Sept. 


i6<) 


c.ramin'Ivm:. 


2.    Agrostis  exarata  Trin.      koiiKli-li^uid  IWiit  uni^s.      i  l"\^.   \i>},. 


I  \'i  1  6.  rait  J,  ur 


//\  <  ii/;<//i/ Trill.  I'nill    .'<•;       i^.'i 

//\   ii^/>,iifii/iii    'I'riii     Mini     Aiad.   Si     l'iUi>l>. 


i^l.s 


Ciihiis  i'-;M;ill,  irict,  or  smintiitus  (Uiimiliiiit 
at  tile  hiiM',  silti])U-,  siiioolli  and  >;l.iliri>iis.  Slu-.illis 
usually  sliortir  lliaii  tlif  ititirnodis,  snuMitli  or 
rouuliisli;  liniiU-  i"  ,?>i"  loiij;,  iiiori' or  liss  ili lur- 
rint;  Uavi'S  I'-s'  loiij,',  i"  ("  wide,  ^;iiurally  i  rii-t, 
flat  or  invuliitf,  si'alirous;  paiiiilf  routraitt  d.  -''2' 
10' ill  Iciintli,  ofU'ii  iiiUrrupU'd  i>r  .i;loiiitratr,  llii- 
l)nmclus  I '2'  ;' ill  liiij^lli,  cnit,  sjjikiU  Ihcariiij,' 
to  till'  Imsi;  s]'ikil<.ts  rrowdtd,  \"  1"  loui;,  tin- 
ouUr  scales  sul)t(|ual,  scabrous,  ispi'cially  on  the 
ki'il;  tliird  scale  fruin  less  than  one-half  to  Ihnc- 
fourtlis  the  Unj^th  of  the  second,  ohtiise  or  sub- 
acute; j)alc-t  minute. 

^Iaiiit<i1>a  tci  .\1a>ka.  -oulli  to  WiMniwiu,  Ni  lirask;i, 
Tixas  anil  Caliriitnia.     Auk    .Si  pt. 

3.    Agrostis   Elliottiana  SilnilUs.      Ivlliott's  Ik'iit-Krass.      (  I''io.  -,64. 

Mil.    lid.   S.    C.   \    C.a, 


v//,v    ,11 II,  Iniiiiili 
Not  I'dir.       i.si 


1,!|- 


V;  WW    -'  / 

YW'J/ 


|S[;.     Not  I'dir.       i.sici. 
.Ii;i,i\/i.\  /:7/i,'//i,ii/,i  Si:hn\U>.  Main.  2:  j,,j,      l,>^^.|, 

Culms  ,s'   ll'tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
and  Kbibrous.    vSIuatlis  shorter  thai  •'     '    • 


- ,  acute;  third  scale  about  tliree- 

(|uartersas  lonj.;as  the  first,  crosc-truiicate,  acute  or 
2-toothe(l,  bcaiin);  a  very  finely  filiform  llc.xuous 
barbcllate  awn,  2  .j  limes  its  length,  inserted  just 
below  the  apex;  palet  short. 

1  dry  soil,  South   Carolina  to   Ki  ntnekv  and   Mis 
i,  south  to  I'lorida  and  Te.xas.     .May  July. 


In  dry 
souri 


4.    Agrostis  canina  I.,.     Urowti  Ik-nt-Krass.     (I'ijj:.  .^('15.  ) 
.1,1; I ii.\/is  tiiiiiiiii  I.,  sp.  ri.  iij.     i~=,,!,. 

Culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
}i"~l  '2"long;  leaves  i'-.^'  in  length,  1"  wide  or  less, 
.scabrous;  panicle  2'-y'  in  length,  contracted  in  fruit, 
the  branches  slender,  naked  below,  ascending  or 
spreading  in  flower,  the  lower  i'-2'i'  lung;  spikelets 
l"  long,  oil  ap])rcssed  pedicels,  the  outer  scales  sub- 
etpial,  acute,  stnnigly  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  scale 
about  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  first,  obtuse,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  bearing  a  straight  or  somewhat  bent 
dorsal  awn  l"-2"  long,  inserted  just  above  the  middle; 
palet  tninute  or  none. 

In  meadows.  .NewfouiidlaiKl  to  .Maska.  soiilli  to  IViin- 
sylvaiiia  and  Tennessee.  Native  northward;  n.iliirali/.ed 
froiu  ICurope  southward.     A  variable  ."Species.     July-Sept. 


C.UASS    lAMII.V. 

5.    Agrostis  rubra  ],.     Kcd   IViil  k''.i>s. 

.  (i,';i'\//i /»/!<>/( /> 'Jliaiiiii    I'l   S  Stall-*,  SSI       i"^«'      N"t 

All.  .;^';, 
.Iv  iii\/i\  1 11/11,1  \,ii     .\  I'l,  I  iiiiiiii  Sirilm  ,   M.unim     C'lil 

Ciill    I'l,  ,s;  Vii       i^'i' 

Still  mill  or  \iiy  I  iMiK  Ml.  ,v;l;iliniii-,  iiiliiis  W  -2"  t:ill, 
iriil  or  MiiiiiliiiU'.  ilitiiiiilniil  :il  llic  luisf,  siiii|)lf, 
Sluatlis  umimIIv  slmrUr  lliiiii  llic  iiiUtiKMKN;  li),'uli'  1" 
IdIIH;  U'MMs  •'  ('  liilli;,  ',"  I  '."  wiili';  |i;illiiU'  _>'_.' 
5'  ill  UiiKtli,  <>lnii,  llii-  luaiiilii -.  uciH  r,il1\  widilv 
s|irfM(liiij„'  mill  iiiiiii'  nr  li>.>  IUmkhis,  ran  h  iriil,  llif 
liiwir  i'  :!i_.'  liiiii;;  s|iiUrlits  1 '4  "  1'.."  Imij,'.  llii- 
iiiilir  mmU>  aiiitf,  scatiiiiii-.  mi  llif  ktil;  tliinl  scali' 
!<1iuiUt  lliaii  llif  liisl.  iiliUi-i-,  luaiiii),;  a  u>iiall\  luiil 
iliirsal  awn  2"   1'/    Imij,;,  iiiMTti'ct  IkIkw  llii'  iiiiildli-, 

Siltiiniils  nf  llu  liiulu-t  iiuiuiilaiiiH  uf  Nt«  i;iinlaiiil, 
Ni  w  Vnik  ami  Nmlli  C'arnlina  Tlir  Ainriiiati  pliiit 
may  In  >|ii  liliially  iliiTin  ill  riniii  tin   i;iiiii]iraii    .Suiiiim  1 


161 


I'i,!,'.  .V>'>.  ) 


I  u- 


Mis- 


6.    Agrostis  perennans  1  Walt.  1  'riu-korni.     Tliiiij;ras.s,     (  l'\^.  v;.  1 

A»  (  Ki  iiiii'ihiiii-  hi  I,  iiiiiim  Walt    I'l,  Car    71,       ir.S.s. 

j^    .  II  I  *  ' 


■T-' 


A'^i  ,i\li\  I'l  1 1  iiihiiis  'riuki  nil    .\iii    Jmini    Sii   45:  || 

Ciiliii?.  1  2'..  Imiji  I'niiii  a  ilriniiiilKiil  i>r  |)ri»- 
IraU'  hast',  wxak,  skinltr.  siinpU'  or  >]iariii;;l\- 
liniiuliiil  aliii\  i,  Miiiintli  ami  j;lalii"(nis;  liiiiilc  'I" 
Iiiiil;;  liavr^  j'  h'  loll;.;,  l"  j"  wiili',  la\.  sial>roti>; 
]i.Miicli-  1'  ,s'  ill  Uiiyili.  o|)iii,  iliL-  liraiuliiN  i'-2' 
Ion;,',  wiiiily  >]>iv.niinj,',  tin.'  liram-liK'ts  ami  i>(.'ili- 
iils  ilivcixinl;  s])ikik-ts  '^  "  1 "  loiii;,  llir  otiU-r 
sialis  aiiiU',  scaliroiis  on  the  kiil;  tliinl  Malialionl 
tlirii-iinartirs  llu-  k-iij;tli  of  llu-  first,  >iiiootli  anil 
j^laliioiis,  not  auiiuil;  paUl  small  or  waiitiiii;, 

111  sliaiUil  ilaiii]>  )iku-is,  (Jiuliic  ami  Ontario  to  Wis- 
loiisin,  siiiitli  to  South  Carolina  ami  ■IVtiius-ii-,  .\s 
II  lids  to  Mh«i  It  in  .\oitli  Camliiia.  I'aiiiili  usually 
linlit  Kifiii,  siiiiutiiius  i)uri)lisli.     Julv  Sipl. 


7.    Agrostis  hyemalis  (Wall.  )  U.S. P.     Kouj^h  Ilair-oras 


Cm  iiiiiiifiiiu  li\i>iiiili<\\A\\..  I'l,  Car,  -1,.       \-^^. 

.tiiioslis  iiahiii  Willil,  Sp,  I'l,  i:,;7o,       i7i>'^, 

.  li;ios/is  liviiiialis  U.Sl',  I'liI,  Cat,  N.Y.  (i,*--,      l^'^'^. 

Culms  r  2'  tall,  i-rt-i-l,  skiuK-r.  siiii])k-,  sinootli  ami 
glalirous.  Slii-atlis  ^;i,iKrall\  sliorlir  lliaii  llu-  iiili-r- 
lloik-s;  li;^iik-  \"  2"  loiiv;;  kavt-s  2'-^'  lollK.  'j"-l  'j" 
wiik-,  usually  iri-i'l,  roii;,;liisli;  paiiirk-  (•>'-2°  lo 
ally  ])iir]ilisli,  llu-  laiiillarv  si'aluons  bratu-l 
in;,j,  sonu-liiiu-s  wiik-lx 
llu-  lower 


ioii.i;,  iisii- 

lU'S  asi-rnil- 

spriailiii;^.  or  ol'li-ii  lln>o]>ill^;. 

.    ,,  -6'  liiiij,',  iliviiliii,u  aliovt-tlu-  iniililk-,  llii- 

ilivisions  spikik-t-la-ariiu;  at  llu-  t\lri-inilit-s;  spikik-ls 
V"-l"  loii.u,  llu- oiiH-r  soak-s  acuU-.  si'alirous  lowanl 
llu-  apt-x  ami  on  llu,'  ki-i.-l;  tliinl  scak-  twD-lliinls  tlu- 
lengtli  of  till-  first  or  e(|uallinj;  it,  ohtiisi-,  ran-ly  hoarinj; 
a  short  awn;  jiak-t  usually  very  small. 

In  dry  or  luoisl   soil  lliiounlioiit   lu-arly    llu-   who  e  of 
North  .\iiurica  i-.\ci,'])t  llu-  i-xtriim-  north,     July  Auk, 


I 


l62 


(.RAMINI'Ai:. 


8.   Agrostis  altissima  (  Walt.  )  Tuckerm.     Tall  Hent-j^rass.     (  Fijjf.  ,^6y.) 

Coi  iiiiiii/'ini'  iillisiiiim  Walt,  I'M.  Car.  ~.\.       17SS, 
Aiiioslis  iillissiiiiii  Tiii-kirm    Am.  Jnurii.   Sci.  45:    ).}. 

.l,i,';v>.v//.v  (•/.;/(;   Trill.    Mem.    .Ai-ad.    St.   IVUrsb.    (VI.) 
Part  2,  .it)4.       iSj.i. 

Culms  2°-4°  tiitl,  iToi't,  siiiipU',  smooth,  usually 
slilT.  Slii-'iillis  ovfrlajipiiij^,  scabrous,  the  uj)])ur 
ono  ilongatid;  lijjuk'  1  "-2"  loiijij;  Icavis  olonjiatoil, 
6'  1°  in  k'ii}.(tli,  I'-l'."  wide,  seahrous;  ])aniele 
''  \)'  loliK.  I'"-'  hranelies  ascemlinj^  or  erect,  some- 
what sealinms,  tlie  lower  2'-^'  in  lenj;th,  s])ikelel- 
l)earinj;f  at  the  extremities;  spikelets  i '+'"-■'•" 
long,  the  outer  scales  acute,  scal)rous  on  the  keel; 
third  scale  shorter,  obtuse,  scabrous,  occasion  .ily 
beariii}.{  a  short  awn;  palet  small  or  wantinji;. 

Ill  sandy  swamps,  New  Jersey  to  I'Morida  aii<l  .\la- 
bama.     I'anicle  usually  iMirplish.     Ausf-Oct. 


9.    Agrostis  intermedia  Scribii.     Upland  Bent-grass.     (Fig.  370.) 


Agivslis  hilii media  .Scribii.  Hull.  Teiiii.  Agric.  V.\\).  Sta. 
7: 7().       1,^94. 

Culms  1°  ;,"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
vShealhs  smooth,  lliose  at  the  base  of  the  culm  often 
crow<lcd  and  overlapping;  ligule  i"-2"  long;  leaves 
4'-9'  long,  I "-3"  wide,  scabrous;  panick  4'-9'  in 
length,  the  branches  1  'j'-;/  long,  ascending,  dividing 
at  or  below  the  middle,  the  divisions  divergent,  the 
pedicels  appressed;  spikelets  about  i"  long,  the  outer 
scales  acute  or  acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third 
scale  about  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  lirst,  smooth; 
palet  snuill  or  wanting. 

Ill  dry  soil,  Xew  York  In  Teiiiirsscc  and  Missnuri.  Iii- 
terme<liate  in  aspicl  belween  ,(.  (iZ/isu'iiid  ami  .1.  />ri,ii- 
naiis.    Auif-Cct. 


r 

10.    Agrostis  Novae-Angliae  Tiicktnn. 
New  ICngland  Ik'nl-gra.ss.      (Fig.  ,^171.) 

.Ii; iii^t/s  .\'r<:(;('-.l»i,'/''"'  Tuckerm.   Ilnviv's    Ma^.    9. 

H.i.      Apiii,  i^u. 
.  Ii;i  ii.\/is  (illissiiiiii  var.  hi  \  ii  Tuckirm.  Am.  Jouni.  .Sci. 

45:  (|.     Oclolicr,  i,H(,v 

Culms  S'  15'  tall,  erect,  sini|)le,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  longer  than  the  interiuxk's,  gener- 
ally ii\crlai)piiig;  ligule  1"  long  leaves  I'-.V'i' 
long,  1"  wide  or  k'ss,  erect,  usually  involute,  scab- 
rous; panick'  ,i'i'-7'  iu  length,  ojieii,  tile  branches 
.sjircadiiig  or  ascinding,  dividing  at  or  below  the 
middle,  t'"'  divisions  divergent,  the  jiedicels  often 
appressed;  si)ikelets  ii4"-ii,"  long,  the  outer 
scales  acute,  strongly  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third 
scale  somewhat  shorter,  obtuse. 

Newloundlaud,  south  to  llie  lii^h  iiiouiilaius  of  New 
I'liiHlaiid,  Ni  w  York  and  North  Carolina. 


CRASS    I'AMII.V. 


163 


36.    CALAMAGROSTIS  Adaiis.  Faiii.  PI.  2:  ;,i.      1763. 

[l)i;vi;iXlA  Clarion;  lU-auv.  AgiDst.  43.  pi.  9.  f.  t),  10.  1S12.J 
Cencrally  iKTiunial  j;raSM-s,  of  various  Iiabit  ,^ •111  Hat  k-avfs  and  patiiciilatc  iiitlori'SCfiice. 
Spikfk'ts  i-llo\vcT(.'il,  tlif  racliilla  usually  ])roloiij;cil  beyond  the  flower  and  pubeseent. 
SeaU'S  }\  the  2  outer  empty,  earinate..  membranous;  the  third  seale  hyaline,  shorter  than 
tlu"  outer,  obtuse,  usually  eo|)ioiisly  lonjf-hairy  at  the  base,  or  rarely  the  hairs  se.inty  or  short, 
and  bearing;  a  straijiht,  bent  or  twisted  dorsal  awn;  i)alet  shorter,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  short,  distinel,  Sti>,'mas  plumose,  drain  free,  enelosed  in  the  scale.  Seed  adher- 
ent to  the  ])eriearp.     [Cireek,  sijriiifyiiifj  Reed-grass.] 

.\  Reniis  of  iiliiiut  i.V'  siKcics,  widely  di-ilribiiteil  tliniuKliimt  temperate  and  inciiuitaiiioiis 
rcKioiis.  and  i)arlieularly  numerous  in  the  AmUs,  liisidis  the  fiillowitin,  some  joollKrs  oceur  in 
tl.t  western  parts  of  North  .America.     The  luiKlish  name  Siiuill-i  nil  is  applied  to  any  of  the  species. 

Panicle  open,  the  branches  spreadint;  or  aseendiuK,  usually  lotiK  an<l  lax. 

Spik<lets  1"  loll)-:  outer  scales  acute.  T.   ( '.  Miuoiiiiiana. 

Spikilcts  i'"-2"  lou>f;  outir  scales  acute;  awn  sUiuler.  2.   ('.  (.'iiiiaiiiiisis. 

SpiWi  lets  2"   ,V'  lonj;;  outer  scales  acumir.al.':  awn  stouter.  ,v   '•  l-HiiK'-'-'iJii. 

I'anicU  'larrow  or  contracted,  the  hranclies  erect,  at  least  in  fruit,  usually  sluirt  and  strict. 
Hasal  hairs  one-third  tlii'  li  n^tli  of  the  scale  or  less. 

.\wn  strongly  twistcil,  inscrlcil  near  the  base  of  the  scale:  leaves  lonjr.    .\.   i'.  l'oili$i. 
.\wn  not  twisted,  bent,  inserted  just  below  the  middle  of  the  scale;  leaves  short. 

,s.  ( '.  hi  ci'hi-la. 
Hasal  hairs  one-half  the  length  of  the  scale  or  mori'. 

Si)ikelets  i '  ."-2"  lonw;:  prolonnation  of  the  rachilla  hairy  its  whole  length. 

I.i  aves  flat;  hasal  hairs  ((l\^allin^t  or  snmewlial  shorter  than  the  scale,    d.   i '.  con  tin  is. 
Leaves  involute  in  drying;  basal  hairs  half  as  lon^t  as  tlu-  scale,  7.   ( '.  iifi;/ir/ii. 

Spikelets  ,5"    ("  lonu;  prolongation  of  the  rachilla  with  a  ternnnal  tuft  of  hairs. 

s.   ( '.  I  iinii'u/rs. 

I.    Calamagrostis   Macouniana  Vn.sey, 

Macditii's  Rc't'd-jiirass.     ( l-'i^-  372.) 

DiViiixiii   .I'liiiiiiiiiiiiKi  Vasev.   Coult.   Hot.    Cta/..   10:  my. 

iss.s. 
C'li/iiiiiiii; iiis/is    .IfiUdii niiiiKi    Vasey.    Conlr,    V .    ,S.     Nat. 

Herb.  3:  Si.       i.sip. 

Cidms  2°~y'  tall,  erect,  simjile,  snu)oth  and  glabnms. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  lii^ule  1"  long; 
lia\i'S  ,^'7'  long,  ;"-2'j"  widi',  erect,  aeuminate, 
scabrous;  jiaiiicle  <ii)en,  3'  4'.'  in  length,  the  branches 
ascending,  or  sometimes  erect,  the  lower  1'  i  ','  long, 
nake<l  at  the  basi';  spikelets  I "  long,  the  outer  scales 
acnti',  scabrous,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second; 
third  scale  e<|ualling  the  second,  the  awn  a  little  ex- 
ceeding it;  basal  hairs  about  as  lonj.j  as  the  seale. 

Manitoba  an<l  .\ssiniboia.     .Summer. 


s  of  New 


2.    Calairagrostis  Canadensis  (Michx.  1  I'-caiiv 

Aiiiinlii  (iiiiiu/iiisis  Michx.  I'l.  Uor.  .\m.  i:  y,\.      i^^w 
C'(i/tiiiiii!;i US/IK  i'(iiuii/r)iu'\  Heauv.  .V^rost.  i.s.       i^^i-'. 

Culms  2'^  ,s  '  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  sonieuhal 
scabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internudes;  ligule 
1"  3"  long;  leaves  6'- 1  '  long  <ir  more,  l"-4"wide, 
rough;  ])anicle  4'-''  in  length,  open,  usually  i)uii)lisii, 
the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the  lower 
1\<'-},'  long,  naki'd  at  t' e  base;  spikelets  I'j" 
2"  long,  tlu'  outer  scales  ecpial  or  sube(pial,  acute, 
strongly  scabrous;  third  scale  e(|i',dling  or  slightly 
shorter  than  the  second,  scabrous,  the  awn  delicate 
and  icpialling  the  copious  basal  hairs  which  are  about 
as  long  as  the  scale  or  some  of  them  shorter. 

I   swamps   and   wet   soil,    Ni-wfoiiiidlaud    to   .\1aska, 
;h   to   North   Carolina,    New  >U\ico  ami  California. 

I'llilc   (11    cunt   ft      ill    till.     A  ,1i  1-1  iikT.i.    be  1ii1\.     V^otit 


151iie-j()iiit  (iias.s. 


In 

SoUtI 


Souiii    10    .North    Larouna,    .New   .^le\U'o  ami  Calili 
Ascends  to  _si«io  ft.  in  the  .\din>n<hKks.     July   Sept. 


164 


C.RAMINl'Ai:. 


Calamagrostis  Langsdorfii  (Link)  Triii. 

(Fi>r.  ;i74.) 


I,an<;s(l()rf' s  Rocd-'iTass. 


AiKiulii  l.iiiii;^iliii  I'li  I, ink,  liiiiim.  i:  -|.       iN2I. 
l'u/:ni/,i!^'i,n/i\  /AHii;M/i'i /it  'I'riu.  I'liifl.  ^^s.     /'/.  /.     /'.  if. 

(,'iiliiis  J^  4°  bill,  I'li'ct,  siiii])lc,  siiKiolli  iir  roiij^liisli. 
SlK:itlis  ^liorUr  llian  Ilk-  intiiiiiMks;  liyiiK'  i"  ^" 
loll),';  liMvi'j^  J'  IJ'  li>iiK.  -"  \"  wiik',  scaliroiis;  ]);m- 
iili'  j'  ()'  in  U'li.i^tli,  till'  Uniiu-lu's  iisi-i'iidiii.y;  or  soiiii'- 
tiiius  init,  till'  louir  i'  3'  loiitj,  iiaki-il  at  the  base; 
s]iiU(Uts  2"  ;,"  l<>ii}i,  tlu'  outiT  st-ak's  aL-iniiiiiati', 
■itroiiyly  si-ahroiis;  third  s-ali'  ccnialliiijr  or  sliorter 
than  thi'  si'iond,  scalirons,  tlii'  stout  awn  as  lon.n  as  or 
a  Htlk'  LXi'itdinji  tlu'  lopioiis  liasal  liairs  which  are 
tisnallv  somewhat  shorter  than  tile  seak'. 

Neu  rouiullaiid  til  Alaska,  south  in  llie  mountains  of 
Ni  «  laiyland  and  Ni'W  Ndrk.  and  to  Manitoba  aiul  Wash- 
iiiKlnn.     Also  ill  uorthirn  laiiope  and  Asia.     Snniiiier. 


4.    Calamagrostis  Ported  A.  (hay.     I'orUr's  Rwd-Kiass.     (  Fij,'.  ;,75.) 


i'ii/iiiii<ii;ni\t/s  /'id /ill   A.   Crav,   I'loe     Am.   .\iad.  6:  7c). 


Ciihiis  2°  4°  tall,  erti-t,  siiiipk',  smooth  am'  i,dahrous. 
Sheatlis  shorter  than  tile  internodes,  slijihtly  sealiroiis, 
with  a  villous  rinj;;  at  the  summit;  liyide  1"  2"  lonj,'; 
leaves  6'  12'  loiij;,  2"-.\"  wide,  rou.!,4h;  paniele  .('-S' 
in  len),4li,  the  hranehes  ereet,  the  lower  I'-i'  limn; 
spikelets  1"  2'j"  lonjf,  the  outer  scales  ,str(>ii.i,dv  sca- 
brous, acute;  thinl  scale  shorter  than  or  e<|iialliiij,' the 
.secimd,  obtuse,  scabrous,  the  lateral  basal  hairs  about 
one-third  the  leiij.,'-.h  of  the  .scale,  those  at  the  back 
short  or  wanlinj^;  awn  bent,  about  equalling;  the  scale, 
the  lower  ])art  twisted. 


In  dry  woods,  I'eimsylvania  and  soutlurn   New   York. 
Au^r    Sept. 


5.    Calamagrostis  breviseta  1  A.  ('.ray)  Scrihii.     I'ickL-riii.n's  KLvd-.i'ia.ss. 


i'(i!iiiiiiii;i,islis  s\i:(iliiii  var.  hi  1  vis,  hi  .\.  (irav,  Miin. 

,SS2.        |S.|S. 
l'iii,iiiuii;iiislis  /'i,  ii  I  ;iii;ii  .\.  Cniv,   Man.    V.A.  2,  s|7. 

i',i/iiiii(ii;iiis/is  />i(-:i\,iii  .Seribii.   .Mem.  'I'on.  Club.  5: 

11.        IS,,). 

Culms  |2'-|,S'  tall,  irect,  rijjjid,  simple,  scabrous 
below  the  iianicle.  Sheaths  sitioolli  and  jrlabrous, 
the  lowiT  overlapping.;,  the  ujipei- one  eli)njj;ated;  li,  - 
nle  \"-y  lonj;;  lea\es  1  '..'  )'  lonj,',  2"  wiiU',  erect, 
smooth  beneath,  rou.nh  abiive;  ])anicle  ,^'-4'..'  in 
lenjfth,  the  blanches  asceiidinj^  or  erect,  the  lower 
r  I  'j '  loiij;;  s|)ikelets  I '.."-2"  knijj;,  inir])le  tin>;e(l, 
tile  outer  scales  acute,  sc.ibrniis  <ni  the  keel;  third 
scak'  shorter  than  the  second,  obtuse,  scabrous,  the 
basal  hairs  very  short;  awn  bent,  not  twisted, 
e(|iialliiij.;  orslijflitly  exceedin)f  the  scale. 

In  wet  places.  Cape  lireton  Island  to  New  Ilatnp- 
sliire  ami  .Massachusetts.  Occurs  in  the  al|)ine  reifion 
of  the  White  .Mountains.     ,\nK.   Sei)t. 


CRASS    I'AMII.Y. 


165 


A/ 


6.    Calamagrostis  confinis  (  Willd.  >  N'ult.     Hojj;  Rccd-s^rass.     (  I'i^.  ,177.) 

.h  iiii(/'i  I  •■iifiin\  W'iWd.  luuilll.  I:    127.       lSi«j. 

('<i.'ini/(ii;  )<i\//';  ,niifii/i.\  Null,  (■•ill.  I;  17.       IMS 

(ii/iiiiitu;  I  ii.\/i.\  it'/iii.\/ii   \';isiv,  Ciiiitr.  I'.  S.  Nat    lli  rh.  3:  s.'. 

IN  I.'. 

Culms  ]'•"-},"  ImU,  trtit,  siiii])li',  siimolli  or  r<iii;,'li. 
SluallisslKirltr  lliMii  tin- iiiUiinxlfs;  li,L;iiU- alioiit  1"  Ion;,'; 
liavis  3"  wiik'  cir  liss,  ruiij;)!,  Il.it,  or  iuvoliiU'  al  tlu'  a])i.x, 
ttu-  lia^al  ol'liii  oiu-liiilf  to  tuii-lhinls  as  lonj,'  as  llu'  iiiliii, 
llu'  stiiii  k-avi'S  2'  111'  loll;;;  jiailiiU'  c-oiilrarli'cl,  2  ';'-'>'  in 
liiiKtli,  tlu  liramiirs  1'  2'  loiiij,  vn-il;  spiki'k-ls  1  >,"  2" 
loii.i;,  tlu'  scak's  sotiKwIiat  M-aliidus,  tin' ontir  aiiili-;  tliiril 
M-ak- olilusi',  tlu- liasal  hails  f(|iialli  11,1;  it  or  tliri'f-l'oiirtlis 
as  loni;;  awii  niorc  or  k'ss  lii-iit,  fniiii  a  litlk'  sliortiT  to 
sliijlitly  loii^jir  tlian  tlu-  scak-. 

Ill  liotrs.  \'i-nii(mt.  New  York  ami  IViinsylvaiiia  to  Van 
i-duvi-r  Island,  scmlli  in  tlu-  Km-ky  Mntiiitaiiis  to  Ni-w  Mi-xicn. 
Anvt  Si  |it.  SlK-i'iiiu-iis  c.r  tliis  ;rrass  liavi-  lii-i-ii  it  Irr-.iil  to 
(  '.  /.iip/':'iiii  II  ( l.itik  1  Trill..  1ml  wi-  liavr  bi-i-n  niialik-  to  pnivi- 
tlii-  i)i-iiirri-iu-i-  of  that  spi-ciis  within  our  ana 

7.  Calamagrostis  neglecta  (  Ivlirh.  )  ('.aurtn. 
Narrow  Rctd-Krii-^s.    (l'"ij^.  ;i7.s.  ) 

.\i  11111(0  inxhilii  V,\\r\\.  liritr.  6:  1,57.       !7()i. 

I'li/dii/ii:;  I  "\/is  iiri;/ii/ii  CmtIw.  I'M.  Wi-tt.  li'i).       l7i/(. 

Ciiliiiiiiii;)i".fi^  sli  ido  lii-auv.  .\i;rost.  15.       1S12. 

(ilalinms  ami  smoolli  thninnliout,  tulms  I'j^  -'i° 
tall,  i-ri-i-t,  sitiijik',  sk-nili-r.  Slu-atlis  sliorti-r  than  the 
iiitc-riio(k's;  ligiik-  '.. "  knijj  or  k-ss,  Iruiii-ati';  k-avi-s 
narrow,  invohiti.-  in  ilryiiij.;,  the  hasal  one-third  as  lon;^ 
as  the  eulin,  those  of  the  eulin  2'-5'  lon.i;,  erect;  pan- 
iile  I'ontiiU'teil,  2'..'  4'  in  leii,i;th,  the  hraiuhes  1'  loiij; 
or  less,  erect;  sjiikelets  2"  Ion;.;,  the  scak-s  scalirons, 
the  outer  acute;  third  scale  obtuse,  about  Ihree-fonrlhs 
as  Ion;;  as  the  second  and  nearly  twice  the  kiij;th  of 
the  basal  hairs;  awn  bent,  exceedin;;  the  scale, 

Labrador  and  Ni-wrniiiidlanil  to  WasliitiKt'in.  .Mso  in 
l-)iiidi»-      Snniini-r. 


bnuis 
t  irons, 
li,  - 
■ii-ct, 
in 
lower 
n,i;i'd, 
third 
the 
isted, 


lain))' 
n-uiiiii 


8.  Calamagrostis  cinnoides  (  Mulil,  i  Scrilm. 

(KiK.  ,^179.) 

Ai  iniilii ,  iiinniili  \  Miihl.  Ctiaiii    1S7,       1S17, 
i'd/iiDiiii;  ii's/ii     XiiHiiUiu  iiii   .Sti-nd     Syli 


Xiiltall's  RL'etl-Kras,s. 


is,s,s 


Scrilm     .Mem. 


I'l.    ('iiaiii     uio. 
Torr.  Club,  5;  \2. 


<  'ii/iiiiiii!;ii>s/is  I  iiiiiniili 
iSil.S. 

Culms  .;"  .S°  tall,  erect,  sini])k-,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  shorter  than  the  iiiti  modes,  smooth 
or  roii;;h,  the  lower  sotnetiiius  s]iariii,i;l\  hirsiite,  ,-iiid 
rarely  with  a  villous  rin^  at  tlu-  siiinmit;  li;;iile  1"  2" 
lon^;:  leaves  .('  i'^  loiij;  or  more,  2"  >,"  wide,  attenuate 
into  a  loiij;  point,  scabrous,  occasionally  spariu>;ly 
hirsute;  iiauicle  ,','7'  in  li-ii.i;lh,  contracted,  the 
branches  i-rect,  the  lower  :'  2'  loiij;;  spikelets  ,\"  4" 
loll;;;  scales  stronj;l\  scabrous,  the  outer  about  et|nal, 
acniniiiate  anil  awn-iioiuted ;  third  scale  shorter,  obtuse, 
the  basal  hairs  one-half  to  two-thirds  its  len>;th;  awn 
stout,  exceediiij;  or  ei|ualliii^;  the  .scale;  prolongation  of 
the  rachilla  bearing;  .1  ti-rminal  tuft  of  hairs. 

In  iM-iist  soil.  New  ll;mi]isliirr  and   M  issacluisetts  to  IV-nnsylvauia,  simtli  to  Creurnia. 
to  2i«Hi  It    in  rintisylviiiia.     July   \\\\i. 


.Xscenils 


1 66 


r,RAMiNi:Ai;. 


vSea  Saud-reed.     Sea  Mat-weed. 


37.   AMMOPHILA  Host.  Gram.  Austr.  4:  24.     /»/.  y/.     1809. 

Tall  jJiTt'iinial  Rrasscs  with  Hat  leaves,  convolute  above,  ami  dense  spike-like  panicles. 
Spikelets  l-flowered,  tile  rachilla  proloiif^ed  lieyond  the  flower  and  hairy.  Scales  3,  rijrid, 
chartaceons,  acute,  keeled;  the  2  outer  eni])ty,  the  lower  i-iier\ed,  the  upper  3-nerved; 
third  scale  5-ncrvcd,  with  a  ring  of  short  hairs  at  the  hase,  subtendinj^  a  chartaceons  2-ncrve(i 
palet  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  ])luniose.  Cirain  free, 
loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  an<l  palet.  [dreek.  signifying  sand-loving,  in  allusion  to  the 
habitat  of  these  grasses.] 

Two  siKcies,  tlic  fdUowitiK  widely  dislrilmted  aloiiK  the  fresli  and  saU  water  shores  of  the 
northern  licniisphere,  the  other  ICurnpean. 

I.    Ammophila  arenaria  (L,. )  I<ink. 
Marani.     (Fig.  3.S0. ) 

Ariiii(/(i  iiti'iKii  id  I.:  Sp.  !M.  S2.       1753. 
Ctil(i»iiii;)  iislis  ariiiiii  ill  Koth,  I'l.  Cicrni.  i:  ,q.     17SS. 
Ainmopliihi  m  iiiidiiiada  Most,  t'trani.  .\ustr.  4:  24.      iSik). 
AiiiniKpliilii  (II ciKii  ill  Link.  Ilort.  Hcrol.  i:  1115.       1S27. 

Glabrous,  culms  2°-4°  t.ill,  erect,  rigid,  .stout, 
smooth,  arising  from  a  long  horizontal  branching  root- 
stock.  Sheaths  smooth,  the  lower  short,  crowded  and 
overlapi)ing,  the  ujiper  longer;  ligule  a  mere  ring; 
leaves  6'-i°  long  or  more,  rigid,  attenuate  into  a  long 
.slender  involute  point,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous 
above;  sjiike-like  panicle  dense,  4'- 12'  in  length, 
6"-S"  thick,  its  branches  1  ','  long  or  less,  a])])ressed; 
spikelets  5"-6"  long,  the  scales  scabrous,  about  e(|ual 
in  length,  the  thinl  usually  with  the  rudiment  of  an 
awn  just  below  the  apex;  basal  hairs  1"  2"  long. 

In  sands  of  the  sea  coast  from  Xcw  linniswick  to  Vir 
ginia,  and  inland  a'.onsf  the  shores  of  the  Criat  Lakes. 
.Vlso  on  the  coasts  of  northern  ICurope.     .AuR. -Sept. 

38.    CALAMOVILFA  Hack.  True  Gras.se.s,  113.       i8yo. 

Tall  grasses  with  stout  hori/ontal  rootstocks,  elongated  leaves,  which  are  involute  at  the 
apex,  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  the  rachilla  not  prolonged  beyond 
the  flower.  vScales  3,  i-ncrve<l,  acute,  tlie  2  outer  unetpial,  empty;  third  .scale  longer  or  shorter 
than  the  second,  with  a  ring  of  hairs  at  the  ba.se;  jxdet  strongly  2-keeled.  .Stamens  3. 
.Styles  distinct.  .Stigmas  j)limiose.  Grain  free.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp,  [(^reek, 
signifying  a  reed-like  grass.] 

Three  known  species,  natives  of  the  temperate  and  subtropical  retcions  of  North  .\nienca. 

Rpikekts  2"-2'."  lonjr,  the  basal  hairs  less  than  half  the  UiiKlli  of  the  tliinl  sc.ile.    I.   ('.  /iifri/ii/is. 
.Spikelets  X'^4"  lonsf,  llu  basal  hairs  more  than  half  the  length  of  Ihethinl  scale.    2.   C.  Iinii^ijhlid. 

I,    Calamovilfa  brevipilis  (Turr.)  Hack.     .Short-haired  Reed-grass. 

(Fig.  ,vHi.) 

.ii  tiinlit  hii-7'if>ilis'\\nr.  I'l.  V .  S.  1:05.       '■'^2|- 
CaliiiiKiKiiislis  hii-vi/iilis  \.  Cray,  J[an.  ,si^2.     i.Hj.S. 
Calaiiioxilfa  hiYi'i/>ilis  Mack.  True  C.rasses,  113.       1.S90. 

Glabrous  and  smooth  or  very  nearlv  so,  culms  2°-4° 
tall,  erect,  simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  ligide  a  ring  of  very  .short  hairs;  leaves  6'-i 2' 
long,  I'j"  wide  or  less,  attenuate  into  a  h)ng  slender 
involute  ti]),  smooth  beneath,  slightly  scabrous 
above;  ])anicle  o])en,  5'-  10'  in  length,  the  branches  as- 
cending, the  lower  2'-4'  long;  spikelets  2"-2'.'"  long; 
.scales  acute,  scabrous  toward  the  apex,  the  outer  un- 
e(pial,  the  first  one-half  as  long  as  the  second;  third 
scale  exceeding  the  .second,  pnbe.scenl  on  the  lower 
half  of  the  keel;  basal  hairs  one-third  the  length 
of  the  scale;  palet  nearly  ecpialling  the  scale,  Jjubcs- 
cent  on  the  lower  half  of  the  keel. 

In  swamps,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey.  I.ocal.  .\uk.- 
.Sept. 


CRASS   I*AMII,Y. 


167 


2.    Calamovilfa  longifolia  (Hook.)  Hack. 

(Fiji.  ,VS2.) 


L'(i/iiiniii;)o.s/i.s  li>iif;i/iiliii  Ili.ok.  l''l.    Itor.    .Am.  2. 
241.      1S41). 

Calnniitvilfii  luiiiiifului   Hack.  Tnic  ('.riisscs,    11  v      V 

Culms  2°-6°  tall,  t-rfct,  siiii])lf,  sl>)iil,  siuootli 
and  {glabrous.  Slivaths  crowdfd  aii<l  ovfrla])- 
piiiK,  j^labrows  or  rarely  jiilosi-;  lijjule  a  rin>^  of 
hairs  about  i"loiij{;  kavts  .S' -1^  lo'iK  or  more, 
pauii-k'  narrow,  often  1°  1""K  <"■  niore,  pale, 
the  branehes  erect  or  aseendin!.(,  the  lower  4'- 
10'  long;  spikelets  .i"-l"  loTij;;  scales  acute, 
smooth,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second;  the 
third  a  little  lotij^er  or  slijjhtly  shorter  than  the 
second,  and  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the 
coj)i<)US  basal  hairs;  palet  slifjhtly  shorter  than 
the  thiril  scale. 


On  sandy  shores,  western  Ont.irin  aii<l  .Manitnlia 
to  tile  Kiicky  Mmnitains,  south  to  Indiana,  Kansas 
and  Colorado.     July  Se])!. 


Long-leaved  Reed-gras.s. 


39.    APERA  Adans.  Fat".  PI.  2:  495.       1763. 

Annual  >jra,sses  with  narrow  flat  leaves,  and  aini)le  oi)en  or  contracted  panicles.  Spikelets 
I-flo\vered,  small,  the  rachilla  prolonjreil  beyond  the  llower  into  a  bristle.  Scales  3;  the 
2  outer  empty,  unetinal,  thin,  membranous,  keeled,  acute;  the  third  scale  a  little  shorter, 
inembraiKUis,  bearinjj;  a  lonj;  slender  awn  inserted  just  below  the  .shortly  2-toothed  apex; 
palet  a  little  shorter  than  the  scale.  2-keeled,  2-toothed.  .Stamens  ,^.  Styles  distinct,  short. 
Stijjinas  plumose.  Cirain  narrow,  free,  included  in  the  scale.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp. 
[Creek,  sij.{nifyiiig  not  mutilated,  whole  or  entire;  application  imcerlain.] 


Two  species,  natives  of  ICurope  and  western  .\sia. 

I.   Apera  Spica-venti  (h.)  Heauv.     vSilky  Hent-grass. 

(Fig.  :vs,v) 


Windlestraw. 


f 


» 


.■r- 
112' 
ller 

l)US 

las- 

I'k; 

nn- 
]rd 
ler 
Itli 


.\f>tii!S/^ii(i:iiili\W;\w\.\\i\its\..  151.       1S11. 

Culms  \°  2"  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender,  snnxith 
and  Klabrous.  Sheaths  usually  longer  than  the 
inlernodes,  the  upper  one  generally  including 
the  base  of  the  painde;  ligule  l"  },"  long; 
leaves  i'"7'long.  'j"  2"  wide,  scabrous;  pan- 
icle ,V  -9'  ill  length,  the  branches  erect  or  as- 
cending, capillary,  l  'j'  ,V  l"Ug;  outer  scales  of 
the  spikelet  1"  i'+"  long,  acute,  smooth  and 
shining;  third  scale  hairy  or  nearly  smooth,  bear- 
ing a  dorsal  scabrous  awn  ,i"-4"  long;  rudiment 
at  the  end  of  the  rachilla  less  than  \"  long. 


In  waste  places  and  on  ballast,  Maiiie  tosonthern 
New  York  and  I'ennsylvania,  Adventive  from 
ICurope,     June  July. 


I 


i6S 


C.RAMINIlAi;. 


40.    HOLCUS  L.  Sp.  I'l.  1047.       175;,. 

AiiiiumI  or  |>i.riimiiil  ,i,frassi's  with  11:il  U-.ivus  and  ..i)iki--liki- di"  dju-ii  pMiiicUs.  S|)ikiUls 
fUiiduoiis,  2-ll(>wi.'ii(l;  lower  llowtr  piTtVct,  upinr  stiiiiiiiiati'.  Si:iUs,i;  llu-  2  lower  fiiiply, 
iiKiiibniiioiis,  kc'tUil,  tlif  first  i-iu-rvfil,  the  si'iond  .viUTvud  ami  ol'liii  short -aw  ncd;  flowi'r- 
iii}f  soaU'S  ihartac-i-oiis,  that  of  llu-  ui)i)(.r  tlowtr  buariiiK  a  heiit  awn.  I'ak'l  narrow,  j-ki'tU-d. 
vStaincns  v  Styles  distiiu't.  Stijinias  plumose.  Cirain  ohloiiy.  free,  enelosed  in  the  seale. 
[("Freek,  taken  from  I'liny. ] 

.\l)iml  Sspeeies.  natives  of  the  Old  World. 


Holcus    lanatus    J,. 

Meadow  S()ft-j;ra.s.s. 


\'dvet-jj;rass. 


O'ik'. 


:vS4. 


J/(il(iis  litiiiiliis  I,.  S)).  ri.  I114.S.       17,S.?. 

Softly  and  densely  ])nl)escent,  light  K'""-*^'".  I'uhns 
I  ' .°-;,°  tall,  erect,  often  decumhenl  at  the  ha.se,  sim- 
])le.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  lij,nde 
'.."-1"  Ion,!,';  leaves  i'-6'  loiijf,  2"-6"  wide;  spike- 
lets  2"  l()n),^  the  em])ty  scales  wliite-villous,  the 
iip])er  awn-])ointe(l;  lloweriiig  scales  i"  lonjr, 
•siiiootli,  jtflahrous  and  shininj,',  the  lower  sixir.selv 
ciliate  on  the  keel,  .somewhat  obtuse,  the  \i](])er  2- 
toothed  and  bearing  a  hooked  awn  just  l)elow  the 
apex. 

In  fields,  meadows  ,\nd  waste  jilaees,  Xova  .Scotia  to 
Ontario  and  Illinois,  south  to  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee.  Also  on  the  I'acific  Coast.  Naturalized 
from  ICurope.    June-Au(f. 


41.    AIRA  I,.  Sp.  ri.  63. 


i/O.i- 


Mostly  annua!  grasses  with  narrow  leaves  ,ind  contracted  or  ()])en  ])anicles.  Spikelets 
snudl,  2-flowered,  both  flowers  ])erfect.  Scales  4;  the  2  lower  empty,  tliin-mendnanou.s, 
acute,  snl)e(|ual,  persistent;  the  flowering  scales  usually  contiguous,  hy.dine,  niucronale  or 
2-toolhed,  deciduous,  bearing  a  delicite  dorsal  awn  inserted  below  the  middle;  ])alel  a  little 
•shorter  than  the  scale,  hyaline,  2-nerved.  Stamens  ;,.  Stigmas  jdumose.  Crain  enclosed 
in  the  scale  and  i)alet,  and  often  adhering  to  them.     [Creek  name  for  Loliuni  tiiiiKlrntiiin.] 

l"oiir  or  five  Species,  natives  of  I'Uirope. 

Panicle  oi>en;  flowerinn  scales  about  l"  1o"k;  plants  ,s'    10'  tall.  i.   A.  miyofilnlltii. 

Panicle  ciiulracted;  floweriuK  scales  about  1 '_"  lon^;  plants  2'    |'  tall.  -2.   .)./>;,;,,  .m'. 


I.    Aira  caryophyllea  L.     vSiheiy  Hair-Kra.ss.     (Fig.  385.) 


.Iiiii  (,n  iiip/n/Zni  I,.  .Sp.  PI.  66.       175^ 

Smooth  and  glabrous  throughout,  culms  ,s'-'<>' 
tall,  erect  from  an  annual  root,  simjile,  slender. 
Sheaths  mostly  basal;  ligule  1  '<"  long;  leaves  '<'- 
2'  long,  involute-setace(nis;  ])anicle  1'  .)'  in  length, 
open,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the 
lower  i'  long  or  less;  spikelets  l"-l'+"  long,  the 
empty  scales  acute;  flowering  scales  verv  acute, 
2-toolhed,  1"  long,  bearing  an  awn    1  '_,"-2"  long. 


In  fields  and  waste  i)lacis.  i.astern  Massaclnisetts  to 
Virtfinia.  .M^.i  on  Die  I'acific  I'oast.  Local.  Natural- 
ized from  Ivurope.  Panicle  silverv.  sliininn.  Mav- 
Juiy. 


CRASS  I'AMII.V.  l''^9 

2.    Aira  praecox  I,.     Ivirly  Hair-^'rass.     ( l-'i^-   .i^'^'- ) 


Ah ii  fti III li'i    I..  Sj).  ri.  (15,       175,1. 

Glabrous  iiiiil  siiioolli  l1in>ii,i;lii>iit.  (•u1rii>  2'  4' 
tall,  I'ifi'l,  from  an  annual  root,  siinplr.  ri.u;iil. 
Slu-allis  ilolliinjj;  \\\v  wliok'  lultn,  tlu-  iipiar  oni- 
ofti'n  fnilosinj;  llii'  bast'ol'  tlio  panicle;  lij;nk' almul 
I  ' ."  lonj;;  leaves  1 '  loii^  or  less,  involute-setaeeons; 
])aniele  eonlraeted,  slriet.  'j'  1'  in  lenj,(tli;  spike- 
lets  atxiul  I  '.. "  lonn.  tile  eiii])ly  seales  aeute;  tile 
tloueriii],;  seales  aeuniinale.  j-loollud.  aliout  I'j" 
long,  hearing  an  awn  I  '."2"  long. 

Ill    dry    fields,    soutlu  rii    Ni  w  Jersey    and    I'eniisyl- 
vaiiia  til  Virginia.     Naluiali/id   liniii   ICtilnpe.     .Mav 
July. 


42.    DESCHAMPSIA  Ik-auv.  .A^rost.  yi.      />/.  /.V. 


/. 


1.S12. 


rereiinial  grasses  with  Hat  or  involute  leaves,  and  eontraeted  oro])en  paiiieles.  Sl)ikelet,>i 
2-no\vered,  liotli  flowers  perl'eel,  tile  liairy  raeliilla  extended  l)e\(>nd  the  flowers  or  rarely 
lorniinated  by  a  staniiiiale  one.  ,Siales  4  1  rarely  more,  the  2  lower  empty,  keele<l,  acute, 
inemhranous,  shining,  ])ersisteiit;  the  llowering  scales  of  about  the  same  texture,  deciduous, 
bearing  a  dorsal  ,iw  n,  the  ajiex  toothed.  I'alet  narrow,  2-nervi<l.  Stamens  _^.  .Styles  distinct. 
Stigmas  i)lumose.  Cirain  oblong,  free,  eiiclo.sed  in  the  scale.  [In  honor  of  j.  C  A.  I.oiselenr- 
Desloiigchamps,  1774-I.S419,  I'retich  physician  and  botanist.] 


'Id 
ider. 
1 ,'_ 

igllb 
the 
,  the 
.■ute, 
ong. 


Ills  to 
lural- 
>biv- 


.\hi>ul  20  species,  iiihahitiiiu;  culil  and  temperate  rejfiniis.  a  fiw  uceiirrin^!:  in  the  liijrli  niolinlaiiis 
of  the  tnii)ies.     llesido  the  fnllnu  inj;,  sniue  (1  others  oeeiir  ill  llie  western  p.irl?.  of  North  .\merica. 

I'pper  floweriiijr  scale  leacliiiit!:  or  ixti  iidiiij;  beyond  the  apex  of  llie  iiiipty  seales. 

I'loweriiiK  seales  abi lilt  1',"  loiiy.  <  rose  tniiicati':  leave-;  flat.  i.   /> niisfii/nsti. 

I'Mowerinn  seales  about  j"  loiiK,  acute  or  obtuse;  leaves  involute.  2.    P.  Ilr  i  iinsii. 

l'jiii)ty  scales  exlendiiiK  much  beyoiul  the  upper  flowering  scale.  ,t,.   P.  nltopui fuii iii. 


I.    Deschampsia  caespitosa  (L.  )  I?eauv.     Tufted  Hair-grass.     (Kig.  3.S7.) 

.\ii ii  ,iirsf>i/i>sii  I,.  S]).  I'l.  ii.).       i7,S,'v 
PiM liiiiiif>si,i  iiiiw/iiliisii  lU'auv.  Asirost.  ifni.  />/.  iS.  f.  ;. 
1S12. 

Culms  2°~4°  tall,  erect,  sim])le,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  tiiucb  shorter  than  the  iiiteriKHJes; 
lignle  1"-;,"  long;  leaves  flat,  i"-i'j"  wide, 
smooth  beneath,  strongly  scabrous  above,  the  basal 
ones  numerous,  one-(iuarter  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  2'-6'  l<iii.g;  j)anicle  oiien, 
y--'-)'  in  length,  the  branches  widely  spreadin.g  or 
ascending,  often  somewhat  flexuous,  naked  at  the 
base,  the  lower  2'-5'  long;  s])ikelets  1  '4"  2"  long; 
flowering  scales  aliiuit  I  %  "  l<>n,g,  erosc-truiicate  at 
the  apex,  the  awns  somewhat  shorter  or  a  little 
longer,  the  upper  scale  reaching  to  or  extending 
beyond  the  api.es  of  the  empty  ones. 

Newfoundland  to  .Maska,  smitli  to  Xtw  Jersey,  Illi- 
nois, Minnesota  and  in  the  Rocky  Mnuiitains  and 
.Sierra  Nevada  to  New  Mexico  iitid  California,  mostly  in 
wet  soil.     .\lso  in  Ivurope  anil  .\sia.     July  .Vtin. 


170 


c.kamini;.m:. 


2.    Deschampsia  flexudsa  (L.)  Triti.     Wavy  Ilair-srass. 


(  h"\ii.  p,SH. ) 
\c,i<l    Sii.   St. 


Ail i7  fliwiKtsa  I,.  S|).  I'l.  6,s.      i;.si 
/>is,/itiiu/tsi(i  flixiiiisii   Trill.    Hull. 
I'lttrsb.  i:ri6.      iK^.. 

(iliibroiis  throuKlumt,  miliiis  i°  -:•'."  tall,  t'rci-t, 
■sUtiilcT,  sitiipU',  sinoolli.  Sliuatlis  iiuioli  shorter 
than  the  inleriKxles;  lijrule  \"  loiij;  or  less; 
leaves  involute-setaceous,  smooth  beneath,  seah- 
rous  above,  the  basal  very  nninerous,  one-fifth 
the  length  of  the  eiihn  or  less,  those  of  the  eulni 
i'  ;,'  long;  panicle  o])en,  2'  S'  in  length,  the 
branches  ascending  or  erect,  sometimes  widely 
sheading,  naked  at  the  base,  flexuous,  the  lower 
i'j'-5'  long;  spikelets  ^^^"-I'z"  long;  (low- 
ering scales  about  2"  long,  acutely  toothed  at 
the  apex;  awns  bent  and  twisted,  much  ex- 
ceeding the  scale;  ui)per  scale  reaching  to  or 
extending  beyond  the  apices  of  the  empty  ones. 

In  dry  soil,  Creenland  and  .Newfoundland  to  On- 
tario and  Michigan,  soiitli  to  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee.  .Xscendstii  5i(«)  ft.  in  the  .Xdiroiidacks. 
.Mso  in  Ivurcipc.     July  .\ug. 


3.    Deschampsia  atropurpurea  (Wahl.  )  vSclieek- 

(Kig.  389.) 
Aim  nhti/>iii piiiiii  Wahl.  I"l.  Lapp,  x;.      1S12. 
DisilKtiiipsia   aliiipiii pii) ,\t    Scheele,    I'lorn.  27-    s6- 

Glabrous  and  smooth  or  very  nearly  so,  cnhns 
6'-iS'  tall,  erect,  simple,  rigid.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  iiitenuxles;  ligule  i"  long  or  less,  trun- 
cate; leaves  i"-2"  wide,  erect,  sometimes  slightly 
scabrous  above,  the  basal  2  '':'-$'  long,  those  of  the 
culm  shorter;  panicle  contracted,  usually  purple  or 
purplish,  i'-2'  in  length,  the  branches  erect,  or 
sometimes  ascending,  the  lower  'i'-i 'i'  long; 
spikelets  2'i"  long;  flowering  scales  about  1'+' 
long,  erose-truncate  at  the  apex;  awns  bent  and 
much  longer  than  the  scales;  upper  scale  much 
exceeded  by  the  very  acute  outer  ones. 

On  al])ine  summits  of  New  York,  New  IJiiKland, 
Montana,  OrcKoii  and  WasliiuKton,  north  to  Labrador 
and  .Vlaska.     Also  in  ICuroiJc.     July-.\tiK 


Moimtain  Hair-grass. 


43.    TRISETUM  Pers.  Syn.  i: 


1805. 


Mo.stly  perennial  tufted  gra.sses,  with  (lat  leaves  and  spike-like  or  open  panicles.  Spike- 
lets 2-4-llo\vered,  the  (lowers  all  perfect,  or  the  up])ermost  staniinate;  rachilla  glabrous  or 
pilose,  exten<led  beyond  the  (lowers.  Scales  4-6,  membranous,  the  2  lower  empty,  unequal, 
acute,  persistent;  flowering  scales  usually  shorter  than  the  empty  ones,  deciiluous,  2-toothed, 
bearing  a  dorsal  awn  below  the  apex,  or  the  lower  one  sometimes  awnkss.  I'alet  narrow, 
hyaline,  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  C.raiii  free,  enclo.sed  in 
the  scale.  [Latin,  referring  to  the  three  bristles  (one  awn  and  two  sharp  teeth  1  of  the  flow- 
ering .scales  in  .some  species.] 

.Vbout.SD  species,  widely  distributed  in  tcini)erate  or  luouiitaiiunis  regions,  liesidcs  the  fullu'v- 
ing,  about  8  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  .Vinerica. 

IMowcriiiff  scales  all  hoaring  lon^r  dorsal  awns. 

Panicle  contracted,  dense;  (loweriiiK  scales  2'."  loiifc  or  less.  i.    /;  si/hspicd/i/iii. 

Panicle  open,  loose;  flowering  scales  2' 1"  lonjf  or  more.  2.    /■   flaz'i'siciis. 

Lower  (lowering  .scale  not  bearing  a  long  dorsal  awn,  arudinietit  sometimes  present. 

3.    T.  I'oinsylvtiincuni. 


CRASS  I'AMII.V.  171 

1.    Trisetum  subspicatum  (L.  j  Ik'auv.     Narrow  False  Oat.     (Fi^.  390.) 

ylirn  siihs/>i,alii  I,.  Syst.  \\k-  I'M    m,  (>~.\.       17,S9. 
A:in(t  >iiiillis  Miclix.  1"1.  Hm    Am,  i:  72.      iSo^. 

Ti  isiliiiii  Mihspiiiilinn  Itiiuiv.  Aumst.  iS(i,       1H12. 

'I'lhrliiiii  sii/ts/>i<(i/iiiii  viii.   iiii'//r  .\.  Crav.   Man.    IC<1.    2, 

572.       I«5fi. 

Softly  ]>iilK'si'»Mit  or  f;lal)rons,  riilins  6'  2^  tall,  iTect, 
simple.  Slii'atlis  usually  shortiT  than  the  iiitcruo<k's, 
liguli-  'j""i"  Ioiik;  Uavi's  1'  .4'  loii^,  ',"  2"wi(lL'; 
piiuiclc  sjuki'-liki',  I'-.s'  in  li-nj;tli,  often  iuterrui)te(l 
below,  its  branelies  1  '.'  or  less  lonj;,  ereet;  spikelets 
2-3-fl<>were(l,  the  empty  scales  hispid  on  the  keel, 
shining,  the  second  ahout  !'•"  long,  the  first  shorter; 
(lowering  scales  2"-2'j"  long,  acuminate,  scabrous, 
each  bearing  a  long  bent  and  somewhat  twisted  awn. 

In  rocky  places.  I.abradortn  Al.iska,  south  on  the  moun- 
tains to  North  Carolina.  New  .Mexico  and  Calil'orni.i,  Also 
in  ICurope  and  .\sia.     .\\itf-  Sept. 

2.   Trisetum  flavescens  (L.)  R.  &  vS.     Yellow  F'alse  Oal.     '  Fij;.  ,^91.) 

Aivna  flii-.'t'siYiis  I..  .Sp.  I'l.  .'<<«).      175,3. 
TiisiliiDi  piiiliiisi-  I'ers.  ,Syn.  1:97.       1805. 
Tihilinii  Jhivcsiena  K.  iS:  S.  Syst.  2:  6(),v      1817. 

Culms  i'j°-2'i°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  interiiodes, 
more  or  less  pubescent;  ligule  '2  "  long;  leaves  I ,' j'- 
5'  long,  1"-^"  wide,  scabrous,  sometimes  sparingly 
hairy;  ])aiiicle  open,  2'-^'  in  length,  the  branches 
ascending  or  erect,  somewhat  llexuous,  naked  be- 
low, the  lower  I '-2'  long;  spikelets  3-4-llowered; 
empty  scales  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  .second 
acute,  2'j"  long,  the  first  about  half  as  long,  nar- 
rower, acuminate;  flowering  scales  2^1"-},"  long, 
scabrous,  bearing  a  long  bent  and  twisted  awn. 

Introduced  into  Missouri  and  Kansas.  Native  of 
ICuropc  and  .\sia.  I'anicle  yellow,  turning  dull  brown. 
July  \\\f.. 


;;£■ 


bike- 
kis  or 

mtaU 
Ihcd, 
rrow, 
led  in 
Iflow- 

llU»v- 


3.    Trisetum    Pennsylvanicum    (L.  i    Ikauv. 
Marsh  F'alse  Oat.     (  Fig.  392. ) 

.'.•■ciia  Pniiisvliiinha  I..  Sp.  I'l.  -i).      ^~^},■ 
.\;vint  />ii/ii.<;/ih  Miclix.  1"1.  Hor.  .\m.  1:72        iSov 
Triiiliiiii  Pfn}is\l;'inii<  inn  Hiauv.;  K.  S:  S.  Syst.  2:658.     1S17. 
'I'lisiliim  paliisli I  'Vitrx.  I'l.  I'.  ,S.  i:  I2f).      1S24. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simiile,  slender  and  often 
weak,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
interiiodes,  sometimes  scabious;  ligule  '_•"  long;  leaves 
I '-6'  long,  r'-,V'  wi<le,  rough;  ])anicle  2'-S'  in  length, 
yellowish,  narrow,  the  branches  ascending,  the  lower  i'-2' 
long;  sj)ikelets  2-ttowered;  outer  scales  smooth,  shining, 
sube(|ual,  the  second  2" -2'."  long;  (lowering  scales 
2" -2,!j"  long,  sciibrons,  the  lower  not  long-awned,  but  a 
rudimentary  awn  sometimes  j)reseiit,  the  upper  with  a 
long  bent  and  twisted  awn. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows.  New  York  lo  Illinois,  south 
to  l'"lori(la  and  Louisiana.  .\  ends  Id  ^ski  ft.  in  Virginia. 
I'anicle  sometimes  loose  and  i..)(l(liiiR.     jinie-July. 


17-  CUAMINICAI';. 

44.   AVENA  I..  S]..  I'l.  7.;.      i75,v 

AiimiMl  III-  ]KriiMiiiiI  j^iMssts,  willi  umimIIv  (ImI  liii\i>  ;mil  pMiiiiliil  s|)il<ilit>,  Siiikilits 
2  iiiMiiy-lliiwirtd,  (ir  iMrilv  i-llowtriil;  lowir  llowiis  iKilril,  llu'  ii|)|Kr  oltiii  --tMiiiiiiMU-  or 
iiill)iiftit.  Si:iUs  )  many  1  ninly  ,^i;  llu'  :?  Iciwir  tiiipl\ ,  soiiuuliiil  iiiu(|iial.  iininliniiious, 
j)tr>istt  III:  llowiiiiij;  siaUs  ikciiluDiis,  icmiiiUd  on  llu'  tiMik,  ainlc.  niiutallx  luiiriiij;  a  ilorsa! 
awn.  till- apix  iil'iin  j-liMitlitcl.  I'alit  iiarmu,  j-ldntlud.  Stainins  ^.  St\  K  v>  slinrl,  <listiiu't. 
Sli.ninas  pluinoM'.  t'.iaiii  uliloni,'.  iliiply  I'linowiil,  iiulostd  in  llu-  scalr  and  pakl,  Irii' or 
soiiU'liims  aiUurinl  lo  llif  lalU  r.      [t)lil  I.alin  naiik' for  llu- ( »at.  | 

Abiiiil  511  h|Hrii-i,  widely  di^UdmUd  in  liiii]>i  rati  n  nioiis.  iliicHy  in  llic  1  Mil  WniUl.  ( lats 
(.  \:rii(i  Mi/ira  I,.  I  SdUUlinus  appears  in  waste  plaees  nr  in  fields  where  it  has  lieeii  eultivaled. 

p;inply  seaUs  nf  the  spiki  let  i>"  in  length  cir  less,  slimier  than  llie  lluwi  rinu  scales. 

l"iiiwerintf  se.dis  with  a  riiiK  nf  slmrl  hairs  at  the  liase;  awn  nearlv  as  hni^;  as  llu-  seale. 

1,    .(.  ^1 1  ill  1,1 

I'liiwerinif  scales  naked  at  the  basi;  awn  imt  over  inie  half  as  ImiK  as  the  se.ile  j.  .  I.  Siinlliii. 
ICinpty  seales  of  llu-  spikelel  <>"  ii  "  in  length,  eiulusint;  the  llnwerinK  scales.  v   .  /.  uiliin. 


I.    Avena  striata   Miclix.      I'urpU- Oat.     '  Imj;-.  ,v>,i.  ) 

All  11,1  sli  iiilii  Mielix.  I-'l.  lliir    .\in.  l:7,v       l>^i.v 

Culms  1°  2^^  lall.  ert-et,  siiii|)k-,  slender,  siiioolli 
and  ,i,d,-il irons.  Slieallis  sliorU-r  than  tlu-  iiiU-r- 
iioiK-s,  smooth  or  sljjrluly  sealiroiis;  liyiile  '.." 
Icmii  or  less;  leaves  i-reel,  1'  fi'lonj;,  \"  ^"widi-, 
snioolli  lieiu-atli,  usually  sealirons  ahove;  paiiick' 
2'..'-,s'  in  len,i;tli.  lax.  llu-  liraiulu'S  ereel  or 
asoelidiiij;,  iiaki-d  lielow,  llu-  lowt-r  1 '  2 '_. '  loii).j; 
spikeU-ts  ;,  6-llowi-rid.  llu-  einpl\-  seales  snuiolli, 
tile  seeoiid  ^"  ^  1,"  in  len,i,4li,  vnerved,  llu-  first 
Iwo-lliirds  to  three-ipi.-irlers  as  loiijf,  i-nerved; 
lloweriiii;  se.ili-s;,"  .|"  loiij^r,  with  a  riiij,'of  slinrt 
hairs  al  llu-  base,  strongly  nervi-d.  seahions; 
awns  as  loni;  as  llu-  seales  or  longer. 

In  wonds,  New  I'.rimsw  iek  In  lirilish  C'nhiinhia. 
sinilli  In  iiiiithern  reiinsylvania.  Minnesnt.i  and 
Daknta.  .\si-ends  tn  V""'  fl.  in  the  .Vdimndaeks. 
Spikelels  reddish  pin))le.     July  .\iik- 


2.    Avena  Smithii  PortL-r.     Smith's  (Jat.     ( I-'i.^:.  ,^94. 

.\V(  iiii  Siiiillni  I'lirler:  .\.  Cray.  Man.  I-al.  ,t,  >\\,<.       isi,-. 
Afiliat  Siiiilliii  \'asiy.  Hull.  Tnrr.  C'liil),  15:  2i>).       i.s.s.s. 

Culms  2'.. '-5°  tall,  ereel.  simple,  seahnms.  Slu-alhs 
shorter  than  llie  inleniodi'S,  very  r(>iii;li;  lijjiile  2" 
loiin;  leaves  .('-S'  loiiff,  },"-(>"  wide,  scabrous;  panicle 
6'- 1 2'  in  k'lijfth,  the  braitehes  finally  spreading;  .spiki-- 
kls  3-6-flo\vere(I ;  eiiiply  scales  siiioolh.  the  second 
3"-4"  ill  leii).;lh,  ,s-iierveil.  the  first  shorter,  obscurely 
Viu-rved;  lloweritig  scales  ,s"  lonj,'.  naked  at  llie  base. 
stronj;ly  nerved,  scabrous,  hearinif  an  awn  onc-t'oiirlh 
to  one-half  their  leii.irlh. 

Niirtliern  Michigan  and  Isle  Knyal.     .Suiiinu-r. 


( lilts 


C.UASS    I'A.MII.V.  17,^ 

3.    Avena  fatua  K.     Wild  Oat.     (  Vi^.  y,^.) 

1  r.^v 


.  I  mill  /ii/iia  I..  S|),  I'l,  -Ml, 


Culms  1"  ("  ImH,  iriit,  siinplc.  ^Icpiil,  smonlli  .iiicl 
j^'hilinms.  Slu■:llll^<  Miiiiulh,  or  siMliinii?,  at  tlii'  siiuiinit, 
Miiiiitituc'^  sjiiiriiiyly  liirsiili-,  tin-  lowxr  (il'tiii  oviTla))- 
jiiiiK;  lin'ili'  1"  J" '""«;  •'■:'Vts,^'  S'loiiK,  I"  i"  vudt-; 
]):iiiiiU'  ci|nn,  ('  1 1'  in  Uiintli.  lUv  lininclios  iisitiidinjr; 
spiki'kls  J  (-(l('\uii(l.  (ltiHi|)in).;;  iiiitir  sialis  '4  '  I '  ill 
Ifiijitli,  siiiiiotli.  tiulcpNiii!,'  tlu'  (liiucriiii;  scaU-s;  (Idwir- 
iiiK  siaUs  f)"  <)"  loii^;,  with  a  riiii;  (if  stilT  l>n>\Mi 
liairs  at  the  liasi,  puhfMiiil  with  luiiy  rij,>i(|  hniwu 
hairs,  luariiij^  a  Idii.i;  ln-iit  ami  twistid  awn. 

In  Ik  Ills  anil  wasti-  plaits,  Ilakota  ami  Miniusnta; 
hnmlaiil  nn  till'  I'arilk-  (.'nasi.  .Nalnrali/^i  il  I'nmi  iMirupi' 
r  .\sia.     Jnl.v  Sipl. 


45.    ARRHENATHERUM    Ikaiiv.  A,t;n)st.  ,s,=;.     />/. 


//. 


Tall  ])i  iiimial  ,i;rassis,  with  Mat  kavi-s  ami  I'untiailiil  or  uptii  |)anirli's.  Spikik-ts  2-llo\v- 
trtil;  lowi-r  llowir  staininati-.  ii))pi.r  )Rrl"iit;  raihilla  vxlonikil  liiyoml  tin.-  llowtrs.  Sialics  ), 
tlir  2  lowi-r  iin|it\  ,  tliin-iminhranons.  kitkil,  wry  aiiitf  or  au  ii-])oiiitiil.  um'i|iial.  pirsislitit, 
llowi'rin,!,'  si-aks  ri,L;iil.  ,s-7-mrvi-ii,  ik-i'iilni>ns,  llii-  first  litarin,!;  a  lon,u  hint  ami  tuislt-il  ilorsal 
awn,  insirti'il  lulow  thi' miililk>,  tin- siiomi  iniawncil:  pakt  hyalim',  j-kii-kd,  Staimns  ',. 
Slyk's  short,  ilistimt.  Sti,;;iMas  plnniosi-.  ('.rain  ovoiil.  Ifii-.  [Cn-i-k,  ri'l'frrin,!,'  to  thf  awn 
of  the  staininati.'  stak,  ) 

Six  spii'iis,  natives  III'  tin   olil  Wnrlil. 

I.    Arrhenatherum    elatius  1  I,,  i    IScatu . 

( ).''l-Hniss,      I  Im,o-.  ,V)'i.  > 

Azviin  i/ii/ii'i   I,.  ,Sp.  I'l.  711.       \-s.\. 

All  li,  luillii  I  iim   ,i:;iiti,,iiiii    lii-^inv.   .X.urnst.    i.i.'.     .\anu- 

■mly.       iSi2. 
Ai  ili,-inilh,i  Hill  ,l,iliiis   I'.iain-,;   M.  \    K.  Iiiiitsih.  I'l.  i: 

,S|'..       1S2,. 

C.lalvrons,  iiihns  j  ('  tall,  irei-t,  simple.  Lower 
sh -aths  lon,L;er  than  the  inlernoiles,  !i,i;nle  \"  lon,tj; 
leaves2'..'  i.-'liin.y,  I  "  -  ("  \\  iile,  si  ahrons;  paniile.)'- 
12' in  leii,utli,  i-oiitraeteil.  the  hram-lns  erii't,  the  lower 
I '  -'' lon,i,f;  einjpty  seales  rnuly  naij^heiieil,  the  seeonil 
.(''  Ion,!.;, the  first  shorter;  liowerin;,'  seales  ahont  4"  loii.t;. 

In  Ik  Ids  and  waste  plaees,  Maine  anil  ( Intariu  to  Ceor- 
Kia  and  Tennessee.  .Vlso  iin  the  I'aeilie  Coast.  Natnrali/.ed 
Iriiin  Ivnrope,     June  .\nu. 


f 


46.    DANTHONIA   DC.  Fl.  France,  3: 


I  Si  >,S  . 


Mostly  perennial  .s,Masses,  with  Hal  or  eonvolnte  lea\es  ami  ooiitraeled  or  opiii  panicles. 

Spikelets  ,;  many-llowered,  the  llowers  all  |)erfeet,  or  the  n|)])er  staininale;  raeliilla  pid)es- 

cent,  extemlin,u  heyoml  the  llowers.     Scales  ,i  nian\ ,  the  2  lower  em])t\-,  keeled,  acute,  ,sul)- 

e(|ual,  ])ersistent,  jreiierally  extemlinj;  lieyoml  the  ujipennost  llowerin,ir  one;  llowerinjr  scales 

rounded  011  the  hack,  2-toolhed,  deciduous,  the  awii  arisinj;  t'roiu  hetween  the  acute  or  awned 

teeth,   Hat  and  twisted  at  hase,  hent;  ])alet   hyaline,  2-keeled   near  the  niari^nns,  ohlu.se  or 

2-toolheii.     Stamens  .^v     Styles  distinct.     Sti,!,nnas  ])hniiose.    ('.rain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale. 

[Name  in  honor  of  IClienne  Danthoinc,  a  .Marseilles  botanist  of  the  last  centtny. ] 

.\  Renns  of  ahonl   too  si>ecies.  wiiklv  ilistrihuteil  in  warm  and   temperate  reuimis   i-liiiflv  in 
South  .M'riea. 

I'jnpty  scales  '  ■'  Iuuh:  or  less;  sheaths  Hiahrous  or  smnetimes  spariuKlv  piihiscenl  at  the  hase. 
IVetli  of  the  fliiwerinj;:  sc.ile  ahonl  '   "  lonif,  acute;  cidm  leaves  short;  pimiele  eontraeteil. 

•I'         1        r     1        n  •  I.     /'.    \/)/<(//if. 

leetli  111  the  ni)werin.Lr  scale  1  '    1  '  ■"  lonsf,  awiieil;  culm  leaves  elongated;  panicle  usually  open. 
,..,,,.  2.   /A  CDiiihicssa. 

I'.nipty  scales  nuire  than  ■.    Ioiir;  sheaths  usually  villous.  ,3.   D.  siiicca. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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174 


GRAMIXKAE. 


I. 


Danthonia  spicata  (L.)  Beauv.     Common  Wild  Oat-grass.     (Fig.  397.) 


.I:nia  spiiala  I,.  Sp.  PI.  80.      175,^. 

Ihxiilhonia  sfiicala  lifiuiv.;  R,  S:'s.  Syst.  2:  (*ya.      1S17. 

Culms  \°-2]i°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, nearly  terete.  vSheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes,  glabrous  or  often  sparingly  pubescent  be- 
low; ligule  very  short;  leaves  rough,  \"  wide  or 
less,  usually  involute,  the  lower  4'-6'  long,  the 
upper  \'-2'  long;  inflorescence  racemose  or  pan 
iculate,  i'-2'  in  length,  the  pedicels  and  branches 
erect  or  ascending;  .spikelets  g-S-flowered;  empty 
scales  4"-5"  long,  glabrous;  flowering  scales 
broadly  oblong,  sparingly  pubescent  with  appressed 
silky  hairs,  the  teeth  about  "i"  long,  acute  or  short- 
pointed,  the  bent  and  widely  spreading  awn  closely 
twisted  at  the  base,  loo.sely  .so  above. 

In  dry  soil,  Newfoundland  to  Quebec  and  Dakota, 
south  to  North  Carolina  and  Louisiana.  Ascends  to 
31XX)  ft.  in  Virginia.     July-.Sept. 

2.    Danthonia  compressa  Aii.stin.     Flattened  Wild  Oat-gra.ss.     (Fig.  398.) 

Danlhonia   compressa   .Austin;   Peck,    Kept.    Rep,   N.   Y. 
State  I'niv.  22:  ,'54.      1S69. 

Danthonia  Allfiii  .Vustin,  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  3:  2r.      1872. 

Culms  I'j'-'-^"  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  flattened, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  .shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  ligule  pilose;  leaves  \"  wide  or  less,  rough,  lax, 
the  basal  from  one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the 
culm;  lower  culm  leaves  6'-8'  long,  the  upper  3'~6'; 
panicle  open,  2]i'~^'  in  length,  the  lower  branches 
generally  .spreading;  spikelets  5-10-flowered;  empt}' 
scales  5''' -6"  long,  glabrous;  flowering  scales  oblong, 
with  a  ring  of  short  hairs  at  base,  pubescent  with  ap- 
pressed silky  hairs,  the  awn  erect  or  somewhat  bent, 
.strongly  twisted  below,  slightly  .so  above,  the  teeth 
\"-i\i"  long,  acuminate,  awned. 

In  woods,  Maine  and  Vermont  to  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee.  Ascends  to  6000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  Jnlv- 
Sept. 

3.    Danthonia  sericea  Nntt.     Silky  Wild  Oat-gra.ss.     (  Fig.  399. ) 

Ihiiillionia  srn'rra  Nutt.  (icn.  i:  71.      1S18. 

Culms  I  '2°-;^°  tall,  simple,  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  usually  villous;  ligule  pilose; 
leaves  rough  and  more  or  less  villous,  i"-l  Ij"  wide, 
the  basal  one-quarter  to  one-half  the  length  of  the 
culm,  usually  flexuous,  those  of  the  culm  i'-4'  long, 
erect;  panicle  2,'^'-.}'.'  in  length,  contracted,  the 
branches  erect  or  ascending;  spikelets  4-10-rtowered; 
empty  scales  7"-8"  long,  glalirous;  flowering  scales 
oblong,  strongly  pubescent  with  long  silky  hairs,  the 
awn  erect  or  somewhat  bent,  closely  twisted  below, 
loosely  so  above,  the  teeth  l"-l,'2"  long,  acuminate, 
awned, 

In  dry  sandy  soil,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey,  south 
to  IHorida.     JIay-July. 


ii 


CRASS   FAMILY. 


1/3 


47.  CAPRIOLA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  31.  1763. 
[CvNODON  Rich.;  I'cis.  vSyn.  1:85.  if^"5-] 
rcreniiial  .tcrasses  with  sliorl  fl.it  k-aves  and  sjjicate  iiiflurosfeiice,  tlie  sjiikcs  diirilate. 
J^])ikflels  l-ilowfU'd,  SL'Ciind.  Scales;,;  the  2  lower  (.Mnpty,  kcflcd;  flowering  scale  broader, 
liieiiiliranous,  compressed;  ])alet  a  little  shorter  than  the  scale,  hyaline,  2-keeled.  Stamens 
2,.  Styles  distinct.  Sti;rnias  short,  ])lumose.  C.rain  free.  [Name  mediaeval  I.atin  fur  the 
wild  K"'it,  that  feeds  on  this  j^aass  in  waste  rocky  ])laces.] 

]''()ur  known  si)eeies,  of  which  three  are  Australian,  the  following  widely  distrihuted. 

I.    Capriola  Dactylon  ( L. )  Kuiitze. 

Bernnicla-grass.       Scutch -grass. 

Dog's-tooth  Grass.     (  Fig.  400. ) 

J'<7)iirinii  lhi(l\'loii  I..  Sp.  PI.  58,  17,^,^, 
C'fiKu/iui  IhKlyloii  I'ers.  Syn.  i:S,t.  1X05. 
Ctif>>  iiihi  Pdclvloii  Kuntze.  Rev.  den.  I'l.  764.  1S91. 
Cidms  4'-i2'  tall,  erect,  from  long  creepiti}^  and 
hranchinfj  .stolons,  smooth  and  jj;labrous.  Sheaths 
glabrous  or  somewh;\t  hairy,  crowded  at  the  bases 
of  the  culms  and  along  the  .sUdons;  ligule  pilose; 
leaves  \'-2'  long,  i "-2"  wide,  flat,  rigid,  smooth 
beneath,  scabrous  above;  spikes  4-5,  ^'i'-2'  in 
length,  digitate;  rachis  flat;  spikelets  l"  long;  outer 
scales  his])id  on  the  keel,  narrow,  the  first  shorter 
than  the  second,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
broad  and  strongly  compressed  third  one. 

In  fields  and  waste  i)laces,  southern  New  York  to 
I'emisylvania  and  Teiniessee.  south  to  I'lorida  and 
Te.xas,  .\l)undanl  in  the  Southern  .States.  CiUtivaled 
for  pasture.     Naturalizi-d  from  ICurope.    July  Sept. 

48.    SPARTINA  vSchreh.  Gen.  43.      17S9. 

I'erennial  glabrous  grasses,  with  long  horizontal  rootstocks,  flat  or  inv(dute  leaves,  and  an 
inflorescence  of  one-sided  sj)reading  or  erect  alternate  spikes.  Si)ikelets  i-flowered,  narrow, 
deciduous,  borne  in  two  rows  on  the  rachis,  articulated  with  the  very  short  i)edicels  below 
the  scales.  Scales  ,^;  the  2  outer  empty,  keeled,  very  une(|ual;  the  third  subtending  a  perfect 
flower,  keeled,  e(iualling  or  shorter  tlian  the  .second;  palet  often  longer  than  its  scale,  2- 
ner%'ed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  filiform,  elongated.  Stigmas  filiform,  ])a])illose  or  shortly 
jdumose.     Orain  free,     [dreek,  referring  to  the  covd-like  leaves  of  some  species.] 

.Vhout  7  species,  widely  distrihuted  in  saline  soil,  a  few  in  fresh-water  marshes. 


I'irst  scale  awn  pointed,  eciualliiiK  the  third;  second  long-awned 
I'ir.st  scale  acute,  shorter  than  the  third,  usually  one  half  as  Iouk. 
Kirst  scale  stronjflv  seahrous-liispid  on  the  keel. 
Leaves  U'  wide  or  more,  flat. 
Leaves  ','  wide  or  less. 

.Spikes  ascendiTijf  or  erect;  leaves  narrow,  involute;  coast  plant. 
Spikes  appressed;  leaves  usually  flat  at  the  base;  western  species 
I'irst  scale  smooth  on  the  keel  or  occasionally  sli({lilly  scabrous. 

I.    Spartina   cynosuroides  ( L. )  Willd. 
Tall  Marsh-gra.ss.      (  Fig.  401.  ) 

J)ail_ylis  I  viiosiimidis  \,.  Sp.  I'l.  71.      175,^ 
Sparlhni  iviiosiiniidcs  Willd.  Ivuum.  So.      iSw), 

Culms  2°-6°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth.  Sheaths 
long,  overlai)])ing,  those  at  the  base  of  the  culm 
crowded;  ligule  a  ring  of  hairs;  leaves  1°  long  or  more, 
3"-7"  wide,  scabrous  on  the  margins,  bec<nning  in- 
volute ill  drying,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender  tiji; 
spikes  5-30,  2'-$'  long,  often  on  jiednncles  '.'-l'  in 
length,  ascending  or  erect;  rachis  rough  on  the  mar- 
gins; .spikelets  much  imbricated,  (■)"-■;"  hnig;  outer 
scales  awn-pointed  or  awned,  strongly  hispid-scabrous 
on  the  keel;  third  scale  as  long  as  the  first,  the  sca- 
brous midrib  terminating  just  below  the  emarginate  or 
2-tootlied  apex;  palet  sometimes  exceeding  the  scale. 

In  swamps  and  streams  of  fresh  or  brackish  water,  Nova 
Scotia  to  .Assinihciia.  New  Jersey  and  Te.xas.  Sometimes 
glaucous.    Called  also  l'"resh  water  Cord  grass.    .Vug. Oct. 

12 


I.  .S'.  iviiosiiioiilrs. 


2.  .V.  polvslticliva. 

S.  ftalins. 

S.  i^idiilis. 

S  si  I  ilia. 


I 
I 


I  7^5 


CRAMINI'Ai;. 


2.    Spartina  polystachya  (  Michx.)  Ivll.     Salt  Rccd-^^rass.     (Fij;.  402.) 


'riiidiriinlia    f^olyshulira    Miclix. 


in.    lior.    Am.    i;  64.. 


Spmihui  fiitlysliiiiivii  V,\\.  lint.  S.  C.  &  (ia.  i:  95.       1S17. 

Ciiliiis  .)°-9°  tall,  uruct,  slout,  siinjilc,  sinootli. 
>Sln.-alhs  ()vi'fla])})iiij,',  lliosi'  at  the  ha.so  of  the  culm 
cruwdc'il;  linuk- a  rinj.r  of  hairs;  k-avfs  1°  lonj.;' or  inort', 
'j'-i'  wide,  ilat,  .scabrous  at  least  on  the  margins,  at- 
tenuate into  a  lou},'  slender  tij);  .sj)ikes  20-50,  .-'scend- 
in,t;,  often  long-peduncled,  2'-4'  in  lenj,'tli,  the  racliis 
rouj^h  on  the  niar>fins;  ,s])ikelets  nnicli  imbricated,  4"- 
5"  lou).j,  the  outer  scales  acute,  stroufjly  scabrous-his- 
pid on  the  keel,  the  first  half  the  lenjith  of  the  sec- 
ond; third  scale  scabrous  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
keel,  obtuse,  lonjfer  than  the  first  and  exceeded  by 
the  palet. 

In  salt  and  brackish  marshes,  Maine  to  New  Jer.sey  and 
Florida.     Called  also  Creek-thatch.     Autf.-Oet. 


3.    Spartina  patens  (Ait.)  Muhl. 

1789. 


vSalt-ineadow  Grass.     (Fig.  403.) 


Dac/ylis  />ii/t-iis  Ait.  Hort.  Kcw.  i:  104. 
S/>ar/ii/i>  pali'}is  Muhl.  Cirani.  55.      1817. 
Sparliiia  jiiiiii-a  Ivll.  Hot.  S.  C.  ^t  Ca.  1:  94.      1817. 

Culms  1°-^°  tall,  erect,  or  decmnbent  at  base, 
smooth.  Lower  sheaths  overlapping  and  crowded; 
ligule  a  rin,if  of  short  hairs;  leaves  }i°-\°  long,  i"-2" 
broad,  involute,  attenuate  into  a  long  tip,  smooth 
and  glabrous  beneath;  .spikes  2~io,  i'-2'  long,  usuallv 
ascending,  more  or  less  peduncled,  the  racliis  slightly 
scabrous;  spikelets  },"-Y'  long;  outer  scales  acute, 
scabrous-his])id  on  the  keel,  the  first  usually  rather 
less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  second;  third  scale 
somewhat  scabrous  on  the  upper  part  of  the  keel, 
eniarginate  or  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the 
first  and  exceeded  by  the  palet. 

On  salt  meadows,  Newfoundland  and  Nova  Scotia  to 
I'lorida.  west  to  Texas.  This  and  finu  iis  (t'liardi.  the 
"  lilack  Cirass."  furnish  .most  of  the  salt  meadow  hay  of 
the  .\llantie  coast.     Ausr.-Oct. 


Spartina  gracilis  Triii.     Inland  Cord-grass.     (Fig.  404. ) 


Sf'arlhia  ,s^i<uilis  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  reter.sb.  (VI. I  6: 
no.      1840. 


Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  .smooth.  Sheatlus 
()verla])ping,  those  at  the  base  of  the  culm  short  and 
crowded;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  1°  long  or 
less,  I  "-3"  wide,  (kit  or  involute,  attenuate  into  a 
long  tij);  spikes  4-S,  i'-2'  long,  appressed,  more  or 
less  peduncled;  spikelets  3"-4"  long;  outer  .scales 
acute,  scabrous-his])id  on  the  keel,  the  first  half  the 
length  of  the  second;  third  scale  obtn.se,  slightly 
shorter  than  the  second  and  about  equalling  the  obtuse 
lialel. 

In  .saline  soil,  .Assiniboia  and  liritish  Columbia  to 
Nebraska  and  Nevada.     Aug.- Sept. 


C-.RASS   I'AMILV. 


177 


5.    Spartina  stricta  (  Ait. )  Roth.     vSinooth  Marsh-j^rass.     (Fig.  405.  ) 

PiUlvlis  sh  icia  Ait.  Hcirt.  Kcw.  i.  ui\.      1789. 
Spill  liini  slriila  Kulli,  Ciil.  lint.  3:  .j.       iSiiTi. 

Culms  l°-3°  tall,  iTcft,  siinple,  smooth. 
Slitatlis  <)virla])i)iiijr,  lliosi-  at  thu  l).\se  shorter 
and  looser,  imu'h  crowilcd;  lij^fiilc  a  rinj^jof  short 
hairs;  kiivi's  },'-\2'  lonj;.  2"-^"  wide  at  the 
baso,  involute,  at  least  when  dry;  spikes  3-5, 
erect  or  nearly  so,  r-2'lonf;;  spikelets  6"~S" 
lonjj,  loosely  imhriealed;  empty  scales  acute  or 
acutish,  I -nerved,  the  first  shorter  than  the 
second,  which  exceeds  or  equals  the  third;  palet 
louf^er  than  the  third  scale. 

Spartina  stricta  maritima  (  Wall  )  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr. 
Club,  5:  45.      iS(i(. 

/)(/(7i7/.v  I'lari/hiid  Walt,  I"I.  Car.  77.       17S8. 
Sptiilhia  ^Idhiii  Mulil.  Ciram.  ,s.|.      1817. 

Cldmstaller,S()metiines<)°  \\\^\\.  and  leaves  liaiKer; 
spikes  iniirc  munerous,  usually  appressed. 

Spartina  stricta  alterniflora  (I.ois.)  .\.  Cray,  Man. 

VA.  2.  ,i,s2.      1S56. 
Spill  Una  allrriii/ldia  I.ois.  I'l.  Call.  2:  719.      1807. 

Culms  4°-6°  tall;  sjjikes  slender,  appressed,  3' -5'  Iiin(f.  the  spikelets  barely  nverlappintr. 

Very  variable.  CuniiUdU,  in  some  one  of  its  forms,  alontf  the  '.-oast  from  JIaine  to  I'Morida  and 
Texas.  Also  nn  the  coast  of  Iviuope.  Our  ])lant  does  iU)t  appear  to  be  satisfactorily  identified  with 
llie  ICuropean.     .\nff.()et. 


.16: 


iths 
and 

K<>r 
to  a 
or 
ales 
the 
htly 
tuse 


a    \.<y 


49.  CAMPULOSUS  De.sv.  Btill.  vSoc.  Pliilom.  2:  189.  iSio. 
[CTKMLM  Tanzer,  Deutsch.  Akad.  Muench.  1813:  2SS.  //.  /j.  1S14.] 
Tall  punfjfent-ta.sted  gra.sses,  with  flat  or  convolute  narrow  leaves  and  a  curved  spicate  in- 
florescence. Sjiikelets  borne  ])ectinately  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  flat  curbed  rachis, 
l-flowered.  Lower  4  scales  empty,  the  first  very  s!u)rt,  hyaline;  the  .second,  third,  fourth 
and  fifth  awned  on  the  back,  the  latter  subtendinj^  a  i)erfect  llower  and  palet,  the  uppermost 
scales  eni])ty.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  .Stigmas  j)luniose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  loosely 
enclosed  in  the  scale.      [('Ffeek,  in  allusion  to  the  curved  spike.] 

.Seven  known  species,  four  of  tlieni  .\nurican,  the  ollieis  in  the  eastern  hemisphere. 

1.    Campulosus  aromaticus  (Walt.)  Scribn.     Toothache  Grass.     (Fig.  406. ) 


Ai\i;ili>ps  ai(iiinili<ii  Wall.  I'l.  Car.  249.      178S. 

I'lniiinii  AnitiiiiiiiKiii  .SpreuK.  .Syst.  i:  274.      1825. 

Onii/>ii/(isiis  II 10  III  a  til- lis  Scribn.  Mem.   Torr.    Club, 
5:  .\s.     1894- 

Culms  3°-4°  tall,  erect,  sinijde,  smooth  or  some- 
what scabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  rough;  ligule  i''  long,  truncate;  leaves 
1'  6'  long,  \"-2"  wide,  flat  or  involute,  .smooth; 
spike  terminal,  .s<ditary,  curved,  2'-4'  long,  the 
rachis  extended  into  a  point;  spikelets  about  3" 
long;  second  scale  thick  ami  rigid,  awn-pointed, 
bearing  just  al)ove  the  middle  a  stout  horizontal 
or  recurv'ed  awn;  third,  fourth  and  fifth  scales 
membranous,  scabrous,  awned  from  below  the 
2-toothed  aj)e.\,  the  fifth  subtending  a  perfect 
llower,  the  others  empty. 


In  wet  soil,  especially  in  pine  barrens,  Virginia  to 
florida.     July  , Sept. 


V;;i. 


')  ■ 

'; 


178 


GRAMINEAE. 


50.   CHLORIS  .S\v.  Prodr.  25.       17.S8. 

Mostly  j)ercnnial  grasses  with  (lat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence,  the  spikes  solitary, 
few,  or  numerous  and  vcrticillate  or  approximate.  vS])ikelets  i -flowered,  arranged  in  two 
rows  on  one  side  of  the  racliis.  Scales  4;  the  2  lower  empty,  unctjual,  keeled,  acute;  third 
and  fourth  usually  awned,  the  former  subtending  a  perfect  flower;  palet  folded  and  2-keeled. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  ])luniose.  ('.rain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek, 
greenish-yellow,  referring  to  the  color  of  the  herbage.] 

About  forty  siKcies.  mostly  natives  of  warm  atiil  tropical  rtKions.  Iksiiks  tlu'  followinsf  some 
ID  others  occur  in  thf  southern  ruited  Slates. 

I.    Chloris  verticillata  Xutt.       Prairie 
Chloris.     (  Fig.  407.) 

I'lilon's  -crliciUala  Xutt.  Trans.  .Vm.   I'lii!.  ,Soc.  (11.) 
5:  150.      kS,W-37. 

Culms  6'-i8'  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  and  root- 
ing at  the  lower  nodes,  smooth,  glabrous.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodcs,  smooth,  or  roughish  at 
the  summit;  lignle  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  i  '-3' 
long,  i"-2"  wide,  obtuse,  often  apiculate,  scabrous; 
spikes  slender,  usually  spreading,  2'-\yi'  long,  in 
one  or  two  whorls,  or  the  upper  ones  approximate; 
spikelets,  exclusive  of  the  awns,  about  xYz"  long, 
the  first  scale  about  one-half  the  length  of  th  ,-  sec- 
ond; the  third  \"  long,  obtuse,  ciliate  on  the 
nerves,  especially  on  the  lateral  ones,  bearing  just 
below  the  apex  a  scabrous  awn  about  lyi"  long; 
fourth  scale  as  long  as  or  shorter  than  the  third, 
awned  near  the  usually  truncate  apex. 

On  prairies.  Kansas  to  Texas,     Maj'-July. 

51.    GYMNOPOGON   Beaiiv.  Agrost.  41.    pi.  9.    f.  3.      1S12. 

Perennial  grasses  with  flat  and  usually  short  rigid  leaves,  and  numerous  slender  alter- 
uate  spikes.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  almost  sessile,  the  rachilla  extended  and  bearing  a  small 
scale  which  is  usually  awned.  Scales  3  or  4;  the  2  lower  empty,  unequal,  narrow,  acute; 
third  broader,  fertile,  3-nervcd,  slightly  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  an  erect  awn;  the 
fourth  ampty,  small,  awned;  palet  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Stylesdistinct.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  linear,  free,  enclosed  in  the  rigid  scale.  [Greek,  naked-beard,  referring  to  the  pro- 
longation of  the  rachilla.] 

Six  known  species,  all  but  one  of  them  natives  of  .\merica. 
Spikes  bearing  spikelets  their  whole  length;  awn  longer  than  flowering  scale.       i.   (!.  a»ibiifuiis. 
Spikes  bearing  spikelets  above  the  middle;  ,iwn  shorter  than  flowering  scale.       2.   <!.  hnvi/oliiis. 


Gymnopogon  ambiguus  (  Michx. )  B.vS.P. 

(Fig.  408.) 


Broad-leaved  G^'innopogon. 


Am. 


58. 


Andidposfoit   avihiiiuiis  lliclix.    I'l.   Dor. 

1S03. 

(iyniiiopofioii  racniiosus  IJeauv.  Agrost.  164.      1S12. 
d'yniiiopogon  aiiibii;ii!<s  U.S.P.   Prel.   Cat.   N.   Y.   69. 

1888. 

Culms  i2'-i8'  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the 
base,  simple  or  sometimes  sparingly  branched, 
smooth  aiul  glabrous.  Sheaths  short,  glabrous, 
excepting  a  \illous  ring  at  the  summit,  crowded  at 
the  base  of  the  culm;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  i'- 
4'  long,  2"-6"  wide,  lanceolate,  acute,  cordate  at 
the  base,  spreading,  smooth  or  a  little  scabrous 
above;  spikes  slender,  spikelet-bearing  throughout 
their  entire  length,  at  first  erect,  the  lower  4'-8' 
long,  at  length  widely  spreading;  spikelets,  exclu- 
sive of  awns,  2"-2y2"  long;  first  scale  shorter  than 
the  second;  third  scale  exceeded  by  the  second,  the 
callu:,  at  the  base  hairy,  the  awn  2"-^"  long. 
■"  In  drj-  sandy  soil,  sotithern  New  Jersey  to  Missouri, 
south  to  I'lorida  ami  Texas.     Aug.-t)ct. 


C.RASS    I'AMIIA' 

2.    GymnopogOij  brevifolius  Triii. 
Short-leaved  (rNinnopogoii. 

C7t'iiiiii>/>oi;oii  /)ii:'i/'o/iii\-  'ivin.  rnifl.  2.?H.      1S2}. 

Culms  i°-2°  loiij;,  from  a  decumbent  base,  simple, 
slender,  smooth  and  j,'labrous.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  iiiternodes,  sometimes  crowded  near  the 
middle  of  the  culm;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  \'-2' 
long,  I  ""4"  wide,  usually  sj)readin>;,  lanceolate, 
acute,  cordate  at  the  base;  spikes  very  slender, 
spikelet-bearing  above  the  middle,  the  lower  4'- 
6'  long,  at  first  erect,  finally  widely  spreading; 
spikelets,  exclusive  of  the  awns,  1^3"  long;  first 
scale  shorter  than  the  second;  third  scale  cciualling 
or  exceeded  by  the  second,  short-awned,  sparingly 
villous  or  glabrous,  the  callus  hairy. 

In  dry  soil,  Xcw  Jersey  to  l^'lotida,  west  to  Missis- 
sippi.    .\u(f -'^ct. 

52.    SCHEDONNARDUS  Stetid.  vSyii.  PI.  Grain.  146.       1S55. 

An  annual  grass  with  branching  culms,  narrow  leaves  and  slender  S])ikes  arranged  along 
a  common  axis.  Spikelels  i-flowered,  sessile  and  alternate  on  the  racliis.  vScales  3;  the  2 
lower  empty,  narrow,  membrai'.ous,  acuminate;  the  flowering  scale  longer,  of  similar  texture; 
palct  narrow,  shorter.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  linear,  free, 
enclosed  in  the  rigid  scale.  [Hreck,  in  allusion  to  the  resemblance  of  this  grass  to  the 
genus  ^Vanfiis.l 

A  uionnlypic  rcmus  of  cintnil  North  .\nicrica. 

I.    Schedonnardus    paniculatus  (Xiitt.) 
Trelease.     Schedomiardii.s.     (Fig.  410.  ) 

/.r/>/iirns/>tJiii(ii/i)/iisSiM.  (".en.  1:81.       1S18. 

.S<  ///'lioiiiKirthis   J'lidiiii.s  Slc'ud.   Svn.   I'l.  f.rinn.   i  (6. 

Siliiiltiiiiiarilii.s  f>aiii,iiliiliis  Trck-asc,  liranncr  &  Co- 
villu.  Rip.  Ccol.  Surv.  Ark.  1888:  Part  .\.  236.      1.S91. 

Culms  8'-iS'  tall,  erect,  slender,  rigid,  branch- 
ing at  the  base,  scabrous.  Sheaths  crowded  at  the 
base  of  the  culm,  compressed,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous; ligule  I "  long,  truncate;  leaves  i'-2'  long, 
i"  wide  or  less,  fiat,  usually  erect;  spikes  numer- 
ous, rigid,  widely  spreading,  alternate,  the  lower 
2'-4'  long,  the  axis  and  branches  triangular;  spike- 
lets  i'4"~i/2"  long,  sessile  and  appresscd,  alter- 
nate; scales  hispid  on  the  keel,  the  second  longer 
than  the  first  and  exceeded  by  the  acute  third  one. 

Alanitoba  and  Assiuiboia,  south  to  lUinois,  Te.vas 
and  New  Mexico.     July  .Sept. 

53.    BOUTELOUA  Lag.  Var.  Cieiic.  y  Litter.  2:  Part  4,  134.      1805. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  numerous  spikelets  in  one- 
sided spikes.  >Spikclets  i-2-flowercd,  arranged  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flat  rachis,  the 
rachilla  extended  beyond  the  base  of  the  flowers,  bearing  1-3  awns  and  1-3  rudimentary  scales. 
Two  lower  scales  empty,  acute,  keeled;  flowering  scale  broader,  3-tootlied,  the  teeth  awn- 
pointed  or  awncd;  palet  hyaline,  entire  or  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas 
plumose.     Cirain  ol)long,  free.     [In  honor  of  Claudius  Houtelou,  a  Spanish  botanist.] 

.Mioiit  30  species,  ])artieularly  numerous  in  Mexico  and  in  the  southwestern  I'nited  States. 
Spikes  1-4,  erect  or  sijreadinjt;  spikilets  numerous,  peetinately  arranged. 

Kaehiiia  bearing  the  rudimentary  scales  and  awns  glabrous;  second  scale  strongly  pai)illose- 

hispid  on  the  keel.  I.   /■'.  Iiirsiila. 

Kachilla  bearing  the  rudimentary  scales  and  awns  with  a  tul't  of  long  hairs  at  the  apex;  second 
scale  seabro\is  and  sparingly  loug-ciliate  on  the  keel.  2.  11.  oliKusfucliya. 

Spikes  numerous,  spreading  or  reflexed:  ^pikelets  few  or  several,  diverging  from  the  raehis. 

3.  //.  cintifieiiiiiila. 


\ 


i8o 


gramixi;ak. 


I.    Bouteloua  hirsuta  I^a^.     Hairy  Mesquite-grass.     (Fig.  411.) 

Hoiili-loim  hiisnla  I.atr.  Var.  Cit'iK'.  y  I.ilttr.  2:  I'lirt  4, 
1-1 1-      1^115. 

Culms  6'-2o'  tall,  erect,  simple  or  sometimes 
s])ariiij;ly  branched  at  tlie  liase,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. vShcatlis  mostly  at  the  l)asc  of  the  culm, 
the  lower  short  and  crowded,  the  ui)))cr  longer;  lig- 
ulc  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  1 '-5' long,  l"wide 
or  less,  erect  or  ascending,  Hat,  scabrous,  spar- 
ingly pa])illose-liirsute  near  the  base,  especially  on 
the  margins;  spikes  1-4,  '.-'-a'  long,  usually  erect 
or  ascending,  the  racliis  extending  beyond  the 
s])ikelets  into  a  conspicuous  point;  spikclets  nu- 
merous, 2>i"-3"  long,  pcctinatcly  arranged;  first 
scale  hyaline,  shorter  than  the  membranous  second 
one,  which  is  strongly  papillosediirsute  on  the 
keel;  thir<l  scale  jnibcscent,  3-cIefl  tothe  middle,  the 
nerves  terminating  in  awns;  rachilla  without  a  tuft 
of  hairs  under  the  rudimentary  scales  and  awns. 
In  dry  soil,  especially  on  prairies,  Illinois  to  Dakota,  Texas  and  .\rizoiia.     July  Sept. 

2.    Bouteloua  oligostachya  (  Xutt. )  Torr.      Grania-gras.s. 

(Fig.  412.  ) 

.t///rr(>/>ii<;(>i/  oliiriishiiiiyiis:  Xutt.  (k'U.  i:  7S.       iSl8. 
lii'Klrliina  o!i<^os/achva  Torr.;  .\.  lirav,  Man.  Kd.  2,   5s v 
KS56. 

Culms  6'-i8'  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gl;; 
brous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  a 
ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  i'-4'  long,  i"  wide  or  less, 
involute,  at  least  at  the  long  slender  tip,  smooth  or 
scabrous;  spikes  i-,^,  i'-2'  long,  often  strongly  curved, 
the  rachis  terniitiating  in  a  short  inconspicuous  point; 
spikelets  numerous,  pcctinatcly  arranged,  about  3" 
long;  first  scale  hyaline,  shorter  than  the  membranous 
second  one,  which  is  scabrous  and  sometimes  long- 
ciliate  on  the  keel,  and  sometimes  bears  a  few  papillae; 
third  scale  pubescent,  .vclcft,  the  nerves  terminating  in 
awns;  rachilla  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  under  the  rudi- 
mentary scales  and  awns. 

On  prairies,  Manitoba  to  .\lberta,  south  to  Wisconsin, 
Te.\as  and  Mexico.     July-Sept. 


Mes(iiiite-grass. 


3.  Bouteloua  curtipendula  (Miclix. )  Torr. 


Racemed  Bouteloua.    (Fig.  413.) 


C  lilorisciirlifynidii'a  Miclix.  Kl.  Uor.  Am.  1:  59.      1S03. 
JSoiilcloiia  nnemosa  I/,ig.  Var.  Cienc.  y  I.itter.  2:  Part 

4,  141.       1805. 
llitK/rloKa  ciniifirndiila'J^orr.  Kniory's  Rep.  153.     184S. 
Jloiilrloiia  CHI  liftcinliila  \m.  aris/osa  A   Gray,   Man. 

m.  2, 553.    1856. 


Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  2'-i2'  long,  2"  wide 
or  less,  flat  or  involute,  rough,  especially  above; 
spikes  numerous.  -,"-8"  long,  widely  spreading  or 
relieved;  spikelets  4-12,  divergent  from  the  rachis, 
3!i"~5"  lo"K.  scales  scabrous,  especially  on  the 
keel,  the  first  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
second;  the  third  3-tootlied,  the  nerves  extended 
into  short  awns;  rachilla  bearing  at  the  summit  a 
snudl  awned  scale,  or  sometimes  a  larger  3-nerved 
scale,  the  nerves  extended  into  awns;  anthers 
Vermillion  or  cinnabar-red. 
In  dr>-  soil,  Ontario  to  Manitoba,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  Texas  and  Mexico.    July-Sept. 


GRASS   I'AMILV. 


I8l 


54.  BECKMANNIA  Host,  Gram.  Austr.  3:  5.  pi.  6.  i,s,,5. 
A  tall  erect  ^rass  with  Hat  leaves  and  erect  spikes  borne  in  a  terminal  ])aniclc.  Spike- 
lets  i-2-flo\vere(l,  j,'l(.h()Sc,  compressed.  Scales  3  or  4;  the  2  lower  empty,  mem))ranous,  sac- 
rate,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute;  the  lloweriuK  scales  narrow,  thin  membranous;  palet  hyaline, 
2-keclod.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  iti 
the  scale  and  palet.  [In  honor  of  Johann  Heckmann,  1739-181 1,  teacher  of  Natural  History 
at  St.  Petersburg.] 

.\  iiKiuotypic  K-iiuis  (if  thf  iiDrlli  ttiiiiK  rate  /oiu-. 

I.  Beckmannia  erucaeformis  ( L.  )  Host. 
Heckmamiia.      (  I''ig.  414,  ) 

J'linlm  is  riiiiiir/oi  mis  ^,.  .S]).  I'l.  55.       175:5. 

Jlcclciiiaiinia  ci  ii,;u-J'ti)  nii^    llcjst,    Cram,    .\iistr.   3:   s. 
I  Si  1-5. 

Hfckiiiannia    cnicarfoniiis    var.     inii/lma     Scribii.; 
Wats.  iS:  Cimlt.  in  .\.  C.niy,  Jtan.  VA.  6,  62^.      189(1. 

Glabrous,  culms  i'.^-3°  tall,  erect,  simple, 
smooth.  Sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes, 
loose;  ligule  2"-4"  long;  leaves  3'-9'  long,  2"-4" 
wide,  rough;  panicle-  4'-i()'  in  length,  simple  or 
compound,  the  spikes  about  j^'  long;  spikelets 
i"-iji"  long,  i-2-flovvered,  closely  inil)ricated  in 
two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis;  scales  smooth, 
the  outer  saccate,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute;  flower- 
ing scales  acute,  the  lower  generally  awn-pointed, 
the  upper  rarely  present. 

In  wot  places,  western  Ontario  to  liritish  Culunibia, 
south  to  Iowa,  Colorado  and  California.     July-Sept. 


1^1 


#1 


it  I 


55.  ELEUSINE  Gaertn.  Friict.  &  vSem.  i:  7.  pi.  t.  17SS. 
Tufted  annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence,  the  spikes 
digitate  or  close  together  at  the  summit  of  the  culm.  Spikelets  several-flowered,  sessile, 
closely  imbricated  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis,  which  is  not  extended  beyond  them; 
flowers  perfect  or  the  upper  stamiuate.  Scales  compressed,  keeled;  the  2  lower  empty;  the 
others  subtending  flowers,  or  the  upper  empty.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas' plu- 
mose. Grain  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [I'rom  the  Greek  name  of  the  towu 
where  Ceres  was  worshipped.] 

Species  6,  natives  of  tlie  old  World.     Besides  the  following,  two  olliers  have  been  found  in 
ballast  fillings  about  the  eastern  seajxirts. 

I.     Eleusine     Indica    (L.)    Gaertn.      Wire- 
grass.     Crab-srass.     Yard-grass. 
(I'i.i?-  415.) 

(.'viiosui  Hs  hidiiiis  I<.  Sp.  ri.  ;3.      1753. 

FJriisiiii-  liuiica  Gaertn.  I'ruot.  &  Seni.  i:  S.      17S8. 

Culms  6'-2°  tall,  tufted,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the 
base,  smooth  and  glabrous;.  Sheaths  loose,  overlap- 
ping and  often  short  and  crowded  at  the  base  of  the 
cuhn,  glabrous  or  sometimes  sparingly  villous;  ligule 
very  short;  leaves  3'-! 2'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  smooth  or 
scabrous;  spikes  2-10,  i'-3'  long,  whorled  or  appro.\i- 
mate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm  or  one  or  two  some- 
times distant;  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  l,'i"-2"  long; 
scales  acute,  minutely  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  first 
i-nerved,  the  second  3-7-nerved,  the  others  3-5-uervcd. 

In  fields,  dooryanls  and  waste  places  all  over  N'ortli 
America  e.\ee|)t  the  extreme  north.  Naturalized  from  the 
warmer  regions  of  the  Old  World.     June-Sept. 


i.s; 


CRAMINKAK. 


56.    DACTYLOCTENIUM  WilUl.  luuiiii.  io?(j.       i.So.j. 

An  annual  grass  wilh  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence,  the  spikes  in  pairs  or  difjitatc, 
Spikclets  several- (lowered,  sessile,  closely  imbricated  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis 
which  is  extended  beyond  them  into  a  sharp  point.  Scales  compressed,  keeled,  the  2  lower 
and  the  uiJiiermost  ones  empty,  the  others  subtending;  flowers.  vStamens  t,.  Styles  distinct, 
short.  Stif^mas  ])lumose.  Grain  free,  ruj^ose,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale,  [(ireek,  re- 
ferring to  the  digitately  sjireading  spikes.] 

.\  tniiudtyiiic  tfcmis  of  tlic  warnicr  p.irts  of  llir  f)l(l  World. 


1.    Dactyloctenium  Aegyptium  (  L.  )  W'illd.     Iv^ryptian  (irass.      (Im<^.  416.) 


C\iii>sii Ills  .\ri;yf^li!is  I,.  .Sp.  I'l.  72.  i7,s,v 
I'.li  iisiiir  .\i-i;v/ili(i  IVrs.  Syn.  iiS;.  iNi.i. 
I'll,  lylihliii  ill  III  .\i'i;v/'/iiii  mil  Willd.  I'liiuni.  1021).  1S119. 

Culms  6'-2°  long,  usually  decumbent  and  exten- 
sively creejiing  at  the  base.  Sheaths  loose,  over- 
lapping and  often  crowded,  smooth  and  glabrous; 
ligule  very  short;  leaves  6' in  length  or  less,  i"-2i'' 
wide,  smooth  or  rough,  sometimes  pubescent, 
ciliate  toward  the  base;  spikes  in  pairs,  or  3-5  and 
digitate,  li'-2'  long;  spikelets  j-5-flowered;  scales 
compressed,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  second 
awned,  the  flowering  ones  broader  and  pointed. 

In  waste  places  and  cultivated  sjround.  SdUtlurii 
New  Viirk,  f'cnnsylvania  and  Virjfinia  to  Illinois  and 
California,  south  to  I'lorida  and  Mexico.  Widely  dis- 
Iribuled  in  tropical  .\nierica.  Xatiualized  from  .\sia 
(jr  .Vfrica.     July-Oel. 


57.    LEPTOCHLOA  IJcaiiv.  Agrost.  71.    />/.  /j.    /.  /.      1S12. 

Usually  tall  annual  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  nntnerous  spikes  forming  a  simple  pan- 
icle. Spikelets  usually  2-inany-flowered,  flattened,  alternating  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of 
the  rachis.  Scales  4-many;  the  2  lower  empty,  keeled,  shorter  than  the  spikelct;  the  flower- 
ing scales  keeled,  ^-nerved.  I'alet  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.     [Cireek,  in  allusion  to  the  slender  spikes.] 

.Vbout  12  species,  natives  of  the  warmer  refiions  of  both  lieinisplieres,  besides  the  following,. 
3  others  occur  in  the  southern  t'nited  Slates. 


I.    Leptochloa  mucronata  (Michx. ) 

Kimth.     Northern  Leptochloa. 

(FiK-.  417.) 

Kleiisiiw  iiiiictniiata  Miehx.  Kl.  Hor.  .\ni,  1:65.     iSo,v 
J^cplihhloa  iiimioiiala  Kuntli,  Gram.  i:oi.      1S29  33. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  branched,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  vSheatlis  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth  and  glabrous;  ligule  short,  lacerate-toothed; 
leaves  2'-S'  long,  l"-3"  wide,  scabrous;  spikes 
numerous,  slender,  rigid,  spreading  or  ascending, 
the  lower  2'-6'  long;  spikelets  usually  3-flowcred, 
about  i"  long,  the  empty  scales  shorter  than  the 
spikelet,  acute,  1 -nerved,  slightly  scabrous  on  the 
keel;  flowering  scales  2-toothcd  at  the  apex, 
ciliate  on  the  nerves. 

hi  dry  oi  moist  soil,  \'irKinia  to  Illinois,  Missomi 
and  California,  soutli  It)  Xorth  Carolina,  I,(niisiana 
and  Mexico.     .\lso  in  Cuba.     July-Sept. 


CRASS   IWMILV. 


•83 


58.    BULBILIS  Rat".  Am.  MdiuIi.  .MaK^  4:  190.       1S19. 
[HrcHi.oiv  I'ji^ielni.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  i:  432.    pi.  1  /.     /ii^s.  i-i~.     I'Ssg.] 
A  pcTenuial  stoloiiifcrous  monoecious  or  apparently  dioecious  ^rass  with  flat  leaves  and 
spicate  iiillorescence.     Staniinate  spikclets  borne  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis,  the 
spikes  at  tlie  suimnit  of  the  long  and   cxserted  culms.     Pistillate  s])ikelets   in   spike-like 
clusters  of  2  or  ;,,  on  very  short  culms,  scarcely  cxserted   from    tlic   sheath.     Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct,  loii}^.     Stigmas  elonj^'ated,  short-plumose.     Grain  ovate,  free,  enclosed  in  the 
scale.     [Name  a])parenlly  from  the  supposed  Ijulb-like  hn^e  of  old  plants.] 
.\  moimtyliic  Kfiuis  (if  ciiitral  .N'oMh  .\nKrica. 

I.    Bulbilis   dactyloides    (  Xiitt.  )    Kal". 
HulTalo  (irass.      (  I'i^-  4i''^- ) 

Si</rri(i(/,ii/i/iii(/,:\S\iit.  Crii.  1:^15.       iSiS. 
HKililoi-thiitvloiihs  ICiim'lni.  Trans,  St.  I.oiiis  Acad. 

l;  |,',2.       \^\c). 
/<ii//n7i.ufii(/i/iii(/i-sRn(.:  Kuulzc,  Kcv.  Ccu.  I'l.  76^. 

Culms  hearing  staniinate  flowers  4' -12'  tall, 
erect,  slender,  naked  above,  smootli  and  gla- 
brous; those  bearing  pistillate  (lowers  '.'-3' 
long,  much  exceeded  by  the  leaves;  ligulc  a 
ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  i"  wide  or  less,  more 
or  less  jiapillosc-hirsnte,  those  of  the  staminate 
culms  I '-4'  long,  erect,  those  of  the  stolons  and 
pistillate  culms  1'  long  or  less,  spreading;  stam- 
inate .spikes  2  or  3,  api)roxiniate;  spikelets  2"- 
2^2"  long,  flattened,  2 -3 -flowered,  the  empty 
scales  i-nerved,  the  flowering  3- nerved;  pistil- 
late spikelets  ovoid,  the  outer  scales  indurated. 

On  i)lains  and  prairiis,  .^^il\nl■S(>la  to  Dakota, 
soutli  111  ,\rkansas,  Texas  and  Mexico,  .V  vahiabK' 
fodder  (;rass.     Jmu-  J\ily, 

59.    MUNROA  Ton-.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rept.  4:   15S.       1856. 

A  low  diffusely  branched  grass,  with  flat  pungently  pointed  leaves  crowded  at  the  nodes 
and  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Si)ikelets  in  clusters  of  3-6,  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the 
floral  leaves,  2-5-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  lanceolate,  acute, 
i-nerved,  hyaline;  flowering  scales  larger,  3-nervcd;  i  or  2  empty  scales  sometimes  present 
above  the  flowering  ones;  palct  hyaline.  vStaniens  3,  Styles  distinct,  elongated.  Stigmas 
barbellale  or  short-plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [In  honor  of 
Gen.  William  Munro,  Rnglish  agrostologist.] 

TliruL'  known  sjn  cits,  Ihi'  followinjif  of  tlic  plains  of  Xortli  .Xnurica,  the  others  South  .\nicrican. 

I.     Munroa    squarrosa    (Niitt. )    Torr. 
Munro's  (ira.ss.      (Fig.  419.) 

C>  y/i.\is  si/iKDiiisa  Nutt.  ('.en.  i:  41),       iSiS. 
.l/in/rdu  s<jHiiirosii  Torr.  Tac,  K.   K,  Kept,  4:  i.iS. 

Culms  2'-,S'  long,  tufted,  erect,  decumbent  or 
])rostrate,  much  branched,  smooth  or  rough. 
Sheaths  short,  crowded  at  the  nodes  and  ends 
of  the  branches,  smooth,  pilose  at  the  base  and 
throat,  sometimes  ciliate  on  the  margins;  ligule 
a  ring  of  hairs;  leaves  i'  longer  less,  ^"-i' 
wide,  rigid,  spreading,  scabrous,  pungcntly- 
pointed;  spikclets  2-5-nowcred,  the  flowers  per- 
fect; empty  scales  i -nerved,  shorter  than  the 
flowering  scales  which  are  about  2^,''  long,  3- 
toothed,  the  nerves  excurrent  as  short  points 
or  awns,  tufts  of  hairs  near  the  middb;  palets 
obtuse. 

On  dry  plains,  Soulli  Dakota  to  .\lberta,  south  to 
Nebraska,  Texas  and  Arizona.     .\ug,  -Oct. 


1 84 


CRAMINIvAI-;. 


60.    PHRAGMITES  Triii.  I'und.  Aj^iosl.  134.       1S20. 

Tall  perennial  reed-likc  f,'r,isscs,  with  bioiul  tint  leaves  and  ample  i)anicles,  Spikelets  3- 
scveral-llowercd,  the  lirsl  llower  often  staminate,  the  others  iipil'ect;  rachilla  artii'tilatiil  be- 
tween tile  llowerinj,'  scales,  l()n),'-])ilose.  Two  lower  scales  eni])ty,  iniccinal,  nienibranous, 
lanceolate,  acnte,  shorter  than  the  s])ikclet;  the  third  scale  enii)ty  or  snhlcndinj;  a  staminate 
llower;  lloweriiiK  scales  jflahrons,  narrow,  lonj,'-acnminatc,  much  excecdinj;  the  short  ])alets. 
Stamens  3.  vStyles  distinct,  short.  .Stij^'iiias  plumose,  ('.rain  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the 
scale  and  jialet.     [Creek,  referrin;,'  to  its  heil^^edikc  growth  alonir  ditches  | 

Three  known  species,  the  lullciwinK  of  tlie  tmilli  leni 
perale  /line,  iiui-  ill  .\>iiM,  thi'  thinl  in  .Sniilh  .\iii(  riea. 

I.    Phragmites   Phragmites  (h.)   Kar.st. 

Kc'cd.      ( l'"ijr.  420  J 

.liniiifii  /'/n  iti;  mill  i  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  Si.       I7,s,v 
J'/iiii!;iiii/<-x  ifiiiniiiiiiis  'I'riu.  I'uiul.  .Xvcrnsl.  i;;(.       isjo. 
J'/iiiii;iiii/i-s  /'/ii,i!;iiii/r.'i  Karst.  lieiitseli.  I'l.  ;■,->!.     ['^Sll  ^^. 

Culms  ,s°  -i,T°  tall,  erect,  stout,  from  lonj,'  horizontal 
rootstoeks,  smooth  and  ),'hd)rous.  Sheaths  overlap- 
ping, loose;  li^ule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves 
6'-i°  long  or  more,  '•,'-2'  wide.  Hat  smooth,  gla- 
brous; jianicle  6'-i°  long  or  more,  ample;  spikelets 
crowded  on  the  ascending  branches;  first  scale  1- 
iiervcd,  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  3-iierved 
second  one;  ilowcring  scales  5"-6"  long,  3-ncrved, 
long-acuminate,  ec|ualling  the  hairs  of  tlii'  rachilla. 

Ill  swaiiii)s;iii<l  \V(li)laces  iie.irly  thnuiKliuut  tlie  I'liited 
.Stales.  e.\teii(HiiK  mirth  to  Nova  .Scot in,  JIaiiiloba  ami  Hrit- 
isli  Columbia.  .Also  in  luiiope  and  Asia.  Karely  ripeii- 
iilK  seed.     Aujf.   Oct. 

61.  SIEGLINGIA  Kenih.  Syst.  Vcr/..  I'll.  l'.v(.  40.  iSoo. 
[Tkioih.x  R.  Br.  I'rodr.  l'"l.  Nov.  HoU.  i:  1S2.  i.Sio.] 
rerennial  grasses  with  narrow  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Sjiikclets  2- 
many-ilowcred,  the  flowers  ])erfect  or  the  ujiper  staminate.  Scales  5-many,  rigid,  1-3- 
iierverl;  the  2  lower  empty,  sliorter  than  the  spikelet,  keeled;  flowering  scales  rounded  on 
the  back,  at  least  at  the  base,  the  ajiex  lobed  or  toothed,  3-nerved,  the  nerves  pilose,  and 
usually  excurrent  as  short  jioints  between  the  lobes  or  teeth;  palet  broad,  2-kceled.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  .Stigmas  plumose,  ('.rain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet. 
[Name  in  honor  of  Professor  Siegling,  German  botanist.] 

.\bout  ,yi  species,  widely  (listrilmtcd  in  teniperate  iiifioiis;  a  few  in  tmiiical  .\iiierica.     Besides 
tile  following,  some  20  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  .Vmerica. 
Iiiteniodes  of  the  rachilla  U'ss  than  oiic-<|lialler  the  leiiKlh  of  the  (lowerins;  scales. 

Panicle  open,  the  branches  4'-  lo'  loii^.  l-  •'''■  scslfiioidcs. 

I'anicle  spike-like,  the  branches  3'  Ioiik  or  less. 

Panicle  ,'i'-i2'  loiiK;  spikelets  numerous.  2.  .V  sliiclii. 

Panicle  i'-2'  Ioiir;  spikelets  few.  3.  .S'.  (iirinnhmis. 

Internodesof  the  racliilla  one-half  the  leuRtli  of  the  flowering  scales.  4.  S.  piir/>iii(a. 

I.    Sieglingia  seslerioides  (  Michx.  )  .ScrilMi.     Tall  Rud-top.     (Kij;.  421.) 

/'('((  srslciioidi-s  Miclix.  I'l.  l!or.  .\m.  i:6.s.       1S03. 
7'n'4i(/iii  I  iipifd  ].  F.  Jaci|.  ICcIok.  Cram.  2:  21.  /</.  /^>.    181.). 
Sif!;/i/i,i:i(i  sfs/crintdts  Scribu.   :\Ieiii.  Torr.   hot.   Club,  ,s: 

48.      '1S94. 

Culms  2°-5°  tall,  erect,  somewhat  flattened,  simple, 
glabrous,  often  viscid  above.  Sheaths  sometimes  vil- 
lous at  the  summit,  the  lower  short,  overlapping  and 
crowded,  the  upper  longer,  equalling  or  shorter  than 
the  internodcs;  ligulc  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves 
4'-!°  long  or  more,  t,"-6"  wide,  flat,  attenuate  into  a 
long  tip,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  panicle  6'- 
18'  long,  the  branches  finally  ascending  or  spreading, 
the  lower  4'-io'  long,  usually  dividing  above  the  mid- 
dle; spikelets  4-S-flowercd,  3"-4"  long,  purple;  joints 
of  the  rachilla  short;  empty  scales  glabrous,  obtuse, 
generally  slightly  2-toothed;  flowering  scales  oval,  the 
nerves  pilose,  excurrent  as  short  points. 

Ill  fields.  New  York  to  Kansas,  south  to  P'lorida  and 
Texas.     July-Sept. 


I 


ioides. 


21.) 
iSi). 

:iui>,  5; 

inplc, 
les  vil- 
ng  and 
r  than 
leaves 
into  a 
icle  6'- 
ading, 
le  mid- 
joints 
ibtiise, 
al,  the 

(la  and 


I 


OR  ASS   I'AMIIA'. 

Xarrow  SieKHiij;ia. 


'  HiK. 


i«5 
422.) 


2.    Sieglingia  stricta  i  XiiU.  i  Kmil/c. 

H'iiidsoi  ia  sliiilii   Null,  'riatis.  Am.    I'liil.   Soo.  ill.) 

5:  I  17-      I'^Vi  ,C- 
Tnodia  slriilii  X'aMV,  Spi  c.  i<t|)l.  I'.  S    Dipt.  AKiii-. 

(ty.  ,vs.      i.^Sv 
SiiX'/ii/i;  Id  .\/i  i<  /<!  Kiiiitzc,  Kcv.  Ciii.  I'l.  7"<i).      |S(|i. 

Cnlnis  1 'i°-4"  tall,  crei-t,  a  liulc  coni|)resscd, 
siinjdc,  siniiotli  and  (glabrous.  Slicatlis  sliortir 
than  the  intcrnodes;  lignle  a  rinj;  of  short  hairs; 
leaves  6'-i°  long  or  more,  flat,  loiig-acuminatc, 
smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  spike-like  pan- 
icle 5'-i2'  in  Ungth,  the  liraiichcs  aii]5ressi(l,  the 
lower  l'-2'  long;  spikekts  4 m-llowend,  2"-^" 
long,  the  joints  of  the  rachilla  very  short;  lower 
scales  usually  aI)out  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let,  rarely  extending  beyond  the  flowering  scales, 
acute,  glalirous;  flowering  scales  ovate,  the  nerves 
pilose  for  more  than  half  their  length,  the  middle 
and  often  the  lateral  excnrrent  as  short  ])oints. 

Moist     suil,     Mississip])!    to     Kiuisas    and    Texas. 
JulyOct. 

3.    Sieglingia  decumbens  (L.t  KuiU/.l'.     Hcalhcr-j^ra.ss.     (Fig.  423.) 


I'isliicii  di\i( iiiliriis  I,,  Sj).  I'l.  75.       i7.S,v 
Jiiiiiliii  ilt\  iiDihciis  Hcaiiv.  A(;rosl.  76.      kSi2. 
Si<xliiii;ia  drni iiihi'iis  Kunl/c,  Kcv.  den.  I'l.  7.S9. 


1891. 


Culms  6'-i8'  tall,  erect,  often  decumbent  at  the 
base,  sinijile,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  intcrnodes,  villous  at  the  summit; 
ligide  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves  smooth 
beneath,  usually  scabrous  above,  ,'i"-i  "i"  wide, 
the  basal  ^'-6'  long,  those  of  the  cuhn  1  '-3' 
long;  panicle  i'-2'  long,  contracted,  the  branches 
1'  long  or  less,  erect;  spikelcts  ^-s-flowcred,  3"-5" 
long,  the  joints  of  the  rachilla  very  short;  lower 
scales  equalling  the  spikelet,  acute;  flowering  scales 
broadl}'  oval,  ciliatc  on  the  margins  below,  obtusely 
3-toothcd,  with  two  tufts  of  hair  on  the  callus. 


Intrudnccd  itiln  Xcwfouiullaiid 
and  Asia.     Suiinncr. 


ICunipe 


4.    Sieglingia  purpurea  (  Walt. )  Ktuitze.     Sand-grass. 


Alio  ftiii/iiirr't  Wall.  l'"I.  Car.  78.      178S. 
'/'rniisf'is  [tin l>iiii'a  \.  Ciray,  ^lan.  589.      T.S4S. 
Sieglingia  purpurea  Kunt/e,  Kev.  C.cn.  PI.  7.S9.      1S91. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  prostrate  or  decumbent, 
smooth  and  glabrous  or  the  nodes  pubescent.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  intcrnodes,  rough;  ligule  a  ring  of 
short  ha'rs;  leaves  'i'-z'j'  h)ng,  i"  wide  or  less, 
rigid,  scabrous,  sometimes  sparsely  ciliate;  panicle 
i'-3'  in  length,  the  branches  rigid,  finally  widely 
spreading,  the  lower  )i'-\]i'  long;  spikelets  2-5- 
flowercd,  2', "-4"  long,  the  joints  of  the  rachilla 
half  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale;  lower  scales  gla- 
brous; flowering  scales  oblong,  2-lobed  at  the  apex, 
the  lobes  erosc-truncate,  the  nerves  strongly  ciliate, 
the  middle  one  excurrent  as  a  short  j)oint;  palets 
long-ciliatc  on  the  upper  part  of  the  keel. 


In  sand,  especially  on  sea  beaches,  JIaine  to  Texas, 
and  along  tlie  llreat  i.akcs.  ,\lso  from  Nebraska  to  New 
Mexico.     Plant  acid.     .Xug.-.Sept. 


;5^ 


\% 


1 86 


GRxVMINKAK. 


62.  REDFIELDIA  Vasey.  Ikill.  Torr.  Club,  14:  133.       1887. 

A  tall  perennial  ^r^»s,  with  lonjr  narrow  leaves  and  an  ample  ])anicle.  Spikelcts  1-3- 
flowered,  the  (lowers  all  perfect.  Empty  scales  2,  ahoiit  equal,  shorter  than  the  spikelet, 
r-nerved;  flowering  scales  membranous,  .vnerved,  with  a  rin),'  of  hairs  at  the  liase.  I'alct  2- 
nerved,  shorter  than  the  scale.  Stamens  3.  .Styles  long,  distinct.  Stigmas  short,  plumose. 
Grain  oblong,  free.     [In  honor  of  John  H.  Rcdficld,  1815-1895,  American  naturalist. 

A  inonotypicKcnusiif  the  western  I'liitcd  Stales. 

I.  Redfieldia  flexuosa  (Thurb.  )  Va,sej\ 
Kedfieldia.      (  Fig.  425.  ) 

<,'/<i/>//fp//iinii)i  [1]  /!r  viinsKiii  Tliurb.   I'ri)c.  .\cad- 

riiila.  1863:  78.       iS6,i. 
Rcdl'uidin   /I.Aiiosa    \'ast'v.    Hull.    Turr.   Club,   14: 

Culms  I  'j'^-4°  tall,  erect  from  a  long  horizon- 
tal rootstock,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  smooth,  the  lower  short  and  overlap- 
ping, often  crowded,  the  upper  much  longer; 
ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  \°-2°  long, 
I  "-2"  wide,  involute;  panicle  ample  and  diffuse, 
S'-22'  in  length,  the  branches  finally  widely 
spreading,  llexuous,  the  lower  3'-8'  long;  spike- 
lets  about  3"  long,  i~3-flowered,  the  empty 
scales  acute,  glabrous;  flowering  scales  with  a 
ring  of  hairs  at  the  base,  minutely  scabrous, 
twice  the  length  of  the  empty  ones,  acute,  the 
middle  nerve  usually  excurrent  as  a  short  point. 

On  i)rairics,  Xcbiaska  and  AVyouiiuH;  to  C(iloradi> 
and  the  hulian  Territury.     Ausr.-Sept. 

63.  DIPLACHNE  Heaiiv.  Agrost.  So.  //.  /6.  J.  g.  t8i2. 
Tufted  grasses,  with  narrow  flat  leave:-  and  long  slender  spikes  arranged  in  an  open  pan- 
icle, or  rarely  only  one  terminal  spike.  Spikelets  several-flowered,  narrow,  sessile  or 
shortly  pedicclled,  erect.  Two  lower  scaUs  empty,  membranous,  keeled,  acute,  unequal; 
flowering  scales  1-3-ncrved,  2-tootlieG  and  inucronatc  or  short-awned  between  the  teeth. 
I'alet  hyaline,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  vStigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  loosely 
enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  2  toothed  flowering  scales.] 

Alxmt  15  species,  natives  of  the  warmer  reKioiis  of  both  lteniisi)lieres.  besides  the  followiuK 
species,  about  6  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 

I.    Diplachne  fascicularis  (Lain. 

CKig.  426.) 

Pisliuafasiiciilaiis  I.ain.  Tabl.  Encycl.  i:  iSt). 

i7')i- 
J)i/>laclnic/ascinilaii.s  lieauv.  Agrost.  160.   1S12. 

Culms  i°~2l4°  tall, erect, ascending,  orroot- 
ing  at  the  lower  nodes,  simple  or  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than 
the  internodes,  loose,  smooth  or  rough,  the 
ujiper  one  longer  and  enclosing  the  base  of 
the  panicle;  ligule  \"-2"  long;  leaves  3'-i2' 
long,  i"-3"  wide,  slightly  scabrous;  panicle 
4'- 12'  in  length,  often  exceeded  by  the  upper 
leaf,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  the 
lower  2'-5''  long;  spikelets  5-10-flowered, 
3"-5'''  loi'Ki  shorl-pedicclled,  erect;  lower 
scales  glabrous,  rough  on  the  keel;  flow- 
ering .scales  scabrous,  ciliate  ou  the  margins 
toward  the  base,  3-iierved. 

In  brackish  marshes,  Rhode  Island  to  I'lorida 
and  Texas.  .Mso  from  .^^issouri  and  Nebraska 
to  Mexico,  and  in  the  West   Indies.     .\UK-   <<et. 


Beauv.     vSalt-iiieack)\v  Diplachne. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


187 


64.    MOLINIA  Schrank,  Baier.  Fl.  i:  100.       1789. 

A  perennial  tufted  grass,  with  narrow  Hat  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelcts 
i-4-flowcred.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  somewhat  obtuse  or  acute,  unequal,  shorter  than  the 
spikelet;  flowering  scales  membranous,  rounded  on  the  back,  ,^-nerved;  palets  scarcely  shorter 
than  the  scales,  obtuse,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short.  Stigmas  short,  plumose.  Grain 
oblong,  free,  enclose<l  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Name  in  honor  of  Joh.  Ignaz  Molina,  Chilian 
missionary  and  naturalist.] 

A  monotypic  Kcnus  of  ICurope  iiiul  .\sia. 


Molinia   coerulea  (h.)  Moench. 
(Fig.  427. ) 


Molinia. 


Aira  cociiili:a  !<.  Sp.  IM.  6,v      I7,S.V 
Molinia  coerulea  Mcjcnch,  Mcth.  1S3. 


1794- 


Culms  i°-3>2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  overlapping  and  confined  to  the  lower  part  of  the 
culm,  smooth  and  glabrous;  ligule  a  ring  of  very  short 
hairs;  leaves  4'-i°  long  or  more,  i"-^"  wide,  erect,  acu- 
minate, smooth  beneath,  slightly  scabrous  above;  panicle 
3''-io'  in  length,  green  or  puqde,  the  branches  usually 
erect,  i'-4'  long;  spikelets  2-4-flowered,  2j^"-4"  long; 
empty  scales  acute,  une(iual;  flowering  scales  about  2" 
long,  3-nervcd,  obtuse. 

.Sparingly  iiitrotlucid  on  ballast  and  in  waste  places  in  New 
York.     -Vdventive  from  lCun)i)e,     .\ujf.-Sept. 


65.    ERAGROSTIS  Beaiiv.  Agrost.  70.     pi.  //.     /". 


//. 


181: 


-Vnnual  or  perennial  grasses,  rarely  dioecious,  from  a  few  inches  to  several  feet  in  height, 
the  spikelcts  in  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  2-many-flowered,  more  or  less  flat- 
tened. Two  lower  scales  empty,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  flowering  ones,  keeled,  i-ner\'ed, 
or  the  .second  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  membranous,  keeled,  3-nerved;  palets  shorter  than 
the  scales,  prominently  2-nprved  or  2- keeled,  usually  persisting  on  the  rachilln  after  the  fruit- 
ing scale  has  fallen.  vStamens  2or  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free, 
loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek  etymology  doubtful,  perhaps  signifying  a 
low  grass,  or  Low-grass,  an  occasional  English  name.] 

.\  Kemis  of  about  100  si)ecies,  widely  distributed  IhrouRliout  all  warm  and  temperate  countries, 
liesides  the  followinj;:,  some  15  olliers  oeeiir  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  .\iuerica. 

■Culms  often  <lee>nnl)ent  at  the  base  and  >fenerally  much  branched,  i  '.'^  tall  or  less. 
Spikelets  2-,s-flowered,  i"    I'j"  lontr. 

Culms  branched  oidy  at  the  very  base;  pedicels  and  branches  of  tlie  panicle  louff  and 

capillary.  i.  /;,  t\tf>itlari.s. 

Culms  branched  above  the  base;  pedicels  and  branches  of  the  panicle  short. 

2.  A'.  J'rankii. 
.Spikelets  .s-niany-flowered,  I'/'-S"  long. 
Spikelets  V,"  wide  or  less. 

Flowering  scales  thin,  usually  britflit  purplish,  the  lateral  nerves  fa^iil  or  wantiiiR:; 

spikelets  about  '."  wide.  3.   E.  pilosa. 

Flowerinjj  scales  firm,  usually  dull  purple  or  (jreeii,  the  lateral  nerves  very  i)rominent; 


lide 


wide 


s])ikelets  .about  "4"  wide 
Spikelets  i"  wide  or  more. 

Lower  flowering  scales  about 
Lower  (lowerinjf  scales  i"-i  '4 
•Culms  erect  or  ascending,  simple,  riffid,  i 
,Si)ikelets  not  clustered. 

liranclies  of  the  open  panicle  widely  spreadiuB,  at  least  when  old 
.Spikelets  closely  sessile. 


4.   A".  I'm  sliii. 


,"  Iouk;  spikelets  1' 
lon({;  spikelets  i  \  ' 
.."-4"  tall. 


.Spikelets  more  ci  less  pedicelled. 


Ki  ngrostis. 
major. 


s.u'lisfiiia. 


Pedicels  lon^,  cotnnionly  at  least  the  leiiKtli  of  the  spikelets.    y.   A',  pir/iiiaci'a. 
Pedicels  commonly  much  shorter  than  the  spikelets. 

Leaves  eloiiKated;  branches  of  the  panicle  loiiK  and  slender;  spikelets  scattered, 


()2,s  flowered. 


rtjraiia. 


Leaves  not  elongated;  branches  of  the  panicle  short  and  stout,  rigid,  spikelcts 


crowded,  ,s-i  2-llowered. 


rlipiilicillata. 


Uranches  of  the  elonifated  panicle  erect  or  ascendiuff,  capillary,  .somewhat  (le.xuous, 


Spikelets  clustered  on  the  very  short  erect  or  ascending  branches. 
Culms  extensively  creeping;  flowers  dioecious. 


1 1.   A'.  Irii  lioiii: 


scrum, 


ij.  A. 

13.  A.  liy/^iioitlci 


iitto 


5  ■.■» 


i88 


gramini;ae. 


I.  Eragrostis  capillaris  (L.  )  Nees.     Capillary  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  428.) 


Poa  I  a  fill  Id  I  is  I,.  Sj).  I'l.  fiS.      175^. 

/'(-,/  hiniis  ICll.  llipt.  S.  C.  iS^  (■.;(.  I:  156.       1S17. 

/iiiti^iDslis  capilliiris  Xois,  AKrost.  Itras.  505. 


1S29. 


Culms  8'-i8'  tall,  erect,  slender,  s])iirinj,'ly 
branched  at  the  base,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  short,  overlapping  and  crowded  at  the  base 
of  the  culm,  glalirous  or  sparingly  hairy,  the  upper 
enclosing  the  base  of  the  panicle;  ligule  a  ring  of 
very  short  hairs;  leaves  3'-lo'  long,  l"-2"  wide, 
long-acuminate,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above 
and  sparingly  hirsute  near  the  base;  panicle  diffuse, 
4'-i5'  in  length,  the  branches  capillary,  spreading 
or  ascending,  i>^'-5'  long;  spikclets  ovate,  2-4- 
ilowcred,  little  (lattened,  i"-!^"  long;  empty 
scales  about  eriual,  acute;  (lowering  scales  acute, 
the  lower  ;'+ "  long,  the  lateral  nerves  obscure. 

In  dry  places,  Rhode  Island  to  New  York  and  Mis- 
souri, soiuh  to  Cieortfia  and  Texas.     .\\i(f.   Sept. 

2.  Eragrostis  Frankii  Steiid.     Frank'.s  Era- 
grostis.    (Fig.  429.) 

Kragi'ostis  Fuiiikii  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cram.  27,?.      i^^.S.S. 
Urne^roslis  ciyllii-om>iiit  Nees;  Steud.  Svn.  I'l.  Cram.  27V 

KS5.S. 

Glabrous,  culms  6'-i5'  tall,  tufted,  erect,  or  often 
decumbent  at  the  ba.se,  branched,  smooth.  Sheaths 
loose,  shorter  than  the  internodcs;  ligule  a  ring  of 
hairs;  leaves  2'-^'  long,  i"-2"  wide,  smooth  beneath, 
scabrous  above;  panicle  2'-6'  in  length,  open,  the 
branches  ascending,  the  lower  \'-i]i'  long;  spikclets 
ovate,  3-5-flowered,  i"~il2"  long;  empty  scales  acute, 
the  first  shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales 
acute,  the  lower  i^"  long,  the  lateral  nerves  obscure. 

In  moist  i)laces,  southeastern  New  York  and  northern 
New  Jersey  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Mississippi,  Louisiana 
and  Kansas.     Sept. -Oct. 

3.  Eragrostis  pilosa  (L. )  Beauv.     Tufted  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  430.) 

Poa  pilosa  I,.  Sp.  IM.  f)8.      I7,S,V 

Pdii  Oinilhiitiiia  SpreiiR.  Mant.  I'M.  Hal.  t,x      1S07? 

luagroslis  pilosa  Heauv.  .\(j;rost.  162.      1S12. 

Culms  e'-iS'  tall,  tufted,  erect,  slemler,  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  vSl.eaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodcs, smooth,  sometimes  pilose  at  the  throat;  lig- 
ule a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  i'-5'  long,  i"  wide 
or  less,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  panicle 
2'-6'  in  length,  the  branches  at  first  erect,  finally 
widely  spreading,  I'-ili'  long,  often  hairy  in  the 
axils;  spikclets  5-12-flowered,  i^^"-3"  long,  about 
li"  wide;  lower  scales  acute,  the  first  one-half  as  long 
as  the  .second;  flowering  scales  acute,  the  lower  ^4" 
long,  thin,  usually  purplish,  the  lateral  nerves  faint 
or  wanting. 

Waste  places  or  cultivated  ({round,  southern  New  \\n«- 
land  to  Illinois  and  Kansas,  soutli  to  I'lorida  and  Texas 
Naturalized  from  ICurope.     .VuK-Sept. 


;hccl, 
in- 

vide 

iiicle 

lally 

the 

l)OUt 

long 

'a 
fiiint 


IvtlKT 


CRASS    PAMIIA'. 
4.    Eragrostis  Purshii  vSchrad.     Pursh's  Ivragroslis.     (  Imj^.  431. 


189 


PiKi  Caidliiiiaiiii  Sprtnjf.  Mant.  I'M.  Hal.  3,?. 
/■:rai; iii.s/i.s  J'lirsliii  Sdirad,  l.iniiafa,  12:  .(51. 
JCiiii;)  Kslis  Cii  ml  ill  ill  III!  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr. 


iS-,S. 
Club,  5:  49. 


Culms  6'-iS'  tall,  tufted,  usually  decumbent  at  the 
base  and  much  branched,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  loose,  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth 
and  glabrous;  ligulc  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  iji'- 
y/i'  long,  i"  wide  or  less,  smooth  beneath,  rough 
above;  panicle  open,  3'-S'  long,  the  branches  spread- 
ing, i'-2j^'  long,  naked  in  the  axils;  spikelets  5-15- 
flowcred,  dull  purple  or  green,  ij'^"-4'"  long,  about 
j{"  wide;  empty  scales  acute,  the  lower  about  two- 
thirds  as  long  as  the  up])er,  scabrous  on  the  keel; 
flowering  scales  acute,  firm,  the  lower  ones  ^4'"  long, 
the  lateral  nerves  prominent. 

In  dry  ])lacis,  appanntly  thiouKliout  tlie  rnili-d  Stales, 
e.\teiidinK  inli)  Ontario.     .\ufr    Sept. 

5.  Eragrostis  Eragrostis  ( I,.  )  Karst.     Low  Ivragrostis.     ( Kij.-;.  432.) 

/'('I/  ICriifiioslis  I,.  S]).  I'l.  6.S.       1753. 
JCi  III,' I  iisiis  /loijctiiifrs  W^^imv.  Asriisl.  162.      1S12. 
/Ciiii;  1  Ds/is  iiiiiinr  1U)S\..  I'l.  Austr.  i:  i,^,s.      1.S27. 
JCrai^roslis  Kraf;ri>slis  Karst.  Deutsoh.  l''l.  ^Sy.     i,S8o-83. 

Culms  seldom  over  15'  tall,  tufted,  usually  decum- 
bent and  much  branched,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  loose,  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth, 
sometimes  a  little  pubescent,  sparingly  pilose  at  the 
throat;  ligulc  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  i'-2'<' 
long,  y^"-2"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above 
and  somewhat  pilose  near  the  base;  panicle  2'-4'j'  in 
length,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  li'-\  'A' 
long;  spikelets  S-i8-flowercd,  z''-^"  long,  about  i" 
wide;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  two-thirds  as  long 
as  the  second;  flowering  scales  obtuse,  }\"  long,  the 
lateral  nerves  prominent. 

In  w.istc  ])Iiices  or  cultivated  Kmund,  Ontario  Id  New 
ICnuland,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  Locally  natural- 
ized from  ICurope.     July-Sept. 

6.  Eragrostis  major  Host.     Stroiig-.scented  I*;ragro.stis.     (  Fig.  433. ) 

Erniiioslis  iiinjur  Host.   Cram,   .\ustr.  4:  14.    />/.  -7. 

JiiiiQios/is- /loiii-oii/cs  var.  imgas/Oi/iyii.A.  Cray,  Man. 
Ivd.  5,  6,v.      i^'T- 

Ciilms  6'-2°  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base, 
usually  l)ranched,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth,  sparingly 
pilose  at  the  throat;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs ; 
leaves  a'-;'  long,  \"-2,"  wide,  flat,  smooth  be- 
neath, scabrous  above;  i)anicle  2'-6'  in  length,  the 
branches  spreading  or  ascending,  i'-2'  long;  spike- 
lets 8-;^5-flowered,  1%"-'^"  long,  about  I  C"  wide, 
very  flat;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  slightly 
shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales  obtuse, 
\"-\):,,"  long,  the  lateral  nerves  prominent. 

In  waste  and  cultivated  places  nearly  throuKliout 
the  I'nited  States,  ami  in  Ontario.  Naturalized  from 
IJurope.    I'npleasantly  scented,  handsome.    .\uk.  Sept. 


■si- 


190 


GRAMINEAK. 


7.    Eragrostis  sessilispica  Buckley.     Prairie  I^rajj^rostis.      (Fig.  434.) 


JCiiii^ioslis  scssilisf'ita  Hiickky.  I'roc.  .\cail.   I'liihi.  1862: 
97.      1S62. 

Iliplachnc  rit^ulii  \'iisev,  C.iassi-s  S.  \V.,   rart  2.     hi.  11. 
1891. 

Culms  .S'-3'2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  short,  crowded  at  the  base  of  the 
culm,  smooth,  pilose  at  the  summit;  ligulc  a  ring  of 
short  hairs;  leaves  2'-6'  long,  ■'+"-i>2'"  wide,  rough 
above,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pilose  beneath;  pnnicle 
iS'-i6'  in  length,  the  branches  stout,  rigid,  widely 
diverging;  spikelets  scattered,  closely  sessile,  ap- 
pressed,  5-12-nowered,  4"-;"  long,  empty  scales 
about  equal  in  length,  acute;  flowering,  scales  very 
acute,  about  2"  long,  the  lateral  nerves  very  prominent. 

I'niirics,  Kansas  lu  'IVxas.     .VuK-Stpl. 


8.    Eragrostis  curtipedicellata  Buckley. 
Short-stalked  Kragrostis.     (Fig.  435.) 

ICraf^ioslis  iiiiiifiedittilala  lUickluy,  I'roc.  .\ca(l.  Phila. 
1862: 9;.       1,S62. 

Culms  6'-3°  tall,  erect,  rigid,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  overlapping,  smooth,  pilose  at  the 
summit;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  2'-8'  long, 
I "-2"  wide,  .smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  panicle 
4'-i2'  in  length,  the  branches  widely  spreading,  lyi'- 
4I2'  long;  spikelets  5-12-flowered,  i '2'"-^"  long,  on 
pedicels  of  less  than  their  own  length;  scales  acute,  the 
empty  ones  somewhat  unequal,  the  flowering  ones 
about  %"  long,  scabrous  on  the  niidnerve,  their  lateral 
nerves  prominent. 

Prairies.  Kansas  to  Texas.     .\uK.-,St.'pl. 


9.  Eragrostis  pectinacea  (Michx.)  Steiid.     Ptirple  F>agrt)sti.s.     (Fig.  436.) 

Poa  pftliinui-a  Michx.  I'l.  Hor.  .\ni.  i:6<>      iSo,-;. 
J'^ laiiiiKsl i s pi-iii iiiitca  SU'ud.  ,Syn.  I'l.  ("Trani,  272,     iSj.s. 
/Ciiiiints/is  ftfcliiiatri}  var.  spfclahilis  .\.  C.rav,   Man. 
Ivd.  5,  6:52.      1867, 

Culms  i°-2'2°  tall,  erect  or  ascending,  rigid, 
simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  overlapping, 
smooth,  glabrous  or  villous,  the  upper  cue  often 
enclosing  the  base  of  the  panicle;  ligule  a  ring  of 
hairs;  leaves  5'-i2'  long,  2"-4"  wide,  smooth  be- 
neath, scabrous  above  and  sparingly  villous  at  the 
base;  panicle  6'-24'  in  length,  purple  or  purplish, 
the  branches  .^'-lo'  long,  strongly  bearded  in  the 
axils,  widely  spreading  or  the  lower  often  reflexed; 
spikelets  5-15-flowcred,  i  'i"-4"  long,  on  pedicels 
of  at  least  theirown  length;  scales  acute,  the  empty 
ones  about  equal,  the  flowering  ones  about  J/^" 
long,  their  lateral  nerves  very  prominent. 

In  dry  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Illinois  and  South 
Dakota,  south  to  Florida  and  Tc.vas.     .Xug. -.Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


lyl 


10.    Eragrostis  refracta  (Miihl.  )  vScri1)n.     Meadow  ICragrostis 


Pihi  irfiiHtii  ^^lllll.  (■•1:1111.  \\u.     \^\~. 

IC  rai;  iii.il  i  s  fa  HI  /^cst  li  s't\\\\.  IJiiU.AtMd.  Sci.  St.  rcU-rsl) 

i:'7ci.      1S,V). 
JCraiii'K.^lis  irfi lU/n   Sciibii. 

1S9.). 


Mini.   'INpir.  Cliil).   5:  .19. 


Culms  i°-3°  tiiil,  erect,  slender,  simple,  siiiooth 
and  fjlahrous.  Sheaths  overlappiiij^,  smooth  and 
i^lahrous;  Hj^nle  a  rinj;  of  short  hairs;  leaves  ,s'  12' 
lonj,^  l"-?."  vvidf,  smooth  licneatii,  rough  ahove, 
and  villou.s  toward  the  base;  iiauiclc  S'  2u'  lon^; 
branches  slender,  .;'-io'  loiij;,  at  length  widely 
spreading,  the  axils  often  bearded;  spikclets  6  25- 
llowerod,  2'4"-(>"  long,  on  ix'dicels  shorter  than 
themselves;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  somevihat 
shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales  very 
acute,  ,34''-:"  long,  the  lateral  nerves  prominent. 

Ill  niciisl  soil,  Delaware  and  Maiylaiul  to  I'lorida, 
west  to  Texas.      Xu^.   Sept. 


II.    Eragrostis  trichodes  1  Xutt.  >  Xash.     Hair-like  Hrat^ro.stis.     (  Fij^.  43S.) 

J'mr  /iii/it),/,-i  Xutt.  Trans.  Am.  I'liil.  Sue.  ill.)  5:  t^ft. 

/udi; 'lis/ IS  li'iiiiis   .\.   (iray,   Man.    Ivd.   2.   s")-      i~^5<J. 

Xdt  Sleuil.  is^,,  nor  J'mi  /riiiiis  ICll.  1S17. 
J-:iiii;riislis  /I  i,  liodi-s  Xash.   liull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  .(65. 

I  .■■95- 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Slieaths  overlapping,  smooth,  pilose  at  the 
throat;  lignlc  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves 
6'- 28'  long,  I  "-2"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  slightly 
scabrous  above,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender 
tip;  panicle  9'-26'  in  length,  narrow  and  elong- 
ated, the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  capillary, 
subdividing,  somewhat  llcxuous,  ,,'-"'  long;  lower 
axils  sometimes  bearded;  spikclets  usually  pale, 
,v-lo-flowered,  iyi"-^)^"  long;  lower  scales  very 
acute,  about  e(|ual;  flowering  scales  acute,  the  lower 
ones  I  '4"   I  '3"  long,  their  lateral  nerves  manifest. 

In  dry  sandy  soil.  Ohio  and  Illinois  to  X'ebraska, 
-.ontli  lo  Temies-.t-e  and  Texas.     .AuK.-Sept. 


li 


Man. 


South 


12.    Eragrostis    secundiflora    Presl.      Clus- 
tered Kragro.sti.s.     (  1m<^.  4;,9.  ) 

\in.    I'hil.   Sue.  1  Il.'l  5:  1  (6. 


Poa  hilciiiifi/ii  Xutt.  Trail 

183,^-^7.     Xol  Lain.  1701. 

/■^nii^roslis  sriiiinli/loni  I'lesl,  Kel.  Ilaenk.  i: 

Jl)  iiiiioslis  o.vylrpis  Torr.  Marey's  Keiiort.  21x1 


h.         l~^,Vl. 


Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  6'-^°  tall,  erect,  simple. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  iiiternodes;  ligule  a  ring  of 
hairs;  leaves  2'- 12' long,  i""2"  wide;  panicle  i/^'-6' 
in  length,  the  branches  Ji'-^^i'  long,  erect  or  asceml- 
ing;  spikclets  crowded  or  clustered,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
strongly  fl.'itteiied,  .S  4()-llowered,  3"~io"  long,  1"- 
2^2"  wide;  lower  scales  acute,  about  eijual;  flowering 
scales  iJi^'-iV "  long,  acute,  usually  purple-bordered, 
the  lateral  nerves  prominent. 

In  dry  soil,  Kansas  and  Missouri,  south  lo  Texas  and 
Louisiana.     .\UK.-.Sepl. 

13 


192  (iRAMINEAE. 

13.  Eragrostis  hypnoides  (Lam.)  H.S.P.     Creeping  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  440,) 

I'lHi   liyfiiioiilfs  I.iiiii.   Tabl.   ICncycl.    i: 

lK,s,  '  1791. 
ICri!i;r(hslis  ir/ildiis  Xcos,  Agrost.  liras. 

,-,14.  1829. 
F.niuidslis   /iyf>ii«/i/rs  H.S.I'.  I'ril.  Cat. 

N.  V,  I'nj.     iSSS. 

Culms  i'-/S'  long,  extensively 
creeping,  b.rmched,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, tlic  branihes  erect  or  ascend- 
in^,,  i'-6'  high.  .Sheaths  shorter 
tlian  the  internodes,  villous  at  the 
i'.ummit;  ligale  a  ring  of  short  hairs; 
Ip'ivcs  2'  long  or  less,  'a"-!"  wide, 
ilat,  smooth  l)eneath,  rough  above; 
si)ik(jlets  dioecious,  io-35-flowered, 
2"-.S"  long;  lower  scales  unequal,  the 
first  one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as 
tlie  .second;  flowering  scales  about 
I  '4"  long,  the  lateral  nerves  promi- 
nent; scales  of  the  pistillate  flowers 
more  acute  than  those  of  the  stami- 
nate. 

On  siuuly  or  frravilly  shores,  Vcr- 
inonl  and  Ontario  to  Oregon,  south  to 
I'lorida  and  Mtxico.  .Mso  in  tliu  West 
Indits.     .\nK--Sti)t. 

66.    EATONIA  Raf.  Joiirn.  Pliy.s.  89:  104.       iSig. 

Tufted  perennial  grasses,  with  Hat  or  involute  leaves  and  usually  contracted  panicles. 
Spikelets  2 -3-flowered;  the  rachilla  extended  beyond  the  (lowers.  Two  lower  scales  emptj', 
shorter  than  the  sjjikelet,  the  first  linear,  acute,  1 -nerved,  the  second  much  broader, 
3-iierved,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  or  sometimes  acute,  the  margins  scarious;  flowering 
scales  narrower,  generally  obtuse.  I'alet  narrow,  2-uerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct, 
short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [In  honor  of 
Amos  Eaton,  1776-1842,  American  botanist.] 

.\  t^emis  of  4  or  ,s  spcciis.  confined  to  North  .America. 
Knipty  scales  iincinial,  the  first  shortir  and  abont  one  si.vth  as  wide  as  the  second. 

.Second  scale  obovati\  often  almost  tiiineate.  i.   /-".  ohiiisa/n. 

Second  scale  oblanci-ohite,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute.  2.   A",  /'riiii.sy/riiiiiia. 

Empty  scales  eiinal,  tin-  first  not  less  than  one-third  as  wide  as  the  second.       3.   A',  nilida. 

I.   Eatonia   obtusata    (Michx.j  A. 

Gray.      lUunt-scaled  Ivitonia. 

(Fig.  441.  ) 

Aim    oblHsala    Michx.    I'l.    lior.    .\\\\.    1:    62. 

i8(M. 
Kalonia   obtii.sala   .\.  Orav,   Man.   Iv<l.   2.  ,s,s>!. 

1836. 

Culms  i°-2/<2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  often 
stout,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  usually  more  or  less 
rough,  sometimes  pubescent;  ligule  y2"-i" 
long;  leaves  I'-g'  long,  \"-.\''  wide,  scab- 
rous; panicle  2'-6'  in  length,  dense  and 
generally  spikelike,  strict,  the  branches  i^i' 
long  or  less,  erect;  spikelets  crowded, 
i/4'"-i.J^"  long;  empty  scales  unequal,  often 
purplish,  the  first  narrow,  shorter  than  and 
about  one-sixth  as  wide  as  the  obtuse  or 
almost  truncate  second  one;  flowering  scales 
narrow,  obtuse,  }i"-i"  long. 

In  dry  soil,  Massachusetts  and  Ontario  to 
Assiniboia,  Florida  and  Arizona.    June-Aug. 


I 


GRASS   FAMILY. 
2.    Eatonia  Pennsylvanica  (DC.)  A.  Gray 

(Fig.  442.) 

Korleria  Pninsyhani,;,    DC.   Cat.   H..rt.  M,.t,si. 

117.     I, Sr-^. 

Ju>/o,ii„  J\in,syl-ruiii,u  A.  Cray,  Man.  VA.  2,  ssS 

Usually  },'I:il)rons,  culms  1°-^"  tall,  erect 
simple,  slender,  smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  thaii 
the  interiiodes;  ligulc  ;V  long;  leaves  2  ■;'-;' 
long,  I"-,"  wide,  rough;  panicle  .V-;"'  i'„ 
length,  contracted,  often  nodding,  "lax,  its 
branches  i'-2;,''  long;  spikelels  i%"-ii^" 
long,  usually  numerous,  somewhat  crowded 
and  appre.sscd  to  the  branches;  empty  scales 
unequal,  the  first  narrow,  shorter  than  and 
about  one-sixth  as  broad  as  the  obtuse  or  ab- 
ruptly acute  second  one,  which  is  smooth,  or 
somewhat  rough  on  the  keel;  fiowering  scales 
narrow,  acute,  i  '4"  long. 

Ttrit'i  ■'l!'r'7''"V'-''  '"■  '"1"'^'  ^"'''  ^■"^-  "nmswick  to 


193 


Pennsylvania  Ivatonia. 


Eatonia  Pennsylvanica  major  T(.rr.    A 
Culms  talk-r;  I.aiiiclc  longer  iuul 
ently  marly  that  of  tin-  typical  form. 


dray.  JIau.  I'^l.  2,  558.      KS56. 
ucMc  c-,mipuun<l;  leaves  lonjriT  and"  broader. 


KaiiRc-  appar- 


3.   Eatonia  nitida  (SpreiiK^  )  Xash.     vSlen- 
der  Ivitonia.     (Fig.  443.; 

.  \ira  iiilida  Spr-njr.  I'l.  Hal.  >rant.  i:  .^2.       i.'^,,;. 

''■"iS.S*""    ''"'"''^''    '^'■'^^■-''■'    •-■"""■    'iot-    <-az.    II:    116. 

J-M/onia  ni/ul,,  Xasli,  liull,  Torr.  Cluh,  22:  5,1.     1S95. 

Glabrous,  culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  very  slender 
smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes' 
Kenerally  pubescent;  ligule  ■+'"  long;  leaves  ,','-3' 
long,  I  "  wide  or  less,  often  pubescent,  the  upper- 
most very  short;  panicle  2'-6'  in  length,  lax,  the 
branches  spreading  at  nowering  time,  afterwards 
erect,  i'-2,^'  long;  spikelets  not  crowded,  i'<" 
long;  empty  scales  smooth,  the  first  about  one- 
third  as  wide  as  and  ecptalling  the  .second,  which 
IS  obtu.se  or  almost  truncate,  often  apiculate  ■ 
flowering  scales  narrow,  ,"-i  .4:// io„g_  obtuse  or 
acutish,  smooth. 

In  dry  woods,  southern  New  York  and  New  Tersev 
to  Georgia  and  .\labania.     Mnv-June.         '■^'-^'' i^^^'-V 


67.    KOELERIA  Pens.  Svn.  i:  97.       ,805 

^^^^i^%::^^':^^^::^•^^^  °^  t*^*^^^--^  '^^^^^^  -"^  mostly  spike. 

scale  and  palet.     ClAoS^rc^:^SwiJE^^=;  ^^^^^  ^ ^  ^  ^e 
for„^I";:*„^ir/;Nrrthlmerica^"'^'='P''''^  distribution.    The  following,  which  may  contain  two 


'I 


194 


gramini;ae. 

I.  Koeleria  cristata  (  L.  i  I'crs. 
(  Vxii.  444.  ) 


Koeleria. 


.Ill  ii  n  i\\/ii/ii  I,.  Sp,  ri.  i\\.      175.1- 
A'lii/i-riit  I)  i.\/(i/ii  Wrs.  Syii.  1:117.      i^d.s. 
/\,>i/i-i  id  iiiliild  Null.  Cell,  i:  74.      iSiS. 
A'lii/,/  III  ri  i\/(i/(i  var. ,i,' /'!/(■ /7/.>  A.  Cray,  .Mini.  591. 


1S4S 


Culms  i°-2i2°  mil,  erect,  simple,  rigid  smooth, 
ofieii  pubescent  just  below  the  panicle.  vSheaths 
often  shorter  tliau  the  intcniodcs,  smooth  or  .sca- 
brous, sometimes  hirsute;  lijj;ule  'i''  louj.;;  leaves 
i'-i2'  loii};,  'a"-i,'2''  wide,  erect,  flat  or  invo- 
lute, smooth  or  r()U}j;li,  often  more  or  less  hirsute; 
panicle  i'-7'  in  length,  pale  ,grceu,  usually  con- 
tracted or  spike-like,  the  branches  cre<'t  or  rarely 
ascending,  1'  long  or  less;  spikelets  2"5-no\vercd, 
2"  -3"  long,  the  scales  rough,  acute,  the  eiir^ty  ones 
uiieijual;   llowcring  scales  i  i2"-2"  long,  shining. 

Ill  (by  sauily  soil,  I'sp.cially  on  iiraiiics,  Ontario  to 
liritisli  Coluiiiliia,  soutli  to  IViiusylvauia,  Ni'braska, 
Tixas  ami  Calilornia.  Also  in  I'airope  and  .\sia.  Very 
vaiiabk'.     July  Si])!. 

68.  CATABROSA  Ik-anv.  Asro.st.  97.  />/.  /<j.  /.  .S\  1812. 
A  perennial  grass,  with  soft  Hat  leaves  and  an  open  panicle.  Spikelets  usually  2-now- 
ered.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  thiii-membranous,  much  shorter  than  the  (lowering  ones,  un- 
equal, rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex;  flowering  scales  membranous,  erosc-truncate.  I'alet 
barclv  shorter  than  the  scale.  Stamens  3.  .Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  ]iluinose.  [Greek,  in 
allusion  to  the  crose  top  of  the  llowering  scales.] 

,\   iuoiioly|)ic   irinus   of    arctic   and   mouiitaiiious 
regions  111'  llu-  uorllu-rii  iKiuisiilKiv. 

I.     Catabrosa    aquatica    (L.)    Beaiiv. 
Water  Whorl-grass.      (  Fig.  445. ) 

.III (I  iii/iiaiha  \,.  .Sp.  ri.  U\.     17.S.V 
Calahiosa  iii/iiti/it,i  Ikauv.  Ayrosl.  157.      1S12. 

Sinootli  and  glabrous,  culms  ^'-2°  tall,  erect,  from 
a  creeping  base,  bright  green,  flaccid.  Sheaths 
usually  overlapping,  loose;  ligule  1 '^'''-2^2"  long; 
leaves  i'j'-,s'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  flat,  obtuse;  pan- 
icle I'-S'  ill  length,  open,  the  branches  whorled, 
spreading  or  ascending,  very  slender,  '^'-2'  long; 
spikelets  1)4"-^^"  longi  the  empty  scales  rounded 
or  obtuse,  the  first  about  half  as  long  as  the  second, 
which  is  crenulate  on  the  margins;  flowering  scales 
l"-i  '4  "  long,  3-nerved,  erose-truncate  at  the  apex. 

In  water  or  wet  soil,  I.abradoraiul  UikIh  c  to  Alaska, 
soiitli  to  Xtbraska,  Colorado  and  Itali.  ,\lso  in  ICuro])^ 
and  Asia.     .SuniiiRr. 

69.   MELICA  L.  Sp.  PI.  60.       1753. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  usually  soft  flat  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spike- 
lets l-several-flowered,  often  secuiul,  the  rachilla  extended  beyond  the  flowers  and  usually 
bearing  2-3  empty  club-shaped  or  hooded  .scales,  convolute  around  each  other.  Two  lower 
scales  empty,  luembranous,  3-5-nervcd;  flowering  scales  larger,  rounded  on  the  back,  7-13- 
nerved,  sometimes  bearing  an  awn,  the  margins  more  or  less  scarious;  palets  broad,  shorter 
than  the  .scales,  two-keeled.  Stamens  three.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Ciraiu 
free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Name  used  by  Theophrastus  for  Sorghum;  said  to  be 
in  allusion  to  the  sweet  culms  of  some  species.] 

.\bout  .^o  sptcics,  inliabitiiiK  temperate  rcKious.     iksides  the  following,  some   i,s  others  occur 
in  the  Roclvy  Mountains  and  on  the  I'.icilic  Coast. 
.Second  scale  iiuicli  shorter  than  the  3  -,s-nowL-red  spikelets. 

Spikelets  few;  braiiclics  of  tlic  panicle  spreading  or  asceiidiiiR,  l.  .If.  diffusa. 

Spikelets  usually  numerous;  branches  of  the  panicle  erect.  2.   .^^.  /iiirvi/lora. 

Second  scale  nearly  equalliny;  tlie  2 -flowered  spikelet.  3.  iM,  miilica. 


i 


r 


CRASS    I'AMII.V. 


195 


I.    Melica  diffusa  Pursh.     Tall  Mclic-jrrass 

-N'cl  I,. 


1: 


;.      isi|, 
-Man.   m 


Jlfi'//,\i  <il/isuin<i  Walt.  I'l.  Car 

Afrii   <i  (lif/iisu  I'lirsli,  I'l.  .\iii.  Sii)t. 
Mi-lii-,1  iiiii/ioi  var.  ili//'ic,i  \   i;rav 

Culms  I  i,°-4°  tall,  erect,  .simple,  smooth  and 
Klabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  iiiterno.lcs, 
the  lower  often  overlapping;  li^nle  \"2"  hjng; 
leaves  4'  7'  loiifr,  2"  .j"  wi,le,  rou«h;  pan- 
icle 6','-S>j'  in  Icnjrth,  open,  the  branches 
spreading  or  ascendinj,',  the  lower  i  ','--;/  Iouk; 
spikelets  usually  numerons,  about  .^-flowered, 
4K"-.'5.'i"  loUK,  noddinj,',  on  slender,  more  or 
less  flexuous  i)ul)esceiit  pe<liccls;  empty  basal 
scales  very  I)road,  obtuse  or  acutish,  the  first 
shorter  than  the  second,  which  is  Kenerally 
much  exceeded  by  the  spikelet;  flowering  scales 
3'-i"-4i,"  lonj,',  acute  or  obtuse,  scabrous. 

IVnnsylvania    I,,    Miss,„n-i,    soutli    to    Virginia, 
Kentucky  and  Texas.     Jlay  June. 

2.    Melica  parviflora  (Porter)  Scribii. 


a-ijr.    446. 


Small  Melic-grass.      (  Fi.u^.  447.  ) 

^r,h\a    mii/iui   var.   />arviflora   IN.rtcr;   I'ortcr  S: 
C(Jtdlcr,  I'M.  Cole.  i.t(j.      1S74. 

^^l■ln■a  Pm/rri  Scribn.  Proc.  Acad.  I'hila    i88>;-   11 
/>/■  I.    J.  17,  iS.     i,S,S5.  '■  "■ 

.^filica  pari'ijlora  Scribn.  Jleni.  Turr.  Clul)   <;■  so 
i,Sy4.  '  •'■  '^'■ 

Culms  iM°-2;.°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  short,  overlapping, 
more  or  less  rough;  ligule  i"  long;  leaves 
5'-9'  long,  i"~2"  wide,  rough;  panicle  ^'-T 
in  length,  contracted,  the  branches  erect,  the 
lower  i'-2'  long;  spikelets  few,  4-5-nowered, 
5"-(>y2"  long,  nodding,  on  somewhat  flexuous 
strongly  pubescent  pedicels;  lower  scales  ob- 
tuse or  acutish,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second, 
which  is  much  exceeded  by  the  .spikelet;  flower- 
ing scales  3  ■^"-4"  long,  acutish,  scabrous. 

Prairies,   Kansas  and  Colorado  to  Arizona  and 
U'xas. 


3.     Melica    mutica    Walt.       Narrow 

Melic-gras.s.     (Fig.  448.; 

Mi'h'aj  11111/ ira  Walt.  I'l,  Car.  7S        i-SS 
Ah-lira  iini/ica  var.  ,i;hihra  A.   Crav,  Man.   I'd    s 
62f).       1867.  "  •■.-!• 

Culms  1° -3°  tall,  erect,  usually  slender,  sim- 
ple, smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  often  over- 
lapping, rough;  ligule  \"~2"  long;  leaves 
rough,  4'-9'  long,  i"-^"  wide,  panicle  3','^ 
loYi'  in  length,  narrow,  the  branches  spreading 
or  ascending,  i'-2'  long;  spikelets  about  2-now- 
ered,  i^4."~   


3'4"-4',''/  long,  nodding,  on  more  or  less 
flexuous  pubescent  pedicels;  empty  scales  very 
broad,  acutish  to  obtuse,  the  first  shorter  than 
the  second,  which  is  nearly  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let or  sometimes  equals  it;  flowering  scales  3"- 
4"  long,  generally  very  obtuse,  scabrous. 

In  rich  soil    I'ennsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  south  to 
I'lorulaand  Texas.     June-July. 


n)6 


C.RAMINKAK. 


Ainerioaii  Korycarpus. 

IP 


70.    KORYCARPUS  Zca.  Act.  Matrit.       1806. 
(  DiAUiNA  Raf.  Joiirii.  Hot.  2:   ificj.      i.Sci).] 
[DiAKRiiliNA  lU-auv.  A^rost.  i  [2.      1S12.] 
lircct  j^Tiisses,  with  loiii;  Hat  k'avts  and  narrow  paiiiculati'  or  raceinosL-  iiillorcsccncL'. 
Spiki'lets3-5-n<)weri'(l,  the  rachilla  icailily  disarticulating;  liutwocn  the  llowers.     Ippcr  scales 
eini)ty,  convolute.     Two  lower  scales   eni])ty,  the  first  narrow,  .^-nerved,  acute,  the  second 
broader,  ,s-nervcd;  flowering  scales  broader  than  the  lower  ones,  iicuininate  or  niucninatc, 
rounded  on  the  back,  finally  coriaceous  and  shininji,  ,V"crved.     I'alct  2-kecled.     vStaniens  2, 
rarely   i.     Styles  short,  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose,     drain  beaked,  free.     [Cireek,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  beaked  .t,'rain.] 

'I'wci  kiuiwu  spuits,  tlif  r.illiiwiiiH:  Niirtli  Ainiricau,  llic  ntlK-r  JapiUiese. 

I.    Korycarpus  diandrus  (Miclix.)  Kiiiit/e 

( I'iK.  449. ) 
I'l'sliica  (iiainlia  Miclix.  I'l.  lior.  .\ni.  \:(<-.    f>l.  lo.       iSii^ 
A'i>ri'(V/(/>».s  (?/-«/;(////(?(<7(.(  Zea,  Act.  Matril.       iSiifi. 
Diiiirhciia   .iniciinuni   Ucauv.  Ajfnist.   i.|2.     />/.  .•■;.   /'.   //. 

1S12. 
I\'(ir\iai/'iis  (iitiiidnis  Kunt/c,  Kiv.  C.cii.  IM.  772,      iScji. 

Culms  I  '2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  very  rougli  below  the 
panicle.     Sheaths  overlappiuf^,   confined   to   the  lower 
part  of  the  culm,  smooth  or  a  little  rough  at  the  summit,      (/ 
sometimes  pubescent;    ligule  very  short;   leaves  S'-i.)'     VK 
long,  5"-9"  wide,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  usually      \J 
scabrous;    panicle  often  re<luced  to  a  raceme,  2'-7'2'  in 
length,   the  branches  erect,   i'-2'  long;   spikelets   ,^-5- 
llowercd,  6"-S"  long,  the  lower  scales  unequal,  the  lirst 
shorter  than  the  second,  which  is  much  exceeded  by  the 
spikelet;  flowering  scales  somewhat  abruptly  acuminate; 
palets   shorter   than    the   scales   and   exceeded   by  the 
beaked  grain. 

In  rich  wixmIs.  Ohio  to  Kansas,  simlh  to  (k-oi>{ia,  Ti  iiiU'S- 
sec  and  the  liulian  Tirriloiy.     .XuK-.-Sipl. 

71.    PLEUROPOGON  K.  Br.  App.  Parry's  Voy.  2S9.       1S24. 

Erect  grasses  with  Hat  leaves  and  racemose  innorescence.  Spikelets  5-14-llowered; 
flowers  perfect,  or  the  upper  staniinate.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  unequal,  thin-membran- 
ous, i-nerved,  or  the  second  imperfectly  v'lerveil;  flowering  scjiles  longer,  menil)raiious, 
7-ncrved,  the  middle  nerve  excurrent  as  a  short  point  or  awn.  I'alet  scarcely  shorter  than 
the  scale,  2-keelcd,  the  keels  winged  or  appendaged.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  side-beard,  from  the  append- 
ages to  the  palets.] 

Three  known  species,  the  liiUowiiiK  arctic,  the  others  Califuniian, 

I.  Pleuropogon  Sabinii  R.  Br.    Sabine'. s 
rifuropoj^on.      ( iMg.  450.) 

P/i'iirn/ios^oii  Sa/iii/ii  R.  lir.  App.  I'arrv's  \'ov.  2S9. 
1S24.     '■ 

Smooth,  culms  6'  or  less  tall,  erect,  simple, 
glabrous.  Sheaths  one  or  two;  ligule  i"  long; 
leaves  W~i'  long,  erect,  glabrous;  raceme  i'~2' 
in  length;  spikelets  3-6,  5-S-flowered,  about  5" 
long,  on  spreading  or  reflexed  pedicels  i"  or 
less  in  length;  lower  scales  smooth,  the  first 
acute,  shorter  than  the  obtuse  second;  flowering 
scales  oblong,  2"-2j2''''  long,  erose-truncate  at 
the  scarious  summit,  scabrous,  the  midnerve 
sometimes  excurrent  as  a  short  point;  palet 
slightly  shorter  than  the  scale,  truncate  and 
somewhat  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  an  awn- 
like appendage  on  each  keel  near  the  middle. 

Arctic  regions  of  both  the  Old  World  and  the 
New.     Suninicr. 


GRASS    1'A:\III,Y. 


ly? 


72.    UNIOLA  I,.  Sp.  PI.  71.       1753. 

ICrcct  and  often  tall  ^jrasses  with  Hat  or  convolute  leaves  and  paiiiculate  iiillorcscoiice. 
Spikulets  ,v  inany-llowerud,  Hat,  2-edKed,  tlie  llowers  perfect,  or  the  upper  statninate! 
Scales  tlattened,  keeled,  sometimes  wiiiK'ed,  rinid,  usually  acute;  tlie  lower  ;,-6  emi)ty,  un- 
e(|ual;  tlic  lloweriuj;  scales  many-nerved,  the  uppermost  scales  often  smaller  and  empty; 
palets  rigid,  2-keeled.  Stamens  i  ,v  Styles  distinct.  StiKUias  plumose.  Crain  com- 
pressed, free,  loosely  cnclo.sed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Name  diminutive  of  units,  one  of  no 
obvious  application.] 

riiiull'si'iu-s  "''''*'  "•■"'"■^  "''  •\""'''^'''-     liisi.ks  tlK-  rullouiiiK,  2  „tlRrs  occur  in  the  s,,iuluaslcrn 

.SpikiUls  alxml  ','  in  Unjflh;  panicle  spike  like.  ,  /•  /„  ,  „ 

.SpikiU-lseNciidiiiK  '   '  in  Unjftli:  i)iuiicli(H)in. 

I|anicle  lax.  llir  hnmclus  pcndnliMis:  spikelcts  cm  IdUk'  capillarv  pcdiccN  2  r  l,ili/'.ih\i 

1  amcle  slnct,  the  hranclics  creel,  ri(.id;  spikcUls  on  short  stout  pedicels.  ,;.  / '.  />,iiiinihitii. 

1.    Uniola  laxa  (I,.  )  li.S.P.     vSlciulcr  Si)ike-Kni.s.s.     ( l'i<,r.  ^5,.  , 

J fiihKs  1,1x11  S  I,.  ,Sp.   I'l.   |o|S.        \-^\. 
rnii'la  ^1, id/is  Miclix.   l"l.   I!or.  .Vm.  i:  71. 
iSo^, 

/  'iiiiila  laxa  l{..S.r.  I'rel.  Cat.  X.  V.  («;.     i.sss. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  cidms  i,'j°-4° 
tall,  erect,  .simple,  .slender.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very 
short;  leaves  ,s'-i5'  long,  i"~7,"  wide, 
usually  erect.  Hat,  attenuate  into  a  long 
tip,  smooth  or  slijrhtly  rough ;  pan- 
icle spike-like,  4'- 12'  in  length,  erect, 
strict,  or  nodding  at  the  summit,  the 
branches  erect,  i'-2'  long;  spikelcts 
short-.stalked  or  nearly  sessile,  3-6- 
Howered,  about  3"  long;  lower  scales 
much  shorter  than  the  (lowering  ones, 
which  are  i>^"-2"  long,  acuminate, 
spreading  in  fruit;  jialet  arched,  about 
two-thirds  as  long  as  the  scale;  stamen  i. 

Sandy  soil.  I.ont;  Island  to  Pcinisvlvania 
and  Kentucky,  south  to  I'lorida  and'lVxas. 
mostly  near  the  coast.  Ascends  to  yoo  ft.  in 
North  Carolina.     AuR.-.Sept. 

2.    Uniola  latifolia  Michx.       Broad- 
leaved  Spike-grass.      (Fig.  452.) 


I'liiola    lalifolia   :^^iellx.    I'l.    I!or.    .\ni. 

iSo.j. 


i:   70. 


Culms  2°-5°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes; ligule  Yi"  long,  lacerate-toothed; 
leaves  4'-9'  long,  %'-\'  wide,  flat,  narrowed 
into  a  somewhat  rounded,  often  ciliate  base, 
acuminate  at  the  ape  .,  smooth,  excepting  on 
the  margins;  panicle  lax,  5'i'-io'  in  length, 
its  branches  filiform  and  pendulous,  the 
lower  2'-5'  long;  spikelets  many-flowered, 
oblong  to  ovate,  3/'- 04^' long,  on  long  cap- 
illary pendulous  pedicels;  lower  scales  much 
smaller  than  the  (lowering  ones,  which  are 
4'i"-(>"  long,  ciliate-hispid  on  the  winged 
keel;  stamen  1. 

In  moist  places,  I'cunsvlvania  to  Illinois  and 
Kansas,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas,  .\scends 
to  2u()o  ft.  in  North  Carolina.     .\ug.-Sept. 


I 


•  ~  - 
1} 


198 


(VRAMINHAIC. 
3.    Uniola  paniculata  I,.     Sua  Oats.     {V'va-  t53- ' 

I  'iii"lii  /hiiiii  iiliilii  I,.  Sp.  IM.  71.      1755. 

(ilal)toiis  tliorouKlioiit,  culms  v'-'*'"  tall, 
t'rcct,  simple,  siiiootli.  Sheaths  ofti-u  longer 
than  the  intciiKulcs;  limile  a  riuj,'  of  hairs 
uliout  'i"  loii^;;  k-aves  1'  loiij.';  or  inuri',  ahoiit 
V  wide,  involute  when  dry,  attenuate  into  a 
louK  slender  lij);  panicle  1/  i"  in  Icnj^th  or 
more,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  strict, 
rij,Md,  the  lower  _■ '.''  5' loiijf;  spikelets  many- 
flowered,  short-piclicellid,  ovate  to  oval  when 
mature,  'j'-i'  lon>{;  lower  scales  much  shorter 
than  the  flowerinj,'  ones,  which  are  4"-5'' 
lonj:  and  scabrous  on  the  keels;  stamens  ;,. 


Ill  sands  dl'  llii-  seaeoast.  VirKinia  lo  I'lurida 
aii<l  west  to  Texas,  Also  in  the  West  Indiis  and 
Sniitli  Aniirica.  .Spikelets  persistent  into  tile 
winter.     Oct.   -Nov. 


73.    DISTICHLIS  Raf.  Joiirn.  Phys.  89:  104.       1S19. 

Dioecious  j^rasscs,  with  rij^id  culms  creepinj,'  or  decumhent  at  the  base,  (lat  or  convo- 
lute leaves  and  spike-like  paniculate  inflorescence.  vS])ikelcts  flattened,  more  numerous  on 
the  staminate  plants  than  on  the  pistillate,  6-16-flowered;  rachilla  continuous  in  the  stain- 
in  ate  spikelets,  articulated  in  the  pistillate.  Two  lower  scales  ein])ty,  narrow,  keeled,  acute, 
shorter  than  the  floweriiijf  ones;  flowerinj;  scales  broader,  many-nerved,  acute,  rigid;  palcts 
2-kecled.  vStaniens  3.  Styles  thickened  at  the  base,  rather  long,  distinct.  Stigmas 
ioiig-plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and^palct.  [Greek,  signifying  two-ranked, 
probably  111  reference  to  the  spikelets.] 

I'our  known  species,  natives  of  America,  inhabiting  tlie  sea  coast  or  alkaline  soil;  one  of  then 
is  also  fouiul  in  Australia. 


1.    Distichlis  spicata  (ly.)  Greeiif.     Marsh  Spike-gras.s.     (Fig.  454.) 


f'niola  sfticala  I,.  Sp.  I'l,  71.      175,5. 
Dis/ic/ilis  niariliiiia  Raf.  Jourii.  I'liys.  89:  104.      1S19. 
t'liid/i!  s/iiclci  Torr.  Ann.  I.yc.  X.  V.  i:  i.s.s.      i><24. 
J)is/itlilis  spuiiia   C'lieene,    liiill.  Cal.    .\cad.    2:  415. 

1SH7. 
DtslKlihs  spirald    var.    s/rii/a  Scribn.  Mem.   Torr. 

Club,  5:  ,51.      18194. 

Glabrous  throughout,  culms  3'-2°  tall,  erect 
from  a  horizontal  rootstock,  or  often  decumbent  at 
the  base.  Sheaths  overlapping  and  often  crowded; 
ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves  J2'~6'  long, 
I "-2"  wide,  flat  or  involute;  panicle  dense  and 


spike-like, 


3,''_ 


in    length,   the  branches    i' 


long  or  less,  erect;  sjiikelets  6-i6-flowcred,  4"-9" 
long,  pale  green;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  1-3- 
nerved,  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  3-5-nervcd 
second  one;  flowering  scales  i.Ji"-2!^"  long, 
acute  or  acuminate. 

On  .salt  meadows  along  the  .\tlantic  coast  from 
Maine  to  I'lorida,  in  saline  soil  tlirouKliimt  the  inte- 
rior, and  on  the  Pacific  coast  north  to  Uritish  Columbia. 
The  main  figrnre  is  tliat  of  the  staminate  plant.  June- 
Aug. 


C.KASS    I'AMIJ.Y. 
74.    BRIZA   I,.  Sp.  PI.  70. 


199 


1 753- 


::;■"=■  tS^  ;;;r-t,  Sx  •;;';=,»  -:r "■■'^-.  --- :-  -  - 

Al.,ml  ,2  s,„.ncs,  n.tiv.snf  Uh.  DM  WnrM  .„,1  U,,,,,.,,,,..  Sn„ll,  .\,n.uc-,. 


i   H: 


I.    Briza  media  I,. 


guakc'-grass.     Qii:ikinj4 Crass.     (Kijr.  435. 


/>'/  /-(/  niiiliii  I,.  S]).  I'l. 


'7.U 


vSuioolli  and  j,'lal)roii9,  culms  6'-2°  tall,  erect, 
from  a  perennial  root,  simple.  Slicatlis  shorter 
tlian  the  internodes;  lijruie  y^f  lonj;  or  less, 
truncate;  leaves  i'-;/  lon^,  i"-2',"  wide;  pan- 
icle i','-,s'  in  length,  the  capillary  branches 
spreading  or  ascending,  i'-2;r  long;  spikelcts 
i"-2\i"  lonf,',  orbicular  to  deltoid-ovate,  5-12- 
flowered;  scales  scarious-inarKined,  the  h.wcr 
ones  about  i"  lonj,';  lloweriuK  scales  i"- 
I  •■-'"  long,  broader  than  the  lower  ones,  widely 
spreadinjj. 


In  fields  iiTul  waste  places,  Ontario  to  Massachu- 
setts and  Kli,„lc  Island.     Natur.ilized  from  luironc 
June  July. 


N.'itivc  also  of  .\sia. 


2.    Briza  minor  I,.     Les.ser  Quaking 
Gras.s.     (Fig.  456.) 


Iliiza  minor  \,.  .Sp.  I>1.  70. 


I75,V 


.Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  4'-i5'  tall,  erect 
from  an  annual  root,  simple.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  li^ule  i"-^"  long,  acute- 
leaves  I '-5'  long,  i"-4"  wide,  sometimes  sca- 
brous; panicle  2SS'  in  length,  open,  the  capil- 
lary branches  spreading  or  ascending,  i'-2;4' 
long;  .spikelets  3-6-nowercd,  i"-\]i"  long, 
about  2"  broad,  truncate  at  the  base;  scales 
scarious-margined,  the  lower  ones  about  \" 
long;  flowering  scales  much  broader  and  deeply 
saccate,  about  V "  long. 

In  ballast  and  waste  places  about  Camden  N  I  • 
comnion  in  California,  and  widely  distributed  in 
tropical  .Vnicnca.  Adventive  or  naturalized  from 
iMirope.     JuiK-luly. 


200 


GRAMINKAK. 


75.    DACTYLIS  I..  vSp.  PI 


I/50- 


A  Uill  perennial  i^^niHS,  with  flat  leaves  anil  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelcts  3-5-flow- 
cred,  sliort-pedicelled,  in  dense  capitate  clusters,  the  flowers  perfect  or  the  upper  statninate. 
Two  lower  scales  empty,  thin-nicinbrauous,  keeled,  une(|ual,  niucronate;  flowerinj.^  scales 
larger  than  the  cni])ty  ones,  rigid,  ,s-nervcd,  keeled,  the  midncrve  extended  into  a  point  or 
short  awn;  pakts  shorter  than  the  scales,  2-kceled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas 
])luinose.  drain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Name  used  by  I'liny  fi,r  some  grass 
with  fingcr-likc  spikes]. 

.■\  inimotypic  giiuis  of  Ivurope  .ind  Asia. 

I.   Dactylis   glomerata  L.     Orchard 


(Irnss,      (  Kiij:.  457  "^ 

Paciylis  ^loiiit'idla  I,.  ,Sp.  I'l.  71.      1753. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  tufted,  erect,  simi)le,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  .Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  smooth  or  rough;  ligule  i"-2"  long; 
leaves  3'-9'  long,  i"-^"  wide,  flat,  scabrous; 
j)anicle  ^'-S'  in  length,  the  branches  spreading 
or  ascending  in  flower,  erect  in  fruit,  the  lower 
l'-2'j'  long,  spikelet-bearing  from  above  or  be- 
low the  middle;  spikelcts  in  dense  capitate  clus- 
ters, 3-5-flowered;  lower  scales  T-3-nervcd,  the 
first  shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales 
2"_3"  long,  rough,  pointed  or  short-awned, 
ciliatc  on  the  keel. 

In  fitUls  and  waste  places,  Xcw  Brunswick  to 
Manitoba,  south  to  South  Carolina  and  Kansr.s. 
Xatinali/.i.-d  from  ICuropc  and  cultivated  for  fodder. 
June  July. 


76.    CYNOSURUS  L.  .Sp.  PI.  72.     1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  tufted  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  dense  spike-like  inflorescence. 
Spikelcts  of  two  kinds,  in  small  clusters;  lower  spikelcts  of  the  clusters  consisting  of  nar- 
row empty  scales,  with  a  continuous  rachilla,  the  terminal  spikelcts  of  2-4  broader  scales, 
with  an  articulated  nichilla  and  subtending  perfect  flowers.  Two  lower  scales  in  the  fertile 
spikelcts  empty,  i-ncrved,  the  flowering  scales  broader,  i-3-nervc<l,  pointed  or  short-awned; 
upper  scales  narrower,  usually  empty.  Scales  of  the  sterile  spikelcts  ])cctinatc,  spreading, 
all  empty,  linear-subulate,  i -nerved.  Stamens  3.  .Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  loosely 
plumose.  Grain  finally  adiicrcnl  to  the  palet.  [Greek,  signif3iug  dog's  tail,  referring  to 
the  spike.]  ,. 

About  3  sijccies,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

I.    Cynosurus   cristatus    L.     I)o;^',s-tail 
Gras.s.     (Fig.  45S.; 

Cynosiini.s  CI  isldliis  I,.  ,Sp,  I'l.  72.      1753. 

Culms  i°-2>2°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  iuternodes; 
ligule  ]i"  long,  truncate;  leaves  I'i's'  long,  '."-2" 
wide,  smooth,  glabrous;  spike-like  panicle  2'-4'  in 
length,  2'i"-(i"  wide,  long-cxserted;  spikelets  ar- 
ranged in  clusters,  the  terminal  fertile,  the  lower 
larger  and  sterile;  scales  of  the  former  about  i  '<" 
long,  pointed  or  short-awned,  the  scales  of  the  sterile 
spikelets  ver^^  narrow,  pointed,  strongly  scabrous  on 
the  keel. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  (Juebcc  and  Ontario  to  south- 
ern New  York  and  Nt w  Jersey.     .Vdvintive  from  ICurope. 

JUIR-.\UK. 


ORA.SS    FAMILY. 


20I 


/'.  II II II III!. 

/'.  Cliiipmaniiiiia. 


(>.  P.  iilpiiia. 


P.  lava. 

P.  abbieviala. 

P.  ecu i si a. 


iii-iitoiiili.s. 

ii  I  III!  I II. 

Iiiiiiiti  is. 


77.  POA  L.  Sp.  PI.  67.  1753. 
Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  pan- 
icles. S]iikelets  2-6- flowered,  compressed,  the  rachilla  usually  j^labrous;  (lowers  perfect,  or 
rarely  dioecious.  Scales  membranous,  keeled;  the  2  lower  empty,  l-vnerved;  the  llower- 
inj,'  scides  lon^^er  than  the  empty  ones,  generally  with  a  tuft  of  cobwebby  hairs  at  the  base,  5- 
nervcMl,  the  marginal  nerves  usually  pubescent,  often  also  the  dorsal  one;  palets  a  little  shorter 
than  ihe  scales,  2-nerved  or  2-kecled.  Stamens  ,v  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free,  or  sometimes  adherent  to  the  palet.     [Name  Greek,  for  grass  or  herbage.] 

A  ({ciuis  of  about  iiK)  spc-.-ics,  widely  distributed  in  all  temperate  and  cold  regions.     Tlie  ICnp;- 
lisli  name   Mrai(o:,-!;i ,iss  is  often   applied  to  must  of  the  species.     I!csi<les  llie  followinj^  some 
50  others  occur  in  the  western  i)arts  of  Xorth  .\merie;i. 
I,ow  annual  or  biennial  ({rasses,  the  culms  12'  tall  or  less. 

I'loweriuK  scales  distinctly  ,s  iiirved.  not  webby  at  tile  base. 
I'loweriuK  scales  ,^-iKrved,  or  obscurely  5  nerve<l,  webby  at  the  b.ise. 
I'erennials,  mostly  willi  tall  culms  1  Nos,  4-7  low). 

Grasses  of  far  norllurn  or  \\\s\\  mountain  rejfious,  generally  low. 

Leaves  short;  p.micle  branches  short,  ({eiierally  widely  si)readinK, 
Leaves  loujfer,  jfnidually  narrowed  to  llie  apex, 
Spikelets  less  tlian  ,5"  lonjf, 

Hranelns  of  the  i)anicle  erect,  smooth    slender,  lax. 
I'lowerintf  scales  glabrous  or  slinhti  ■  pubescent. 
I'lowerinn  scales  stron«^ly  pubesceni  a  1  over, 
lirauclies  wi<iely  spreading:,  flexuous,  smooth. 
IhauclKS  of  the  panicle  rouftli.  erect  or  ascending. 
Lower  lloweritiK  scale  i"-!',"  lonjf. 
Lower  llowerinjc  seali-  ■2"  lonff. 
Spikelets  exceeding  V'  'n  leuKth. 
Grasses  not  exclusively  of  far  northern  or  liiffh  nnnnitain  regions;  culms  generally  tall. 
Culms  strongly  llattent-d.  t,.   /',  toiii/nissii. 

Culms  terete  or  but  slifflilly  flallened, 

ranicle  lax;  brandies  lonj;:,  slender,  naked  half  their  leujfth,  usually  widely  spreading. 
Hasal  leaves  nuicli  shorter  than  tlie  culm. 

I'ediccls  commonly  shorter  than  the  spikelets, 

I'Mowering  scales  obscurely  nerved;  spikelets  I '.^''-a"  loiiK.     i_v   P.  Jhizui. 
I'Mowering  scales  prominently  nerved. 
Lateral  nerves  silky  pubescent, 

Spikelets  2" -2'-  '  loiin:  flowering  scales  not  pubescent  between  the 

nerves;  ligule  truncate,  S,  /',  fmili-iisis. 

Spikelets  ,^" -.)"   long:  nowering  scales  minutely  pubescent  below 
between  the  nerves;  ligule  acute,  9,  /',  psiiu/npi ii/iiisis. 

Lateral  nerves  naked;  spikelets  i'.-"  long,  10,   /',  liivialis. 

Pedicels  commonly  e(|ualliiig  or  much  exceeding  the  spikelets, 
I'Mowiriiig  scabs  roiiiuled  or  refuse  at  the  apex: 

Not  webbed  at  the  base,  pubescent  below.  15.   /'.  aiiliiihiialis. 

Webbed  at  the  base,  glabrous,  \\.  P.  lifbilis. 

I'loweriug  scales  obtuse  or  acute,  webbed  at  the  base, 

I'lowering  scales  about  I  S  "   long,  often  ])ubesciiit  between  the  nerves 

toward  the  base,  l(),   /',  syli'csltis. 

I'loweriug  sc.des  1 ' -"-a"  long,  glabrous  between  the  nerves: 

( )bscnre!y  nerved,  very  acute,  midnerve  pubescent  toward  the  base. 

17.   P.  iilsodi-s. 
riainly  nerved;  ner\-es  pilose,  i.H,  I'.  W'olfii. 

Hasal  leaves  about  iqualling  the  culm;  culm  leaves  short.     19.  /',  hi ii'i folia. 
ranicle  contracted;   llu'    brauclies  short,  erect  or  ascending,   mostly  spikelet-bearing 
nearly  to  the  base;  western  species, 
Idowering  scales  erose-tnnicate,  very  pubescent  below  between  the  silky  pubescent 

nervi'S,  20,   /',  iii  iilii. 

I'Mowering  scales  acutish.  nearly  or  ([uite  glabrous.  21.   /'.  Hinkliyiiiia. 

I.  Poa  annua  !<.     Annual  Meadow  (iras.s. 

I„()\v  vSpear-j^rass.      (.Fijij.  459.  ) 
Poa  annua  \,.  Sp.  I'l.  (i^.      175,?. 

Culms  2'-l°  tall,  from  an  annual  root,  erect  or 
decumbent  at  the  base,  somewhat  flattened,  smooth. 
Sheaths  loose,  usually  overlapping;  ligule  about 
\"  long;  leaves  '^'-4'  long,  'i"-!'.'"  wide, 
smooth;  panicle  'i'-4'  in  length,  open,  branches 
spreading,  ,'4 '-I  '2'  long,  naked  at  the  base;  spike- 
lets 3-5-flowered,  0^"-2,'-2"  long;  lower  scales 
smooth,  the  first  narrow,  actitc,  i -nerved,  about 
two  thirds  as  long  as  the  broad  and  obtuse  3- 
iicrved  second  one;  flowering  scales  t'+"-'''i" 
long,  distinctly  5-nervcd,  the  nerves  pilose  below. 

In  waste  and  cultivated  places  nearly  throughout 
North  .\nicrica.  Naturalized  from  ICufope.  Native 
also  of  ,\sia,     >[av Oct, 


202 


GRAMINHAK. 


2.    Poa  Chapmaniana  vScribn.     Chapman's  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  460.) 


Poi!  nis/,!/ti   Cliiipni 

Wall.      17SS. 
/'iKi    Clidpinaniaiia   Sciilm.    Dull.  Torr 

1894. 


Kl.  S.   St.-itcs.  ,s62.      1S60.     Not 
Club,  21:  ,sS. 


Culms  3'~6'  tall,  erect  from  an  anuual  root, 
sim])le,  rigid,  smooth  and  glabrous.  vSlieatlis 
tight,  mostly  at  the  base  of  the  culm;  ligule  >2" 
long,  truncate;  leaves  'i'-i'long,  yi"  wide  or  less, 
smooth;  j)anicle  i'-2'  in  length,  the  branches 
usually  erect,  sometimes  spreading  or  ascending, 
V  long  or  less,  naked  at  the  base;  spikelcts  3-7- 
flowercd,  iy^"--\}2"  long;  lower  scales  about 
equal,  3-nerved,  acute;  (lowering  scales  webbed  at 
the  base,  obtuse,  3-M:rved.  sometimes  with  two  ad- 
ditional obscure  nerves,  the  prominent  ones  some- 
times pilose  for  three-fourths  their  length. 

In  dry  soil.  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  to  Florida  and 
.Mabania.     .\))ril-May. 


3.    Poa  compressa  L.     Wire-grass.     Flat-steiinned  Meadow-grass.     Kiiglish 

Blue-grass.     (Fig.  461.)  py 

Poa  i:oi)//>>r.ua  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  6y.      1753. 

Pale  bluish-green,  glabrous,  culms  6'-2°  tall,  decum- 
bent at  the  base,  from  long  horizontal  rootstocks,  smooth, 
much  flattened.  Sheaths  loose,  flattened,  shorter  than 
the  internodes;  ligule  '/i"  long;  leaves  i'-4'  long,  about 
l"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  usu- 
allj'  contracted,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  i' 
long  or  less,  spikclet-bearing  nearly  to  the  base;  spike- 
lets  3-9-flowered,  I', "-3"  long;  lower  scales  acute,  3- 
nerved;  flowering  scales  i"-ij4^'''  long,  obscurely  3- 
nervcd,  the  nerves  sparingly  pubescent  toward  the 
base. 

Waste  places  and  cultivated  ffrounds  and  woods  almost 
throusjliout  North  .\rncrica.  .\scends  to  2100  ft.  in  Virprinia. 
Naturalized  from  ICurojie,  Native  also  of  .Vsia.  Varies  from 
weak  and  slender  to  (juite  stilT.     June-.Vuif. 


4.    Poa  abbreviata    R.    Br.      Low  Spear- 
gra.ss.     (Fig.  462.) 

Poa  ahltirviala  R.  Hr.  Dot.  .\pp.  Parry's  Voy.  2.S7.     1S24. 

Culms  6'  tall  or  less,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  and  leaves  crowded  at  the  base 
of  the  culm;  ligule  */i"  long;  leaves  j^'-i'  long, 
^'2"  wide;  panicle  contracted,  ji'-i' long,  branches 
very  short  and  erect;  spikelets  3-5-nowered,  iYz" 
long;  lower  scales  acute,  smooth  and  glabrous; 
flowering  scales  about  i^i"  long,  obtuse,  strongly 
pubescent  all  over,  the  intermediate  nerves  very 
obscure. 


-Vretic  .\inerica  from  Greenland  and  Labrador  to  the 
Pacific.     .Summer. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 

5.   Poa  laxa  Ilaenke.     Wavy  Meadow-grass.     Mountain  SiK'ar-sras.s. 

(Fig.  463.  ) 

Poa  In.Vii  IliiLiiki'.  in  Jinisfk,   lU'cib.   Kiiscnm'b.   iiS. 
1 791. 

Smooth  and  jrlabroiis,  culms  1"  tall  or  less,  erect, 
simple.  Sheaths  often  overlappini,^  lij,'ulc  about 
\"  lon.i,r;  leaves  i'-;/  lon>r,  \i"-i"  wide,  acumi- 
nate; panicle  \'-t,'  in  length,  the  branches  usually 
erect,  sometimes  ascen(lin,^^  i '  long  or  less;  spike- 
lets  3  ^-flowered,  2'^-2!,"  long;  lower  scales  usu- 
ally 3-nerved,  acute,  glabrous,  rough  on  the  keel 


203 


at  its  apex;  lowering  scales  1 


long,  ob- 


tuse, .vnerved,  or  sometimes  with  an  additional 
pair  of  olxscure  nerves,  the  midncrve  jnlose  on  the 
lower  half,  rough  above,  the  lateral  ones  pilose  for 
one-third  their  length. 


^  C.rocnl.iiul  to  Alaska,  sciiilli  to  the  inouulaiiis  of  Xcw 
IJuKland.  to  .Manitoba  and  in  tlic  Kockv  :Mountains  to 
Ciilurado.     .\lso  in  JCtiropc  and  .Asia.     .Siiniincr. 


4 
1 

i 


6.   Poa  alpina  I^.     Alpine  Spear-gra.ss. 
CFig.  464.  ) 

J'i'ii  iilphia  I,.  Sp.  ri.  (17.       175;,. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  4'-iS'  tall,  erect, 
simple.  .Sheaths  siiorter  than  the  internodcs;  ligule 
I"  long,  truncate;  leaves  i'-3'  long,  \"-2"  wide, 
abruptly  acute;  panicle  i'-3'in  length,  the  branches 
generally  widely  .spreading,  i'  long  or  less;  spikelets 
3-S-tlowered,  2%"-^"  long;  lower  scales  broad,  gla- 
brous, rough  on  the  keel,  acute;  flowering  scales 
about  2"  long,  obtuse,  pilose  for  half  their  length, 
l)ubescent  bctweeu  the  nerves  toward  the  base. 

I/.jbra.lor  to  .Alaska,  south  to  (JnelKC,  Lake  .Superior 
and  111  tile  Rocky  .Mountains  to  Coloradt),  .Also  in  iMirone 
and  .\sia.     .Suninicr. 


7.    Poa  cenisia  All,     Arctic  Spear-,t;Ta.,s.s.      (  Fig.  465. ) 


I 


Poa  Cfiiisia  All.  .And.  I'l,  IVd.  40.      178^. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  4'- 15'  tall,  erect,  slen- 
der, simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodcs;  lig- 
ule i"  long  or  less,  truncate;  leaves  i' -4' long,  '."-i'' 
wide;  panicle  1^-4'  in  length,  open,  the  branches  gen- 
erally widely  .spreading  and  more  or  less  flexnou-sf  i' 
212'  long;  spikelets  3-,5-flowered,  2}'."^T,y,"  long; 
lower  scales  acute  or  acuminate,  i  -3-ncrvcd;  flowering 
scales  about  2"  long,  faintly  5-nervcd,  the  nerves  short- 
pilose  on  the  lower  half,  minutely  pubescent  between 
the  nerves,  .somewhat  webbed  at  the  base. 


(Irei'iilatul  and  Labrador  to  Alaska.     Also  in  ICuronc 
S'lniiner. 


204 


GRAMINKAE. 


8.    Poa  pratensis  L,.     Kentucky  Blue-Krass.     June  Grass.     (Fig.  466.) 


Pea  />ni/fiisis  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  67.      175^. 
Piiii  f>ialriisis  viir.  iiiii;iisli/'<>l ia  Kiintli 


I'juini.  i:  353. 


Glabrous,  culms  i°-4°  tall,  from  long  running 
rootstocks,  erect,  simple,  smooth.  Sheaths  often 
longer  than  the  iiUernodes;  ligule  '4  "  long  or  less, 
truncate;  leaves  smooth  or  rough,  '3  "-3"  wide, 
those  of  the  culm  2'--6'  in  length,  the  basal  much 
longer;  ])anicle  2j<'-S'  in  length,  usually  pyram- 
idal, the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  some- 
times flexuous,  I '-3' long,  divided  and  spikelet- 
bearing  above  the  middle;  sijikelets  3-5-flo\vered, 
2"-2l2"  long,  e.Kceeding  their  pedicels;  scales 
acute,  the  lower  unequal,  glabrous,  rough  on 
the  keel,  the  lower  i-ncrvcd,  the  upper  3-nerved; 
flowering  scales  i]i"  long,  wec)bed  at  the  base,  5- 
nervcd,  the  marginal  nerves  and  midiierve  silky- 
pubescent  below,  the  intermediate  ones  naked. 

In  meadows,  fitUls  and  wnods,  alnmsl  tlirinijrlunit  North  America.  '\Vi(kly  cultivated  for  liay 
and  pasture,  .Vlso  in  ICiirope  and  .\sia.  In  North  .Xmcrica  probably  indigcnousonly  in  the  nortlicni 
and  mountainous  regions.     Variable.     June-  .Xur. 

9.  Poa  pseudopratensis  vScribn.  &  Ryd. 
Prairie  Meadow-grass.      (Fig.  467.  ) 

Culms  i°-2!2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth  or  slightly  rough;  ligule  2"  long,  acute, 
decurrcnt;  leaves  i"-^  '  wide,  smooth  beneath,  a 
little  rough  above  and  on  the  margins,  those  of 
the  culm  I'-Vi'long,  the  basal  6'-io' in  length; 
panicle  2'-$'  long,  open,  the  branches  spreading 
or  ascending,  i'-2'  long;  spikelcts  3-5-flowercd, 
3"-4"  long,  exceeding  their  pedicels;  lower  scales 
nearly  equal,  acute,  ^-nerved  ;  flowering  scales 
acutish,  about  lyi"  h)ng,  rough  above,  5-nerved, 
pubescent  between  the  nerves  below,  the  marginal 
nerves  and  midnerve  silky-pubescent  about  half 
their  length. 

Manitoba  and  .\ssiiiiboia  to  Nebraska  and  Colorado. 


10.    Poa  trivialis  I.,.     Roughish  Meadow-grass.      (Fig.  46S.) 

J'lin  Iriz'ialis  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  67.      I7,S,3. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  usually  more  or  less  decundjent 
at  the  base,  simple,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous. 
Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes,  rough; 
ligule  2"~j,"  long,  acutish;  leaves  2''-7'  in  length, 
1  "-2"  wide,  generally  very  rough;  panicle  4'-6'  long, 
open,  the  branches  usually  spreading  or  ascending, 
i''-2'long;  sjiikelets  2- or  sometimes  3-flowered,  ij^'" 
long,  exceeding  their  pedicels;  scales  acute,  the  empty 
basal  ones  rough  on  the  keel,  the  lower  i-ncrved, 
shorter  than  the3-nerved  upper;  flowering  scales  \"~ 
iVi"  long,  webbed  at  the  base,  5-ncrved,  the  mid- 
nerve  silky-pubescent  below,  the  lateral  nerves 
naked,  the  intermediate  ones  prominent. 

In  meadows  and  waste  places.  New  Brunswick  to- 
Michigan  and  Vir(finia.  Naturalized  from  I'Uirope. 
]une-Aug. 


. 


GRASS   FAMIIvY. 


205 


I 


empty 
icrved, 
es  i"- 
inid- 
nerves 

.•ick   to 
vurope. 


II.    Poa  glauca  Valil.     Glaucous  Spear-grass. 


Poa  i^laiKii  \'ahl,  1"1.  Dan.     />/.  </'/■     '79'J- 
/'('(/  tiusia  J.  Iv  Sinilh,  ICiiK   Hiit.     />/.  /~/v. 


( Fig.  469. ) 


180; 


Culms  6'-2°  tall,  erect,  simple.  ri),'i(l,  glabrous, 
somewhat  glaucous.  Sheaths  overlajjpiug,  confined 
to  the  lower  half  of  the  culm;  ligulc  \"  long;  leaves 
I'-a'  long,  \"  wide  or  less,  smooth  lieiieath,  scabrous 
above;  panicle  i'-3'  in  length,  open,  the  branches 
erect  or  ascending,  'i'-i^'  long;  spikelets  2-4- 
flowered,  2}i"-y  long;  empty  basal  .scales  acute, 
3-ncrved,  glabrous,  rough  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
keel;  flowering  scales  i  '^"-i  V"  lo"Ki  obtuse  or  acut- 
ish,  rough,  not  webbed  at  the  base,  the  lower  half  of 
the  midnervc  and  marginal  nerves  silky-pubescent, 
the  intermediate  nerves  obscure  and  occasionally 
sparingly  pubescent  at  tlie  base. 

White  Mdunlains  (if  Nlw  Hatnpsliiru.  Also  in  ICiinipe. 
Sunniur. 


12.  Poa  nemoralis  L.    Wood  Meadow-grass. 
Northern  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  470.  ) 

Poa  noiiiiialis  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  69.      175,^ 

Piiii  Kifsi'd  var.  sli  iilinr  \.  Gray,  Man.  Ivd.  5.  629.      1867. 

Culms  5'-2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender,  sometimes 
rigid,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  lignle  ji"-!'"  long,  truncate; 
leaves  i'-4'  long,  i"  wide  or  less,  erect,  smooth  or 
rough;  panicle  2'-$'  in  length,  open,  the  branches 
erect  or  ascending,  rarely  spreading,  I  '~2'  long;  spike- 
lets  2-,s-flowcred,  I '2"-2 '2''' long;  lower  scales  acute 
or  acunnnate,  i-;,-ncrved;  flowering  scales  obtuse  or 
acute,  I "-I '+  " long,  faintly  5-ncrvcd,  somewhat  wcbby 
at  base,  the  midncrve  and  the  marginal  nerves  silky- 
pubescent  on  the  lower  half. 

.Aiitii'dsti  Island  Ici  Hiilish  Columbia,  south  to  M.iine, 
MiiuKsola.  South  Dakota,  and  in  Iht-  Rocky  .Mountains 
to  Colorado.     .Mso  in  ICurope  and  .\sia.     Summer. 


13.    Poa  flava  L.      I'';dse  Ked-toj).     lunvl  Meadow-grass.     (Mg.  471.) 


Poii Jhi:;i  I,.  Si>.  ri.  (is.     \-=, 
Poa  si'id/i'iiii  Ivlirli.  lititr.  6: 


1791. 


Culms  I'l'^-.s"  tall,  erect,  simple  or  rarely 
branched,  smooth,  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous; lignle  i"-2"  long;  leaves  2'-6'  long, 
l"-2'"  wide,  smooth  or  rough;  panicle  'I'-i;,' 
in  length,  open,  the  branches  spreading  or  as- 
cending, 2'-5'  long,  divided  and  spikcleldiear- 
ing  above  the  middle;  spikelets  3-5-flowercd, 
i^4'"-2"  long,  exceeding  their  j)edicels;  lower 
scales  acute,  glabrou, ,  rough  above  on  the 
keel,  the  lower  usually  i-ncrved,  the  upper 
3-uerved;  flowering  scales  obtuse,  somewhat 
webby  at  the  ba.se,  i"-i'2"  long,  silky-pubes- 
ceut  on  the  lower  half  of  the  marginal  nerves 
and  the  midnerve,  the  intermediate  nerves  ob- 
scure or  wanting. 

In  swt'inipy  places,  Nova  Scotia  and  New  lirunswick  to  Vancouver  Island,  south  to  New  Jersey, 
Illinois  and  Nebraska.     Also  in  ICurope  aud  .\sia.     July-Au(f. 


2o6 


GRAMINHAE. 
14.    Poa  debilis  Torr.     Weak  Spurir-grass.      (  Vi^.  472. ) 

/'iKi  diiu'lis'Wirr.  I'M.  N.  V.  2:  159,       iS.4,5. 

Ciiltus  \''-2<i~'  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  somewhat 
flattened,  smooth  and  j^jlahrous.  Sheaths  compressed, 
much  shorter  than  the  iutcrnodes;  HkuIc  }i'^-l'^  long; 
leaves  i'-4>>'  long,  1"  wide  or  less,  erect,  smooth  he- 
neath,  rough  above  ;  panicle  2'-6'  in  length,  open, 
often  nodding  at  the  to]),  the  branches  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, sometimes  spreading,  1  >»'-;/ long;  spikelets  2-4- 
ilowered,  1/2  "-3"  long,  their  pedicels  longer;  empty 
scales  unequal,  acute,  the  first  i -nerved,  shorter  than 
the  3-nerved  second  one;  flowering  scales  I'i"  long, 
obtuse,  sj)aringly  webbed  at  the  base,  5-iicrved,  the 
nerves  naked. 

In  wiinils.  Nova  Scdlia  and  N'tw  r.riinswiok  to  O'''ario 
and  Minnesota,  snulli  to  Klnule  Island,  I't-nnsylvania  and 
Wisconsin.     Juiu-.\uu. 

Poa  autumnalis  Miihl.     Flcxiious  Spear-.ura.ss.     (  Fij;.  473.  ) 


Piia  oii/i/mita/i's  :Muhl.;  ICU.  Hot.  S.  C.  iS:  (".a.  i:  ISQ.     1S17. 
Poa  Jliwiiosa  yXwM.  Cram.   14^.     1S17.     Not  J.    Iv  Smith. 
iSo,^. 

Culms  1°-,^°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  vSheaths  usually  much  shorter  than  the  iu- 
tcrnodes; ligulc  I2"  long;  leaves  i"  wide  or  less, 
smooth  beneath,  rough  above,  those  of  the  culm  I  ''2'- 
6'  long,  the  basal  much  longer;  panicle  ,','-9'  in 
length,  the  branches  long  and  slender,  spikelet-bcaring 
at  the  extremities,  2^-5' long;  spikelets  3  5-(1owcre(l, 
2'>"-3"  long;  empty  basal  .scales  acute,  the  first 
I -nerved,  narrow,  shorter  than  the  broad  3-nervcd 
second;  flowering  scales  rounded  or  retuse  at  the 
apex,  ij2''-2"  long,  not  webbed  at  the  base,  pid)es- 
cent  on  the  lower  part,  5-nervcd,  the  midnerve  silkv- 
pubesceut  for  three-fourths  its  length. 

Ill  woods.  Xcw  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  to  KeiUuekv, 
south  to  I'Morida  and  Te.xas.     MarchMav. 


16.    Poa  sylvestris  A.  Cray.     vSylvau  Spcar-o;ras.s. 

^         I'll,!  svlvcsl)  i\  A.  Cray,  Man.  59*). 


!i*'ig-  474-) 
18.(8. 


Culms  1°  3"  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  slightly 
flattened,  smooth,  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than 
the  internodes;  lignle  yi"  long  or  less;  leaves  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above,  i"-3'''  wide,  those  of  the 
culm  i>i'-6'  in  length,  the  basal  much  longer;  pan- 
icle 3' -7'  in  length,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing, 1  'j-3'  long,  spikclct-bcaring  at  the  extremities; 
spikelets  2  4-flowered,  i"~2"  long;  empty  basal  scales 
acute,  the  lower  i-nerved,  the  upper  longer  and  3- 
ncrved;  flowering  scales  about  1 '4''' long,  webbed  at 
the  base,  obtuse,  often  pubescent  below,  5-nervcd,  the 
midnerve  pubescent  nearly  its  entire  length  and  the 
marginal  nerves  below  the  middle. 

In  thickets  and  meadows.  New  York  to  Wisconsin, 
south  to  North  Carolina.  Louisiana  and  Kansas, 
liranches  of  tile  panicle  .sometimes  reflexed  when  old. 
June-July. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 
Oray.     (irove  Meaclow-grass. 

Poa  ahodrs  A.  Cray,  JIan.  Ivd.  2,  ^(,2.      18,56. 


17.    Poa  alsodes  A. 


207 


'Fig-  475-) 


Culms  8  -2-,°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
and  Klabro.,s.  Sheaths  usually  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodcs;  hfTule  y."  Iomk;  leaves  usuallv  rough  i"-2" 
wide,  those  of  the  culm  2'-8'  in  length,  the  basal 
longer;  panicle  3  .,'-8'  in  length,  the  l,ranches  spread- 
ing or  ascending,  ,  ..'-3'  long,  spikelet-bearing  at  the 
ends;  spikelcts  2-3-(lowcrcd,  about  2%"  long-  scales 
very  acute,  the  empty  l«sal  ones  une.jual,  the  lower 
i-nerved,  the  upper  3-nervcd;  flowering  scales  about 
2  long,  webbed  at  the  base,  the  midnerve  pubescent 
near  the  base,  the  marginal  nerves  naked,  the  inter- 
mediate ones  very  faint. 

M«^jj;;fJtSfrcA;;;^L/:-}^.- 


18.    Poa  Wolfii  Scribn.      Wolfs  Spear-gra.ss. 
(Fig.  476.  ) 

I'oa  Wolfii  scri1,n.  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  21:  228.     1894. 

Culms  2°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.     Sheaths  siiorter  than  the  internodes;  ligi.lc 

■."  long;  leaves  i"  wide  or  less,  smooth  beneath 
rough  above,  tho.se  of  the  culm  2'-^'  in  length,  the 
basal  much  longer;  panicle  3'-6'  in  length,  lav  its 
branches  erect  or  a.scendiug,  llexuous,  i  ■,"-2'<'  long- 
spikelets  2-4-nowcred,  2!,'^^3-  long;  scales'  acute,' 
the  lower  unequal,  3-nerved.  glabrous,  rough  on  the 
keel,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second;  (lowering  scales 
about  2"  long,  copiously  webbed  at  the  base,  ,s-uerved 
the  marginal  and  midnerves  silkv-pubescentVor  more 
than  half  their  lengtli,  the  intermediate  nerves  promi- 
nent, naked. 

Illinois,  Tennessee  and  Kansas. 


19.    Poa  brevifolia  Mul.l.     Slu.rt- leaved  Spear- ,^n-a.s,s. 
/'"(/  brevifolia  Muhl.  Cram.  13,^.      1S17, 

Culms   i°-3-   tall,   erect  or   spreading,   slen.ler 
smooth,  glabrous.     Sheaths  often  shorter  than  the 
internodes;    lig„le  %"-iU"  long;    leaves  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above.  i"-2"  wide,  abruptly  acute 
those  of   the   culm     .,'-4'  long,   the    uppermost 
sometimes  almost   wanting;    basal  leaves  usually 
equalling  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  culm;  panicle 
2;4'-5'  111  length,  open,  the  branches  ascending 
widely  spreading  or  often  reflexed.   ly^'-i'  long' 
spikelet-bearing  at  the  ends;  spikelets  3-6-flow' 
ered,  2  H' "-3;^// long;  empty  l)asal  scales  unequal 
acute,  glabrous,  the  lower  i -nerved,  the  upper  v 
nerved;    flowering   scales   slightlv  nebbed   at   the 
base,  2"-2 -<"  long,  obtuse,  5-nerv.       the  keel  and 
marginal   nerves   sparingly   pubc^     ,,t,    the  inter-, 
mediate  nerves  prominent,  naked. 


'I*V  477.  ) 


Te!;;..^;^^^'  ^Swm^:'  ^"'^^^  ""    '"--^--It..   minoi 


south    to    North    Carolina   and 


14 


2o8 


GRAMINKAE. 


20.  Poa  arida  Va«ey.     Prairie  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  478.) 

J'oa  aiidina  Nutt. ;  S.  Wats.  Hot.  Kind's  Ivxp.  58s.     \^-\. 

Trill.      iS/). 
Poa  atida  Viisey,  Coiilr.  V .  S.  Nat.  Herb,  i:  270.     1893. 


Not 


Culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  rigid,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheatlis  usually  overlapping,  smooth  or  some- 
what roughish;  ligule  \" -2"  long,  acute;  leaves  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above,  ^z'-i"  wide,  flat  or  folded,  pun- 
gently  pointed,  those  of  the  culm  )i'-\'  long,  erect,  the 
basal  leaves  3'~6'  long;  panicle  contracted,  2^-5'  in 
length,  the  branches  erect,  spikelet-bearing  nearly  to  the 
base,  I '2'  long  or  less;  spikelets  4-7-flowered,  2>2"-3^^" 
long;  lower  scales  nearly  equal,  acute,  3-nerved;  flower- 
ing scales  I '^"-2''  long,  erosc-truncate  at  apex,  strongly 
silky-pubescent  on  the  nerves  for  half  their  length,  the 
lower  part  very  pubescent  between  the  nerves;  interme- 
diate nerves  very  obscure. 

On  prairies.  Kansas  to  I'tali.  north  to  British  Aiiitrica. 
July-Scpt. 


21.    Poa  Buckleyana  Nash.     Buckley's  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  479.) 

Poa  Icnui folia  liucklcv,  Troc.  Acad.  I'hila.  1862:  96.     1862. 

Not  .V.Kicli.     1851. 
Poa  llucklcyaiia  Nash,  hull.  Toir.  Club,  22:  465.      1895. 

Culms  6'-2°  tall,  erect,  rigid,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  iuternodes;  ligule 
2"-3"  long,  acute;  leaves  \'-\'  long,  about  \"  wide, 
erect,  flat,  or  becoming  involute,  smooth  or  rough; 
panicle  i''-4''  in  length,  contracted,  the  branches  erect, 
xyi'  long  or  less,  spikelet  bearing  iie.irly  to  the  base; 
spikelets  2-5-flowered,  2'"-3"  long;  scales  acute,  the 
lower  nearly  equal,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  flowering 
scales  about  2"  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  sparingly 
pubescent  on  the  nerves  below,  sometimes  slightly 
hispid  toward  the  base  between  the  nerves. 

Kansas  to  California,  north  to  British  America.  July- 
Aug. 


22.    Poa  glumaris  Trill.     lyarge-flowered  vSpear-grass.     (Fig.  480.) 

Poa  glumaris  Triii.  Mem.  ,Vcad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  1:  379. 
1S31. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  6'-3°  tall,  erect  or  as- 
surgent,  simple.  Sheaths  loose,  usually  shorter  than 
the  iuternodes;  ligule  yi"  long,  truncate;  leaves 
4'-io'  long,  i"-4'"  wide;  panicle  4'-io''  in  length,  the 
branches  erect  or  ascending,  i'-2'  long;  spikelets  3-5- 
flowered,  4'''-6'''  long;  lower  scales  about  equal,  acute, 
slighty  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  first  1-3-ucrved,  the 
second  3-uerved,  rarely  5-nerved;  flowering  scales  3"- 
4"  long,  usually  acutish,  scabrous,  5-7-nerved,  pubes- 
cent at  base  and  on  the  lower  part  of  the  midnerve  and 
lateral  nerves,  not  webbed. 

Anticosti  Island  and  Nova  Scotia  to  Quebec  and  Alaska. 
Summer. 


(iRASS   I'AMIIA'.  209 

78.   DUPONTIA  R.  Hr.  Parry's  Voy.  App.  290.      1824. 

I,o\v  ),'rassfs,  with  flat  k-avt's  and  fjcncrally  narrow  panicles.  Spikelets  2-4-fl()\vure'(l,  the 
flowers  all  ])erfec't.  Two  lower  scales  eniptv,  exleiidinj;  l)eyon(l  the  flowerinj;  scales,  mem- 
branous; flowering  scales  entire,  nlenll)ranou^,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose.     [Name  in  honor  of  J.  I).  Dujjont,  I'rench  botani.st.  J 

Two  arctic  species,  both  circuinboreal. 

I.    Dupontia  Fisheri  R.   l^r.     Fisher's 
Dupotitia.     (Fig.  4<Si.) 

Dufioulia   /■'isliiii  K.   lir.   Tarry 's  \'<iy.   .App.   2r)i. 
1S24. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  5'- 12'  tall,  erect, 
simple.  Sheaths  <>verlapi)inj;;  ligule  i"  long  or 
less;  leaves  i'-6'  long,  i"-2"  wide,  flat;  panicle 
usually  contracted,  I'/i'-ifi'  long,  the  branches 
less  than  i '.''  long,  erect,  or  sometimes  ascend- 
ing; spikelets  few,  about  2-nowcred,  .^"-4"  long; 
empty  basal  scales  thin,  generally  acute,  the  first 
l-nerved,  .somewhat  shorter  than  the  second, 
which  is  usually  3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves 
often  vanishing  at  about  the  middle;  (lowering 
scales  2}4"-T,"  long,  l-iierved  or  obscurely 
3-nerved;  basal  hairs  about  '."  long. 


Arctic  reffinus  of  norlhoastern  .America, 
arctic  ICuropc  and  .\sia.     Sunuuei. 


.Mso  in 


79.    SCOLOCHLOA  Link,  Hurt.  Berol.  i:   136.      1827. 

Tall  atpiatic  or  marsli  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  ample  panicles.  Spikelets  2-4-flow- 
ered,  the  flowers  perfect.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  tliin-membranous,  3-5-nerved;  flowering 
scales  rigid,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-7-nerved,  some  of  the 
nerves  usually  excurrenl  as  short  points;  palets  about  equalling  the  scales,  2-nerved.  Stamens 
3.  .Styles  very  short.  .Stigmas  plumose,  tirain  hairy  at  the  ape.x.  [Greek,  referring  tt)  the 
rickle-likc    projecting  nerves  of  the  flowering  .scales.] 

Species  2,  in  the  north  temperate  zones  of  both  continents. 


or  as- 
than 
leaves 
h,  the 

s  3-5- 
icute, 
d,  the 
s  3"- 
lubes- 
eand 


Llaska. 


I.    Scolochloa  festucacea  (Willd.) 

Ivink.     Fescue  Scolochloa. 

(Fig.  482.) 

.■\i  iiiiilti/i'sliuacra  Willd.  Knuni.  i:  126.     1809. 

Sfoloililiia  feshuiitcd    I.ink,   Hort.    Berol.    i:   137. 

1S2;. 

l!i a('hct>horii»i  fisliicacciim   A.    dray,   .\im,    Bot. 
•Soc.  Can.  i:  57.     1861. 

Culms  3°-5''  tall,  erect,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
.Sheaths  often  overlapping;  ligule  i"-2"  long; 
leaves  7'-i°  long  or  more,  2"-^"  wide,  flat,  sca- 
brous on  the  margins;  panicle  S'-ia'  in  length, 
usually  open,  the  branches  ascending,  naked  at 
the  base,  the  lower  3'-4''  long;  spikelets  3"-4" 
long;  empty  basal  scales  acute,  the  first  shorter 
than  the  second;  flowering  scales  scabrous, 
7-nerved. 

!*'  Iowa  and  Nebraska,  nortli  to  Manitoba  and  As- 
siniboia.    July-Aug. 


2IO 


GRAMINRAR. 


80.   GRAPHEPHORUM   Desv.  lUiU.  vSoc.  IMiilom.  2:  189 


iSiu. 


SlciKkT  erii't  srassos,  with  llat  leaves  and  a  usually  contracted  noddiiiK  panicle.  Spike- 
lets  2-4-tl<)\vered,  llatlened,  the  rachilla  hirsute  anil  exleiidiiiK  hcyond  the  flowers.  Two 
lower  scales  empty,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  flowering  scales,  thin-memhrauous,  acute, 
keeled;  floweriuK  scales  menihraiions,  obscurely  nerved,  entire,  sometimes  short-awned  just 
l)eh)w  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  vStyles  distinct.  .Stigmas  jiluniose.  Craiu  j?lahrous.  [(ireek, 
])encil-l)earinK,  referring  to  the  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  end  of  the  rachilla.] 


Two  known  species,  natives  of  nnrtliern  Noitli  .\niericii 
Id  this  tfenus  by  anthors. 


Other  Mexican  grasses  .ire  referred 


I.   Graphephorum  melicoideum  (Michx.  )  Heauv 

( Kig.  4S:,. ) 


(iraphephoruni. 


Aixj  1)1,1  itoiilcs  Mielix.  1"1.  licir.  .\ni.  i:  62.     i8o.v 
(I'latihiplionim    incliioidciini    Heauv.   Aftrnsl.   id). 

/)/.  /i. /.  S.      181 2. 
Dii/yoiilia  CooUyi  A.  Cray.  Man.  lul.  2.  556.      iS,i2. 
iniifiliif>liiinim    niilicoitlcs   van    major   A.   (iray, 

.\nn.  Hot.  Soc.  Can.  i:  57.      1S61. 

Culms  i°-2'j°  tall,  erect,  simple,  rough  just 
below  the  panicle.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  smooth,  or  the  lower  often 
villous;  ligule  \"  long  or  less,  truncate;  leaves 
,i^'_g'  loiijr^  \"~2"  wide,  long  acuminate, 
rough;  panicle  2'-6'  in  length,  the  top  usually 
nodding,  the  branches  erect,  i'-2'  long;  spike- 
lets  2-4-nowered,  lYi'-'s"  long;  scales  scabrous 
on  the  keel,  the  empty  ones  unequal,  the  first 
i-nerved  or  obsciu-ely  3-uerved,  .shorter  than  the 
j-nerved  second;  flowering  .scales  3-5-nerved, 
acute. 

In  wet  soil,  .Vntioosti  Island  to  Ontario,  south  to 
Maine  and  MicliiRan.     .\UR. -Sept. 


81.  PANICULARIA  Fabr.  iMUim.  Hort.  Hdinst.  373.     1763. 

[Ol.vcKKiA  R.  Hr.  I'rodr.  I'l.  Nov.  lloll.  i:  179.       iSio.] 

.Mostly  perennial  grasses,  often  tall,  with  flat  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spike- 
lets  few-mauy-flowered,  terete  or  .somewhat  flattened.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  obtuse  or 
acute,  1-3-nerved;  flowering  scales  membranous,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-9-nerved,  the 
nerves  disappearing  in  the  hyaline  apex.  I'alets  scarcely  shorter  than  the  scales,  rarely 
longer,  2-keeled.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  smooth,  en- 
closed in  the  scale  and  palet,  free,  or  when  dry  slightly  adhering  to  the  latter.  [I,atin, 
referring  to  the  panicled  spikelets.] 

About  16  species,  widely  distributed  in  Xorlli  .\nierica,  a  few  in  ICunipe  and  Asia, 

Spikelets  ovate  or  obloiijj,  4"  long  or  less. 

FloweriuK  scales  very  broad,  obscurely  or  at  least  not  sharply  nerved. 
Panicle  open,  the  branches  ascending  or  spreadinsj,  often  droopinKf. 
Spikelets  3-5-flowered:  lowest  flowering  scale  about  i"  long. 
Spikelets  3-12-nowered;  lowest  flowering  scale  about  i'-"  long. 
I'auicle  contracted,  tlie  branches  erect. 
IHowering  scales  narrow,  sharply  and  distinctly  7-uerved, 
Panicle  elongated,  its  branches  erect  or  apprcssed. 

Panicle  not  elongated,  open,  its  branches  spreading  or  drooping,  rarely  erect. 
.Scales  about  1"  long,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  .i))ex. 

Spikelets  i '  ■"  long  or  less;  branches  of  the  p.uucle  often  drooping, 

,>  P.  nervala. 
Spikelets  2"~V'  long;  branches  of  the  panicle  ascending  or  spreading. 

6.  P.  Americana. 
Scales  I  'i"-! '  •"  long,  truncate  and  denticulate  at  the  apex.  7.  /'.  pallida. 

Spikelets  linear,  6"  long  or  more.  . 

I'Uowering  scales  i  Ij"-,^"  long,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  obtuse  palet.  8.  P.  flialans. 

flowering  scales  about  .4"  long,  acute,  nuieh  shorter  than  the  long-acuminate  palet. 

9.  P.  acuiijlora. 


I. 

p. 

la.ia. 

2. 

p. 

Caiiadi 

lists 

.5- 

p. 

obliisa. 

4.  p.  I'hiiigala. 


CRASS  FAMILY.  211 

I.    Panicularia  laxa  Scrihii.     Northern  Manna-srass.     (  Kis.  4f<4.  > 

Paiiii  iiliii  i<i  III  \<i  Si'tilin.  Hull.  'I'oir.  Cliil),  21:  ,^7.     iSfj). 

(.hrriia  lava  ScrilHi.;  Kidf.  iS:   Kami,  I'l.  Ml.  Disirt. 

I.S(P.      iMtjJ. 


Culms  2°-.(°  tall,  (.Tfc't,  siiniik',  siiiootli  or  slightly 
scabrous.  Shaaths  ()viTla])])iuj(,  rouKli  ;  liK"l>.' 
'."-1"  loiin;  Ifuvfs  S'-i5'  Un\^^,  2"  4"  wiik',  very 
rounh;  panii'le  7'~9'  in  length,  llie  hraiicliL's  si)ri'ail- 
iuK  or  asi'i'udinj,',  tin.-  lowi'V  y-f>'  loiijj;;  sjiikekts  t,- 
5-llo\Vfre(l,  al)out  2"  lonj{;  iiiipty  scak'S  uuiqual, 
soarious,  acute,  i-nerved,  llie  first  one-half  to  two- 
tliinls  the  leuj.^h  of  the  second;  fioweriiiK  scales 
broad,  about  1"  loiijj,  twice  the  length  of  the  second 
scale,  obtuse,  obscurely  "-nerved. 

Ill  water  or  wet  soil,  Maine  to  I'eiuisylvania.     Aujr. 


Panicularia  Canadensis  (Miclix.  )  Ktint/e. 

(I'iK.  4S5.) 


Rattk-siiakc  (irass. 


Ill  i:ii  Otiiiiiti'iisis  Mielix.  I'l.  U(ir.  .\ni.  I:  71.       I'^n.^. 
iilvifiiii  t\iiiii(/iiiu's'\'v\i\.  Mem.  .\e.ul.  ,St.  IVtersb.  i  \'I.) 

i:  ,V)<).     1 8,^1. 
I'aiiicKlaiia  C'liiiadiiisis  Kunt/e.  Rev.  (Ven.  I'l.  78,5.    1S91. 

Culms  2°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  slightly 
scabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  those 
at  the  base  of  the  culm  overlapping;  lignle  i"  long, 
truncate;  leaves  6'-i°  long  or  more,  2"~.\"  wide, 
rough;  panicle  ,S'..'-io'  in  length,  the  branches 
spreading,  ascending  or  often  drooping,  2'2'-5'  long; 
s])ikelets  ,5-12-flowered,  2'."  4"  long,  (lattened,  tur- 
gid; emi)ty  scales  mie(|ual,  acute,  l-nervcd;  fiower- 
ing  scales,  broad,  l'>"-2"  long,  obtu.se  or  acutish, 
obscurely  "-nerved. 

In  swamps  and  marslies,  Newfoundland  and  New 
lirunswick  to  Ontario  and  Minnes<ita,  south  to  New  Jer- 
sey, Ohio  and  Kansas.  The  handsomest  species  of  the 
jcenus.   Ascends  to  5iKX)fl.  in  the  .Xdirondacks.   July -Aug. 


\la. 


\iiaiia. 
I". 


mora. 


3.   Panicularia  obtusa  (Muhl.)   Kunt/.e.     Bhiiit  Manna-sras.s.     (W^.  4.sr).  ) 

P(Hi  (ili/iisa  Mulil.  Cram.  147.      1S17. 

(I'lyciria  a/i/iisa  Trin.  Jlcm.   .\ead.  ,Sl.   I'etersb.   iVI.i  i: 

y/).     1831. 

Panic  ii/an'a  ohiiisa  Kuntze,  Rev.  Cen.  I'l.  78,v      iSoi. 

Culms  i°-3°  t;dl,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  .sometimes  rough,  .strongly  striate,  the  lower 
overlapping;  lignle  verj-  .short;  leaves  6'-i5'  long,  2"- 
4"  vvide,  usually  stiff,  erect  or  a.scending,  smooth  be- 
neath, more  or  le.ss  scabrous  above;  panicle  ,^'-S'  in 
length,  contracted,  den.se,  the  branches  erect;  spikelets 
3-7-flowered,  2"-'^"  long;  empty  .scales  acute,  scari- 
oiis,  l-nerved;  flowering  scales  about  1J2"  long,  broad, 
obtiJ.se,  obscurely  7-iierved. 

In  swamps,  New  lirunswiek  to  New  York  and  central 
Penu.sylvania,  south  to  Delaware  and  Maryland,  Ascends 
to  231x5  ft.  in  the  Catskill  Mountains,    July-Aug, 


212 


r.RAMINKAK. 


4.   Panicularia  elong^ta  (Torr. )  Kunt/c. 
lyoiij;  Maiuui-grass.     (  Ki^j.  487.  ) 

I'lui  iii>iif;<U,t  Torr.  I'M,  I'.  S.  1:  11.'.      iH2(. 

(i'/i'(i> id  il,iiit;ala  Trill.  Hull.  Aciul.  Sci.  St.  I'iU'r»b.  1: 

i'>.H.       iHVi. 
J'liiii,  lila'i  ia  iliiiifiitlit  Kuiitzi',  Ki'V.  i>n.  I'l.  yS.v     iSyi. 

Culms  2°-,^°  tall,  frt'i't,  siiiii)k',  sU'iiilcr,  .sniootli 
and  },'lal)r(ius.  Slu'atlis  ofti'ii  sliDrler  than  the  iii- 
toriKxk'.s;  Hj^uIl'  '4'"  long;  leases  lax,  6'- 12'  long, 
iyi"-i"  witle,  long-ai'inniiiate,  snuxith  heneatli, 
rough  above;  panicle  elongated,  contracted,  nar 
row,  usually  nodding  .-it  the  sninnut,  6'-l2'  in 
length,  the  branches  erect  or  appressed,  l'-2'2' 
long;  spikelels  3-4-llo\vered,  I '."-2"  long;  empty 
scales  une(iual,  acute,  l-nerved;  flowering  scales 
narrow,  al)out  i"  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  distinctly 
7-nerved. 

Ill  wet  woods,  Xiwfouiullaiid  to  (Jueluc  and  Miiiiie- 
sota,  south  to  North  Carolina  and  keiilucky.  Ascends 
to  .)o(«)  ft.  in  the  Adirondaeks.     AuK.-Scpt. 

5.  Panicularia  nervata  (  Willd. )  Kutitze.     Nerved  Manna-gra.s.s.     (Fij;.  48S.) 

Piia  iiii  Villa  Willd.  Sp.  I'l.  I:  .v'^o.      179S, 

(ilvtiiia  nil  vain  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  I'etersb.  (VI.) 

\:  }h%       18,31. 
Panicularia  nervala  Kuntzc,  Rev.  Cien.  I'l.  7.S3.     i8yi. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  .smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  often  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes,  usually  more  or  less  rough;  ligule  y'z" 
long,  truncate;  leaves  6'-i2'  long,  2"-$"  wide, 
acute,  .smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  3'-.S'  in 
length,  open,  the  branches  fi'iiform,  .spreading,  as- 
cending or  often  drooping,  rarely  erect,  2'-5'  long; 
spikelets  3-7-flowered,  i"-i  K"  long;  empty  scales 
obtuse,  i-nerved;  flowering  scales  about  '4"  long, 
obtuse  or  rounded,  with  7  sharp  distinct  nerves  and 
evident  furrows  between. 

Ill  wet  places,  Newfoundland  to  liritisli  Columbia, 
south  to  Florida  and  Mexico.  Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in 
Virginia.     Panicle  often  purple.     June-Sept. 

6.   Panicularia  Americana  (Torr.)  MacM.     Reed  Meado\v-Kras.s.     Tall 

Maiina-gra.ss.     (Fig.  489.  ) 

J'oa  aqualica  var,  Auicricana  Torr.  l''l.   V .  ,S.  i:  108. 

1S24. 
Glvcii  ia  f^raiuiix  S.  W.its.   in  A.   Cray,  Man.   lid.  6, 

(56;.      1890. 
Panicularia  Ainiricana   MacMillan,  Met.  Minn.  81. 

1892. 

Culms  3°-5°  tall,  erect,  .stout,  simple,  smooth 
and  gl.abrous.  Sheaths  loose,  smooth,  or  some- 
times rough;  ligule  \"-2"  long,  trunctite;  leaves 
7'-i°  long  or  more,  3"-8"  wide,  usually  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  H'-is'  in  length, 
its  branches  spreading,  ascending  or  rarely  erect, 
4'-8'  long;  spikelets  4-7-flowered,  2"-3"  long; 
empty  scales  acute,  i -nerved;  flowering  scales  about 
\"  long,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  sharply 
and  distinctly  7-nerved,  the  furrows  between  the 
nerves  evident. 

In  wet  soil,  New  Brunswick  to  Alaska,  south  to  Ten- 
nessee, Nebraska,  Colorado  and  Nevada.  Ascends  to 
2100  ft.  in  Pennsylvania.    ]une-Aug. 


: 


CRASS    1\\MII<Y. 


213 


7.   Panicularia  pallida  (Torr.  1  Kiint/o.     I'alc  Manna-Krass.     (  Im>,'.  4i/>.) 

U'iiiduii  III  />(t//i(t(i  Torr.  Cat.  N.  V,  <)i.      i^m. 
<;iviiiia  f>(illida'U\\\.  Hull.  Aciul.  Soi.  St    IMtrsl),  i: 

(.S.     I.S,v.. 
J'liiiuiiliii  ill  f>t!llid,i  Kmil/c,  Klv.  (iin.  I'l.  -■A\.     iSi^i. 

I'alu  Kft'*-'".  I'liliiis  1"  ,^°  loiiK,  :issiirj,'i'iit,  siiiipli', 
sinootli  and  glabrous.  Slii'atlis  lonsc,  sliorli-r  than 
till.'  iiitiTiKxk's;  lijjiik'  2"-},"  Ikiik.  uciiU';  leavt-s 
2'-6'  Idiiff,  \"  2"  widi',  sinootli  iK'noatli,  rouj^li 
ahovi'i  jiiiiiiclL-  I'..'  7'  in  luiijjtli,  tlii'  liraiu'lius 
spread' iij;,  ast'i'iidiiij.{  or  rari'l_v  iTi'Ot,  ofti'ii  llexu- 
«)iis,  .'-2' Iouk;  s])ikc'k'ts  .(-S-llowiTi'd,  2'."-;>'2" 
I'/Hg;  elii])tj'  scales  iiiu-<iiial,  tilt-  first  l-iitTvcd,  ol)- 
tusc,  shorter  than  the  ^-nerved  and  tniiu'ate  see- 
ond;  lloweriiifj  scales  l,V"-i|i'"  1""K.  truiuate 
and  denticulate  at  the  apex,  sliaqily  and  distinctly 
7-iierved,  with  plain  furrows  between  the  nerves. 

In  slinllow  water,  New  Hruiiswick  to  Ontario,  south 
to  Virginia.  Tennessee  and  Indiana.  Asecnds  to  2ihjo 
ft.  in  I'eiinsylvania.     July  .\Uff. 


t 


8.   Panicularia  fluitans  (L.)  Kunt/.c.     Floating  Maniia-gra.ss.     (Fig.  491.) 

I'isliKii  fliiilaiisl..  Sp.  ri.  7,s.      175,?. 

(ilviii  ill  lliiiliins  R.  llr.  I'lodr.  1"1.  Nov.  IloU.  i:  I7<>    iSio. 

I'anitulaiiii  Jluilaiii  Kuntze,  Rev.  C.eii.  I'l.  782.      i8<)i. 

Culms  2'^-5°  long,  flattened,  erect  or  decuiiil)etit, 
usually  stout,  simple,  smooth  and  Klahrous,  often  root- 
ilij^  from  the  lower  nodes.  Sheaths  loose,  fjenerally 
overlappinj;,  .smooth  or  rough;  ligule  2"-},"  long; 
leaves  5'-i°  long  or  more,  2"-6"  wide,  scabrous, 
often  floating;  panicle  g'-iyz°  long,  the  branches,  at 
least  the  lower  ones,  at  first  appre.ssed,  later  ascend- 
ing, and  T,'-6'  long;  spikelets  linear,  7-13-flowered, 
4"-i2"  long;  empty  scales  une(iual,  l-nerved,  the 
lower  acute  or  obtuse,  the  upper  obtuse  or  truncate; 
flowering  scales  l}i"-y  long,  oblong,  obtuse  or 
truncate,  more  or  less  scabrous,  .sharply  7-nerved. 

In  wet  i)laces  or  in  water,  Newfoundland  to  Hritish 
CdUinibia.  south  to  New  Jersey,  Ketitueky,  Iowa  and 
California.     Also  in  Ivurope.     Ju'ly-.Sept. 


100th 


-g.    Panicularia  acutiBora   (Torr. )    Kunt/.e. 
Sharp-scaled  Manna-grass.     (Fig.  492.) 

Glycfi  ia  mii/ifloiu  'ti)rr.  I'l.  I'.  ,S.  i:  io(.      1S24. 
Panicularia  acutijloia  Kuntze,  Rev.  Cien.  I'l.  782.      1.891. 

Culms  !°-2°  tall,  flattened,  erect  from  a  decumbent 
base,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  loose, 
generally  a  little  exceeding  the  internodes,  smooth 
and  glabrous;  ligule  2"  long,  ti'uncate;  leaves  3'-6' 
long,  2"-T,"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above ; 
panicle  6'-i2'  in  length,  the  branches  erect  or  ap- 
pressed,  2'-4'  long;  .spikelets  linear,  5-12-nowered,  i'- 
I.V'  long;  empty  scales  acute,  smooth;  flowering 
scales  about  4"  long,  lanceolate,  acute,  scabrous,  ex- 
ceeded by  the  long-acuminate  palets. 

In  wet  places,  Maine  to  southern  New  York,  Ohio  and 
Tennessee.     I.ocal.    June-Aug. 


•14 


GRAMINEAE. 


82.   PUCCINELLIA  Pari.  V\.  Ital.  i:  366.      1S4S. 


I.  y.  manlhiia. 


,V  /'.  nii-diilr.' 

4.    P.    iDli^KShllll. 


IVreiuiial  fjrasscs,  with  flat  or  involuti,'  luavos  and  contracted  or  open  panicles,  f^pike- 
lels  3- several-flowered.  Lower  scales  einjjty,  ohtiise  or  acute,  unetiual;  flowerin.t;  scales  ob- 
tuse or  acute,  rounded  on  the  hack,  5-nerved,  the  nerves  very  obscure  or  almost  wanting. 
I'alet  about  eeiualliiij;  the  scale.  Stamens  ,^.  Styles  wautinjj.  Stij^nias  .sessile,  simply  plu- 
mose, (irain  compressed,  usually  adlierinjj;  to  the  palet.  [Name  in  honor  of  ]!ene<letto 
ruccinelli,  Italian  botanist.] 

-VbdUt  I  I  species,  in  all  liin)Kiate  roifioiis. 

I'anicle  i)]h-u.  its  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  rarily  erect. 
I.Dwer  fldwerintf  scale."  i'"-2"  lonjj;  plant  sldluiiifenius. 
I.owcr  flowerinK  scales  i ',  "  lontf  <ir  less;  plants  iml  stoloniferous. 

Second  empty  scale  less  than  half  tlic   lenj;lli   of  tlie   lldwering  scales,  broad,  obtuse  or 

truncate;  spikelets  cn)\vdi<l.  2.   I',  (iisltiiis. 

Seconil  emiity  ;-e.iK    nioK-  than  half  the  length  of  the  flowerinff  scales,  narrow,  obtuse  or 

acuti;  spikelets  nil  crowded.  

I'anicle  contraeteil,  its  branches  erect,  rarely  ascending:  northern  s])eeies. 

I.     Puccinellia    maritima    ( lliuls.  > 

Pari.     (loosc-f^ra.ss.     Sea  Spi-ar- 

grass.     (Fig.  493.) 

/'()<7  Dim  iliiiia  Iluds.  I'l.  .\ns:l.  ,vS.     17()2. 
(•'/fiiiici  iiidii'/ima   M.    &   K.    Deutsch.    VI.    i: 

[^^X.       I.'<23. 

J'lKiiniiliiJ  ma  I  ilium  I'.irl.  I'l.  Ital.  i:  370,    iSjS. 

Stoloniferous,  smooth,  j.;lal)rons,  culms 
6'-2°  tall,  erect,  or  decuud)ent  at  the  base, 
simple.  Sheaths  usually  exccedinjr  the  in- 
ternodes;  ligule  'j"-i"  lonjj;  leaves  'i'-.s' 
long,  l"  wide  or  less,  flat  to  involute;  pan- 
icle 2'-6'  in  len).;th.,  open,  the  branches  ,is- 
cendinji,  or  rarely  erect,  i'-2'  lonii;;  s])ikelets 
3-i()-flowered,  3"-6"  long;  empty  scales  un- 
ecjual,  the  flrst  usually   l-uerved,  the  second 


.•^ -nerved;    flowering    scales 
broiid,  obtuse  or  tr\mcate. 


long. 


In  salt   marshes   and  on   sea   '>eaclu'H.  Xova 
,Seolia  to    Khode    Island.     .Also   (,ii    the    I'aciCie 
coast,  and  on  the  coasts  of   Ivurope  and  .Vsia. 
uly   .\>1K 


2.   Puccinellia  distans  (  L.  )  Pari.     vSpreadiii};  Muadow-grass.      (  Fisj;.  494. 


I'liii  dislniis  I..  Mant.  ,?2.       I7'i7. 
lilvtriid  ilisliiiis  Wahl.  V\.  V\^s. 
Pin\iiirllia  dislmis  I'arl.  I'l.  Ital 


h.         l,S2o. 

1:367.      1S4S. 

Culms  l°-2°  tall,  erect,  or  sometimes  de- 
cumbent at  the  base,  tufted,  smooth  anil  gla- 
brous. She.iths  often  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  smooth  an<l  gl.abrous;  ligule  '."-1" 
long;  leaves  '^'-6'  long,  i"  2"  wide,  flat  or 
foldeil,  usually  stift"  and  erect,  smooth  be- 
neath; panicle  2'-7'  in  length,  open,  rarely 
contracted,  the  branches  s])readiug  or  ascend- 
ing, whorled,  the  lower  l'-4'..'  long,  some- 
times reflexed;  spikelets  crowded,  ,v6-flow- 
ered,  l>i"-2ji"  long;  eui])ty  scales  obtuse 
or  acute,  i-nerved,  the  second  exceeding  the 
first  ami  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  ob- 
scurely nerved  an<l  obtuse  flowering  scales, 
which  are  '<"~i"  long. 

On  salt  meadows,  sea  beaches  and  in  waste 
places.  Nova  .Scotia  to  New  Jersi  y.  I'robably 
natiuali/ed  from  blurope.     July  .\uj{. 


215 


;ncler  M 


(k- 
(la- 

lUr- 
i" 

it  or 
1h- 

m-ly 

tu<l- 

DUIU- 

low- 

)Uise 

llic 

ob- 

alc'S, 


lilSll- 


GRASS   FAMILY. 

3.    Puccinellia  airoides  (  Xutt. )  Wats.  &  Coult. 

(I'iK-  495.  > 

Paa  iliidhhs  Nutt.  C.i-tl.  I:  txS.      iSiS. 

I'mtiiiilai  ill  (fis/diis  (i/'niutrs  Si.-ri'lm.  .Mum.  Torr.  CUiI>, 

5:  St-      if<(M. 
/'iic<  11/1//111  iiiiouli's  Wats,  iS:  Cimlt.  in  .\.  Cirav,  Man. 

VA.  6,  668.       i8(j(). 

Culms  i°~4°  tall,  erect,  siin]-,".^',  smooth  and  ^\-a- 
broiis.  Slieatlis  usually  lonj^cr  than  tlit  internodes; 
lij,aile  1"  louj;;  leaves  2'- 6'  lmij(,  i  'j"  wide  or  less, 
flat  or  involute,  usually  eieet,  smooth  beneath, 
rouj^li  above;  jianicle  o])en,  its  branches  slender, 
spreadiuf^  or  ascendinj.?,  rarely  erect,  the  lower 
2'-i'j'  loll),'  and  often  reflexed;  spikelets  scattered, 
1-7-llowered,  1  'i"-.^"  lonj;;  empty  scales  uiie(|ual, 
the  first  acute,  i~nerved,  the  second  obtuse  or 
acute,  ;,-nerved,  more  than  half  the  leiifjth  of  the 
obtuse  llowerinj.(  scales,  which  are  l"-i'+'"  loiij;. 

In  saline  soil,  Manitrilia  to  the  Nortl  west  Territory, 
WasliiiiKton.  Colorado  an<l  Nevada.     J.ily-.\UK. 


4.  Puccinellia  angustata  (  R.  \^\■.)  Xa.sh. 
Arctic  Meadow-grass.      (Fig.  496.) 

J'lHi  lUii^ii.'.ldla  K.  Dr.  .X])]).  I'arry's  Voy.  2S7.      iS2|. 
Paiih  iiltii  id  (iu!;n.s/ii/i!  .Scrilm.   Mem.  Torr.   Club, 

5:  .SI-       iSiM- 
I'liii  iiii'llia  mill  ilniiit  var.   iiiiiior  S.  Wats,  in  A 

Cray,  M.aii.  Iv;'..  6,  66S.       i.V-v 
J'liiiiuiiHd  i!iii;iis/ii/ii  Niish,  Hull.  Toir.  Club.  22: 

,SI2.       I8(),S. 

vSmooth  ami  }i;labrous,  culms  4'-!  2'  tall,  erect, 
simple.  Sheaths  usually  overlai)pinf;;  lij,'ule  l" 
lonjj;;  leaves  'i'-2'i'  loiij^,  i"  wide  or  less;  pan- 
icle i'-2'  in  leiij^th,  contracted,  the  branches 
short  and  erect  or  appressed;  spikelets  2-7-llow- 
ered,  ,^"-4"  lonj^;  empty  scales  obtuse  or  rounded 
at  the  apex,  the  lir.sl  i -nerved,  the  second  ;,- 
nerved;  tlowering scales  1  '+ "-i '2"  long,  usually 
purjdisli,  rounded  at  the  ape.\. 

Ciricnland  and  Iliulsoti  Hay  to  Alask.i.  south  to 
.Maim  .     .\lso  in  I'airope  and  .\sia.     Suiiimer. 

83.  FESTUCA  h.  Sp.  PI.  73.  1753. 
Mostlv  tufted  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  le.ives  and  ])aiiiculate  inflores- 
cence. Spikelets  2  -several-llowered.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  more  or  less  unecinal,  acute, 
kei'led;  flowering  scales  membranous,  narrow,  rouuiled  on  the  back,  5-nerved,  usually  acute, 
and  generally  awned  at  the  apex.  I'alet  scarcely  shorter  than  the  scale.  Stamens  i-,v 
Styles  very  sliort,  distiiut.  Stigmas  plumose,  ('.rain  glabrous,  elongated,  often  adherent  to 
the  scale  or  ])alet.     [I.alin,  stalk  or  straw.] 

.\  j;einis  of  about  sn  spi  liis.  widely  distribiiti<l,  particularly  numerous  in  tciniierale  regions. 
Hesides  tlie  follow  in>;,  some  15  otluis  occur  in  the  western  i)arts  of  North  .\iiierica. 
Leaves  1"  with-  or  less. 

.\nnuals;  llowcrinn  sciks  awned. 

I'irst  scab'  more  than  half  as  lontr  as  the  stcoml;  awn  short.  i. 

first  scidi'  Uss  than  haU"  .is  Iouk  as  llie  second;  awn  loUK.  2. 

Perennials;  llowirinn  scab  s  shoil  awiu-d  or  bristle  pointed, 
liasal  leaves  filiform  or  setaceous.  ","  wide. 

Culms  fiiim  a  lootstock  or  with  stolons.  ^ 

Culms  densely  tufted,  110  rootstocks.  4. 

basal  leaves  Mat,  about  1"  wide,  becotniiiK:  involute  in  dryiiiK-  S. 

Leaves  2"  wide  or  more,  Hal. 

I'loweriiiK  scales  iina\MU<l  or  short  .iwuid. 

I'loweriuH  scales  2'  •"    s,'  ■"  lonn;  spikelets  5  in  fliiwered.  6,    /■".  clnlior. 

l■'lowerin^!;  scales  2"  lonjforless;  spikelets^  (>  llowired. 

.Spikelets  very  broail;  branelies  ol'  the   panicle  spikelet  beariiiK  from  the  middle  or 

below;  How erin^  scales  obtuse.  ~.    I'.  Slim lii. 

Spikelets  lanceolate;  branelies  elimRated;  spikelets  at  ciuls;  scalesaeute,  S.   /•',  iiiiliiiis. 
I'loweriiiK  scales  lonjf-awiii d,  9.    /■'.  i;i,i;iiii/t(i. 


/•'.  ihlit/liiia. 

/■'.   M VII  IKS. 


/■',  I  llhiii. 
/■'.  oi'iiiii. 

/•'.   Sctll>l<ll(l. 


% 


^i- 


2l6 


GRAMINKAE. 


I.   Festuca  octoflora  Walt.     Slender  Fescue-srass.     (Fig.  497.) 


I'fsliiid  ih/(i/!i>)ii  Walt.  1*1.  Ciir.  Si.     17S8. 
Ffsliittj  liiicUa  Wind.  Ivmiiii.  i:  ii,v     1S09. 

Ciiliiis  4'-iS'  tall,  erect,  from  an  annual  root, 
.slender,  riffid,  siinjile,  smooth  and  glahrou.s.  Slieaths 
usually  shorter  than  the  internodes;  lignle  very 
short;  leaves  i 'j'-^'  long,  involute,  hristle-forin; 
raceme  or  simple  panicle  often  one-sided,  I'-d'  in 
length,  contracted,  its  branches  erect,  or  rarely  as- 
cending; spikelets  6-i3-flo\vered,  3"-5"  long;  empty 
scales  acute,  smooth,  the  first  1 -nerved,  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  ,v>icrved  second  one;  flowering 
scales,  exclusive  of  awns,  \\z"-2yi"  long,  usually 
very  scabrous,  acuminate  into  an  awn  nearly  as  long 
as  the  body  or  shorter,  or  .sometimes  awnless; 
stamens  2. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  (Juebcc  to  liritish  Cnluinbia,  south  to 
I'lorida,  Texas  atul  California.  Leaves  snnietiines  pube.s- 
cent.     Jinie-.\UK. 


2.   Festuca  Myuros  L. 

Fi'sluca  Afiii/ds  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  74.     175;. 


Rat's-tail  Fe.sciie-grass.      (  I^'ig.  49S.  ) 


Smooth,  glabrous,  culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect  from  an 
annual  root,  slender,  .simple.  .Sheaths  often  shorter 
than  the  inlernodes,  the  ujjper  .sometimes  enclosing 
the  base  of  the  panicle;  ligule  '2"  long,  truncate; 
lea' es  2'-5'  long,  subulate,  involute,  erect;  panicle 
usually  one-sided,  4'-! 2'  in  length,  contracted,  some- 
times curved,  its  branches  appressed;  spikelets  ,^-6- 
flowered;  empty  scales  very  une(|ual,  acute,  smooth, 
the  first  1 -nerved,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  ;,-nerved 
secoiul  one;  flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  the  awns, 
2"-y  long,  narrow,  scabrous,  acuminate  into  an  awn 
much  longer  than  the  body;  .stamen  i. 

In  waste  jjlaccs  and  fields,  ea.storn  Massacluisutts  to  Xew 
Jersey  ruid  I'lorida.  .Vlso  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Natural- 
ised from  ICurope.     June-July. 


3.    Festuca  rubra  L,     Red  Fesciie-gras.s.     (Fig.  499.  ) 

/■'is/ II III  riihiii  L,  .Sp.  I'l.  -.\.     I75,v 

Cnlms  \'j°-2'2°  tall,  from  running  rootstocks,  erect, 
simple,  smooth  and  glabnnis.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  very  short,  truncate;  basal 
leaves  involute-tiliform,  y  b'  long;  culm  leaves 
shorter,  erect,  flat  or  involute  in  drying,  minutely  pu- 
bescent above;  panicle  2'-$'  in  length,  sometimes  red, 
open  at  flowering  time,  contracted  in  fruit;  spikelets 
,^-i()-flowere(l,  y'-d"  long;  lower  scales  acute,  tni- 
eipial,  the  first  1 -nerved,  shorter  than  the  3-nerve(l 
second;  flowering  .scales  about  3"  long,  obscurely  5- 
nerved,  .sometimes  scabrous,  bearing  awns  of  less 
than  their  own  length. 

Labrador  to  .Maska,  south,  especially  on  the  nionntains, 
to  Tennessee  and  Colorado.  .Vlso  in  liurope  and  Asia. 
.Summer. 


. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 

Sheep'H  Fescue-grass. 


217 


(Fig.  500.  ) 


1882 


4.  Festuca  ovina  L 

J'csliica  iiz'iiKi  I,.  Si>.  I'l.  7,i.      i7,S,i- 

Stnooth,  frlabroiis,  calms  6'-i4.'  tall,  erect,  tufted, 
slender,  rigii',  simple;  mo  rootstocks.  Sheaths  usually 
crowded  at  the  Ik;:  e  of  the  culm;  lif^ule  auriculate, 
short;  leaves  liliforiu  or  setaceous,  those  of  the  cultn 
few,  I'-y  louj^,  erect,  the  hasal  ones  numerous;  pan- 
icle i^'i'-3'  long,  often  one-sided,  narrow,  its  hranches 
short,  usually  erect  or  appressed;  spikelets  ,^-5- 
flowered;  empty  scales  unequal,  acute,  the  first  1- 
nerved,  the  second  .-^-nerved;  flowering  scales  i  '2"-2" 
long,  smooth,  acute,  usually  short -awned. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  I.ahradiir  to  Ilritish  Colum- 
bia, south  to  New  Jersey.  Colimido  and  California.  \'ari- 
able.  l'r()bal)ly  indigenous  northward,  but  mostly  natu- 
ralized from  luirope.  Native  also  of  .\si.i.  The  subarctic 
and  Rocky  Mountain  var.  hitZ'i/olin  S.  Watson,  may  be  a 
distinct  species.     June-July. 

Tin-  so  called  var.  :'i:'i/>iin!.  a  state  of  this  grass  with  the 
sc.ik  s  wholly  or  partly  transformed  inti>  small  leaves,  is 
found  on  tlie  mountains  of  New  ICuKland  and  in  arctic 
-\meric.i. 

Festuca  ovina  duriuscula  (I,.)  Mack.  Monog.  l'*est.  ICurop.  .Sy 
/'"«/;/("(?  i/in  iiisi  n/ii  I,.  ,Sp,  I'l.  74.      I7,S.?. 

Culms  taller  and  stouter,  the  panicle  usually  more  open  and  the  flowering  scales  about ,?"  long. 
Newfoundland  to  the  Kocky  Mountains,  south  to  Virginia  .and  Colorado.     Naturalized  from  I';ur()])e. 

5.   Festuca  scabrella  Torr.     Rotigh  Fes- 
ciiL'-gra.ss.     (Fig.  501.) 

I'll  si  ma  sctihrclla  Torr.;  Hook.   V\.    Hor.  .\m.  2:   252. 
/./.  Jjs.     1S40. 

Culms  i°-3''  tall,  erect,  simple,  usually  rough, 
below  the  panicle.  Sheaths  overlapping,  smooth; 
ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves  rough,  i" 
wide  or  less,  those  of  the  culm  i'-^'  long,  erect,  the 
basal  flat,  much  longer  and  readily  deciduous  fnmi 
the  sheaths,  involute  in  drying;  panicle  ,^'-4'  in 
length,  open,  its  branches  ascending  or  the  lower 
widely  sjireading;  spikelets  3-5-tlowered,  about  4" 
long;  empty  .scales  scarious,  luiequal,  snuwtli,  the 
first  i-nerved.  the  second  longer,  3-nerved;  flower- 
ing scales  about  3"  long,  scabrous,  often  bearing  a 
short  awn  l"  long  or  less. 

Labrador  ami  (Juebec  to  Manitoba  ami  liritish  Co- 
lumbia, south  to  California.    Summer. 

6.    Festuca  elatior  L.     Tall  or  Meadow 

l''e.scue-grass.     (  Fig.  502.  ) 

J'esliitu  elatior  I,.  ,Sp,  I'l.  7,5.     I7,s,v 
/■'rsliua  />ia/i  list's  Ilnds,  I'M.  .\ngl.  ,(7.     I7()2, 
J-'ishua  tialitii    var.  f'lalt-iisis  X.  Crav,  Man.  Ivd.  %  6^4. 
1S67. 

Ctdms  2° -5°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  shorter  tlian  the  interiuxles;  ligule 
very  short;  leaves  4'-l,s'  long,  2"-4"  wide,  flat, 
snuKith  beneath,  more  or  less  rough  above;  panicle 
4'- 14'  in  length,  often  nodding  at  the  top,  simple  to 
very  compound,  the  branches  ascending  or  erect,  2'- 
•S'  long;  spikelets  5 -9-flowered,  4'j"-6"long;  empty 
.scales  acute,  the  first  i  ,vnerved,  the  second  3-3- 
nerved;  flowering  scales  acute  or  sUort-pointed,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  2]i"-t,"  long,  indistinctly  5-iierved. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  Nova  .Scotia  to  OiUario, 
south  to  North  Carolina,  Tennessee  and  Kansas.  Natur- 
alized from  ICur(>i)e  and  cultivated  for  hay.  Variable. 
July-Aiig. 


n. 


2l8  GRAMINHAK. 

7.    Festuca  Shortii  Kunth.     Short's  Fescue-grass.     (Fig.  503.) 

/u's/ina  S/im/ii  Kut\ih;  Wood,  Class-book,  794.       1861. 
I'csliica  iiiihiiis  var.  finliish  isW'imd,  Hot.  6t  I'l.  399.     1873. 

Culms  2°  4°  tall,  orect,  simple,  smooth  and  ),Ma- 
brous.  .Sheaths  much  sliorter  than  the  iuteruodes; 
ligule  very  short;  leaves  s'-lo'  lonjf,  i"-},"  wide,  flat, 
smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  ,V-7'  i"  length, 
open,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  rarely 
erect,  spikelet-bearing  from  tile  middle  or  below,  the 
lower  I'i'-.^.!'' long;  spikelets  broadly  obovate,  when 
mature,  3-6  flowered,  2's"-3"  long;  empty  scales 
acute,  uneciual,  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  the  first  i- 
,^-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  about 
2"  long,  smooth,  obtuse  or  acutish,  faintly  nerved. 

Ii.  woods  and  thickets,  I'cnnsylvania  l.iccordinpr  to 
I'ortir)  an<l  Illinois  to  Kansas,  south  to  Mississi])])!  and 
Texas.     Jiily-AuK. 


8.    Festuca  nutans  Willd.     Nodding  Fescue-grass 


Fi's/iica  iiK/iiiis  \\"\\\iX.  ICiiuni.  i:  116.      1S09. 

Culms  2°-;,°  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender,  glabrous 
or  sometimes  iiubescent.  .Sheatlis  niudi  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  ligule 
very  .short;  nodes  black;  leaves  4'-! 2' long,  2"-^" 
wide,  ratlier  dark  green,  flat,  smooth  beneath, 
rough  above;  panicle  4'-9'  in  length,  its  branches 
at  first  erect,  the  lower  2 ','-5'  long,  finally  sjiread- 
ing  and  nodding,  spikelet-bearing  only  at  the  ends; 
spikelets  lanceolate,  3-5-nowered,  2'j"-;,"  long; 
empty  scales  acute,  scabrous  011  the  keel,  the 
the  first  i-nerved,  shorter  than  the  3-nerved  second; 
flowering  scales  about  2"  long,  smooth,  acute,  very 
faintly  nerved. 

Ill   rocky  woods.    Xova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and   Ne 
braska,  south  to  l"lori(la  and  Texas.     Ascends  to  2,^00 
ft.  in  Virginia     Juik-.\uk. 


9.  Festuca  gigantea  (L.)  Vill.     Great  Fescue- 
grass.      (  Fig.  505.) 

/iionnis  iiit;oiiliiis  I,.  S]).  I'l.  77.      i7,s,-5, 

I-'csliiiii  ,i;ii;(iii/<a  \"ill.  Mist.  I'l.  Danpii.  2:  iio.       17,^7. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  usually  overlajiping;  ligule  1"  long;  leaves  5'- 
1°  long  or  more,  bright  green,  2"-6"  wide,  flat,  rough; 
panicle  7'-! 2'  in  length,  loose,  narrow,  the  branches 
erect  or  ascemling,  the  lower  2'-4'  long;  s])ikelets  ,^-7- 
flowered;  empty  scales  acuminate,  smooth  and  glabrous, 
the  first  l-,^-nerve«l,  .shorter  than  the  ^^-5-iierved  second; 
flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  awns,  about  3"  long, 
faintly  5-uerved,  slightly  scabrous,  mimilely  2-toothed 
at  the  apex,  bearing  an  awn  6"-S"  long. 

In  waste  places,  Jlainc  tosoutliern  New  York.  Advcntive 
from  I':uro))e.    July-.-\u(!f. 


CRASS  I'AMIIA'. 


219 


84.    BROMUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  76.       1753. 

Annual  or  perLMiiiial  f,'rassi.'s,  with  flat  leaves  anil  terminal  panicles,  the  pedicels  thick- 
ened at  the  sunnnit.  Sheaths  sometimes  not  split.  Sjjikelets  fe\v~niany-flo\vered.  Two 
lower  scales  empty,  une(|ual,  acute;  tlowerinjj  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  or  sometimes 
compressed-keeled,  s^y-uerved,  the  apex  usually  2-toothed,  generally  hearing  an  awn  just 
below  the  summit;  ])alet  shorter  than  the  scale,  2-keeled.  Stamens  usually  3.  vSligmas  ses- 
sile, plumose,  inserted  below  a  hairy  cushion-like  a])pendage  at  the  top  of  the  ovary.  Grain 
adherent  to  the  palet.     [Greek  name  for  a  kind  of  oats.] 

.Vbout  ((I  species,  must  luiinerous  in  the  tiorlli  temperate  zdhc,  Hesides  the  followintf,  some  14 
others  occur  in  the  wesli-ni  parts  of  North  .\nierica. 

Lower  empty  scale  iiierved,  the  upper  ^nerved. 
Tall  i)ereunials.  2°-4"  hi|{li. 

Sheallis  Klabnms  or  softly  pubescent,  the  hiwer  s(/nictimes  sparingly  hirsute. 

Leaves  2" -d"  wide:  culms  stoutisli;  branches  of  the  panicle  more  or  less  spreading  or 

droopiuif.  1.   /.'.  lilhiliis. 

Leaves  less  than  2"  wide;  culms  slender;  branches  of  the  panicle  erect. 

2.  /)'.  firc/iis. 
Sheaths  slronnly  retrorse  hirsute.  ,5.  /'.  aspcr. 

Low  annuals,  i^'-a"  hi(;h;  spikeUls  droopitiK. 

Spikelets  numerous,  on  sletuler  recurved  unilateral  pedicels;  flowerinpr  scales  4"-/)"  lonjr. 

4.   /I.  Ii'ilitrinii, 
Spikelets  few,  the  jiedicels  iKit  unilateral;  flowering  scales  6" -S"  lonjf.  ,s.  /I.  sifiill.t. 
Lower  empty  scale  vnerved,  the  upixr  ,s  9-iierved  1  vuerved  in  No.  61. 
Flowerintr  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  at  least  below. 
I'lowerin^r  scales  awni<l. 

IMoweriuK  scales  pubescent. 

Pubescence  dense,  consistinjr  of  loUK  silky  hairs. 

SccoikI  enii)ly  scale  vuerved;  llowerinn  scales  ,s"-6"  long.  6.  //.  Poiloi. 
Second  empty  scale  ,s  7-nerved;  flowering  scales  about  4"  long. 

7.   //.  Kahiiii 
Pubescence  of  short  appressed  soft  hairs,  not  dense.  8.  IS.  Iioideaicus. 

I'lowering  scales  glabrous  or  nnn\itely  rt)Ughened. 
.\wns  straight. 

Nerves  of  the  turgid  flowering  scales  ol)scure;  palet  about  eiiualling  the  scale, 

which  is  V'4"  long.  ii.  />'.  scyii  / 1 11 11  s . 

Nerves  of  tlie  flowering  scale  pniminent;  palet  considerably  shorter  than  the 
scale,  which  is4"-,s"  long.  10.  /{.  rarei)ii>siis. 

.\wns  strongly  bent  near  the  base,  divergent.  11. 

I'lowering  scales  not  awricd.  nearly  as  broad  as  long.  12. 

I'low.ring  scales  compressed  keeled. 

I'lowering  scales  puhescetU;  awn  2"    5'    long.  1 ',. 

b'towering scales  niimitelv  roughened;  awn  less  llian  1"  long,  or  none 


/)'.  Sij  II  III- 1  Its  IIS. 

II.  hii-.iir/oniiis. 

11.  hi eviaiisliiliis. 

It.  iiiiioloidcs. 


1.    Bromus  ciliatus   L.     Fringed  lironie-i^ra.ss.     Wood  Chess.     ( Ki^;.  506. 


Ibrous. 

l-cs  5'- 

ough; 

inches 

.V7- 

[brous, 

;cond ; 

long, 

l)othed 

K'Utive 


Hiiniiiis  piiixiiiis  L.  Sp.  PI.  76.      1753  ? 
Ilidiiiiis  liliiiliis  L.  Sp.  PI.  -<i.      I7,s,v 

Culms  2°  4°  tall,  erect,  sim])le,  glabrous  or 
pubescent.  Sheaths  often  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  smooth  or  rough,  often  softly 
pubescent,  or  the  lower  sometimes  sparingly 
hirsute;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  4'- 1 2'  lon,g, 
2"-6"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  and 
often  pubescent  above;  jianicle  open,  4'-i()' 
in  length,  its  branches  lax,  widely  spread- 
ing or  often  clrooping;  .spikelets  .s-io-dow- 
ered,  i'  long  or  less;  empty  .scales  very  acute, 
glabrous,  rough  on  the  keel,  the  lirst  1- 
nerved,  the  second  longer,  .^-nerved;  flower- 
ing scales  4"-6"  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  5-7- 
nerved,  appressed-puhescent  on  the  margins 
or  over  the  entire  surface;  awn  2''~J^"  long. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Newfoundl.nid  to 
Manitoba  and  liritisli  Columbia,  south  to  P'lorida 
and  Texas,  X'ariable.  The  form  known  as  var, 
(iiniiiiiis  [  II.  fill hcstr IIS  Mulil. )  with  the  flower- 
mg  scales  pubescent  all  over,  may  be  distinct, 
July-.\ug, 


220  GRAMINEAE. 

2.    Bromus  erectus  Hiuls.     I'pright  Brome-grass.     (Fig.  507.) 

/lioiinis  rmtiis  Iluds.  I'l.  AiikI.  39.      17(12. 

Culms  2°  ,^°  tall,  cre'i-t,  siiiiple,  .sU'iider,  smooth  aiul 
glabrous.  Slicaths  shorter  than  tlii.'  iiitcriiodL's,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  or  slightly  jnibescunt;  ligule  ^2"  long, 
erose-trnncate;  leaves  sparingly  pubescent,  ]"-2"' 
wide,  those  of  the  culm  4'-S'  long,  the  basal  about 
1°  long,  very  narrow;  ]xMiicle  ^'-7'  in  length,  the 
branches  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  i'-^'  long; 
spikelets  '^'-i '2'  l""g>  sometimes  purplish,  5-10- 
flowcred;  empty  scales  acuminate,  the  first  l-uer\ed, 
the  .second  longer,  3-uerved;  flowering  .scales  5"-6" 
long,  acuminate,  very  rough-])ubescent,  5-nerved,  the 
interme<liate  nerves  faint;  awn  2"--^"  long. 

In  waste  places  about  New  York.  Adveiitive  from 
Ivurope.     JuIy-.Vug. 


3.   Bromus  asper  Mitrr.     Hairy  Brome- 

gras.s.      (Fig.  508.) 

/iromiis  as/)/'!-  'Slnrr.  I'mdr.  .Stirj).  C.oelt.  42.      1770. 

Culms  2°-6°  tall,  erect,  simple,  rough.  .Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  strongly  retrorse-hirsute, 
especially  the  lower;  ligule  iji"  long;  leaves  ,S'~i° 
long  or  more,  3"-6"  wide,  rough  or  often  hirsute; 
panicle  6'-i2'  in  length,  open,  the  branches  usually 
drooping;  .spikelets  5- lo-flowered  I'-iS'  long;  emjjty 
.scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  the  fir.st  i -nerved, 
thesecoiul  longer,  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  about  6" 
long,  acute,  hi.spid  near  the  margins  and  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  keel;  awn  3"-4"  long. 


In  waste  places.  New  Urunswick  to  Michigan  and  Ken- 
tucky.    Naturalized  from  ICurope.     July-.\usf. 


Bromus  tectorum  L.     Downy  Bronie-grass.     (Fig.  509.) 


Ilromus  Icclortim  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  77.      1755. 

Culms  6'~2°  tall,  erect  from  an  annual  root,  simple, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  longer  than 
the  internodes,  at  least  the  lower  ones  softly  pubes- 
cent; ligule  \"-2"  long;  leaves  l'-4'  long,  \"-2" 
wide,  softly  p.  bescent;  panicle  2'-6'  in  length,  open, 
the  branches  .slender  and  drooping,  somewhat  one- 
sided; .spikelets  numerous,  ^-S-flowered,  on  capillary 
recunx'd  slender  pedicels;  empty  .scales  acuminate, 
usually  rough  or  hirsute,  the  fir.st  i -nerved,  the  .sec- 
ond longer,  ,^-nerved;  flowering  scales  4"-6"  long, 
acuminate,  "-nerved,  usually  rough  or  hirsute;  awn 
6"-S"  long. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  Rhode  Island  to  Ontario, 
south  to  Maryland  and  Ohio.  Naturalized  from  Kurope. 
Sometimes  a  troublesome  weed.     May-July. 


GRASS  fa:mii<y. 


221 


5.    Bromus  sterilis  I^.     Barren  Brome-grass.     (Fig.  510. 


liroiiius  slcn'/is  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  7".      175,V 

Culms  i°-2"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  ^Va- 
brous.  Slieaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth  or  rou>{h,  the  lower  sometimes  pubescent; 
lifjule  I'Mong;  leaves  3 '-9'  long,  l"-,s"  wide,  us- 
ually more  or  less  pubescent;  panicle  5'-io'  in 
length,  the  branches  ascending  or  often  widely 
spreading,  not  one-sided,  stiff;  spikelets  few,  5-10- 
flowered,  spreading  or  pendulous;  empty  scales 
acuminate,  glabrous,  tlie  first  l-uerved,  the  second 
longer,  ,^-nerved;  fiowering  scales  6"-S"  long,  acu- 
minate, 7-uerved,  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  the  awn 
7"~i2"  long. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast,  eastern  Massachusetts  to 
I'ennsylvatnaaiul  ( )liiii.  Locally  naturalized  oradven- 
tive  from  i'lurope.     Native  also  of  Asia.     June  July. 


i 


I 


m 


6.    Bromus  Porteri  (Coulter)  Xa.-^h.     Porter's  Che.s.s.     (Fig.  511.) 

Itniiiiiis  k'alinii  var.  Pot Icii  Coulter,  Man.  Hot.  Rockv 

Mt.  Ketjioii,  425.       i»S5. 
liioitiua  I'oileri  Nasli,  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  22:512.     1895. 

Culms  l^'2°-3°  tall,  erect,  simi)le,  pubesc  nt  below 
the  nodes.  Sheaths  shorter  tliau  the  internodes, 
glabrous  or  sometimes  softly  pubescent;  ligule  ,','" 
long,  truncate;  leaves  i"-^"  wide,  rougli,  tliose  of 
the  culm  4'-9'  long,  the  basal  narrow  and  about 
one-half  of  the  length  of  the  culm;  panicle  3'-6'  in 
length,  its  branches  drooping  and  flexuous,  at  lea.st 
when  olil,  the  nodes  of  the  axis  pubescent;  spikelets 
5-10-flowered,  9"-i5"  long,  on  slender  fle.Kuous 
pedicels;  empty  scales  pubescent,  the  first  narrower 
th;m  the  second,  both  3-nerved;  flowering  .scales 
5"-6"  long,  obtuse,  5-7-uerved,  densely  pubescent 
with  long  silky  hairs;  awn  i"-2"  long. 

In  dry  soil,  South  Dakot.i  to  Montana,  south  to 
\Mstern  Nebraska,   New  Mexico  and   .Vrizona.    Julv- 

.\  UK. 


hmple, 
than 
knd)e.s- 
'-2" 
I  open, 
one- 
pillary 
liuate, 
|e  sec- 
long, 
awn 


litario, 
lurope. 


7.    Bromus  Kalmii  A.  Gray.     Kalm's 
Ches.s.     (Fig.  512.) 

flioniiis  fiKigaiis  I,.  S]).  I'l.  76.      i/.S,?? 
Jlioii/iis  Kiilniii  A.  (iray,  Man.  600.      1S48. 

Cidms  l,'>°-^°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  more  or 
less  pubescent;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  2,'i''-7'  long, 
i"-4"  wide,  sparingly  ])ube.scent;  panicle  2'-6'  in 
length,  open,  its  branches  usually  flexuous;  spikelets 
6-io-flowered,  6"-l2"  long,  on  slender  flexuous  pedi- 
cels; empty  .scales  pubescent,  the  first  luirrow,  acute, 
3-nerved,  the  second  longer,  broad,  obtuse  or  mucro- 
nate,  5-7-uerved ;  flowering  scales  about  4"  long,  7-9- 
nerved,  densely  silky  pubescent,  the  awn  l"-i,'2"  in 
length. 

!•  woods  aiul  thickets,  yuebec  to  Manitoba,  south  to 
Ma--achuselts,  I'einisylvania,  Illinois  and  Iowa.  July- 
AUR. 


222  graminivm;. 

8.  Bromus  hordeaceus  L.     Soft  Chess.     (,  Kig.  513.) 

Hiiiiinis  liiirJiitcfiis  I<,  S]).  IM.  77.      1753. 
Hioniiis  mollis  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  ICd.  2.  112.      1762, 

Culms  H'-^°  tall,  cri'ct,  often  slender,  usu.illy  i)uljcs- 
eent  below  the  ])aniele.  Slie.'itlis  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes,  mostly  pulieseent;  lijfule  ', "  long;  leaves 
I '-7'  lonj^,  i"-;>"  wide,  jjubeseent;  [)aiiiele  j^eiierally 
eontracled,  its  bninclies  erect  or  aseendinjj,  \'-2'  lonj;; 
sjiikelets  api)ressed-pnbeseenl,  on  short  pedieels; 
eni])tv  scales  acute,  the  first  .■^-nerved,  the  second 
longer,  5-7-iierved;  flowering  scales  broad,  obtuse, 
;,'j"-4',"  long,  7-9-nerved,  bearing  an  awn  ^"-4"  in 
length  between  the  obtuse  or  acute  teeth. 

Ill  fields  iuul  waste  places.  New  York  U>  Virginia. 
I.neally  advenlive  from  Ivunipe.     July-.VutJ. 

9.  Bromus  secalinus  L.     Cheat.     Chess.     (Fig.  514. ) 

/Ironiiis  srcaliiiiis  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  76.      i7.S,v 

Cidms  i"-^°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  iuternodes,  generally 
glabrous;  ligule  '.'"  long,  erose;  leaves  2'-^'  long,  1"- 
3"  wide,  smooth  or  rough,  sometimes  liairy;  panicle  2'- 
8'  in  length,  open,  its  branches  a.scending  or  drooping; 
spikelets  turgid,  glabrous,  erect  or  somewhat  jiendulous, 
6-lo-nowere(l;  empty  scales  scabrous  toward  the  apex, 
the  first  3-nerved,  acute,  the  second  longer  and  broader, 
7-nerved,  obtuse;  flowering  .scales  .V-4"  1<>"K.  l)roi>'l. 
turgid,  obtuse,  rough  toward  the  apex,  the  nerves  ob- 
scure awnless,  or  bearing  a  .straight  awn  4"  long  or  less 
lietween  the  obtuse  short  teeth;  palct  about  eiiualling 
the  scale. 

In  fields  and  waste  places  almost  throURhoul  leniperale 
Xnrtli  .\nieriea,  often  a  perniciiius  weed  in  grain  I'leUls. 
Naturalized  from  ICunipe.     Native  also  of  Asia.     June  .\ug. 


10.   Bromus  racemosus  L. 


m 


upright  Chess.     Smooth  Hrome-grass. 
(Fig.  515.) 

Hidiniis  raifiiin.siis  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  ICd.  2.  il).       1762. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  sini])le,  .smooth  and  gla- 
brous, or  s])aringly  pubescent  below  the  panicle. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  iuternodes,  glabrous  or 
pubescent;  ligule  i"long;  leaves  I'-g'long,  '2"-^" 
wide,  pubescent;  panicle  I'-io'  in  length,  the 
bnindu's  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  sometimes 
2'i'  long;  .sj)ikelets  erect,  5-ii-flowered;  empty 
scales  acute,  the  first  3-nerved,  the  second  longer 
and  broader,  s-g-nerved;  flowering  scales  broad, 
3'j"-4'i"  long,  obtuse,  .smooth  and  .shining,  the 
nerves  prominent;  awn  .straight,  ,^"-4"  in  length; 
palet  considerably  shorter  than  the  .scale. 

In  fields  and  waste  places  all  over  the  eastern  United 
Stales  and  liritisli  .\iiieriea;  also  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Naturalized  from  ICurope.  Native  also  of  .Asia.  June- 
Aug. 


GRA.SS  KAMILY. 


223 


II.     Bromus    squarrosus    L. 

Broiiie.     (  Kij:;.  516. ) 


Corn 


nronius  sqiiaiKtsii.i  I,.  Kp.  I'l.  76.       175,^ 

Ciiliiis  ,S'-i.S'  tall,  erect,  s'-'.ple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inteniodes, 
softly  pubescent;  ligule  ji"  lonjj;  leaves  I'-.s' 
long,  I  "-2"  wide,  softly  pubescent;  panicle  2''-6' 
in  length,  open,  the  branches  ascending  or 
drooping,  often  flexuous;  spikelcts  nodding,  6- 
l2-flowered,  on  slender  pedicels;  empty  scales 
obtuse  or  acutish,  the  first  5-nerved,  the  second 
longer,  7-9-nerved;  flowering  .scales  4^^ "-sli" 
long,  obtuse,  shining,  minutely  scabrous;  awn 
inserted  below  the  apex,  about  as  long  as  the 
scale,  bent  at  the  base  and  divergent. 

In  biilliist  and  waste  places  about  the  eastern  sea 
ports.  I'liRilive  i)r  advenlive  from  liurope.  July- 
Auk. 

12.  Bromus  brizaeformis  Fiscli.  &  Mey.     Qiiakegrass  Bronie.     (Kig.  517.) 

liioitiHi  hri~nrfoi mis  I'isoli   X:  Mey,  Iiul.  Sein.  Hurt. 
I'elnip,  3:  30.      if<.l6. 

Culms  .S'-2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  often  slender, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
intcrnodes,  the  lower  pubescent  with  soft  villous 
hairs;  ligule  i"  long,  erose-truncate;  leaves  i'-7' 
long,  i"-.V  wide,  pubescent;  panicle  ij^'-H'  in 
length,  open,  the  branches  ascending  or  often 
drooping,  flexuous;  spikelets  few,  ],i'-i'  long, 
laterally  much  compressed;  empty  scales  very  ob- 
tuse, often  purplish,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubes- 
cent, the  first  3~5-nerved,  the  second  larger,  5-9- 
nerved;  flowering  scales  3"-4'''  long,  very  broad, 
obtuse,  9nerved,  shining,  glabrous  or  sometimes 
minutely  pubescent,  unawncd. 

Sparingly  introduced  into  Pennsylvania:  also  from 
Montana  to  California.  Native  of  northern  Ivurope  and 
.Vsia.     Jiily-.\iiK. 

13.  Bromus  breviaristatus  (Hook.)  Hiickl.     Short-awiietl  Chess.    (Fig. 518.) 

Crrolihliliia   hrri'ian'slahi    Hook.   l''l.    Hor.    .\m.    2:   2ss. 
iS)o, 

/li  oiiiiis  hir:'itji  isldlKs  \',\\i:\;.\.  I'roc.  .\ead.  I'liila.  1862;  9S. 

1S62. 

Culms  i°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  rough, 
sometimes  pubescent  below  the  panicle.  Sheaths  pu- 
bescent, at  least  the  lower  ones,  which  are  often  over- 
lapping; ligule  i"  long,  truncate;  leaves  6'-i°  long  or 
more,  i"-W  wide,  rough  and  often  pubescent;  pan- 
icle 4'- 1, 5'  in  length,  its  branches  erect  or  ascending, 
the  lower  2'-6'  long;  spikelets  s-io-flowered;  empty 
scales  acute,  pubescent,  the  first  3-5-nerved,  the  sec- 
ond longer,  5-9-nerved;  flowering  scales  compressed, 
keeled,  6"--"  long,  acute,  7-9-nerved,  appressed- 
pubescent;  awn  2"-2,"  long. 

In  dry  soil,  Maiiitob"  to  Ilritish  Columbia,  south  to 
Nebraska,  .\rizona  and  California.    July-.Xug. 

15 


I 

H, 


f 
? 


224 


GRAMINEAR. 


14.    Bromus  unioloides  (Willd.)  H.H.K.     Schrader's  Bronie-grass. 
.Southern  Chess.      (Kijj^.  519-) 

J'ls/iitd  ««/«/«/(/«  Wind.  Hort.  Ilcnil.  i:  ?.    pi.  f. 

Bxuiiiis   uniiiloides     II. U.K.    Nov.    C.un.    i:    151. 

1815. 
JlroHitis Sc/iradcii  Kuiitli,  Ivnuni.  1:416.      1H33. 

Cuhns  6''-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes,  the  lower  often  overlapping,  smooth 
or  rounh,  and  glabrous  or  frequently  pubes- 
cent; ligule  i"-2"  long;  leaves  3'-  13'  long,  i"- 
4"  wide,  usually  rough,  at  least  above;  panicle 
2'-io'  in  length,  the  branches  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, or  the  lower  branches  of  the  larger  panicles 
widely  spreading;  spikclets  much  con  ',)resR':d, 
6-ioflowered;  empty  .scales  acute,  the  first  3-5- 
nerve<l,  the  second  longer,  5-9-ncrved;  flower- 
ing scales  6"~S"'  long,  very  acute,  minutely 
scabrous,  bearing  an  awn  less  than  i"  long  or 
awnless. 

Kansas  (?)  to  the  Indian  Territory,  Texas  .'intl 
Mexico.  Widely  distributed  in  South  Ainevica. 
May- July. 


85.    NARDUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  53-      i753. 

A  low  perennial  tufted  grass,  with  setaceous  rigid  leaves  and  a  terminal  one-sided  slender 
spike.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  narrow,  sessile  and  single  in  each  notch  of  the  rachis.  Scales 
2,  the  lower  empty,  adnate  to  the  rachis,  or  almost  wanting,  the  upper  flower-bearing,  nar- 
row, with  involute  and  hyaline  margins;  palct  narrow,  2-ncrved.  Stamens  3.  Style  elon- 
gated, undivided.  Stigma  elongated,  short-papillose.  Grain  linear,  glabrous,  enclosed  in 
the  scale,  usually  free.     [Name  Greek,  of  uncertain  application.] 

A  niotiotypic  genus  of  the  Old  World. 


I.    Nardus  stricta  I,.     Wirebent.     Mat-grass.     Nard.     (Fig.  520.) 


A'uitiifs  s/ru/<i  I,.  Sp.  PI.  53.      17S3. 

Culms  5'-i5'  tall,  erect,  simple,  rigid, 
roughish.  Sheaths  usually  at  the  base  of  the 
culm;  ligule  yi"  long,  rounded;  leaves  seta- 
ceous, stiff,  rough,  the  i  or  2  culm  leaves 
about  i'  long,  erect,  the  basal  ones  numer- 
ous, 2'-5'  long;  spike  I'-y  in  length,  strict; 
spikelets  i-flowered,  3"-4"  long,  arranged 
alternately  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  the  erect 
slender  rachis,  often  purplish;  lower  scale 
empty,  very  short,  adnate  to  the  rachis, 
sometimes  almost  wanting;  flowering  scale 
3'''-4'''  long,  scabrous,  long-acuminate  or 
short-awned. 


Introduced  into  Newfoundland  and  at  Am- 
herst, Mass.  Adventive  from  ICiirope.  July- 
Aug. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


225 


151- 


86.    LOLIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  83.       1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  j;rasse.s,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  spikes.  Spikelets  several- 
flowered,  solitary,  sessile  and  alternate  in  the  notches  of  the  usually  continuous  rachis,  com- 
pressed, the  edge  of  the  spikelet  (backs  of  the  scales)  turned  toward  the  rachis.  Scales 
rigid;  lower  scale  empty  in  the  lateral  spikelets,  and  the  2  lower  empty  in  the  terminal; 
flowering  scales  rounded  on  the  liack,  5-7-nervcd;  palcts  2-keclcd.  Stamens  3.  Styles  dis- 
tinct, very  short.    Stigmas  2,  plumose,    drain  adherent  to  the  palet.    [Latin  name  for  Darnel.] 

About  f>  spocifs,  niitivt-s  of  the  Old  World. 
IviuiUy  sciili- sliortir  tlian  tlu- spikilit.  i.  /../</■  it  iim: 

Kiiijuy  scak- I'liuallintf  orixlcMdinn  1h  yiind  IhL-  llowtrinsf  scales.  2.  /..  liniitlcnlion. 

1.    Lolium  perenne  f<.      Ray-gra.s.s. 
Rye-Kra.ss.     (Fig.   521.) 

Loliiim  feieniiv  ],.  Sp.  1*1.  K3.      1753. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  b'-2K°  tall, 
erect,  simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  iii- 
ternodes;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  2'-5'long, 
I "-2"  wide;  spike  3 '-8'  in  length;  spikelets 
5-lo-llowered,  4"-6"  long,  the  empty  scale 
shorter  than  the  .-^pikelet,  strongly  nerved; 
flowering  scales  'i"-},"  long,  obscurely 
nerved,  acumiuF.te  or  awned,  the  awn  some- 
times nearly  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  scale. 

In  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds  almost 
tlln)ll^cllout  tlif  nortluTU  I'niUcl  Slates  and 
southern  liritisli  AuKrica.  Naturalizid  from 
ICufDpe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  ICrnmcously 
called  Darnel,  this  name  lielnnKinK  to  the  ful- 
lowinjf  species.     July~.\UK. 


2.   Lolium  temulentum  \^.     Darnel. 
Ivray.     (Fig.  522.) 

I.olium  Icmuhiitiim  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  83.      1753, 

Glabrous,  culms  i°-\°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth. 
Sheaths  overlapping;  ligule  \"  long  or  less;  'ca.co 
4'--io'  in  length,  \"-2,"  wide,  smooth  beneath, 
rough  above;  spike  4'-! 2'  in  length;  spikelets  4-8- 
flowercd,  S^'-g"  long,  the  strongly  nerved  empty 
scale  equalling  or  extending  beyond  the  obscurely 
nerved  flowering  scales,  which  are  awned  or  awn- 
less. 

In  waste  places  and  cultivated  Krounds,  locally  natur- 
alized or  adventive  from  Kuropc,  New  Hrunswick  to 
MicliiKan  and  C.eorKia.  Abinidant  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Locally  a  troublesome  weed.    June-Aug. 


87.    LEPTURUS  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  HoU.  i:  207.      1810. 

Usually  low  annual  grasses,  with  narrow  leaves  and  strict  or  curved  elongated  slender 
spikes.  Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  sessile  and  single  in  alternate  notches  of  the  jointed  rachis. 
Empty  scales  2,  rarely  i,  narrow,  rigid,  acute,  5-nerved;  flowering  scales  much  shorter,  hya- 
line, keeled,  one  side  turned  to  the  rachis.  Palets  hyaline,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  or  fewer. 
Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  2,  plumose.  Grain  narrow,  glabrous,  free,  eu.:losed  in  the 
scale.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  narrow  spikes.] 

Species  5  or  6,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 


226 


GRAMINKAI 


I.  Lepturus  filiformis  (Roth)  Tiin. 
vSlciuler  lliinl^rass.      (  I'iK-  5-3.' 


Rotlbotllia  filijoi  »iis  Kulli,  Caliil.  i;  21. 


■  r97' 


J.ff>lutus  Jilil'iinnis  Triti.    I'utid,    Asrost.    12.V 

1 82(1. 

Culms  ,^'-12'  loiiK,  clL'cuiiil)eiit,  imii'li 
branched,  smooth  .iikI  jjlahrous.  Sheaths 
loose,  shorter  than  the  internodes;  lij;ulc  '." 
lonfj,  auriculate;  leaves  li' -2' \q\\\^,  \"  wide 
or  less,  usually  involute,  smooth  hcueath, 
rouj^h  above;  s]iikes  i'-6'  in  length,  slender, 
strict  or  curved;  spikelets  2"-2,'2"  long; 
empty  scales  acute;  (lowering  scales  about 
i;V"  long,  I -nerved. 

Ill  wasti'  plai'is.  SDUtlii'tn  reinisylvania  to 
VirKiiiia.  lU'ar  or  alon^  the  coast.  Advciitivc 
from  luirope.    .Summer. 


88.    AGROPYRON  J.  Oaertn.  Nov.  Coinin.  Pctrop.  14:  Part  i,  539.       1770. 

Annual  or  perennial  gras.ses,  with  Hat  or  involute  leaves  and  terminal  spikes,  Spikelets 
,^-many-llowered,  sessile,  single  and  alternate  at  each  notch  of  the  usually  continuous  rachis, 
the  side  of  the  spikelet  turned  toward  the  rachis.  Two  lower  scales  empty;  llowcring  scales 
rigid,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-7-nerved,  usually  acute  or  awned  at  the  apex;  palets  2-kceled, 
the  keels  often  ciliate.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
pubescent  at  the  ajiex,  usually  adherent  to  the  palet.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  growth  of 
these  grasses  in  wheat  fields.] 

About  ,^2  speciis.  in  all  linipirale  ridions.  Iksidrs  the  followint;,  some  ,s  others  occur  in  the 
western  parts  of  North  .\nurica. 


I'lanls  with  ruiniinff  rootstocks. 
I'Mowcrinn  scales  jilahidus. 
I'loweriuK  scales  villous. 
IMants  without  runniiiK  molstocks. 

I'loweriuK  scale  lerminatiuK  in  an  awn  shorter  than  its  body. 
,Si)ikis  sliort  and  broad;  empty  scales  l)roa<l.  ,s  7iierved. 
.Spikes  long  and  skiider;  emjity  scales  narrow.  v.S-nerveil. 
I'lowerinp:  scale  terminating  in  an  awn  longer  than  its  body, 


.1.  iffirns. 

A.  ilaiv.sliuhyiim. 


.{.  I'iohKi'inii. 
A.  Ifiifi mil. 
A.  mil  ill  II  III. 


Agropyron  repens  (L.)  Heativ.     Coiich- 
gra.ss.     Quitch-grass.     (Fig.  524.) 


'/'li/iiiuii  irfiiiis  b.  ,Sp.  I'l.  86.      175,^ 
.Igivpj'ioii  rrpfiis  lieauv.  .\Krost.  14C. 


181 2. 


Culms  i°--4°  tall,  from  a  long  jointed  running  root- 
stock.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth  and  glabrous;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  3'-r2' 
long,  l"-5"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above; 
spike  2'-8'  in  length,  strict;  spikelets  3-7-llowered; 
empty  scales  strongly  5-7-nerved,  usually  acute  or 
awn-pointed,  sometimes  obtuse;  flowering  scales 
smooth  and  glabrous,  acute  or  short-awncd  at  the 
apex. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  almost  throughout  North 
.\merica  excei)l  the  extreme  north.  Naturalized  fnmi 
I'Uiropc  and  of'cii  a  troublesome  weed.  Very  variable. 
Native  also  of  .Asia.     July-Sept. 

Agropyron  repens  glaucum  (I)esf. )  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  57.      1894. 

Tiiticinii  '.rliiiicinii  Desf.  Tabl.  Hot.  Mus.  16.      1804. 
Agropvriiiii  ifliiiKiiiii  K.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  752.      1817. 

Larger  and  stouter,  pale  Rreen  or  glaucous;  spikelets  ,s-i5 -flowered,  the  empty  scales  long- 
acuminate.  Minnesota  and  Manitoba  to  .Maska,  south  to  Missouri,  Texas  and  .Vrizona.  Reported 
from  New  IviiKland.     Probably  a  distinct  species. 


CRASS   FAMILY. 


227 


2.  Agropyron  dasystachyum  (Hook,  i  Vasty 

I  l*iK.  .S25.) 

'J'liliiiiiii  Kfiiiis  \iir.  ilii\\\l(i(lniiiii   II        .  I'M    lliir   Am    1 

2,S1.        I><t"- 

At;>iif>yi  11)11  ilii.syshttln  mil   \'iiMV.   Spir.  Kilil.   I.  S.  Iit'iit. 
'  XKX'xv.  6v  |,s.       iHS). 

(•Inucous,  cultiis  1°  .^"  tall,  erect,  from  loiijf  rutiiiiiiK 
rootstocks,  simple,  smooth  uiul  >{la1irous;  sheaths 
sliortcr  than  the  iiiteriiodcs;  ligulc  very  short;  leaves 
2'-9'  long,  1"-,^"  wide,  Hat,  or  l)ccomiii>;  involute  ill 
drying,  smooth  heneatli,  rounh  above;  spike  a'j'-;'  in 
length;  sjiikelets  4-S-(l()wered;  empty  scales  3-5-nerved, 
lanceolate,  acuminate  or  short-awned,  .^"-4>^"  long; 
llowcring  scales  broadly  lanceolate,  5-ncrvcd,  4|^"-6" 
long,  acute  or  short-awned,  densely  villous. 

Hudson  Hiiy  to  thi'  Niirtlnvist  'IVrritnry  and  WydiniiiK 
and  til  the  sliDris  iif  I.akis  llurmi  and  Su)Kri(ir.     Sunnnir. 

3.    Agropyron  violaceum  (Hornein.)  Va.sey. 

( Kip.  52O. ) 


Xorthcrn  Wheat -gra."* 


I'tirplish  \Vheat-jjra.ss. 


Trilinnn  •■inUuiiitii  Honuni.  l-'l.  Dan.     />/.  .'"//.     iS^a. 
Aiiiiipyi mil  :'iit!ii,<'iiiii  Vasrv,  S|)«(.'.  Kipt.  V.  S.  Dipt  Auric. 

Culms  6' -2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligulc  very 
short;  leaves  2' -6'  long,  1"  3"  wide,  tlat  or  involute, 
rough  or  sometimes  smooth  beneath;  spike  i'-4'  in 
length,  occasionally  longer,  2"-^,"  broad;  spikelets  36- 
flowcred;  empty  scales  broad,  usually  purplish,  scarious 
on  the  margins,  ,s-7-nerved,  4"~6"  long,  acute  or  acum- 
inate, sometimes  awn-pointed,  rarely  long-awned;  (low- 
ering .scales  often  purplish,  5-7-nerved,  scarious  on  the 
margins,  4"-6"  long,  acuminate  or  short-awned,  the  awn 
rarely  as  long  fis  the  body. 

(Jiicl)ic  to  western  Ontario  anil  lirilisli  Coliniiliia.  soiilli  lo 
the  mountains  of  New  lui^land,  Niw  York  and  IVinisylv.mia, 
an<l  ill  till'  Kocky  .Mountains  to  Colorado.  .Vsccnds  to,s.Si«ift- 
in  the  White  Mountains.  Also  in  northern  ICurope  and  Asia. 
Summer. 


4.    Agropyron  tenerum  \'asey.     Slender  Wheat-grass 


Ai;  I  <>/>]■  nnii  Irini  iim  Vasev, 
25«. '    |S,S5. 


Coult.   Hot.  C.az.   10: 


Cilabnms,  culms  2°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  often 
slender,  smooth.  .Sheaths  usually  shorter  than 
the  internodes,  glabrous;  ligule  very  short; 
leaves  3'-io'  long,  \"-2"  wide,  tlat  or  involute, 
rough;  spike  y-''  in  length,  usually  narrow 
and  slender;  spikelets  3~5-(lowered;  empty 
scales  ^"-d"  long,  acuminate  or  short-awned, 
3-5-nerved,  scarious  on  the  margins;  flowering 
scales  5"-6"  long,  5-nerved,  awn-pointed  or 
short-awnc(',  scarious  on  the  margins,  often 
rough  toward  thi'  apex. 

In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  and  Minnesota  to  Hritisli 
Columbia,  south  to  Neliraska,  Colora<lo  and  Cali- 
fornia. Rei)orted  from  the  Northeast  Territory. 
July-Ang. 


i 


228 


GRAMINRAE. 


5.  Agropyron  caninum  (L.)  R.  f.-  S.     Awnecl  Wheat-grass.     Fibrous-rooted 

Wheat-grass.     (Fig.  528. ) 

Tiiticuni  iaiiiiiu>ii  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  S6.      1753. 

Atii'ofijriiin  ciiiiiiiHiii  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  756.      1817. 

A);>opynim   uitiUilciale  C.issidy,   Hull.  Culo.    AkHc. 
Ivxp.  Sta.  12:63.      '**9f- 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  smooth,  the  lower  sometimes  pubescent; 
ligule  short;  leaves  i'-<)'  long,  x"-'},"  wide,  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above;  spike  3'-8'  in  length, 
sometimes  one-sided,  often  nodding  at  tlie  top; 
spikelets  3-6- flowered;  empty  scales  4^2 "-6"  long; 
3-S-nerved,  acuminate,  awu-pointcd  or  bearing  ^^ 
awn  i"-3"  long;  flowering  scales  4"-5"  long,  usu- 
ally scabrous  toward  the  apex,  acuminate  into  an 
awn  sometimes  twice  their  own  length. 

New  lininswick  to  Rritisli  Columbia,  south  to  North 
Carolina.  TomiLsscf  and  Colorado.  ,\lso  in  lUirope 
and  .\sia.  Nativt-  northward;  southward  locally  natu- 
ralized from  Kurope.    July-Aug. 


89.    HORDEUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  84.      1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  cylindric  spikes.  Spikelets 
i-flowered,  usually  in  3's  at  each  joint  of  the  racliis,  the  lateral  generally  short-stalked  and 
imperfect;  rachilla  produced  beyond  the  flower,  the  lower  empty  scales  often  reduced  to 
awns  and  forming  an  apparent  involucre  around  the  spikelets.  Kmpty  scales  rigid;  flower- 
ing scales  rounded  on  the  back,  ,s-iierved  at  the  apex,  awned;  palet  scarcely  shorter  than  the 
scale,  2-kecled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Grain  usually  adhcretit  to  the 
scale,  hairy  at  the  summit.     [Latin  name  for  Barley.] 

About  16  species,  widely  distributed  in  both  hemispheres, 

I'lowerinff  scales,  exclusive  of  awns,  ,V'-4"  long. 
.\wn  of  the  llowerint;  scale  'j'  Iouk  or  less. 

All  the  empty  scales  of  each  chister  bristlc-liko.  i.  //.  nodosum. 

l''our  of  the  empty  scales  of  each  cluster  dilated  above  the  base.  2.  //.  pusillitm. 

Awn  of  the  floweritiff  scale  i'  Iouk  or  more.  3.  If.jitbalum. 

Flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  awns,  about  6"  long-.  4.  //.  muiinum. 


I.    Hordeum  noddsum  L.     Meadow  Barley.     (Fig.  529.) 


Hordeum  nodosum  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  ICd.  2.  126.      1762. 
Ilordiiini  p> alcnse  \\\\(\f..  I'l.  .AiikI.  I'M.  2,  ,s6.      1762. 

Culms  6'-2°  tall,  erect,  or  sometimes  decumbent, 
simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  '+'"  'oiK.  truncate; 
leaves  I  "i '-,5' long,  i "-3"  wide,  flat,  rough;  spike 
1 '-3 ,'2 'ill  length;  spikelets  usually  in  3's,  tlic central 
one  containing  a  palct  and  perfect  flower,  the  lateral 
enclosing  a  staminate  or  rudimentary  flower,  or  a 
palet  only;  empty  scales  of  each  cluster  awn-like; 
flowering  scale  of  the  central  spikclet  3"  4"  long 
exclusive  of  the  awn,  which  is  3"-6"  long,  the  cor- 
responding scale  in  the  lateral  spikelets  much 
smaller  and  short-stalked. 

In  meadows  and  w.iste  places,  Itidiana  to  Minnesota, 
British  Columbi.i  and  .Maska,  soutl;  to  Texas  and 
California.     Also  in  Ivurope  and  Asia.     June-July. 


GRA.SS   FAMILY. 


229 


■2.  Hordeum  pusillum  Nutt.     Little  Bar- 
ley.    (Fig.  530.) 

iroidiitm  piisilhtiii  Xult.  Cell,  i:  87.      1818, 

Culms  4'-i5'  tall,  erect,  or  decuinbent  at  the 
base,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  loose,  usually 
shorter  than  the  intcrno<lcs,  smooth  and  glabrous, 
the  upper  often  enclosing  the  base  of  the  spike; 
ligule  very  short;  leaves  yi'-?,'  long,  '."-a"  wide, 
erect,  smooth  l)eneath,  rough  abovi ,  spike  i'-3' 
in  length;  spikelets  usually  in  3's,  the  central  one 
containing  a  palet  anl  perfect  flovvei ,  the  lateral 
imperfect;  scales  awnc(\  the  empty  ones  scabrous, 
those  of  the  central  spikelet  and  the  lower  ones  of 
the  lateral  spikelets  dilated  above  the  t)asc;  flower- 
ing scale  smooth,  that  of  the  central  spikelet  3" 
4"  long,  short-awned,  the  corresponding  scale  in 
the  lateral  spikelets  smaller  and  very  short-stalked. 

Ill  dry  soil,  OiUarii)  to  British  Colunihia,  south  to 
Nibriiskii,  .\rkaiisas,  Texas  and  California;  also  spar- 
iiiKly  introduced  along  the  coast  from  Virjfinia  to  I'lor- 
idii.    June-July. 


Hordeum  jubatum  L.     vScjuirrel-tail  (>ra.s.s.     (Fig.  531.) 


Ilmdiiiiti  juhaliiiii  L.  Sp    I'l.  85.     175^. 

Culms  ir)'-2''2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  usually 
slender,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually 
shorter  than  theinteriKKles,  generally  loose,  smooth 
and  glabrous;  ligule  U"  long  or  less;  leaves  i'-5' 
long,  i"-2"  wide, erect, rough;  spike2'-4'in length; 
spikelets  usually  in  3's,  the  central  one  containing 
a  palet  and  perfect  flower,  the  lateral  imperfect; 
empty  scales  ctmsisting  of  slender  rough  awns  i'- 
2'^'  long;-  flowering  scale  of  the  central  spikelet 
3"-4"  long,  scabrous  at  the  apex,  bearing  a  slender 
rough  awn  i'-2;^'long;  the  corresponding  .scale  in 
the  lateral  spikelets  short-awned,  about  3"  long  in- 
cluding its  pedicel,  sometimes  reduced  toa  rudiment. 

Ill  dry  soil.  Ontario  to  .\laska.  south  to  Kansas, 
Colorado  and  California.  Naturalized  in  the  east  from 
I.aUr.'ulor  and  (Jiiebec  to  New  Jersey  and  I'eiiiisylvania. 
July  AuB- 


4.    Hordeum  murinum  L.     Wall 

Ilordfiiiii  mill  iiiiiiH  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  S5.      1753. 

Culms  6'-2°  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  ba.se, 

smooth  and  glabrous.     Sheaths  loose,  shorter  than 

the  intcrnodes  on  the  long  culms,  overlapping  on  the 

short  ones,  the  uppermost  often  inflated  and  enclosing 

the  base  of  the  spike;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  i'-6' 

long,    l""3"   wide,    rough;    spikes    2'-)'   in    length; 

spikelets  usually  in  3's;  scales  awned,  the  empty  ones 

awn-like,    scabrous,    those    of   the  central    spikelet 

broader  and  ciliale  on  the  margins,  bearing  awns  9"- 

12"  long,  those  of  the  lateral  spikelets  similar,  with 

the  exception  of  the  second  scale,  which  is  not  ciliate; 

flowering  scales  scabrous  at  the  apex,  bearing  an  awn 

about  i'  long,  those  of  the  lateral  spikelets  about  6" 

long,  the  corresponding  .scale  in  the  central  spikelet 

somewhat  smaller. 

On  liailast  and  spariiiRly  'n  waste  places,  southern  New 
York  and  New  Jersey.  .\lso  from  .Arizona  to  California. 
Adveiitive  or  naturalized  from  Ivurojje.     June  July. 


Harley.     (  Fig.  532.) 


230 


GRAMINEAE. 


90.    ELYMUS  I,.  Sp.  PI.  83.       1753. 

Tall  grasses,  with  usually  flat  leaves  and  dense  terminal  spikes.  Spikclets  2-sevcral- 
floweri'd,  (rarely  i-tlowcrcd)  sessile,  usually  in  iiairs,  occasionally  in  .^'s  or  more,  in  alter- 
nate notches  of  the  continuous  or  jointed  rachis,  the  eni])ty  scales  forming  an  apj)arent  invo- 
hicre  to  the  cluster.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  narrow,  acute  or  awned,  entire  or  rarely  cleft; 
flowering  scales  shorter,  rouiule<l  on  the  hack,  ,s-nerved,  usually  hearing  an  awn.  I'alet  a 
little  shorter  than  tlie  scale,  2-kcclcd.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Stigmas 
plumose,  (irain  s])ar.sely  hairy  at  the  summit,  adherent  to  the  palet.  [Greek,  to  roll  up, 
referring  to  the  involute  ])alet.] 

,\l)<ml  ,V'  sptciis,  natives  i)f  tiiiipi  rati'  riijiinis.  liisidis  the  f<plliiwin({,  some  10  others  occur  in 
the  western  parts  of  North  .\iiuriea. 

JoiiUs  of  the  raehis  tardily  separatiiiK  at  maturity;  awns  aseendiiin  or  none. 
I'lowerinn  scali  s  eoiispieuously  awneil  1  rar(  ly  awnless  in  No.  2). 
Spikelets  divergent  from  the  nieliis  of  the  hroad  spike. 
Ivmiity  scales  ;iwl  sha))ed:  spikes  sUiider. 
lCmi)t;'  scales  not  awl  shaped;  spikes  stout. 

l!n  i)ty  scales  lanceolate,  ,s  7 nerved;  awn  short;  spike  erect. 
Ivmi>ty  scales  narrowly  lanceolate.  ,i  ,s nerved; 
sji.ke  usually  noddinjf. 
Sl)ikelets  ai)presse<l  to  tile  rachis  of  the  narrow  spike. 

lCm])ty  scales  narrowly  lanceolate,  aetnninate  or  awn-pointed.  |.   /'.  i;/(iiii  ii\. 

ICmpty  scales  awl  shaped,  bearing  awns  etinallinK  or  ixeeediiiK  their  length. 

5.   /■.'.  A/iiiHiiiiii. 
I'loweriuK  scales  unawned  or  awnpoiiUed. 

I'MoweriuK  scales  ^'ahroiis.  (1.   /■.".  ii>iitli)isiiliis. 

I'loweriuK  scales  villous.  7.   A',  ariiiiii  ins. 

Joints  of  the  rachis  early  separatintf;  awns  widely  diverKing.  .'^.   A'.  i/viiKu'dis. 

I.    Elymus  striatus  Willd.     Sletider  Wild 
Rye.      (Imk.  •,t,t,.) 


1. 


Sll  KtlKS. 


2.   /■.'.  I  'irt;iiiii'ii.\-. 
awn  aliout  the  lenjith  of  ilie  scale; 
!,.   A'.  (  aiuuli-nsis. 


lilymiis  sll  iitliis  Willd.  Hp.  I'l.  i;  470.      1707' 
Hlvmiis  sll  iiiliis  var.  •.illnsiis  .\.  (Iray,  Man.  <^hi,^. 


1S4S. 


Culms  2°  3°  tall,  erect,  sleiulcr,  simple,  smooth,  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  usually  .shorter  than  the  internodes, 
glabrous  or  hirsute;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  ,s'-9' 
long,  2"  -5"  wide,  smooth  or  slightly  rough  heneath, 
pullesceiit  above;  spike  2%'  ^'2'  in  length,  broad, 
slender,  dense;  s])ikelets  divergent  from  the  rachis,  i-,v 
flowered;  empty  scales  awl-shaped,  9"- 12"  long,  in- 
cluding the  slender  rough  awn,  l-.vuerved,  the  nerves, 
and  often  the  whole  scale,  rough,  his])i(l  or  hirsute; 
flowering  scales  about  3"  long,  smooth,  scabrous  or 
hispid,  bearing  a  slender  rougli  awn  .S"-i,s"  in  length. 

In  woods  and  on  hanks,  Maine  and  ( )iitario  to  Tennessee 
and  Kansas.     Spike  often  no  '.diuK-     Jmu-  July. 


2.    Elymus  Virginicus  I, 

Klyiiius  I'irtiiiiuiis  I..  Sp.  I'l.  Sp      175^. 

/■'iliiitis  rii.i;iiii(iis  var.  siihmiilii  lis  llook.  I'l.  l!or.  .Am. 

2:  2,s.s.       iS.jii. 

Culms  2°  ;,"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  aiul  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
often  overlapping  on  the  lower  part  of  the  culm, 
smooth,  sometimes  pubescent,  the  uppermost  often 
inflated  and  enclosing  the  peduncle  and  the  base  of 
the  spike;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  5'-i.l'  long, 
2"-8"  wide,  rough;  spike  2'  7'  in  length,  broad, 
stout,  upright;  siiikclets  divergent  from  the  rachis, 
2-,vflowcrcd;  empty  scales  thick  and  rigid,  lanceo- 
late, S"  12"  long,  including  the  short  awn,  ,s  7- 
nerved;  flowering  scales  t,"  4"  long,  smooth,  rarely 
sparingly  scabrous,  bearing  a  rough  awn  2"-9"  in 
length,  or  rarely  awnless. 

In  moist  soil,  especially  aloUK  streams.  Nova  Scotia 
ami  New  Hrunswick  to  Manitoba,  south  to  p'lorida  and 
Texas.     .Xscendstozmioft.  in  Nortli  Carolina.     July-AuK. 


rerrell-Krass.     \'ir^Miiia  Wild  Rye.     (  Fij;.  ,S34.) 


ORASS   l-AMILY. 


\^I 


3.    Elymus  Canadensis  I,.     Nodding  Wild  Rye.     (I-ip.  535.) 

/■:/\iiiiis  Oniititnish  I..  Sp.  I'l.  Sv      I7,S,V 
I'.lyniiis  i;li)iiii/iiliiis  Willd.  ICtiiini.  i:  i.^i.       iS(X). 
/\/inii(s  Ciiiiailiiisi.s  var.  .;'/if/(<//(i//H.v  Torr.   IM.   l'.   S.   i: 
i,?7-     i82»- 

Culms  2,'-2°-5°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. vSlieatlis  usually  overiappinji;;  ligule  very 
short;  leaves  4'-i°  long  or  more,  2"-i()"  wide, 
rough,  sometimes  glaucous;  spike  4' -1 2'  in  length, 
broad,  stout,  often  nodding,  its  peduncle  much  ex- 
sertcd;  spikelets  divergent  from  the  rachis,  3-5- 
llowered;  empty  scales  narrowly  lanceolate  or  awl- 
shaped,  rigid,  3-5-uerved,  S"-i6"  long,  including  the 
long  slender  rough  awns;  flowering  .scales  4"-7"  long, 
nearly  smootli  to  liirsnte,  bearing  a  slender  scabrous 
straight  or  divergent  awn  \o"-2$"  in  length. 

On  rivtr  banks.  Nova  .Scotia  and  New  Hrunswick  to  .\1" 
bcrta,  sotltli  to  (k'ornia,  Texas  and  Niw  Mexico,  .\scinds 
to  2100  ft.  in  Virginia.     July  .\u(f. 


4.  Elymus  glaucus  Hiickl.     vSmooth  Wild  Rye.     (Fig.  5,^6.) 

J\l\'ini(s  i'Jaiitiis  Kuckl.  I'roc.  .\cad.  I'hila.  1862:99.     1S62. 

/•'Iviiiiis  Aiiim'raiiiis  V.  M:  S.;  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.   I'l.  4: 

245.      188.H. 

I'.lviHii^  Sibil  hiis  var.  .Iiiii  1  imiiiis  Wats.  &  Coult.  in  A. 
tiray,  Man.  I'Ul.  6,  6;,(.       iSi)<). 

Culms  2°  -5°  tall,  erect,  sim]>le,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  often  shorter  than  the  internodes,  usually 
glabrous,  rarely  pubescent;  ligule  i"  long  or  less; 
leaves  4'-: 2'  long,  2"  8"  wide,  smooth  beneath, 
sometimes  rough  above;  spike  ,;'-.S'  in  length,  nar- 
row, slender;  spikelets  apprcssed  to  the  rachis,  3-6- 
llowered;  empty  scales  narrowly  lanceolate,  4"-6" 
long,  acuminate  or  awn-pointed,  rigid,  3-3-nerved; 
flowering  scales  smooth  or  slightly  rough,  5"-6"  long, 
bearing  a  slender  straight  rough  awn  6"  9"  in  length. 

In  moist  soil,  Ontario  to  liritisli  Columbia,  south  to 
Michigan,  Arizona  and  California.     June-  .AuR. 


5.    Elymus  Macounii  \a.sey.     Macoun'.s  Wild 
Rye.     (I'ig.  3,^7.) 

/i/liiiiis  .Tfii<(>iiiiii  \'iisvy.  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  13;  lui.      IN%. 

Cidms  t°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very  .short, 
truncate;  leaves  2'  6'  long,  i'"-2'<"  wide,  rough,  es- 
pecially above;  spike  2'-5'  in  length,  narrow,  slender, 
often  somewhat  flexuous;  spikelets  appresscd  to  the 
rachis,  single  at  each  node,  or  the  lower  sometimes  in 
pairs,  1  3  flowered;  empty  scales  (occasionally  3)  awl- 
shaped,  3-nerved,  rough,  3"-4"  long,  bearing  a  slender 
straight  rough  awn,  3"-5"  in  length;  flowering  scales 
3/4 "-S"  long,  rough  toward  the  apex,  bearing  a  slender 
straight  awn  3"-5"  long. 

I'rairits.  Manitoba  and  Assiiuboia.  .south  to  Nebraska  and 
New  Mexico.     July.XuK. 


232  GRAMINKAE. 

6.    Elymus  condensatus  Presl.     Smooth  Lyme-grass.     (Fig.  538.) 

/■llymiis  loiiiloisdliis  I'rcsl,  Rtli(i.  Ilacnk.  i:  265.      1S30. 

Culms  2°-io°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  upper  ones 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  z"-^"  long,  trun- 
cate; leaves  6'-i°  long  or  more,  ^"-iz"  wide,  sca- 
brous, at  least  above;  spike  4'-i5'  in  length,  usually 
stout,  strict,  often  interrupted  below,  sometimes  com- 
pound at  the  base;  spikclets  3-6-flowered,  2-several  at 
each  iKxle  of  the  rachis;  empty  scales  awl-shaped, 
4'2"-6"  long,  i-nerved,  usually  rough;  flowering 
scales  4"-5"  long,  generally  awn-pointed,  usually 
rough,  sometimes  smooth. 

In  wet  saliiK.'  situations,  .Vlberta  to  British  Columbia, 
soutli  to  northwestern  Nebraska,  .-Vrizona  and  California. 
July-.'Vug. 

7.    Elymus  arenarius    L,.     Downy  Lyiiie- 
gras.s.     Sea  Lynie-gra.ss.     (Fig.  539.) 

JC/yiiiiis  iiiiiKi)  Ills  I,.  .Sp.  I'l.  8,v      1753. 

Culms  i',!°-H°  tall,  erect,  simple,  usually  softly  pu- 
bescent at  the  summit.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous, 
often  glaucous,  those  at  the  base  overlapping,  the 
upper  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very  short; 
leaves  3'- 1 °  long  or  more,  i'i"-5"  wide,  flat,  or 
becoming  involute,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above; 
spike  3'-lo'  in  length,  usually  strict;  spikelets  3-6- 
flowercd,  frequently  glaucous;  empty  scales  .S"-i4" 
l""Si  3-5-ierved,  acuminate,  more  or  less  villous; 
flowering  scales  8"-io"  long,  acute  or  awu-poiuted, 
5-7-nerved,  usually  very  villous. 

On  shores,  C.recnland  and  Labrador  to  tlie  Northwest 
Territory  and  Alaska,  soutli  to  Maine.  Lake  Superior  and 
Washinijfton.     Also  in  Uurope  and  .\sia.     Summer. 

S.    Elymus  elymoides  (Raf. )  Swezey.     Loiig-l)ristled  Wild  Rye.     (  Fig.  540.) 

Sihinimi  liyiHKiiiis  K.if.  Jourti.  I'liys.  89:  lo^      1819. 
Klyniiis  Sildiiiiiii  Seliulles,  Mant.  2:.)26.       i82(. 
JC/yiniis  i/i  inoiiiis  S\\i./.vy,  Neb,  I'l,  I'l,  1,5.      1891, 

Culms  6'-2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth,  glabrou.s. 
Sheaths  smooth  or  rough,  sometimes  hirsute,  usu- 
ally overlapping,  the  upper  one  often  inflated  and 
enclosing  the  base  of  the  spike;  ligule  short; 
leaves  2'-"'  long,  ',"-2"  wide,  often  stiff  and 
erect,  usually  rough,  sometimes  hirsute,  flat  or 
involute;  spike  2'-6'  in  length;  spikelets  1-5-flow- 
ered;  empty  scales  entire  or  divided,  often  to  the 
base,  the  divisions  awl-shaped  and  liearing  long 
unecpial  slender  awns,  i'-t,}:'  in  length;  flowering 
scales  3"  -5"  long,  5-ncrved,  scabrous,  at  least  to- 
ward the  apex,  bearing  a  long  slender  divergent 
awn  i'~3,'j'  in  length,  the  apex  of  the  scale  some- 
times 2-t()othed,  the  teeth  often  produced  into  short 
awns;  joints  of  the  rachis  separating  at  uiaturity. 
In  dry  .soil.  South  Dakota  to  Oregon,  south  to  Kansas,  Texas,  .Vrizona  and  California,     Jnly-Aug. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


233 


91.    HYSTRIX  Moench,  Meth.  294.     1794. 
[AsPRF.i.i.A  Willd.  Enum.  132.     1809.     Not  Schreb.  1789.] 
[GvMNOSTicin.M  Sclircl).  nesclir.  Gras.  2:  127.    //.  77.     1810.] 
Usually  tall  grasses,  with  flat  leav<.'S  and  terminal  spikes.     Spikelets  2-scvcral-flowered, 
in  pairs,  rarely  in  3's,  at  each  node  o(  the  rachis.     Hnipty  scales  wanting,  or  sometimes  ap- 
pearing as  mere  rudiments;  flowering  scales  narrow,  convolute,  rigid,  rounded  on  the  bfick, 
5-nerved  above,  terminating  in  an  awn;   palet  scarcely  shorter  than  the  scale,  2-keeled. 
Stamens  3.     Styles  very  short,  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose.     Grain  oblong,  adhering  to  the 
palet  when  dry.     [Greek  name  of  the  Porcupine,  referring  to  the  long  awns.] 

I'our  known  species,  llie  follDwing  iind  a  Cali- 
fornian  one  occurring  in  North  Aniertea. 

I.     Hystrix     Hystrix     (I^.)    Millsp. 
Hottle-brii.sh  Gra.ss.     (Fig.  541.  ) 

Klymiis  llyslri  y  I..  Sp.  I'l.  Ivl.  2.  124.      1762. 
Aspiella  Jtysli  i.y  Willd.  ICnuni.  1,^2.      i.Sik). 
(iyninosliciiiiin  l/yshi.v  .Schreb.  Itesclir.  Gras.  2: 

127.     />/.  ^-.     i8io. 
Hyslrix  Ilystrir  Millsp,  I'l.  W.  Va.  474.      1S92. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  4,'i'-9'  long, 
3"-6"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above; 
spike  3'-7'  in  length,  spikelets  at  length  widely 
spreading,  4"-6"  long,  exclusive  of  the  awns; 
empty  scales  awn-like,  usually  present  in  the 
lowest  spikclet;  flowering  scales  4"-6"  long, 
acuminate  into  an  awn  about  1'  in  length. 

In  rocky  woods,  New  lirutiswick  lo  Ontario, 
south  to  (leorpfia,  Illinois  and  MimiesoUi,  .\scends 
to  2l(«i  ft.  in  Virffinia,  Spikikts  very  easily  de- 
tached, even  when  youuK-     June  July. 

92.    ARUNDINARIA  Michx.  Fl.  Hor.  Am.  1:  73.      1803. 

Arborescent  or  shrubby  gr.isses,  with  simple  or  branched  culms  and  flat  short-pctioled 
leaves  which  are  articulated  with  the  sheath.  Spikelets  borne  in  panicles  or  racemes, 
2-many-flowcred,  large,  compressed.  limpty  scales  i  or  2,  the  first  sometimes  wanting; 
flowering  scales  longer,  not  keeled,  many  nerved;  palets  scarcely  shorter  than  the  scales, 
prominently  2-keeled.  l.odicules  3.  Stamens  3.  Styles  2  or  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
furrowed,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.    [From  Antiido,  the  Latin  name  of  the  Reed.] 

About  24  species,  natives  of  .\sia  and  .Vnierica.     Two  are  found  in  the  .southern  United  States. 

I.    Arundinaria   tecta  (Walt.)  Miihl. 
Scutch  Cane.    Small  Cane.   (Fig.  542.) 

A  III  lido  lei/a  Walt.  FI.  Car,  81.      1788. 
Aiiiiiiliiiai  ill  licia  SIulil,  (Irani,  igi,      1.S17, 
Ai  iiiidiiitii  ia     luacrospeima     var,        ■'ft  iilici'sa 
Munro,  Trans,  I.inn.  ,Soc.  26:  15.      1. 

Culms  3°-i5°  tall,  erect,  shrubby,  branch- 
ing at  the  summit,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes,  smooth  or 
rough,  ciliate  on  the  margins;  ligule  bristly; 
leaves  lanceolate,  3'j'-S'  long,  4"-i2"  wide, 
flat,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  glabrous 
above;  racemes  terminal,  or  on  short  leafless 
culms;  spikelets  7-10-flowered,  I'-i,'^'  long,  on 
pedicels  I '  in  length  or  less,  which  are  some- 
times pubescent;  empty  scales  unequal,  the  first 
usually  very  small,  sometimes  wanting;  flower- 
ing scales  6"-io"  h)ng,  acute  or  acuminate, 
smooth,  scabrous  or  pubescent. 

In  swamps  and  moist  soil,  Maryland  to  Indiana 
and  .Missouri,  Florida  and  Texas.     May-July, 


¥:. 


If 


i 


234  CVl'IvRACHAK. 

Family  S.     CYPERACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  ICxpos.  Faiii.  i:  62.      1805. 

Skix'.i;  I'amii.v. 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs.  Steins  (culms)  slender,  solid  (raicly  hollow ), 
trianjj^ular,  ([uadranj^ular,  terete  or  flattened.  Roots  fibrous  (  many  s])ecies  jkt- 
ennial  by  lon^  rootstocks).  Leaves  narrow,  with  closed  sheaths.  Klowers  per- 
fect or  im])erfect.  arranjjjed  in  s])ikelets,  one  ( rarely  2  )  in  the  axil  of  each  scale 
(glume,  bract),  the  spikelets  solitary  or  clustered,  1 -many-flowered.  Scales  2- 
ranked  or  spirally  imbricated,  persistent  or  deciduous,  rerianth  hyixigymms, 
comjiosed  of  bristles,  or  interior  scales,  rarely  caly.\-like,  or  entirely  wanting. 
Stamens  1-,^,  rarely  more.  Filaments  slender  or  filiform.  Anthers  2-celled. 
Ovary  i -celled,  sessile  or  stipitate.  Ovule  i,  anatro]K)Us,  erect.  .Style  2-,^- 
cleft  or  rarely  simple  or  minutely  2-to()thed.  Kruit  a  lenticular  plano-convex 
I  or  trigonous  achene.      ICndosperm  mealy.      Fmbryo  minute. 

ll  .\l)(>ut  f)5  Ki'iKT;i  and  jion)  spicks,  i)f  viry  wide  (iiofmiphic  distritmtioii.     Tlu' datts  K'veii  Ik'- 

1  low  itidif.itu  thr  tiiiiL-  <if  ))crtVi-tiiiK  fruit. 

Flowers  of  tlii-  spikikls  all.  or  ;it  liasl  one  of  llieiii,  perfect:  spikelets  all  similar. 
.Scales  of  the  s])ikelets  2  ranked. 

Perianth  none;  spikelets  in  solitary  or  nnibelled  terminal  heads. 

Spikelets  with  2  several  perfect  flowers;  scaUs  several  to  nu.'Uerons,     i.  l'vf>i>iis. 
,:i  .Spikelets  with  hut  i  perfict  flower;  scaks  2  4.  2.   Kvlliiiiid. 

1.  I'eriantli  of  ()()  bristles;  inflorescence  axillary.  .\.  I>i<li<liiii»i. 

\  Scales  of  the  spikelets  spirally  imbricated  all  around. 

!,  Spikelets  with  several  to  many  perfect  flowers. 

llase  of  the  style  swollen,  persistent  as  a  tnbercle  on  the  achene. 

Leaves  reduced  to  basal  sheaths;  bristles  usually  jiresent;  spikelet  solitary. 

4.  Kli-i>iliin  is. 
Culm  leafy;  bristles  none;  spikelets  i-nunierous. 

Spikelets  capitate,  involucrate.  5.  DUhromtita. 

.Sl)ikekts  umbellate  or  cymose. 

•Spikelets  in  terminai  and  a.\illary  compound  cynus;  most  of  the  style  per- 

sisten'..  <i.  I'silinni  va. 

Spikelets  in  a  terminal  umbel,  base  of  style  persistent.       7.  Sltiiophyllus. 
llase  of  the  style  enlarged  or  narrow,  deciduous. 
■;  i-'lowers  with  no  broad  sepals  nor  interior  perianth-scales. 

Style  swollen  at  the  base;  bristles  none.  8.   I'imlnislvlh. 

.Style  not  swollen  at  the  base;  bristles  usually  present. 
'  .Spikelets  solitary-many;  bristles  1-6,  rarely  none.  9.  Siir/'KS. 

'\.  Spikelets  solitary  or  few;  bristles  (> many,  .soft,  smooth,  very  lonjt,  slender. 

;•'  much  e.xserted.  10.  h'.iioplioi  inu. 

'',  Klowers  with  a  perianth  of  ,?  stalked  sepals  or  of  1  or  2  interior  hyaline  scales. 

I'erianth  of  ,5  broad  .stalked  sepals,  usually  alternating  with  as  many  bristles. 
s  II.    I'liiiiiiti. 

I'erianth  of  i  or  2  hyaline  scales  i  sepals?):  bristles  none. 
i;  I'erianth  of  a  single  minute  posterior  scale.  12.   llriniiiiiplia. 

I'erianth  of  2  scales,  convolute  arounil  the  ovary.  i.v  l.ifioiai phu. 

:T  Spikelets  I   .(-flowered,  some  of  the  flowers  imperfect. 

,'  Style,  or  its  base,  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  achene.  14.  /^vndinspoin. 

.Style  wholly  deciduous.  I.S-   Cliidiiini. 

l-'lowers  all  monoecious  or  dioecious,  usually  borne  in  separate  small  si)ikelets. 
■'  .\chene  not  enclosed  in  a  utricle  (  perigynium  1. 

'"  .Si)ikekts  clustered  or  solitary,  not  in  a  termin.il  spike;  achene  bony.  16.  Si/i'i  i<i. 

'  .Spikelets  formintr  a  terminal  s])ike:  arctic  Kciiera. 

'"  .Scales  2  flowered,  anilroirynous.  17.   Illvna. 

.'.',  Scales  i-flowered.  monoecious.  iS.   A'n/iir.siii. 

}  .\chene  eiiclosid  in  a  utricle  I  periKynium  ). 

I  .-Vxis  of  the  pistillate  flower  conspicuous,  subulate.  (,ften  exserted  beyoiul  the  periKynium. 

i  K).    I 'lit  ill  ill. 

'?  Axis  of  the  pistillate  flower  rudimentary  or  none,  not  exserted.  20.  Oiri.i  ■ 

\ 

I.    CYPERUS  h.  Sp.  PI.  44.       i7,s,v 

.'  Annual  or  perennial  sedj^es.     Culms  in  our  s|)ecies  .simple,  tiianj;ular,  leafy  near  the 

base,  and  witii  i  or  more  leaves  at  tlic  sutnmit,  forming  an  involucre  to  the  simple  or  coni- 

;  pound,   umbellate  or   capitate   inllorescence.     Rays  of  tlie    umbel   .sheailied   at   the   base. 

'  u.snally  very  unequal,  one  or  more  of  the  heads  or  spikes  commonly  sessile.     Spikelets  flat 

.!(■  or  subtcretc,  composed  of  few  or  many  scales,  the  scales  falling  away  from  the  wingless  or 

J.  winged  racliis   as   they  mature    (nos.    1-19),  or   persistent  and  the  spikelets  falling  away 

?  from  the  axis  of  the  head  or  spike  with  the  scales  attached  (nos.  20-32).    Scales  concave, 

,|  conduplicate  or  keeled,  2-ranked,  all  flower-bearing  or  the  lower  ones  empty.     Flowers  pcr- 

i'  feet.     Perianth  none.     Stamens  i-v     Style  2-3-cleft,  deciduous  from  the  summit  of  the 

f  lenticular  or  3-angled  achene.     [Ancient  Hreek  name  for  these  sedges.  ] 

j;  _       .\l)out  650  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  troi)ical  ami  temperati-  reifions.     Ilesides  the  foUow- 

f  iuK,  some  40  others  occur  in  the  southern  fnited  .States.     The  ICiiKlish  names  (,'(i/iiifia/e  awl  .Surd 

\  Jiiisli  are  sometimes  applied  to  all  the  species. 


SHDGI'    FAMILY. 


235 


pikekts  flat. 
I.   (".  flaiesiiiis. 


C.  diuHi/i  IIS. 
C.  I  i-.iilaris. 

C.  Xiillallii. 

C.    lllilllHllDllllS. 


6.  C.  flaviioniii.s 


C.  iiiJliA  IIS. 


8. 
9- 


111. 
II. 


12.  6  . 

13.  C. 
M.   C. 


lOlllfllYSSIIS. 

Siliu  einil:ii. 

fisfiiiiiiz'ixfliis. 
Ill  iiiiiinaliis. 

/'lISi  lis. 

I  las  fill  II. 

ilniliiliis. 


I  i>/iiii(/ii\. 

llallii. 

rsiiilciiliis 


I.S. 
K). 


iiyllin 
lliilii. 


I  hi: 


StyU'  2  i-lift;  iichenc  Unticular,  not  vii  'r1<.'<1  ;  scalis  falling  from  the  racliis; 
Ai'hfiu'  oTK'  half  as  lonn  a.s  tlii'  scaic;  iiinhil  nearly  or  (luitc  sini|>U'. 
Spikilits  yellow:  suiurticial  cells  of  the  acheiie  ohlony;. 
Spikelets  Krein  or  brown;  superficial  cells  of  the  achene  (piaclrate. 
Scales  obtuse  or  obtusisli,  appressed. 

Scales  uieiiiliranous.  dull;  style  much  exserted. 
Scales  subcoriaceous.  shininn;  style  scarcely  exserted. 
Scales  acute,  somewhat  spreadiiiK  at  maturity. 

.\cheue  narrowly  obovate;  spikelets  '•'    i'.'  loiiK. 
Achene  linear  oIjIoiik:  spikelets  ,V'^'( "  long. 
Achene  nearly  as  loiid  as  the  scale;  umbel  sometimes  much  compound. 
Style  .vcleft;  achene  ,ianKle<l. 

Scales  falling  away  from  the  persistent  rachis  of  the  flattened  spikelets 
Winvts  of  the  rachis,  if  present,  permanently  adnate  to  it. 

Scales  tipped  with  recurved  awns;  low  annual,  I'-O'  tall. 
Scales  acute  or  obtuse,  not  awned. 

WiiiKs  of  the  rachis  none  or  very  narmw. 

Stamens  ,5;  spikelets  linear-oblom;,  ("12"  lonur;  scales  acute 
.\nmial;  culms  smooth,  2'-io'  lonn. 
Perennial;  culms  roujth,  i°-2'j"  tall. 
Stamen  1;  sjiikelets  ovate,  2"~4"  lomr. 

Tall  ])erennial;  achene  linear;  scales  acutish. 
I,ow  annual;  achene  oblong;  scale-tips  recurved. 
Winijs  of  the  rachis  distinct. 

I.ow  annual,  adventive  from  ICurope;  scales  brown. 
Tall  indijfenous  perennials  (  no.  1,^  sometimes  annual  ?  I 
Lower  leaves  reduced  to  pointed  sheaths. 
Leaves  all  elongated-linear. 

Scales  mucronate,  red<lisli  brown  orurecn. 
Scales  acute  or  obtuse,  not  inucroiiate. 

Scales  wholly  or  |)artly  ))urple  brown;  achene  linear 
Scales  tightly  appressed. 
Tips  of  the  scales  free. 
Scales  straw-colored;  achene  obovoid. 
WiuRS  of  the  rachis  sepanitimf  from  it  as  interior  scales;  annuals 
Spikes  loose;  s])ikelets   V'    10"  loiiR. 
Spikes  dense,  cylindric;  sjiikelets  i'."-2'-"  lon(;. 
Spikelets  falling  away  from  the  axis  of  the  spikes,  the  lower  pair  of  scales  commonly  persistent. 
Annuals;  spikelets  elongated,  nearly  terete. 
Sciiles  imbricated;  achene  obovoid. 

Scales  thin,  dull  brown;  spikelets  very  slender.  20. 

Scales  riffid,  yellow-brown;  spikelets  st(mt.  21. 

Scales  distant;  achene  linearoblouK.  22. 

I'ereiinial  by  hard,  tuber  like  bas.il  conns:  spikelets  more  or  less  naltene<l. 
.\chene  narrowly  linear  (iblonjf,  ,^4  times  as  lonjf  as  thick. 

Spikelets  Hat,  several  inany-llowered.  2y 

Spikelets  subterete.  few-flowered. 

Spikelets  ()"    12"  loiiK,  loosely  s])icate:  lower  reflexed. 
Spikelets  1  '   "  ()"  loiii;,  densely  capitate  or  spicate. 
S))ikelels  all  reflexed;  culms  nmnh. 

Si)ikelets  s])readinK  or  only  the  lower  ledexed;  culms  smooth. 
Meads  obloufi  or  cylindric. 

Spikelets  ,V'   5"  Ioum;,  the  lower  reflexed. 
Sjiikelets  i  ',"-2"  Iouk,  the  lower  spreading. 
Heads  (jlobose. 
.\chene  oblong  or  obovoid.  about  twice  as  lon(f  as  thick. 
Kachis  windless  or  very  narrowly  winded. 
Scales  pale  ^reen,  nunibraiious,  dull. 
Scales  chestnut  brown,  firm,  shinii;;!;. 
Kachis winjfs  membranous,  broad. 

Scales  firm,  not  ai)presse<l;  spikelets  loosely  cajiitate. 
Scales  thill,  closely  appressed;  spikelets  densely  capitate. 

I.   Cyperus  flavescens  I„.     Yellow 

Cyperus.     riM^.  54.V  ' 

Cvfir)  IIS  flii:'isiiiis  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  46.      I7.s,t. 

Annual,  culms  very  slender,  tufted,  leafy  below, 
3'-r2'  tall,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves 
\"-l}'i"  wide,  smooth,  the  longer  usually  exceed 
ing  the  inllorcscence;  clusters  terminal  and  sessile 
or  on  1-4  short  rays;  spikelets  in  ,Vs-6's,  linear, 
subacute,  yellow,  jnaiiy-llowered,  Hat,  4"-i)"  long, 
vYi"-!"  broad;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  l-tierved,  ap- 
pressed, twice  as  long  as  the  orbicular-ohovatc 
black  obtuse  lenticular  shining  achene;  stamens  y, 
style  deeply  2-clcft,  its  branches  slightly  exserted; 
snj)erficial  cells  of  the  achene  oblong. 

In  marshy  jfround,  Maine  to  Michikraii.  IMorida  and 
Mexico,     Also  in  the  Old  World.     Aug. -Oct. 


C.  sftriii'Siis. 
i '.  /(TD  r. 

/\ii,i;i/iiniiiiii. 


C.  siriiiiisiis 


24. 

(' 

ir/incliis. 

2.S.    C,  ii-lidf'railiis. 
IS  smooth. 

26. 
27. 

2S. 

<  '. 

I.iiiuasli  ieiisis 
t  i/iiiih  ii  lis. 
o:iihiris. 

29. 

,V'- 

/it ii  II Inn's. 
Ilniiiililoiii. 

,^'- 

,^2- 

liiiivi. 
I'lliiiniliis. 

236  CYPHRACEAK. 

2.    Cyperus  diandrus  Torr.     Low  Cypcrus. 


(Fi>r.  544O 


Ci/>t'i  IIS  iliainlriis  Turr.  Cat.  IM.  N.  Y.  <>>.      1819. 

L'ypi  I  IIS  dianili  IIS  cliiiif;iiliis  lirilloii,  Hull.  Torr.  Club, 
19;  226.      1892. 

Aniiunt,  culms  tufted,  slciulcr,  2'-i5'  tall.  Leaves 
iibout  1"  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  usually  3, 
the  longer  much  exceeding  the  spikelets;  clusters 
sessile  and  terminal,  or  at  the  ends  of  1-3  rays; 
spikelets  ■\"-')"  long,  linear-ohlong,  acute,  flat, 
many-flowered;  scales  ovate,  green,  brown,  or 
with  brown  margins,  obtuse,  i-nervcd,  appressed, 
membranous,  dull;  stamens  2  or  3;  style  2-cleft, 
Lis  branches  much  exserted;  achene  lenticidar, 
oblong,  subacute,  gray,  not  shining,  one-half  as 
long  as  the  scale,  its  superficial  cells  quadrate, 
about  as  long  as  wide. 

In  marshy  ])lac'ts  New  Uruiiswick  to  Miiniosola, 
south  to  South  Carolina  and  Kiitis.is.     Aujr.-Oct. 

The  var.  floii^nliis  is  only  a  form  with  Ihukit  spike- 
lets. found  in  soiitlieni  New  York  and  N'ew  Jersey. 


3.   Cyperus  rivularis  Kunth.     vSliiiiiiijr 
Cyperu.s.      (Fig.  545.) 

Cyperus  riz'ti/ai  is  Kunth.  Knuni.  2:  6.      18.57. 

Cyperus  diandrus  var.   (?)  laslaneus  Torr.  Ann.  I,ye. 
N.  Y.  3;  252.     18,56.     'SoX.  C.  ciutaneHs\\"\\\i\.  1798. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  culms  slender, 
tufted,  4'-i,'i'  tall.  I'mbel  usually  simple;  spikelets 
linear  or  linear-oblong,  acntish,  4"-io"  long;  scales 
green  or  dark  brown  or  with  brown  margins, 
appressed,  firm,  subcoriaceons,  shining,  obtuse; 
stamens  mostly  3;  style  2-cleft,  scarcely  exserted; 
achene  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  lenticular,  some- 
what pointed,  dull,  its  superficial  cells  quadrate. 

In  wet  soil,  especially  alon(r  .streams  and  ponds, 
Elaine  to  southern  Ontario  and  Michitfan,  south  to 
Virginia  and  Missouri.     Aug.-Uct. 


rh 


Cyperus  Nuttallii  KcUly.     Xuttall's  Cyperus.     (Fig.  546.) 


t'tperiis  Xu/liillii  I'Mdv;  Sprung.  Neue  ICnld.  I:  240. 
'  1.H20. 

Annual,  culms  slender,  tufted,  4'-i8'  tall,  equal- 
ling or  often  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  of  the 
involucre  3-5,  spreading,  the  larger  often  5'  long; 
umbel  simple  or  slightly  compound,  3-7-rayed; 
spikelets  rather  loosely  clustered,  linear,  very  acute, 
flat,  spreading,  Jz'-i'/i'  long,  i"-i;-i"  wide;  scales 
yellowish-brown  with  a  green  keel,  oblong,  acute, 
rather  loosely  spreading  at  maturity;  stamens  2; 
style  2-cleft,  its  branches  somewhat  exserted;  achene 
lenticular,  narrowly  obovate,  obtuse  or  truncate, 
dull,  light  brown,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as- 
the  scale,  its  superficial  cells  quadrate. 

Salt  marshes,  Maine  to  Mississippi.    Aug. -Oct. 


SEDGK   FAMILY. 
5.    Cyperus  microdontus  Torr.     Coast  Cyperus.     (Fig.  547.) 


typii  IIS  micnutonliis  T<irr.  Ann.  I,yc.  N.  Y.  3:  255. 

.Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  culms 
very  slender,  tufted,  sometimes  21/  high,  usually 
lower.  Leaves  about  i"  wide,  those  of  the  invo- 
lucre much  elongated;  umbel  commonly  simple, 
.sessile,  capitate,  or  i-6-rayed;  spikelels  linear, 
acute,  .^"-9"  long,  less  than  \"  wide,  yellowish- 
brown;  scales  ovate,  acute,  thin,  appressed  when 
young,  spreading  at  maturity;  stamens  2;  style  2- 
dcft,  its  br.niches  much  exserted;  achene  lenticular, 
linear-oblong,  short-pointed,  light  brown,  one-half 
as  long  as  the  scale,  its  superficial  cells  quadrate. 

In  wtt  soil,  on  or  mar  the  coast,  Virninia  to 
I'Morida  and  Texas.     Aii(f.  (Jet. 


237 


i 


no    0(. 


6.    Cyperus  flavicomus  Miclix.     Elegant  Cyperus.     (Fig.  548. ) 

I'vfyei  us  tiai'icomiis  Michx.  l'"l.  lior.  \\\\.  1:  2;.     1803. 

Annual,  culms  stout  or  slender,  i°-3°  tall,  leafy 
below.  Leaves  smooth,  or  rough-margined,  2"-t," 
wide,  those  of  the  involucre  3-S,  the  longer  ones 
much  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  imibels  few- 
sevcral-raycd,  often  compound;  primary  rays  yi'- 
2;i'  long;  spikelcts  numerous,  usually  densely  clus- 
tered, linear,  acute,  4"-io"  long,  \"-i'/i"  wide, 
flat,  many-flowered,  spreading;  scales  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, thin,  dull,  yellowish-brown,  scarious-niar- 
gined,  faintly  3-nervcd;  stamens  3;  style  2cleft, 
little  exserted;  achenes  obovate,  lenticular,  black, 
mucronate,  not  shining,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
scales  and  often  persistent  on  the  rachis  after  these 
have  fallen  away. 

In  wet  or  moist  .sandy  soil,  Virginia  to  l-'lorida  and 
Louisiana.     AutJ-Oct. 

7.    Cyperus  inflexus  Muhl.     Awned  Cyperus.     (Fig.  549. ) 

Cvpri  IIS  inflexus  Mulil.  Cram.  16.      1817. 

Cyperus aiislaliis  Hocckl.  I.innaea.  35:  51K),  in  part.      1868. 
Not  Rottl).  1773. 

Annual,  culms  slender  or  almost  filiform,  tufted,  1'- 
6'  tall,  about  equalled  by  the  leaves.  Leaves  1"  wide 
orless,  those  of  the  involucre  2-3,  exceeding  the  umbel; 
umbel  sessile,  capitate,  or  1-3-rayed;  spikelets  linear- 
oblong,  6-io-flowered,  2"-3"  long;  scales  light  brown, 
lanceolate,  rather  firm,  strongly  several-nerved,  taper- 
ing into  a  long,  recurved  awn,  falling  from  the  rachis 
at  maturity;  stamen  i;  style  3-clcft;  rachis  narrowly 
winged,  the  wings  persistent;  achene  3-angled,  brown, 
dull,  narrowly  obovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronulate. 

In  wet,  sandy  .soil,  Vcvniont  to  llie  Northwest  Territory 
and  Orepon,  south  to  Florida,  Texas,  California  and 
Mexico.     I'ragrant  in  lirying.     Jiily-vSept. 


238  CYl'l'RACKAK. 

8.    Cyperus  compressus  I<.     Flat  Cyiierus.     (  Fig.  ,s5o. ) 

i'X/'ii  IIS  tiiinp>rssii\  I„  Sp.  I'l.  46.      I7,s,<. 

Annual,  tufted,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining, 
smooth,  3'- 10'  long.  Leaves  liglit  green,  about  i" 
wide,  those  of  the  involucre  2-,^,  the  longer  exceeding 
the  spikelets;  umbel  capitate  or  with  2-3  short  rays; 
spikelets  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  4" -10"  long, 
I '2'"  2"  wide,  very  flat,  many- flowered ;  scales 
light  green  with  a  yellow  band  on  each  side,  ovate, 
acuminate,  firm,  keeled,  several-nerved,  falling  away 
from  the  narrowly-winged  rachis  at  maturity;  stamens 
3;  style  .3-cleft;  achene  sluiiply  ,vai'gled,  obovoid,  ob- 
tu'ic,  dull,  brown,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the 
scale. 


Cyperus  Schweinitzii  Torr. 


In  fields,  Maryland  to  I'lorid.i,  wist  to  Missouri  and 
Tixas.  Also  in  tropical  America  and  in  llic  warmer 
parts  of  .\sia  and  Africa.     Auif.  Oct. 


8ch\veitiit/.'s  Cy])eni,s.     (Kig.  551.) 


i'yftniis  S</i:i'iini/:ii  Torr.   .Ann.    I.vc.  X.  Y.  3:    27(1. 
18,^6, 

Perennial  by  the  thickened  cormlike  bases  of  the 
culms,  tufted,  culms  rather  slender,  rough,  at  least 
above,  l°-2^i°  tall,  about  equalled  by- the  light 
green  leaves.  Leaves  i"-2ji"  wide,  ronghinar- 
gined,  those  of  the  involucre  3-7,  erect,  the  longer 
exceeding  the  inflorescence;  umbel  simple,  3-9- 
raycd,  the  rays  erect,  sometimes  4'  long;  spikelets 
flat,  in  rather  loose  t)void  spikes,  which  are  sessile 
and  at  the  ends  of  the  rays,  linear-oblong,  6-12- 
flowered,  4"-8"  long;  scales  convex,  light  green, 
ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  9-13-nerved,  falling 
away  from  the  rachis  at  maturity;  stamens  3;  style 
3-cleft;  achene  sharply  3-angled,  oblong,  brown, 
acute  at  each  end,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scale,  its 
superficial  cells  quadrate. 

In  sandy  soil,  especially  alonir  lakes  ,ind  streams, 
western  New  York  and  southern  Ontario  to  the  Nortli- 
west  Territory,  Minnesota  and  Kansas.     .\UK.  Oct. 

10.   Cyperus  pseudovegetus  .Steitd.     Marsh  Cyperus.     (Fig.  552.) 

(']/>fi  lis  /).\iii<t(>r<\i;</iiK  S\.e\u\.  .Syn.  I'l.  Cyp.  24.      1855. 

i'vfiii  us  idlcaiatiis  Nees;  ,S.  Wats,  in  .V.  tlray,  Man.  Ivd. 

6,  570.       1S90. 

Perennial  by  thickened  tuber-like  joints  of  the 
rootstocks,  culm  rather  stout,  i°-4°  high,  often 
equalled  by  the  leaves.  Leaves  iyi"-2"  wide, 
smooth,  nodulose,  the  mid  vein  prominent;  leaves  of 
the  involucre  4-6,  spreading,  the  longer  much  ex- 
ceeding the  inflorescence;  umbel  several-rayed,  com- 
pound, the  primary  rays  often  4'  long;  spikelets 
ovate,  flat,  many-flowcrcd,  light  green,  densely  capi- 
tate, 2"-3"  long;  scales  keeled,  conduplicate,  i- 
nerved,  curved,  acute,  longer  than  the  linear 
3-angled  slightly  stalked  achene ;  stamen  i  ;  style 
3-cleft. 

In  marshes,  Delaware  to  Florida,  west  to  Kansas  and 
Texas.     July  Sept. 


SEDCIv   FAMILY. 


239 


^ 


II.    Cyperus   ac<imin^tus  Torr.  &   Hook. 

Short-pointed  Cyperus.    (Kifj.  553. ) 

Cvf>eiu.s  aiinnhialiis  Torr.  it  }I(«ik.  Ann.  I.yc.  X.  Y.  3: 

'435.      iH?6. 

Annual,  culms  very  slender,  tufted,  3'-i5'  tall, 
longer  than  or  equalling  the  leaves.  Leaves  light 
green,  usually  less  than  i"  wide,  those  of  the  invo- 
lucre much  elongated;  umbel  i  -4-rayed,  simple;  rays 
short;  spikelets  flat,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  2"-^" 
long,  many-flowered,  densely  capitate;  scales  oblong, 
pale  green,  3-nerved,  coarsely  cellular,  coniluplicate, 
with  a  short  sharp  more  or  less  recurved  tip;  stamen 
1;  style  3-clcft;  achene  sharply  3-anglcd,  gray,  ob- 
long, narrowed  at  each  end,  alxjut  one-half  as  long 
as  the  scale. 

In  moist  soil,  Illinois  to  I,()uisi,ina,  west  to  ^Kansas, 
Oregon,  Texas  and  California.     July-Oct. 


12.    Cyperus  fuscus  L.     Brown  Cyperus.     (Fig.  554.) 


Cypi'riix/ii.scHs  I,.  .Sp.  I'l.  46. 


7Si- 


Annual,  culms  slender,  tufted,  d'-is'  high,  longer 
than  or  equalled  by  the  leaves.  Leaves  rather  dark 
green,  abou\  i"  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  4-6, 
the  longer  umch  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  um- 
bel several-rayed,  somewhat  compound,  the  rays 
short;  spikelets  linear,  2"~~"  long,  less  than  I " 
wide,  many-flowered,  acute;  scales  ovate,  subacute, 
becoming  dark  brown  or  remaining  greenish  on 
the  keel,  faintly  about  3-nerved  on  the  back,  sepa- 
rating from  the  narrowly  winged  rachis  as  they 
mature;  stamens  2  or  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  sharply 
3-angled,  oblong,  pointed  at  each  end,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  scale. 

Revere  Reach,  Mass.,  and  New  London,  Conn.  Ad- 
ventive  or  fugitive  from  ICurope.  Also  in  ballast  about 
the  eastern  seaports.    July-Sept. 


13.   Cyperus  Haspan  1,. 

Cyperus  Ilaspan  L.  Sp.  PI.  45.      1753. 

Perennial  by  short  rootstocks  (sometimes  an- 
nual ?),  roots  fibrous,  culms  slender,  weak,  tufted, 
i°-3°  high.  Lower  leaves  reduced  to  membran- 
ous acuminate  sheaths,  those  of  the  involucre 
about  2,  usually  less  than  i"  wide,  commonly  little 
exceeding  or  shorter  than  the  inflorescence;  umbel 
several-rayed,  simple  or  compound,  the  longer 
rays  i'-2'  long;  spikelets  few,  capitate,  linear, 
acute,  many-flowered,  3"-6"  long,  about  ^^" 
wide;  scales  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  reddish- 
brown,  acute,  niucronulate,  keeled,  3-nerved; 
rachis  narrowly  winged;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft, 
scarcely  cxserted;  achene  3-angled,  broadly  ob- 
ovoid,  obtuse,  nearly  white,  very  much  shorter 
than  the  scale. 

Ill  swamps,  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Texas,  lly 

near  the  coast.  Also  in  tropical  America  and  lU  ilie 
warmer  parts  of  Furope,  Asia  and  Australia.  Julj-- 
ijtpt. 

16 


Sheathed  Cyperus.     (Fig.  555.) 


240 


CYI'IvRACEAE. 


14.   Cyperus  dentHtus  Torr.     Toothed  Cyi^erus.     (  FIk.  556.  ) 

CyPii  IIS  ilnihihis'Wiu.  I'l.  V .  S.  i:6i.     1824. 

Perennial  liy  s.caly  rootslocks  which  sonietutieH 
bear  small  tuhers,  culms  rather  stiff,  .S'-2<i'  tall, 
longer  than  or  equalled  by  the  leaves.  Leaves 
keeled,  I  "-2"  wiile,  those  of  the  involucre  3-4, 
one  or  two  of  tlii'm  usually  cxccedinj;  the  inflores- 
cence; umbel  several-rayi'(l,  somewhat  comiiound; 
longer  rays  1'-,^' lonj^';  spikelcts  linear,  viry  ilat, 
manyllowcred,  mostly  blunt,  $"10"  loiif,',  nearly 
2"  wide;  scales  light  reddish-brown,  ovnte-lancco- 
late,  thin,  keeled,  5 -7-nerved,  nmcronate,  separa- 
ting; from  the  rachis  when  mature,  their  tips 
spreading,  causing  the  spikelet  to  appear  toothed; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cleft,  the  branches  exserted; 
acliene  3-angled,  obtuse,  mucroiiiitc,  light  brown, 
much  shorter  than  the  scale. 

Ill  siincly  swamps  and  cm  rivir  shores,  Maine  to 
northern  New  York,  sontli  to  West  X'irKinia  and  South 
Carolina.  Scales  often  inodifiKl  int<p  tufts  of  small 
leaves.     .XUK.-Oel. 

15.    Cyperus  rotundus  L.     Nut-grass.     (  Imr.  557.) 

Cvperiis  rohiiiiliis  I,.  Sp.  PI.  .\s.      I7,S,?. 

Cypn  IIS  llydia  Mielix.  I'l.  l!or.  .\ni.  i:  27.      iS<>,v 

Perennial  by  scaly  tuber-bearing  rootstocks, 
culm  rather  stout,  b'-2o'  high,  usually  longer  than 
the  leaves.  Leaves  i  ,'<'-3'  wide,  those  of  the  invo- 
lucre 3-5,  the  longer  equalling  or  exceeding  the  in- 
florescence; umbel  compound  or  nearly  simple,  3- 
.S-rayed,  the  longer  rays  2'-j[',i'  long;  spikelets 
linear,  closely  clustered,  few  in  each  cluster,  acute, 
4"-io"  long,  i'''-i'2"  wide;  scales  dark  purple- 
brown  or  with  green  nmrgins  and  centre,  ovate, 
acute,  closely  appressed  when  mature,  about  3- 
nerved  on  the  keel;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft,  its 
branches  exserted;  achene  3-anglcd,  about  one-half 
as  long  as  the  scal;\ 

In  fields,  Virginia  to  I'lorida,  west  to  Kansas  and 
Texas.  Adventive  in  or  about  ballast  deposits  at  the 
eastern  seaports.  .•Mso  in  tropical  America,  and  widely 
distributed  in  tlie  Old  World.     July-Sept. 

16.    Cyperus    Hallii    Britten.      Hall's 

Cyperus.     (I<ig.  55S.  ) 


Cyfifiiis  Hallii  Britton,   hull.   Torr. 

"1886. 


Club,    13:    211 


Perennial  by  scaly  rootstocks,  culm  rather  stout, 
2°-3°  tall,  about  equalled  by  the  leaves.  liasal 
leaves  2"-3"  wide;  involucral  leaves  3-6,  the  longer 
very  much  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  umbel 
compound,  its  longer  rays  3'-4'  long,  the  raylets 
sometimes  i'  long;  spikelets  numerous,  loosely 
clustered,  linear,  7-15-flowcrcd,  S^'-.S"  long,  i"- 
I  j^"  wide;  involucels  setaceous;  scales  ovate,  acute, 
strongly  7-9-nerved,  dark  reddish-brown  or  with 
lighter  margins,  their  tips  not  appressed;  stamens 
3;  style  3-cleft,  its  branches  much  exserted;  acliene 
linear-oblong,  3-augled,  about  one-half  as  long  as 
the  scale. 

Kansas  and  the  Indian  Territory  to  Texas.  July- 
Sept. 


SHDC.R   I'AMII.Y. 


24 1 


l-Krass 


17.   Cyperus  esculentus  I,.     Yellow 

Cvfx'iHS  fsilllniliis  I,.  S|).  I'l.  IS.        irs.S 
(\pnii<i  f<liv»iiili>ili\  >Jiilit.  ("ffaiii    i\.      I'^iT- 

I'croiininl  l»y  scaly  hori/oiitiil  tiilier-lH'iiriiin  root- 
stocks,  culm  usually  stout,  1"  i'/j"  tall,  coninioMly 
shorter  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  liKht  K'''^'^'">  2"  -t" 
wide,  the  niidveiu  i)rotiiineut;  those  of  the  in- 
volucre T,  ft,  the  Ioniser  much  cxceediuf;  the  in- 
florescence; utnhcl  .( -Ki-raycd,  often  compound; 
8i)ikclets  numerous  in  loose  spikes,  straw-color  or 
ycUowish-lirown,  flat,  spreading.  f)"-i2"  lon^j. 
I ' ."  wiilc,  nmny-tlowered;  scales ovate-ohlon^;,  sub- 
acute, 3-5- nerved;  rachis  narrowly  winded;  stamens 
3;  style  3-cleft;  achcnc  ohovoid,  ohtuse,  ^-anfjlcd. 

Ill  moist  fiilcN,  New  lininsMiik  to  Mitiiusnt,!,  smith 
to  I'Moiida  and  Texas.  Also  "ii  tin-  racifK' Coast  from 
California  to  Alaska,  in  tropiral  Antrrica,  and  widtly 
distribiiti  il  in  tliiOld  World.  .Sotmtimcs  a  trouble 
sonic-  weed.      AiiK.-l)et. 

Cyperus  esculentus  angustispic&tus  lirittoii.  Hull.  Torr. 

Clllll,   13:  -Ml.        |SS(,, 

Spikckts  vt  ry  slender,  i"  wide  or  less.     Massacliuselts  to  South  Carolina  and  Missouri. 


18. 


]«ly- 


Cyperus  erythrorhizos  Muhl.     Rtd-rooted  CypL-nis.     (I-'ig.  560. ) 

lyfimis  I'l  villi  III  In -.IIS  Mulil.  Ciraiii.  20.      1817. 

Annual,  culms  tufted,  stout  or  slender,  3'-2°  tall. 
Leaves  i.,'i"-4"  wide,  rouj;h-mar>;ined,  the  lower 
longer  than  or  equallinfj  tlie  culm,  those  of  the  in- 
volucre 37,  some  of  them  3-5  times  as  long  as  the 
inflorescence;  umbel  mostly  compound,  several- 
rayed;  spikclets  linear,  subacute,  3"- 10"  long,  less 
than  i"  wide,  compressed,  many-dowered,  clus- 
tered in  oblong,  nearly  or  (|uite  sessile  spikes; 
scales  bright  chestnut  l)rown,  oblong-lanceolate, 
mucrouulatc,  apprcssed,  separating  from  the  rachis 
at  maturity,  the  membranous  wings  of  the  rachis 
separating  as  a  pair  of  hyaline  interior  scales;  sta- 
mens 3;  style  3-cleft;  achcnc  sharply  3-anglcd,  ob- 
long, pointed  at  both  ends,  pale,  one-half  as  long 
as  the  scale. 

In  wet  soil,  especially  al<m|{  streams,  soutlierii  On 
tario  to  Massaolniselts  and  I'lorida,  west  to  Missouri, 
Kansas.  Texas  and  California.     .\UK--<'ct. 
Cyperus  erythrorhizos  van  piimilus  ICi:>;t  'tii,  is  a  low  form,  not  worthy  of  varietal  rank. 

19.  Cyperus  Halei  Torr.    Hale's  Cyperus. 

(  iMg.    561.) 

Cyprriis  Halfi  Torr  ;  Hrittoii,    Bull.  Torr.  Club.    13: 
213.       I.SSf). 

Annual,  culm  stout,  2°- 3°  tall,  about  equalled 
by  the  leaves.  Leaves  3"-4"  wide,  very  rough- 
margined,  those  of  the  involucre  5-8,  much  elong- 
ated; umlx:l  comp<mnd,  several-rayed;  spikes  cy- 
lindric,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  exceedingly  dense, 
Iz'-i'  long;  spikeleis  very  r'.nmerous,  linear,  i  ,'•"- 
lYi"  long,  ,'-2"  wide,  spreading;  scales  brown, 
keeled,  indistinctly  5-nerved,  oblong,  mucrouu- 
latc, separating  from  the  rachis  at  maturity,  the 
wings  of  the  rachis  separating  as  a  pair  of  hyaline 
scales,  as  in  the  preceding  species;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled,  minute. 

In  swamps,  southern  Missouri  to  Tennessee,  Louisi- 
ana and  Florida.    July-Sept. 


I 


242 


CYPKRACEAE. 


20.    Cyp  rus  speciosus  Vahl.     Michaux's  Cyperus.     (Fig.  562.) 


Cyperus  speciosus  Viilil,  ICnum.  2;  364.     1806. 
Cyperus  .tfii/iauiianiis  Scliultes,  ^Miiiil.  2: 
12,^      1824. 

Annual,  culms  stout  or  slender,  usually 
tufted,  5'-2°  tall,  reddish  toward  the 
base.  Leaves  rough-margined,  i^'."-2>2" 
wide,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  culm, 
the  midvein  prominent;  leaves  of  the  in- 
volucre much  exceeding  the  umbel;  um- 
bel compound  or  nearly  simple,  .^-7-rayed, 
the  primary  rays  J'-5'4'  long;  involucels 
narrow;  spikelets  subtercte,  very  nar- 
rowly linear,  loosely  or  densely  clustered, 
4"-i2"  long,  less  than  1"  thick,  10-30- 
flowcred,  falling  away  from  the  axis  at 
maturity;  scales  dull  brown,  thin,  op- 
pressed, densely  imbricated,  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, faintly  3-5-nerved  on  the  back; 
rachis-wings  broad,  clasping  the  achene, 
persistent;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft,  slight- 
ly exserted;  achene  pale,  3-angled,  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  scale,  its  super- 
ficial cells  nearly  quadrate. 


In  marshes, 
July-Si-pt. 


Rhode    Island  to  Ohio  and   Minnesota,  south  to  I'lorida,   Texas  and  California. 


Cyperus  speci6sus  ferruginescens  (Rocckl.)  Uritton,  Mom.  Torr.  Club,  5;  61.      1894. 
Cypci  Hs/iTi  Kgiitcsccits  ISoickl.  I.iiinaca,  36:  396       1869-70. 

Scales  spreadiuK  or  slightly  ri'cur\od,  reddish.     Missouri  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

Cyperus  speciosus  parvus  (lioeckl.)  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  13:  214.      1886. 
Cyperus  parvus  Boeckl.  I.iniiaea,  36:  39;.      1S69-70. 

Culm  I '-3'  high;  umbel  very  simple,  trenerally  of  but  a  single  cluster  of  short  spikelets.     Mis- 
souri to  New  Mexico. 


21.    Cyperus  ferox  Vahl.     Coarse  Cyperus.     (Fig.  563.) 


Cyperus fcrox  Vahl,  ICnum.  2:  357.      1S06. 

Ann  lal,  closely  related  to  the  preced- 
ing species,  but  with  smooth-margined, 
shorter  tnd  broader  leaves,  those  of  the 
involucre  sometimes  but  little  exceeding 
the  inflorescence.  Unibel  simple  or  some- 
what compound,  often  compact,  the  rays 
mostly  short;  spikelets  linear,  subterete, 
io-20-flowered,  V-\2"  long,  about  1" 
thick,  falling  away  from  the  axis  at 
maturity;  scales  ovate-oblong,  appressed, 
imbricated,  obtuse,  rather  firm,  green  and 
7-9  nerved  on  the  back,  yellowish  on  the 
sides;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  rachis 
broadly  winged;  achene  3-angled,  nar- 
rowly obovoid,  obtuse. 

In  wet  soil,  Missouri  to  California  and 
widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 
.^UR.-Oct. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  243 

22.   Cyperus  Engelmanni  Steucl.     Kngelmann's  Cy]ienis.     (Fig.  564. ) 

Cyf>t'i  im  Kiiiiilmainii  Stcud.  Syii.  IM.  Cy]).  47.      185,5.  ' 

Annual,  culms  slender,  6'-2^°  tall.  I<eavcs 
elongated,  i."-'s"  wide,  flaccid,  rouj{liish  on  the 
margins,  those  of  the  involucre  4-6,  the  longer 
exceeding  the  umbel;  umljcl  often  compound,  the 
ravlets  very  short;  spikelets  often  densely  crowded, 
very  narrowly  linear,  subterete,  6"-i2"  long, 
5-15-flowered  ;  racliis  narrowly  winged ;  scales 
greenish-brown,  oblong,  obtuse,  thin,  faintly  3-5- 
nerved  on  the  back,  distant,  the  successive  ones 
on  each  side  of  the  spikelet  separated  by  a  space 
of  about  one-half  their  length;  stamens  3;  style 
3-cleft;  achene  linear-obloug,  3-angled,  two-thirds 
as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  wit  soil,  Massacliusttts  to  soutlicrn  Ontario  and 
Wisconsin,  south  to  New  Jersey  and  Missouri.  Aug.- 
Oct. 


23.    Cyperus  strigosus  L,.     Straw-colored  CyiKni.s.     (l''ig.  565.) 


Mis- 


Cyf>criis  sli  iL;ouis  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  47.      I7,S,V 

Perennial  by  basal  tuber-like  corms,  culm 
rather  stout,  i°-3°  tall,  Leaves  somewhat 
rough-margined,  2"-3"  wide,  the  longer 
ones  of  the  involucre  much  exceeding  the 
umbel;  umbel  scveral-r.iycd,  compound  or 
nearly  simple,  some  of  the  primary  rays 
often  4'-6'  long,  their  sheaths  terminating  in 
2  bristles;  involucels  setaceous;  heads  ob- 
long or  ovoid;  spikelets  Hat,  linear,  4"-9" 
long,  i"  wide  or  less,  y-i.s-llowered,  sepa- 
rating from  the  axis  at  maturity;  scales 
straw-colored,  oblong-lanceolate,  subacute, 
strongly  several-nerved,  appressed  or  at 
length  somewhat  spreading;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  linear-oblong,  3-angled, 
acute,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  moist  nuiidows,  swaniiis  or  alouK  strtiinis, 
Maine  and  Ontario  to  Miiinisota,  scmlh  to  IMor- 
ida  and  Texas,     .Vur.  Oct. 

.\inonjf  the  miinerous  forms  of  lliis  species 
the  following  may  tie  defined  as  varieties: 


Cyperus  strigdsus  capit&tus  Iloeckl,  I.innaea,  36:  347.      i,S6i)-7o. 

I'tnbel  simple  or  nearly  so;  spikelets  4"-  7"  lontr,  densely  capitate  in  subRlobose  heads.     KauRe 
of  the  type. 

Cyperus  strigosus  compositus  liritton,  Hull.  Toir,  Club,  13:  212.      iS,^, 

I'nibel  very  compound;  heads  cylindric;  spikelets  ,i" -6"  long,  4 -(>  (lowered.      .Southern   New 
York  and  I'ennsylvania  to  Alabama. 


Cyperus  strigosus  robustior  Kuntli,  Ivnuni.  a:8,s,      1S37, 
Umbel  compound;  spikelets  !<"-i2"  loiiff,  10-2,5  flowered,     KauRe  of  tlie  type. 


244 


CYPKRACKAE. 


24.    Cyperus  refractus  luigelm.     Reflexed  Cyperus.     (Fig.  566.) 


cypcnts  icfiachis  IviiKclm. ;  Hocckl.  I.iiiiiaiii.  36:  369. 
1 869-70. 

rercnnial  by  tuber-like  conns,  ciibu  stout, 
smooth,  i°-3°  tall.  I^caves  lyi"-^"  wide,  rou^li- 
iiiargined,  cloiifjated;  umbel  6-13-raycd,  usually 
compound,  the  longer  rays  sometimes  8'  long, 
their  sheaths  terminating  in  i  or  2  short  teeth;  in- 
volucels  setaceous;  raylets  filiform;  spikelets  very 
narrowly  linear,  loosely  spicate,  acute,  flattish, 
^''-la"  long,  li"  thick,  3-6-tlowered,  the  upper 
spreading,  the  lower  reflexed;  scales  yellowish- 
green,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  closely  appressed, 
9-11-nervcd,  thin;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft,  its 
branches,  much  exserted;  achcne  narrowly  linear, 
obtuse,  apiculate,  about  5  times  as  long  as  thick, 
and  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  dry  fielils,  Xtw  Jersey  to  North  Carolina  and 
Missouri.     jHly-Se])t. 


25.    Cyperus  retrofractus  (L,.  )  Torn     Rough  Cyperus.     (Fig.  567.) 


Siii/'iix  I  til  of  rat  I  IIS  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  50.      I7,S.3. 
Cyperus  rttrtfracliis  tort.;  .\.  dray,  Man.  519. 


184S. 


Perennial  by  tubcr-likc  corms,  culm  slender, 
rough-puberulent,  at  least  above,  mostly  longer  than 
the  puberulent  leaves,  i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  \y2"-2%" 
wide,  those  of  the  involucre  4-7,  the  longer  not 
greatly  exceeding  the  umbel,  sometimes  shorte;-;  um- 
bel simple;  rays  very  slender,  nearly  erect,  or  spread- 
ing, 2'-(>'  long,  their  sheaths  2-toothed;  heads  ob- 
long or  obovoid;  spikelets  linear-subulate,  3"-6" 
long,  about  Yz"  thick,  i-2-flowered,  all  soon  strongly 
reflexed,  separating  from  the  axis  at  maturity;  flow- 
ering scales  lanceolate,  acute,  the  upper  one  subu- 
late, all  strongly  several-nerved;  stamens  3;  style 
3-cleft;  achcne  linear,  3-angled,  obtuse,  apiculate, 
two-thirds  as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  dry,  sandy  soil,  soutliirn  Xew  Jersey  to  Klorida, 
west  to  Kentucky,  .Arkansas  and  Texas.    July -.Sept. 


26.    Cyperus  Lancastriensis  Porter 


Lancaster  Cyperus.     (Fig.  568.) 

.\.  Gray,   Man.  V.i\.  5, 


Cvfin  IIS  /.tiiicas/n'fiisis  Porter; 

,S55-      kS67. 

Perennial  by  ovoid  or  oblong  corms,  culm  slender, 
smooth,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves,  i°-2;4°  tall. 
Leaves  2"-3''  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  4-7,  tlie 
longer  much  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  umbel 
simple,  5-9-rayed,  the  longer  rays  2'-4'  long,  their 
sheaths  nearly  truncate;  heads  oval,  obtuse,  ;i'-i' 
long;  spikelets  densely  clustered,  4"-^"  long,  linear, 
subteretc,  2-4-llowcred,  the  lower  reflexed,  the  mid- 
dle ones  spreading,  all  separating  from  the  axis  at 
maturity;  scales  green,  strongly  .several-nerved,  the 
flowering  ones  lanceolate,  subacute;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  linear,  obtuse,  apiculate,  2-3 
times  as  long  as  thick,  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
scale. 

Ill  dry  fields,  New  Jersey  and  I'eiiiisylvaiiia  to  Vir- 
Kinia  and  .'Vlal)atiia.     July-Sept. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


245 


.^ 


Vir- 


27.    Cyperus  cylindricus  (  Ell. )  Britton.     Pine-barren  Cyperus.     (Fig.  569. ) 

Marisiriis  tyliiiitriiiis  ICU.  Hot.  S.  C.  &  (la.  i:  74.      1816. 
Cvf>fi-iis  cvlindriiiis  Hrittiiti,   Hull.  Torr.  Club,  6:  T,-if). 

'  1879- 
Cvftrnis  Tiuii'vi  Hrittou,    Hull.   Torr.  Club,  13:  215. 
'  18.%. 

Perennial  by  small  hard  cornis,  culms  slender, 
smooth,  usually  tufted,  4'- 18'  tall,  longer  than  the 
leaves.  Leaves  smooth,  i"-!^"'!"  wide,  the  longer 
ones  of  the  involucre  much  exceeding  the  umbel; 
umbel  simple,  several-rayed,  the  rays  short,  or  the 
longer  \'-2yi'  long,  the  sheaths  2-toot!ied;  heads 
very  dense,  cylindric,  .U'-'i'  long,  2"-Y'  in  di- 
ameter; .spikelets  i>i"-2"  long,  flattish,  1-2-flow- 
ered,  spreading  or  the  lower  reflexcd;  scales  green, 
oblong;  rachis  winged;  stamens  3;  style  ,^-cleft; 
achene  linear-oblong,  3-angled,  apiculate,  slightly 
more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  sandy  pine  barrens  and  011  the  sua  shore,  .si)utliern 
New  York  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas,  mostly  near  the 
■coast.    July-Scpt. 

28.    Cyperus  ovularis  (  Michx. )  Torr.     Glolx).se  Cypenis.     (  Kij;.  570. ) 

Kyllim^ia  urii/ai  is  Miclix.  }''l.  l!or  .\ni.  i:  2().      i8n^. 
Ci'/'iriis  t):'ii/(iiis  Tiirr.  Ann.  I,yc.  X.  Y.  3:  278.      18^6. 

Perennial  by  hard  tuber-like  corms,  stem  usually 
strict,  smooth,  S'-2}4°  tall,  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Leaves  smooth,  2"-3"  wide,  the  longer  ones  of  the 
involucre  much  exceeding  the  umbel;  umbel  simple, 
few-rayed,  the  rays  rarely  more  than  i'l'  long; 
sheath  of  the  rays  truncate  or  slightly  toothed;  heads 
globose  or  sometimes  a  little  longer  than  thick,  4"- 
7"  in  diameter,  very  dense,  the  spikelets  radiating 
in  all  directions;  spikelets  2"-3'2''  long,  usually  3- 
flowered,  separating  from  the  axis  and  leaving  a  scar 
at  maturity;  rachis  winged;  scales  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  green,  strongly  sev- 
eral-nerved; stamens  3;  style  3-clefl;  achene  linear- 
oblong,  3angled,  2-3  times  as  long  as  thick. 

In  dry  fields  and  on  hills,  southern  New  York  to  I'lor- 
ida,  west  to  Illinois,  Kansas  and  Texas.     July-Sept. 

29.    Cyperus  Bliculmis  Valil.     Slender  Cyperus.     (.Fig.  571.) 

lypfiiisji/iiii/inis  Yuhl,  ICiuini   2:  ,^2S.      1806. 

Perennial  by  hard  oblong  corms,  culm  smootli, 
slender  or  almost  filiform,  ascending  or  reclined, 
6'-i.S'  long,  usually  longer  than  the  rough-mar- 
gined leaves.  Leaves  i"-2"  wide,  keeled,  those 
of  the  involucre,  or  some  of  them,  much  exceeding 
the  inlloresccnce;  spikelets  densely  clustered  in 
1-7  globose  heads,  linear,  acute,  s-ii-llowered,  sub- 
terete  or  compressed,  2)4"-6"  long,  i"  wide  or 
less,  tardily  falling  away  from  the  axis  at  n;aturity; 
rachis  wingless;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  j)alc 
green,  strongly  7-  11 -nerved,  appressed;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  oblong  or  obovoid,  3-angled, 
obtuse,  apiculate,  dull  gray,  two-thirds  as  long  as 
the  scale,  about  twice  as  long  as  thick. 

Ill  dry  fields  and  on  hills.  Kliode  Island  to  Ontario 
and  MitnttsotH,  south  to  I'lorida,  Kansas,  Texas  and 
northern  Mexico.     June  Aug. 


246 


CYPKRACEAK. 


•  I'ouKhton's  Cyperus.     (Fig.  572.) 

llniiiililiiiii  Torr.    Ann.    I,yc.    N.    Y.  3;   277. 


Cyperus  Houghtoni  Torr. 

Cvfx'i  iix 

I'crennial  by  tuber-like  conns,  culms  very 
slender,  siiiootli,  erect,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  shorter 
tliau  the  culm,  i"  wide  or  less,  smooth,  those  of 
involucre  3-5,  the  lon>;cr  much  exceeding  the  um- 
bel; umbel  simple,  i-.s-rayed,  the  rays  mostly 
short,  their  sheaths  2-toothed;  spikelets  loosely 
capitate,  linear,  compressed,  acute,  4"-S"  lonjj, 
.ibout  i"  wide,  1 1 -is-flowered,  falling  away  from 
the  axis  when  mature;  scales  chestnut  brown,  firm, 
somewhat  spreading,  shining,  oblong,  obtuse, 
truncate  or  apiculate,  strongly  about  ii-uerved; 
rachis  very  narrowly  winged;  stamens  3;  style 
3-cleft;  achene  broadly  oblong,  less  then  twice  as 
long  as  thick,  3-angled,  brown,  apiculate,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  s.indy  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Minnesota,  Kansas 
and  Ori'Koti.     July-.\iitf. 

31.    Cyperus  Grayi  Torr.       Gray's 
Cyperus.      (  Fig.  573. ) 

Cypnus  (7;  (J  1/ Torr.  Ann.  I.yc.  N.  Y.  3:  z68,      1836. 

I'erennial  by  thick  hard  oblong  or  ovoid  corms, 
culms  tufted,  ascending  or  reclined,  stiff,  smooth, 
very  slender,  6'-2o'  long.  Leaves  shorter  than 
the  culm,  bright  green,  i"  wide  or  less,  those  of 
the  involucre  4-8,  the  longer  somewhat  exceeding 
the  umbel;  uml)cl  4-10-rayed,  simple,  the  longer 
rays  3'-4'  long;  sheaths  of  the  rays  truncate  or 
nearly  so;  spikelets  2 ',"-5'"  long,  loosely  capitate, 
compressed,  linear,  rigid,  spreading;  scales  green, 
ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  strongly  T3-i5-nerved, 
rather  widely  spreading  when  old;  joints  of  the 
rachis  broadly  winged;  stamens  3;  style  3-clcft; 
achene  oblong  or  oblong-obovoid,  obtuse,  apicu- 
late, about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  sands  of  tlic  sea  shore  and  in  j>inc  barnns.  Massa- 
chuscUs  to  I'lorida.     July-Sept. 

32.    Cyperus  echinatus  (Ell.)  Wood.     Baldwin's  Cyperus. 

Mai  isius  rdiinalHs  V.W.  Hot.  ,S.  C.  &  C.a.  I: 

/  /.      1816. 
Cypri  IIS  J{ti/(f:fiiiii'Vi>rr.  .\tni.  I.yc.  X.  Y.  3;  270.      1836. 
Cyperus  fi/iiiui/iis  Wood,  Class-book,  734.      1S63. 

Perennial  by  tuber-like  corms,  culm  slender, 
smooth,  erect,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Leaves  pale  green,  i  '2"-2"  wide,  those  of  the  in- 
volucre ,S-io,  the  longer  usually  much  exceeding 
the  umbel;  umbel  .simple,  6-13-raycd;  the  rays  fili- 
form, their  sheaths  short,  mucronate;  spikelets  2"- 
3"  long,  linear,  flat,  densely  or  loosely  capitate  in 
globose  heads;  scales  thin,  pale  green,  apprcsscd, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  9-13-nerved,  with  narrow 
scarious  margins;  joints  of  the  rachis  broadly 
winged;  riamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  oblong- 
obovoid  obtuse,  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale,  about 
twice  as  long  as  thick. 

In  drj-  soil,  sonittinies  a  weed  in  cultivated  fields. 
North  Carolina  to  I'lorida,  west  to  Slissouri  and  Texas. 
July  Aug. 


(Fig.  574-) 
75.   />/. 


SKDGH   FAMILY. 


247 


2.    KYLLINGA  Rottb.  Doscr.  &  Ic.  12.     pi.  /.    /.  ,?,  y.      1773. 

Annual  or  perennial  sedges,  with  slender  triangular  culms,  leafy  below,  and  with  2  or 
more  leaves  at  the  summit  rorming  an  involucre  to  the  strictly  sessile,  simple  or  compound 
dense  head  of  spikelets.  Spilcelcts  numerous,  compressed,  falling  away  from  the  axis  of 
the  head  at  maturity,  consisting  of  only  .^  or  4  scales,  the  i  or  2  lower  ones  small  aiul  empty, 
the  middle  one  fertile,  the  upper  empty  or  staminate.  Joints  of  the  rachis  wingless  or  nar- 
rowly winged.  Scales  2-rankcd,  keeled.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-3-clcft, 
deciduous  from  the  summit  of  the  achene.  Achene  lenticular  or  3-angled.  [In  honor  of 
Peter  Kylling,  a  Danish  botanist  of  the  seventeenth  century.] 

About  2(1  spiciis.  natives  of  tropical  and  Icnipvrate  ri'sions.  litsidi-s  the  followiuK,  2  others 
occur  in  tlu'  soutluni  I'liitiil  States,  , 

I.    Kyllinga   putnila    Miclix.      Low 
KylliiiRa.      (  Kig.  575.) 

A'vllhii^ia  piiniila  Miclix.  I'l.  I!<ir.  Am.  i:  28. 

I.So,?.' 

Annual,  culms  densely  tufted,  fdiform, 
erector  reclined,  2'-i5'  long,  mostly  longer 
than  the  leaves.  Leaves  light  green,  rough- 
ish  on  the  margins,  usually  less  than  i" 
wide,  those  of  the  involucre  3-5,  elongated, 
spreading  or  reflcxed;  head  oblong  or  ovoid- 
oblong,  3"-4"  long,  simple  or  commonly 
with  I  or  2  smaller  ones  at  the  base;  spike- 
lets  about  I'i"  long,  flat,  i -flowered,  the  2 
empty  lower  scales  more  or  less  persiscnt  on 
the  rachis  after  the  fall  of  the  rest  of  the 
spikelct;  scales  ovate,  acuminate  or  acute, 
thin,  about  7  nerved;  stamens  2;  style  2-cleft; 
achene  lenticular,  obtuse. 

Ill  moist  or  wet  soil,  Virniiii.-i  to  I'lorida,  west 
to  Illinois,  Missouri,  Texas  and  Mexico,  .\ug.- 
Sept. 

3.    DULiCHIUM  I,.  C.  Richard;  Pers.  vSyn.  i:  65.       1805. 

A  tall  perennial  .sedge,  with  terete  hollow  jointed  culms,  leafy  to  the  top,  the  lower 
leaves  reduced  to  sheaths.  Spikes  axillary,  peduncled,  simple  or  compound.  Spikelets 
2-ranked,  flat,  linear,  falling  away  from  the  axis  at  maturity  (?)  many-flowered.  Scales 
2-rankcd,  carinatc,  conduplicate,  decurrent  on  the  joint  below.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth 
of  6-9  retror.sely  barbed  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  summit,  persistent  as  a 
beak  on  the  summit  of  the  achene.  Achene  linear-oblong.  [Name  said  to  be  from  Dulci- 
chimuiii,  a  Latin  name  for  some  sedge.] 

A  iiionotypic  genus  of  eastern  North  America, 

I.     Dulichium     arundinaceum    (L.) 
Britton.     Dulichium.     (Kig.  576. ) 

Cvpfrii\  a>  iniiiiiuuriis  I„  .Sp,  PI.  44,      I7,s,v 
I'vpetiis  sfxilliacnis  I„  Syst,  ICd,  12,  2:  7,VS      I7''7- 
liiiliiliiiiin  sfiatlKKiiim  I'ers,  Syii,  i:6,s.      i.So.s, 
DuliiliiiiDi   tiniinliiiatciini    Hrilton,    Hull.   Torr, 
Club,  21:  2(),      1894. 

Culm  stout,  i°-3°  tall,  erect.  Leaves  num- 
erous, flat,  I '-3'  long,  2'''-4"  wide,  spreading 
or  ascending,  the  lower  sheaths  bladeless, 
brown  toward  their  summits.  Spikes  shorter 
than  or  the  uppermost  exceeding  the  leaves;  pe- 
duncles 2"- 1 2"  long;  spikelets  narrowly  linear, 
spreading,  6"-i2"  long,  about  i"  wide,  6-12- 
flowercd;  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  strongly 
several-nerved,  appressed,  brownish ;  bristles  of 
the  perianth  rigid,  longer  than  the  achene; 
style  long-exsertcd,  persistent. 

In  wet  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Min- 
nesota, south  to  Florida  and  Texas,     .VuK.  Oct, 


:     I 

i 


248 


CVI'KRACEAK. 


Mr 


iJi  ' 


4.  ELEOCHARIS  R.  Ur.  Proclr.  Kl.  Nov.  Holl.  i:  224.  18 10. 
Annual  or  perennial  sedges.  Cuhns  simple,  triangular,  quailranj^ular,  terete,  flattened  or 
grooved,  the  leaves  reduced  to  shcntlis  or  the  lowest  very  rarely  blade-bearing.  Spikelcts 
solitary,  terminal,  erect,  several-many-flowercd,  not  subtended  by  an  involucre.  Scales  con- 
cave, spirally  imbricated  all  around,  rcrianth  of  1-12  bristles,  usually  retrorscly  barbed, 
wanting  in  some  species.  Stamens  2-3.  Style  2-cleft  and  achcne  lenticular  or  biconvex,  or 
3-cleft  and  achene  ,vangled,  but  .sometimes  with  very  obtuse  angles  and  appearing  turgid. 
Base  of  the  style  persistent  on  the  summit  of  the  achene,  forming  a  terminal  tubercle, 
[(ireek,  referring  to  the  growth  of  most  of  the  species  in  marshy  ground.] 

Abiiiit  iiK>  spt'cics.  widtly  distributed.     Hcsides  llie  fiiUowinn,  sonic  1,5  otlicrs  occur  in  tlic 
southern  and  western  parts  of  North  .\nierieii. 
Spikelet  scarcely  or  not  at  all  thicker  than  the  euhn. 
Culm  stout;  spikelet  niiiny-flowereil. 

Culm  ten  te,  nodose.  I. 

Culm  <|ua(lriiii;iular,  eoiUinuous.  2. 

Culm  slender,  triauBular,  eontimious;  spikelet  few  flowered,  sul)ulate.        3. 
Spikelet  manifestly  thicker  than  the  culm. 

.Style  mostly  2-cleft;  achene  lenlicukir  .ir  biconvex. 

I'pper  sheath  scarious,  hyaline;  plants  perennial  by  slender  roolstocks. 


/•.".  iiilii  sliililil. 
/■.'.  Ill  II I  III  a. 
JC.  A'ob/iiiisii. 


.Scales  pale  Rreen  or  nearly  while;  achene  ',  "  long.  .(. 

.Scales  dark  reddish-brown;  achene  '_•"  lonjf.  5. 

Upper  sheath  tnmcale,  o1>li(|tie  or  toothed,  not  scarious. 
.Vnmial,  with  fibrous  roots. 
.-Vchene  jet  black. 

Culms  I'-V  tall;  achene  ',"  long;  bristles  2  4.  6. 

Culms, V-10'  tall;  achene  '•"  long;  bristles  5-8.  7. 

Achene  pale  brown. 

,S])ikelet  ovoid  or  oblong;  tubercle  deltoid,  acute.  8. 

Spikelet  oblongcylindric;  tubercle  broad,  low.  9. 

Perennial  by  horizoiUal  rootstocks.  10. 

Style  3-cleft;  achene  .wangled  or  turgid. 
.Vcliene  reticulated  or  cancellate. 

Spikelet  compressed;  culm  filiform.  11. 

.Spikelet  terete;  culm  slender. 

•Vchene  transversely  cancellate;  bristles  none.  12. 

Achene  reticulated;  bristles  present,  stout. 

Tubercle  conic,  smaller  than  the  achene.  i.v 

Tubercle  ca|)-!ike,  as  large  as  or  larger  than  the  achene.     i  (. 

.\chcne  smooth  or  papillose. 

.\chene  smooth,  white;  culms  capillary. 
.\clielU'  papillose  or  smooth,  brown,  black  or  yellow. 
Tubercle  depressed  or  short-conic. 
.\cliene  smooth. 

Tubercle  flat,  covering  the  top  of  the  black  achene.     if). 
Tubercle  ovoid-conic,  acute,  contracted  at  the  ba.sc,     17. 
Achene  papillose. 

,\chene  vribbed  on  the  angles. 
Achene  obtuse-angled,  not  ribbed. 

Culm  rdiform;  scales  obtuse.  19. 

Culm  flat;  scales  acute.  20. 

Tubercle  subulate  or  narrowly  pyramidal. 

Culms  filiform,  wiry,  densely  tufted,  4'  -10'  long.  21. 

Culms  llatlened,  slender,  i"-2°  long.  22. 


/■•'.  oiliirahi. 
/•,',  olivacea. 


/•".  Ill  infill  I  piiira, 
JC.  capilalti. 

!•'..  orala. 

E.  liiii^eliiiaiiiii. 

E.  paiiisli  is. 


E. 

/■;. 
/■;. 


miiiilaris. 

n'olfii. 

iDililis. 
Iiibti  iiilosa. 


15.  JC.  miiiiiiarpa. 


JC.  iiir/iiiicnirpa. 
JC.  albiila. 


18.   JC.  Iiiiostala. 


JC.  tcniii.'!. 

JC.  aiumiiiata. 

JC.  inlti'iiirJia. 
JC.  ro.slillala. 


I.  Eleocharis  interstincta  ( Vahl)  R.  ^:S.     Knotted  Spike-riish.    (Fig.  577.) 

Si  iipii.t  iiilnsliiulii.'!  Vahl,  ICnnm.  2:  251.      1806. 
Sciipiis  (•ifiii.u-/i>i(ii:\-  IvU.  Il()t.  S.  C.  &  (ia.  i:  79,      1S16. 
JCIroiliiii  IS  iiilci sliiicla  K.  iS:  .S.  ,Syst.  2:  148.      1817. 
JClfoiliiiiis  lU/iitsf/oii/cs  Torr.  .\nu    I.yc.  3;  296.     18,^6. 

Perennial  by  stout  root.stooks,  culms  terete,  hol- 
low, nodose,  papillose,  1  '2°-3°  tall,  the  sterile  ones 
sharp-pointed.  Sheaths  oblique,  membranous, 
brown  or  green,  the  lower  sometimes  bearing  short 
blades;  spikelet  terete,  cylindric,  tnany-flowered, 
subacute,  I'-iyi'  long,  2"  in  diameter,  not  thicker 
than  the  culm;  scales  ovate,  orbicular  or  obovate, 
obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  narrowly  scarious-mar- 
gined,  faintly  many-nerved,  persistent;  bristles 
about  6,  rigid,  retrorsely  barbed,  as  'ong  as  the  body 
of  the  achene  or  shorter;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft, 
e-xserted;  achene  obovoid,  brown,  shining,  with 
minute  transverse  ridges,  conve.x  on  one  side,  very 
obtusely  angled  on  the  other,  2  or  3  times  as  long 
as  the  conic  acute  black  broad-based  tubercle. 
In  water,  Massachusetts  to  Michigan,  the  West  I"dies  and  Mexico.    July-Sept. 


SEDGK   I'AMIIA'. 


249 


2.    Eleocharis  mutskta  (  h.)  R.  &  S.    QuadraiiKular  Spike-rush 

n 


Ilor.  Am. 


1:  ,VJ. 

ISI-. 


.S<ii/>iis  mii/ii/i/\  I,.  Am.  Ai-ad.  ,s:  ,V»I. 
S(i>/>iis  i/iuidi ani;iiliiliis  Micli.x.   l'"l 

1.S.1V 
JUfiiihiiris  iiiiath(iiii;iiliila  R.  iS:  S.  Syst.  2:  i.s.s 
/■:/<■(>( /i  a  I  IS  niiildia  K.  iV  S.  Sysl.  3:  i,s,s.      ibi;. 

Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks,  culms  sharply  4- 
an^lcd,  stout,  not  nodose,  papillose,  2"-4°  tall. 
Sheaths  puri)lish-brown  or  urecn,  membranous, 
sometimes  l)carinj;  short  blades;  spikelet  terete, 
acute,  cylindric,  1  '-2'  long,  2"  in  diameter,  many- 
dowered,  about  as  thick  as  the  culm;  scales  coria- 
ceous, broadly  ovate  orobovate,  obtuse  or  the  upper 
subacute,  scarious-marjjined  and  sometimes  with  a 
narrow  brown  band  within  the  margins,  faintly 
many-nerved,  persistent;  ))ristles  about  6,  rigid,  re- 
trorscly  barbed,  about  as  long  as  the  achenc;  s.a- 
tiiens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  biconvex  or 
slightly  angled  on  the  back,  minutely  cancellate, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  conic  acute  tulicrcle, 
which  is  truncate  or  contracted  at  the  base. 

In  ixinds,  streams  and  swami)S,  nortlit-'m  New  Jersey  to  AlichiKan, 
Texas  .ind  Guatemala.     .\ls()  in  the  West  Ind'  'S  and  .South  .\mcrica. 


soutli  tu  Alabama 
July  Sept. 


Missouri, 
Robbins' 


3.    E    ocharis    Robbinsii  Onkes. 
vSpike-riLsh.     (Fig.  579.) 

ICliOiliai  is  Ni>hbiiisU  Oakcs,  Hovey's  Mag   7:  17S.      1841. 

Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks,  culms  slender,  3- 
angled,  continuous,  6'-2°  long,  sometimes  producing 
numerous  filiform  flaccid  sterile  branches  from  the  base. 
Sheaths  appressed,  obliquely  truncate;  spikelet  subulate, 
few-Howercd,  not  thicker  than  the  culm,  6"-io"  long, 
i"  in  diameter;  scales  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
obtuse  or  subacute,  strongly  concave,  faintly  several- 
nerved,  persistently  clasping  the  rachis,  narrowly  scari- 
ous-margined;  style  3-cleft;  bristles  6,  equalling  the 
achene  and  tubercle,  retrorsely  barbed;  achiMie  obovoid, 
liglit  brown,  biconvex  or  very  obtusely  angled  on  the 
back,  somewhat  longer  than  the  conic-subulate  flattened 
tubercle,  which  has  a  raised  ring  around  its  base. 

In  shallow  water.  Xcw  llruiiswick  to  Michiifaii,  soutli  to 
Florida.     .\UK.-Sei)t. 


4.    Eleocharis  ochreata  (Xees)  Sleiid.     Pale  Spike-rush 

Jilfoi;ciiiis  ocltiraliis  Nees  in  Mart.   I'l.   liras.  2:  Tart  i, 

102.      1842. 
Ktcocharis  ochieala  Steud.  ,Syn.  I'l.  Cyp.  79.      1S55. 

Perennial  by  very  slender  rootstocks,  culms  very 
slender,  or  fdiform,  erect,  pale  green,  3-angled,  2'-io' 
tall.  Upper  sheath  with  a  white,  hyaline,  scarious 
limb;  .spikelet  oblong  or  ovoid,  subacute,  2-3  times  as 
thick  as  the  culm,  about  2"  long,  \]i"  in  diameter, 
several-flowered ;  scales  pale  green,  obloug-lanceolatc, 
obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  thin,  hvaline  with  a  faint 
midvein;  style  2-cleft;  1-  ties  al>out  6,  slender,  re- 
trorsely barbed,  somewhat  longer  than  the  achene; 
achene  %"  long,  lenticular,  obovatc,  smooth,  brown, 
2-4  times  as  long  as  the  conic  aoute  tubercle,  which 
is  often  constricted  at  the  liase. 

In  wet  soil,  southern  VirRinia  to  Vlorida  and  Missis- 
sippi. Also  ill  Wyominir  and  Montana  and  in  tropical 
America.     Aug. -Sept. 


(Fig.  580. 


f 


25© 


CYI'ERAClvAE. 


5.    Eleocharis  olivacea  Torr.     IJriKlit  green  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  5S1.) 

J-lUiuhiii  is  I'lixarra  Torr.  Ami.  I,je.  N.  Y.  3:  jl<«j.      1836. 

Perciininl  by  running  rootstocks,  often  tufled  and 
matted,  culms  very  skMider,  l)rinlit  ureen,  erect  or  re- 
clining', llattcnen,  1'  4''lonK.  I'pper  sheath  with  a 
white  hyaline  limb;  spikelet  ovoid,  acute  or  obtuse, 
much  thicker  than  the  culm,  several-many-llowercd, 
about  2"  Ionj{,  1"  in  diameter;  scales  ovate,  thin, 
acute,  reddish-brown,  with  a  ),'recn  midvein  and  nar- 
row, scarimis  margins;  stamens  3;  style  2-cleft;  bris- 
tles 6-S,  slender,  retrorsely  barbed,  lon(.;er  than  the 
achene  and  tubercle;  achene  obovoid,  similar  to  th.'it 
of  the  preceding  species  but  twice  as  large,  3-4  times 
the  length  of  the  coiuc  acute  tul)ercle. 

In  wit  Sdil.  Maine  to  soulliiTn  OiUario  anil  I'cnnsylva- 
nia.  snutli  to  South  Carolina,  mostly  near  the  coast. 
.VuK.-Sipl. 


6.  Eleocharis  atropurpurea  ( Ret/. )  Ktmth.    Purple 


rttsh.     (Fig.  582.) 


Sdipus  al>of>infiiiifiis  Retz,  Obs.  5;  14.      17S9. 
Eleocharis  atropurpurea  Kutith,  ICnutii.  2:  151. 


is.^r- 


Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  tufted,  very  slender, 
i'-3|i'high.  Upper  sheath  i -toothed;  spikelet  ovoid, 
many-flowered,  subacute.  i'.'"-2"  long,  \"  in  diam- 
eter or  less;  scales  minute,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or 
the  upper  acute,  persistent,  purple-brown  with  green 
midvein  and  very  narrow  scarious  margins;  stamens 
3  or  3;  style  2-3-clcft;  bristles  2-4,  fragile,  white, 
minutely  downwardly  hispid,  about  as  long  as  the 
achene;  achene  jet  black,  shining,  '4"  long,  smooth, 
lenticular;  tubercle  conic,  minute,  depressed  but 
rather  acute,  constricted  at  the  base. 

In  moist  soil,  Nebraska  anil  eastern  Colorailo  to  Central 
America,  east  to  I'lorida;  widely  distributed  in  tropical 
America.    July-Sept. 


7.    Eleocharis  capitata  (L.)  R.  Br.     Capitate  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  583.) 


Siiipus  ia/)i/aiti.i  I,.  Sp.  PI.  .(S.      1753. 

Eleocharis  capitata  R.  Hr.   Prodr.  I'l.  Nov.  Holl.  l:  225. 
1810. 

Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  densely  tufled,  nearly 
terete,  almost  filiform,  rather  stiff,  2'-io'  tall.  Upper 
sheath  i-t<K)thed;  spikelet  ovoid,  obtuse,  much  thicker 
than  the ciUm,  i  !^"-2>4"  long,  i"-i, "4"  thick,  many- 
flowered;  scales  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  firm,  pale  or 
dark  brown  with  a  greenish  midvein,  narrowly  scari- 
ous-margined,  persistent;  stamens  mostly  2;  style  2- 
cleft;  bristles  5-8,  slender,  downwardly  hispid,  as 
long  as  the  achene;  achene  obovate,  jet  black, 
smooth,  shining,  nearly  ^^^'long;  tubercle  depressed, 
apiculate,  constricted  at  the  base,  very  much  shorter 
than  the  achene. 

In  moist  soil,  Maryland  to  Florida,  west  to  Indiana  and 
Texas.  Widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions.  July-Sept. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


251 


8.    Eleocharis  ovata  (Roth)  R.  &  S.     Ovoid  Spike-rush.     (Fijj.  584.) 


Si  h  fins  itziiliis  Kotli,  Catal.  Hot.  l:  ,s. 
/■'.lidiliiii  h  nvala  R.  M:  S.  Sysl.  J:  i,S2. 


1H17. 


1 :  225. 


Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  tufted,  slender  or 
filiform,  rather  deep  k''^'-'".  nearly  terete,  mostly 
erect,  2'-i6'  tall.  Upper  sheath  i-toothed;  spike- 
let  ovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse,  many-llowcred,  2"-$" 
lon^t,  i"-i/i"in  diameter;  scales  thin,  oblong-or- 
bicular, very  obtuse,  brown  with  a  green  niidvein 
and  scarious  margins;  bristles  6-.S  (sometimes  fewer 
or  wanting),  deciduous,  usually  longer  than  the 
achcnc;  stamens  2  or  3;  style  j~3-cleft;  aclienc  pale 
brown,  shining,  lenticular,  obovate-oblong,  smooth, 
'2"  long  or  more;  tubercle  deltoid,  acute,  com- 
pressed, scarcely  constricted  at  the  base,  about 
one-fourth  as  long  as  the  achene  and  narrower. 

In  wit  soil.  New  llninswick  to  Ontario  and  Hritish 
Columbia,  south  to  I'loriila,  Ori'Kon,  Nebraska  and 
Texas.     Also  in  Ivurope.     Variable.    July-Sept. 

9.    Eleocharis  Engelmanni  Steiul.     lingehnana's  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  585.) 

/■;/('()i  //((/  /f  JCiiQ'f/iiiaiDii  Steud.  Syn.  I'l.  Cyp.  79.     1855. 
JCIfi'iliai  h  (>:'ii/ii  var.  /uiffr/maiiiii  llrilton,  journ.  N. 
V.  Micros.  Soc.  5:  103.      18S9. 

Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but 
culms  commonly  taller,  sometimes  iS'  high.  Up- 
per sheath  obliquely  truncate  or  i-toothed;  spike- 
let  oblong-cylindric  or  ovoid-cylindric,  obtuse  or 
subacute,  2"-8"  long,  i"-i^^"  in  diameter,  many- 
flowered;  scales  pale  brown  with  a  green  mid  vein 
and  narrow  scarious  margins,  ovate,  obtuse,  de- 
ciduous; style  2-clcft;  bristles  about  6,  not  longer 
than  the  achene;  achene  broadly  obovatc,  brown, 
smooth,  lenticular;  tubercle  broad,  low,  covering 
the  top  of  the  achene,  less  than  one-fourth  its 
length. 

In  wet  soil.  Ma.ssacluisetts  to  soulherti  New  Jersey, 
west  to  Indiana,  .\rkansas,  Texas  and  California. 
July  Sept. 


Creeping  Spike-rush 


10.    Eleocharis  palustris  (L,. )  R.  &  S. 

Scirpiis  paliislris  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  47.      1753. 
li/i'iH/iaiis  paliisli  is  R.  &  S.  Syst.  J:  151.     1817. 
JCIfntiiiJi  is  />a/iis/i  is  var.  Z'ii,rfiis  Hailey;  Ilritton,  Journ. 
N.  Y.  Micrtis.  .Soc.  S:  104.  '  i.s,S<). 

Perennial  by  horizontal  rootstocks,  culms  stout, 
terete  or  somewhat  compressed,  striate,  i°-5°  tall. 
Basal  sheaths  brown,  rarely  liearing  a  short  blade,  the 
upper  one  obliquely  truncate;  spikelet  ovoid-cylin- 
dric, 3"-i2"  long,  i^'i"-2"  in  diameter,  many-flow- 
ered, thicker  than  the  culm;  scales  ovate-oblong  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  purplish-brown  with  scarious  mar- 
gin and  a  green  niidvein,  or  pale  green  all  over;  bris- 
tles usually  4,  slender,  retrorsely  barbed,  longer  thau 
the  achene  and  tubercle,  sometimes  wanting;  sta- 
mens 2-3;  style  2-3-clefl;  achene  lenticular,  smooth, 
yellow,  over  ^'i"  long;  tubercle  conic-triangular, 
constricted  at  the  base,  flattened,  one-fourth  to  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  ponds,  swamps  and  marshes.  I,abrador  to  Itritish  Columbia,  south  to  Florida,  Texas  niul 
California.     Also  in  Kurope  and  Asia.     Aug.-Sept. 


Xk" 


, 


252  cyi'i;raci;ak. 

Eleocharis  paluRtris  glaucescens  (  Willd.  l  A.  dr^iy,  Man.  M  5.  ,s.S'<       i^"');. 
Stiifiin  i;/ti  III  rums  Willil.  ICtuiin.  71.      1X09. 

Culms  Mlitidcr  01  lumly  lilifiirtii,  S'  is'  tall:  sjiikclft  ipMomk.  2"  s"  tmnf:  aclictic  sinallir; 
tuln'Ulf  iiiirniwii  In  wt  I  niiadows  ami  mai--lu-,  ran^tl■  m  ally  of  tin-  lyl>i'  in  Nurtli  Amitira. 
l'rrlial)s  a  distinct  s))i  cii'S. 

'riif  sii  ralli-d  varii'ty  itlliii  is  a  fcirni  witllnut  litislUs. 

Eleocharis  paliistris  Watsoni  Clarki  .  Ilrituns  Jnurn.  licit   25:  2fi8.     1SS7. 

r.li'iuliiin\  U'<i  hi  I II  i  Wixh.  Ann.  Nat.  Hist,  ill.)  5:  in.       iS.SJ. 

Cnlnis  stcint.  (.'  k/  tall:  spike  ovnid;  sialrsdaik  pnrpli  Unmii.  I,al)ra<l(ir  and  I'lini'i'  lulward 
Island  t<i  llnilson  Hay 


11.    Eleocharis  acicularis  (L.  )  K.  iS:  .S.     Xucdle  Spike-rush.     (  KiK-  b>^l-) 

Si  ii  fins  luii  iiliii  is  I,    Sp.  I'l.   (S.     175,?. 

J'.lini  Inn  is  iitii  iilai  is  H.  iV  S.  Syst.  2:  154.     1S17. 

I'ercnnial  by  filiform  stolons  or  rootstocks, 
cnlins  tufted,  fini-ly  filiform  or  setaceous, 
obscurely  .i-an^led  and  jjrooytd,  weak,  erect 
or  reeliniujr,  2'-S'  lon^.  Sheaths  truncate; 
spikelet  compressed,  narrowly  ovate  or  lin- 
ear oMonj.;.  acute,  broader  than  the  culm,  3 
Ki-llowcred,  I '2"-.^"  long,  |^"  wide;  scales 
ohlonji,  obtuse  or  the  upjjer  subacute,  thin, 
pale  H''ceii,  usually  with  a  narrow  brown 
band  on  each  side  of  the  midvein,  deciduous, 
many  of  them  commonly  sterile;  bristles  },- 
4,  fraj^'ile,  fugacious,  shorter  than  the  achcne; 
stamens  y,  style  .vdeft;  achetie  obovoid- 
oblonj;,  pale,  obscurely  ^-angled  with  a  rib 
on  each  an>;1c  and  6-9  lower  intermediate 
ribs  connected  by  fine  ridjjes;  tubercle  conic, 
acute,  one-fourth  as  loiij^  as  the  acliene. 

In  wet  soil,  thronxliont  North  America,  ex- 
cept tlie  extreme  north.  .Also  in  ICurcijie  and 
Asia.     Sometimes  entirely  sterile.     July-Sei)t. 


12.    Eleocharis  Wolfii  A.  (iray. 
Spike-ni.sh.     (I-'ig.  5X8.) 


Wolf'.^ 


Siirpiis  H'olfii  .\.  Ciray,  I'roc.  .\n\.  Acad.  lO:  77.     1S71. 

l-llnnliaiis     Wolfii  A.    dray;    hritton,    Journ.    N.    Y. 
Micros.  Soc.  5:  105.      IS,S<;.' 


Perennial  by  short  rootstocks,  culms  very  slen- 
der, erect,  flattened  and  2-cdged,  8'-i8'  tall.  I'pper 
sheath  oblitjue,  scarious,  hyaline-tipped;  spikelet 
oblong  or  ovoid-oblong,  terete,  acute,  thicker  than 
the  culm,  2"-3"  long,  nearly  \"  in  diameter; 
scales  ovate,  obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  thin,  pale 
green  with  purplish-brown  bands,  tardily  decidu- 
ous; bristles  none  (or  perhaps  early  deciduous); 
style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  obscurely  .vangled, 
longitudinally  9-ribbed,  the  ribs  transversely  con- 
nected by  minute  ridges;  tubercle  depressed-conic, 
much  shorter  than  the  achene. 

In  wet  meadows,  Illinois  and  Iowa.     June-Atiff. 


SKOOI-;  lAMII.Y. 


1.S17. 


13.    Eleocharis  tortilis  ( Link )  vSchultt-s. 

Scirf>ifi  III)  lilis  I.iiik,  Jalirli.  3:  78.     1S21). 
lUioiliai  IK  /ill  /ill's  Scliiiltis,  Miinl.  2:  ()2.     182). 


Twisted  vSpike-rush 


Antnial,  roots  fibrous,  cuIiiih  tufted,  filiform,  sliiirjily 
.^-angled,  pale  Kfcen,  erect  or  rccliniiiff,  twistiu),'  when 
old,  i°-i'j°  louK-  Sheaths  ohlicjuely  truncate,  i- 
toothed,  ■pikelet  ovoid  or  ohlouK,  subacute,  scveral- 
llowcred,  2"  3"  lon^.  about  1"  thick,  much  thicker 
than  the  culm;  scales  firm,  pale,  ovate,  mostly  obtuse; 
bristles  4-6,  ri;{id,  retrorsely  barbed,  about  c(|uallin}{ 
the  achene  and  tubercle;  stamens  t,;  style  3-cleft; 
achenc  obovoid,  obscurely  ^-an^led,  strongly  reticu- 
lated, longitudinally  about  iS-ribbed;  tubercle  cap-like 
or  conic,  truncate  at  the  base,  one-fourth  to  one-half 
as  long  as  the  achenc. 

Ill  wet  soil,  Delaware  to  iHorida  and  Texas,  near  tlic 
CKiist.     July-Sept. 

Eleocharis  tuberculdsa  (Michx.)  R.  &  S. 

'  t'ig-  590. ) 


Large-tubercled  vSpike-rush. 


SiirpiisliibnrtiliKsiis  Michx.  I'l.  Hor.  Am.  i: 
iCIeockatis  /uherculosa  R.  iS:  S.  Syst.  2:  i,s2. 


1817. 


Annual,  culms  tufted,  slightly  conijiressed,  very 
slender,  rather  stiff,  striate,  liright  green,  S'-2°  tall. 
I'pper  sheath  obliquely  truncate  or  i-toothed;  spike- 
let  ovoid,  obtuse  or  subacute,  many-llowere<l,  ;,"-6" 
long,  nearly  2"  in  diameter;  scales  broadly  ovale,  ob- 
tuse, pale  greenish-brown  with  a  darker  midvein, 
broadly  scarious-niargincd,  firm,  tardily  deciduous; 
bristles  6,  rigid,  downwardly  or  rarely  upwardly 
barbed,  about  as  long  as  the  achene  and  tubercle; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  pale,  trigon- 
ous, strongly  reticulated,  longitudinally  about  iS- 
ribbed;  tubercle  cap-like  or  conic,  nearly  or  quite  as 
large  as  the  achene. 

In  wet  soil,  Miissaclnisetts  to  I'lorida  and  Texas,  near 
the  coast.     Jnly-Scpl. 


15.    Eleocharis  microcarpa  Torr.     vSmall-fruitud  vSpike-rush.     (Fig.  591.) 
IJiihliai  is  iiiiiioiiii  pa  Torr.   .\nn.   I,vc.   X.  Y.  3:    ^12. 
I'.liocliai  is  Torifvaiin  Hoeckl.  I.iiniaea,  36:  .(.(o.      1S70. 

Annual,  culms  finely  filiform,  densely  tufted,  some- 
what 4-sided,  erect  or  reclining,  often  proliferous  by 
developing  secondary  culms  in  the  axils  of  the  spike- 
let,  sometimes  rooting  at  the  summit,  2'-.S'  long. 
Upper  sheath  obliquely  truncate;  spikelet  oblong, 
subacute,  terete  or  nearly  so,  much  thicker  than  the 
culm,  many-flowered,  \yz"-2yz"  long;  scales  ovale, 
acute,  brownish-red  with  a  green  midvein  and  lighter 
margins,  early  deciduous  except  the  lowest  which  is 
commonly  larger  than  the  others,  persistent  and 
bract-like;  bristles  3-6,  slender,  shorter  than  or 
equalling  the  achenc;  stamens  3;  style  3-eleft;  achene 
white,  3-angled,  obovoid,  smooth,  minute;  tubercle 
conic-pyramidal,  much  shorter  than  the  achene. 

In  wet  sandy  soil,  southern  New  Jersey  to  I'lorida  and  Texas,  mostly  near  the  coast.      Also  in 
Cuba.    June-Aug. 


254  CYriCRACF.AK. 

16.    Eleocharis  melanocikrpa  Torr.     Black  fruited  Spike-rush.     (  Fi>;.  «ii>j. ) 

I'.lfiii  hill  is  Dii/iDiiiia) /lit  '['nrr  Aim   I.yiv  N,  Y.  3:  ,^ii.      iSj6. 

I'crcniiial  by  short  rootstocks,  ciiliii!)  tlattened,  strinte, 
tufted,  slender,  erect,  wiry,  lo'-io'  lull.  Upper  sheath 
truncate,  1 -toothed;  spikelet  ohlonn  or  cyliiidric-i>l)long, 
obtuse,  3"-6"  louK,  i'j"-2"  in  diameter,  niany-(lo\v- 
ercd,  thicker  than  the  cuhn;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  brown, 
with  a  lij;htrr  inidvein  and  scarious  niar^rins;  bristles  t,  - 
4,  fragile,  downwardly  hispid,  eiiuallin^  or  longer  than 
the  achcne,  fugacious  or  ])crhaps  sometimes  wantinj;; 
stamens  ;,;  style  j-clcft;  achene  .van^;led,  obpyramidul, 
black,  smooth,  its  su|)erllcial  cells  nearly  quadrate;  tu- 
bercle depressed,  covering  the  summit  of  the  achene, 
light  l>rown,  pointed  in  the  middle. 

In  wtt  sandv  soil,  rastirn  MassachUMtfs  ami  Klmdc 
Island  to  I'loritia,  mar  the  coast.  .\lso  in  nortlurti  Indiana. 
July  Stpl. 


17.    Eleocharis  albida  Torn     White  Spike-rush.     ( Vi^.  593. ) 


/■:ieiHiiarh  alhida  Torr.  Ann.  I.yc.  N.  Y.  3:  304.     18.56. 

Annual,  r<H)ts  fdirous,  culms  very  slender,  tufted, 
nearly  terete,  striate,  erect,  4'-8'  tall.  I'ppcr  sheath 
very  oblique  and  toothed  on  one  side;  spikelet  ovoid- 
jjlobose  or  oblong,  obtuse,  2"-\"  long,  i,'."-2"  in 
diameter,  many-ilowered,  thicker  than  the  culm; 
scales  pale  green  or  nearly  white,  rather  firm,  ovate, 
obtuse,  deciduous;  bristles  about  6,  downwardly 
barbed,  persistent,  as  long  as  the  achene;  stamens  3; 
style  3-clcft;  achene  broadly  obovoid,  nearly  black 
when  ripe,  3-angled,  smooth;  tulx;rclc  ovoid-conic, 
contracted  or  truncate  at  the  base,  alxjut  one-fourth 
as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  wet  soil,  Maryland  to  Florida,  Texas  and  eastern 
Mexico,  near  llu-  coast.    Junc-Auff. 


18.    Eleocharis  tricostata  Torr.     Three-ribbed  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  594. ) 


ICIioiiiaris  triioxlata  Torr.  .Vnn.  I.yc.  X.  Y.  3:  310.     1836. 

Perennial  by  short  rootstocks,  culms  very  slender, 
erect,  compressed,  striate,  i°-2°  tall.  Upper  sheath 
obliquely  truncate,  toothed  on  one  side;  spikelet  ob- 
long, becoming  oblong-cyliudric,  obtuse,  many-flow- 
ered, 5"-9"  long,  i"-\%"  in  diameter;  scales  ovate, 
thin,  deciduous,  obtuse,  brown  with  a  green  midvein 
and  scarious  margins;  bristles  none;  stamens  3;  style 
3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  3-angled,  brown,  dull,  papil- 
lose, strongly  ribbed  on  each  of  its  angles;  tubercle 
conic,  acute,  light  brown,  constricted  at  the  base, 
minute,  very  much  shorter  than  the  achene. 

In  wet  soil,  soutlieni  New  York  to  l-'lorida.    July-Scpt. 


1836. 


-Sept. 


SIUMII-    lA.MII.V. 


-'55 


ig.    Eleocharis  tenuis  (  Willd.  1  ScluilU-s. 

ti         lS,«). 


SlfiidcT  Spikc-rusli.      (  V'\^.  s<X5- ) 


Siii fills  liiiiiis  Willd.  I'.iiiiiii.  I    7(1 
EIiihIiiIi  i\  liiiiii\  Si'hiiltf-.  Maul    J 


|Sj|. 


rerciiniiil  liy  rootstocks,  iiiliiis  iiiftcd,  tilifdrin. 
mostly  iTfct,  i-aii^;Uil  with  concave  sides,  S'  16'  tall. 
rp])cr  slicatli  ()ldii|iiely  truncate,  lootlicil  on  one 
side;  sjiikelet  narrowly  obloiiK.  nioslly  acute,  niaiiy- 
tlowered,  thicker  than  the  culm,  3"  ,s"  l')n>;,  about 
l"  in  di.'inicter;  scales  thin,  ohovatc  or  nvate-olilonn, 
()l)t\ise,  the  tnidvein  greenish,  the  niiirnins  scarious; 
bristles  2-.\,  shorter  than  the  aclicnc,  fu>,'acious  or 
wnntinj,';  achene  ot)ovc)id,  obtusely  .vanxled,  yellow- 
ish-brown, papillose;  slainens  y,  style  .vcleft;  tubercle 
conic,  short,  acute. 

In  wet  soil,  Cape  lirtldU  Island  In  Ontario  and  Mani 
tuba,  south  111  I'liirida  and  'rcxas.  'I'lif  ailii  nis  an-  inore 
or  less  persisiitit  (in  the  railiis  of  the  spikilct  after  llu 
lall  of  the  scales      May  July. 

20.    Eleocharis  acuminata  (  Mulil.  1  Xecs. 


Flat-sltiiiiiied  Spike-rush. 


Si  i I  pus  III  11  mi  11(1/ in  Mnhl.  Cirani.  27.       1.S17. 

ICIiocliai  isiDinfiirssii  Sulliv.  .\in.  Jcmrn.  Sci.  43:  ,50.     iSjj. 

/■:/roi/iiii  is  IK  iiiiiiiiit/ii  Nees,  I.iniiaea.  9:  2().).      i^^5■ 

Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks,  similar  to  the  pre- 
cedinj.;  s])ecies  but  stouter,  culms  llaltened,  striate, 
slender  but  rather  stilT,  tufted,  .S'  2°  tall,  fppcr 
sheath  truncate,  sometimes  slightly  i-toothed;  spike- 
let  ovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse,  thicker  than  the  culm, 
nmny-flowercd,  ;,"-6"  long;  scales  oblong  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  the  lower  obtusish,  jiurple-browii 
with  a  greenish  midvein  and  hyaline  white  margins, 
deciduous;  bristles  i-,s,  sliorter  than  or  equalling  the 
achene,  fugacious,  or  wanting;  stamens  3;  style  3-ckft, 
exserted;  achene  obovoid.  very  obtusely  3-angleil, 
light  yellowish  brown,  pai)illose,  much  longer  than 
the  depressed-conic  acute  tubercle. 

In  wet  soil,  .\iiticiisti  to  .Manitoba,  south  to  deorgia, 
Louisiana  and  Missmni.  .Xchiius  persistent  on  the 
rachis  as  in  A',  /(■iiiiis.     June  .Vuk 

21.  Eleocharis  intermedia  (  Miihl.  )  .SchultLS.   Matted  Spike-rush.   (KiK-597.) 

Si  ir/>iis  iii/i'iiiitifiiis  Muhl.  Cirani.  31        1M7. 
/Clim  till  lis  iiiliiiiiiilia  Scluiltcs,  Mant.  2:  iji. 


lS2.(. 


Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  fdiform,  densely 
tufted,  dilTusely  reclining  or  ascending,  usually 
matted,  grooved,  4'-l2'  long.  rp])er  sheath  ob- 
li((Uely  truncate,  toothed  on  one  side ;  spikclet 
ovoid-oblong,  acute,  8- 20- flowered,  thicker  than 
the  culm;  scales  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  the 
upper  subacute,  light  purple-brown  with  a  green 
midvein,  tardily  deciduous  or  the  lower  one  ])cr- 
sistent;  bristles  persistent,  downwardly  barbed, 
longer  than  the  achene  and  tubercle;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled,  obovoid,  liglit  brown, 
finely  reticulated;  tubercle  conic-subulate,  very 
acute,  slightly  constricted  at  the  base,  one-fourth 
to  one-half  as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  niiirshes,  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south  to  New 
Jersey,  Ohio,  Illiiiuis  and  Iowa.     July  .Sept. 

17 


256 


CVri-KACIlAI'. 


22.    Eleocharis  rostellata  Torr.     Hcakcd  vSpikc-rush.     (Fi^.  598. ) 

Siiipiis  iiislilltiliis'Vi^rr.  Ann.  I.yi-.  N.  V.  3:  31S.     1S36. 
l-'hiHlhtih  n)s/r//ti/ii  Torr.  l'"I.  N.  V.  2;  ,vi7-      i^\.V 

Perennial  by  a  short  e.iiulcx,  culms  slender, 
wiry,  the  fertile  erect  or  ascendinj;,  the  sterile 
reclininfj  and  rooting  at  the  summit,  grooved, 
i°-5°  long.  I'pper  sheatli  truncate;  spikelet 
oblonji,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  thicker  than 
the  culm,  10  2n-flowered,  .^"-6"  lonj^,  about 
l"  in  diameter;  scales  ovate,  obtuse  or  the 
upper  acute,  j;r<.en  w  ith  a  somewhat  darker  mid- 
vein,  their  margins  slightly  scarious;  bristles 
4-S,  retrorsely  barbed,  longer  than  the  acheiic  and 
tubercle;  stamens  3;  style  .vcleft;  achenc  oblong- 
obovoid,  obtusely  .^-angled,  its  surface  finely  re- 
ticulated; tubercle  conic-subulate,  alK)ut  one-half 
as  long  as  the  achene  '  r  shorter,  capping  its  sum- 
mit, partly  or  entirely  falling  away  at  maturity. 

In  niarslusand  wit  intiulows.  Viriiioiit ami  wistirn 
New   York   to    Urilisli   Columbia,   south   to  l'"lorida. 
Tixas.  Mexico  and  California.     .Mso  in  Cuba.     Auft 
Sipl. 


5.    DICHROMENA  Michx.  V\.  lior.  Am.  i:  ;,;.       180;,. 

T.cafy-steniiucd  sedges,  ])ercnuial  by  rootstocks,  the  spikeU-ls  crowded  in  a  terminal  head 
involucralc  by  the  upper  leaves,  which  are  often  white  at  the  base.  Spikelets  roni])ressed, 
several -many-llowered.  Scales  spirally  inil)ricated  all  around,  several  of  them  with  imper- 
fect flowers,  or  empty.  I'erianth  none.  vStaiueus  ,v  Style  2-clefl,  its  branches  subulate. 
Achene  lenticular,  transversely  rugose,  crowned  with  the  l)road  ])ersistcnt  base  of  the  style 
(tubercle),     [lireek,  alluding  to  the  two-colored  iuvolucral  leaves.] 

.Mxint  8  species,  natives  of  .America,     llesides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  southwest 
cm  I'nited  Stales. 

Leaves  of  the  involucre  linear;  tubercle  truncate  at  llie  t)ase.  1.   /'.  tulorulii. 

Leaves  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  lonn  acuminate;  ttibercle  'lecurrenl  on  the  e(l)fis  of  the  aclieti'  . 

2.   Ih  latijiilin. 


I.  Dichromena  colorata  ( I,.)  A.  S.  Hitchcock 

(t'lK-  599-^ 

Schocinis  roloruliis  I,.  ,S]).  I'l.  .(3.      I75,V 

nicliiiiiiiiiiii  liiiiiHi/^lidln  Micli.x.   h'l.  I!or.  .\m. 

i:;,7.      iHo.i. 

Didiiioiiinn  in/niii/d  A.  S.   Ilitclic.  .Xtui.  Kep. 
Mo.  Hot.  Card.  4:  141.      iSii,i. 

Glabrous,  culm  slender,  erect,  rather 
sharply  triangular,  1°  2°  tall.  Leaves  dis- 
tant, narrowly  linear,  about  i"  wide,  much 
shorter  than  the  culm,  those  of  the  involucre 
4-6,  reflcxed  when  mature,  yellowish  white 
at  the  base;  head  globose,  6"- 10"  in  diame- 
ter; spikelets  narrowly  oblong,  acute;  scales 
nietnbranons,  lanceolate,  nearly  white,  j- 
ncrvcd,  subacute  at  the  apex;  achene  ob- 
ovate,  brown,  i)apillose  or  wrinkled  trans- 
versely, nearly  truncate  at  the  summit,  com- 
sscd,  covered  by  the  tubercle  which  is  not 
decurrcnt  on  its  edges. 

In  moist  sandy  soil,  pine  liarrens  of  New 
Jersey  to  I'Morida  and  Texas.  .Mso  mi  trojjical 
.\merica.    Junc-Sept. 


Xarrow-lcaved  Dichroiiiciia. 


Iir 


SKDC.I-    I'AMII.V.  257 

2.    Dichromena  latifolia  Haldw.     Hroad-k-aved  Dichronicna.     (Fig.  600.  1 


nil  liiiiiiii ml  liili/'iili:i  Itiildw. 
C.a.  1:  911.      1.H16. 


i;U.  Ii.it.  S.  L'.vS: 


Similar  to  the  i)rec  ii'ii>{  species  l)iit  tlie 
culm  stouter,  ohtusely  triangular  or  nearly 
terete,  the  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lance- 
olate, taperiiiK  gradually  to  a  long-acumi- 
nate apex  from  a  Ijroad  base,  1)2" V  wide, 
sometimes  overto])])iiig  the  culm,  but  the 
lowest  much  shorter,  those  of  the  involucre 
7-10,  strongly  relieved  wlien  old.  Head 
globose,  (y"-v)"  in  diameter;  spikelets  ob- 
long, subacute;  scales  ovate-lanceolate, 
nearly  white,  rather  obtuse;  achenc  nearly 
orbicular  in  outline,  pale  brown,  faintly 
wrinkled  transversely  aiul  longitudinally, 
so  as  to  appear  reticulated;  tubercle  dccur- 
rent  on  the  margins  of  the  achcue. 

In  wit  iiim  liMiri  ii>,  \'ir(,'i"i:i  In  IMnriila  and 
Texas.     Jiuie  Aujf. 


6.    PSILOCARYA  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  X.  V.  3:  .^s.j.       iS;/.. 

Annual  sedges,  with  Hl)rous  roots,  slender  leafy  stems  and  ovoid  or  oblong,  many-flow- 
ere<l  terete  spikelets  in  terminal  and  axillary,  mostly  compound  umbels,  the  rays  and  raylets 
bracted  at  tlic  base.  S  .lies  of  the  spikelets  s])irally  imbricated  all  around,  all  fertile, 
deciduous.  I'lowers  perfect.  Tor.-  .th  none.  Stamens  i  or  2.  Style  2-cleft,  enlarged  at 
the  base.  Achenc  lenticular  or  biconvex,  smooth  or  transversely  wrinkled,  capped  by  the 
persistent  base  of  the  style  (tubercle),  or  nearly  the  whole  style  ])ersistent  as  a  beak. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  absence  of  perianth-bristles.] 

.Vbipiil  10  s|Hciis,  natives  cif  tinii>eratf  .iiul  tropical  .Vnurica.  litsides  the  fullnwinK.  .inuthcr 
iiccurs  in  tin-  soiillKastirM  I'uited  iiiales. 

.\ctiene  strmiKly  wriiikkd.  uuuli  lunger  lliau  the  subaeule  tuberele.  i.   /'.  iiilnis 

.\elieiie  suiciotli  or  but  little  wrinkled:  tubercle  subulate.  2.   I',  mii poidis. 


I.    Psilocarya  nitens  (  Vahl  i  Wood.     Shott-beakcd   Hald-nish.     (Imr.  6oi.) 

Sth/'its  in'U'iis  N'alil,  ICnuni.  2;  i'"2.       l'i<). 
/'m7(i<iI)  \ii  r/ir>iilii'^f<i'>  oiilis  'I'Drr.  .\nii.  I,vc.  N.  Y. 

l\h\'Hilii>sf>tii It   iiiltiis  \.  Crav,   Man.   I'M.  ,s.  ,s'i'^. 
if<()7. 

/'\i7i>,iii  I'll  iiili  IIS  WiMul,  l!(it.  iV  IM.  V'l       i"''7o. 

(".labrous,  cidins  tufted,  slightlj-  angled,  3'- 
15'  tall.  Leaves  narrow  ly  linear,  about  i "  wide, 
smooth,  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm, 
sheathing  at  the  base,  the  inidvcin  prominent; 
umbels  mostly  loose;  s])ikelcts  ovoid,  'i" y 
long,  rather  less  than  i"  in  diameter;  scales 
brown,  broadly  ovate,  thin,  i-nerve<l,  obtuse, 
acute  or  apiculate;  achenc  lenticular,  nearly 
orbicular,  light  brown,  strongly  w  rinkled  trans- 
versely; tubercle  shorter  than  the  achene,  sub- 
acute, 2-lobed  at  the  base. 

In  wet  soil.  I.iiUK  Island,  N.  Y..  and  Delaware  to 
IHorida  and  '1\  xas,  near  the  coast.    July  Oct. 


25'*^  CVI'I'RACI'AI-;. 

2.    Pstlocarya  scirpoides  Torr.     IvOii<!;-l)cakod  Hald-nisli.      (  Kitj.  602.  ) 


I'silocaivii  siii ftuhti-sTinr.  Aim.  I.vf.  N.  V    3:  ^60. 
isy,. 

Kliviiiliosfinia  siiipoiitrs  A.  C.iav.  Mem.  ICd    s.  ,S'>S. 
isi,;. 

^  Similar  to  the  preceding  species  and  perhaps 
not  specifically  distinct.  I'nihels  counnoiily 
more  minieroiis;  spikclcts  oblong  or  ovoid-ob- 
long; acliene  nearly  orl)icvilar  in  outline,  bicon- 
vex, not  as  Hat  as  that  of  /'.  iii/rns,  dark  brown, 
faintly  transversely  wrinkled  or  smooth,  some- 
times longitudinally  striate,  slightly  contracted 
at  the  base  into  a  short  stipe;  tubercle  subulate, 
as  long  as  or  sometimes  longer  than  the  achene, 
its  base  decurrenl  on  the  edges. 


Ill   wet   sdil,  lastern  .MiissachusiUs  anil    Rhode 
Island.     July  Sept. 


7.   STENOPHYLLUS  Raf.  Neog.  4.       1825. 

Mostly  annual  sedges,  with  slender  erect  culms,  leafy  liclow,  the  leaves  narrowly  linear 
or  filiform,  with  ciliate  or  ])id)escent  sheaths.  vSpikelets  und)ellate,  capitate  or  solitary,  sub- 
tended by  a  I  several-leaved  involucre,  Iheir  scales  sj)irally  imbricated  all  around,  mostly 
deciduous.  Flowers  iterfecl.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Style  2-,vcIefl,  glabrous, 
its  base  much  swollen  and  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  achene  as  in  IChodiaris.  .■\chcne 
3-anglcd,  turgiil  or  lenticular.     [Cireek,  referring  to  the  narrow  leaves.] 

.\  Kciius  (if  siinie  20  spiciis.  natives  (if  If  in  pirate  and  w.iriii  reKimis.  Itisides  llii'  f(ill(iwiii|jf, 
,S  (illicrs  occur  in  llie  ?oullurn  rniteo  .St.itis. 


nf 


I.    Stenophyllus  capillaris  (  L.  )  Hrittoii. 

(Fig.  603.) 

Si  ii/>iis  i;i/>///tn  ii  ]..  Sp.  I'l.  {<).      175,!. 
J'hiihi  islylis    iiifiilliiiis    .\.    C.rav,     M.in.    ,SV'. 
i8(S. 

Sl<  iiiif>li\lhtuiif>illiii  is  I'liitlon,  Hull.  Torr.  Club. 
21:30.       1S(>|. 

.Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  filiform, 
densely  tufted,  erect,  grooved,  smooth,  2'-io' 
tall.  Leaves  filiform,  roughish,  much  shorter 
tlian  the  culm,  their  sheaths  more  or  less 
pubescent  with  long  iiairs;  involucral  leaves 
13,  setaceous,  shorter  than,  or  one  of  them 
exceeding  the  inflorescence;  spikelets  nar- 
rowly oblong,  somewhat  4-sidcd,  2'2"-4" 
long,  less  than  1"  thick,  several  in  a  termi- 
nal simple  or  sometimes  compound  umbel, 
or  in  depauperate  forms  .solitary;  scales  ob- 
long, obtuse  or  einarginalc,  j)uberulent,  dark 
brown  with  a  green  keel;  stamens  2;  style  ,v 
clcft;  achene  yellow-brown,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  very  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  summit, 
%"  long,  3-anglcd,  transversely  wrinkled; 
tubercle  minute,  depressed. 

In  dry  or  moist  soil,  lliroUKlioiit  North  .Viiicr- 
ica  cxci  pi  tile  c.\triiiU'  tioitli.  .\lso  in  trojiii-'al 
.Aineric.i.     July  Si])!. 


Hair-like  .Steiii)i)liyllii- 


V''i 


si;i)c.i-:  lAMii.v. 


?59 


,/ 


8.  FIMBRISTYLIS  Valil,  luuiin.  2:  2S.S.  i8or.. 
Annual  or  perennial  sedj^es.  Culms  leafy  lielow.  Si)iki'Iels  unilicllate  or  capitate, 
terete,  several  toniany-llowcred,  subten(li<l  by  a  l-niany-lcaveil  involucre,  their  scales  spirally 
imbricated  all  around,  mostly  deciduous,  all  fertile.  I'eriaiitli  none.  Stamens  i  ,v  Style 
2-3-cleft,  pubescent  or  j^labrous,  its  base  much  cnlarj.;e<l,  fallinj.;  away  from  the  summit  of 
the  achcne  at  maturity.  Achene  lenticular,  biconvex,  or  .vanRled,  reticulated,  canccllatc,  or 
lon).;itudinally  ribbed  or  striate  in  our  sjiecies.  [(Ireek,  in  allusion  to  the  fringed  style  of 
some  sijecics.] 

.\  I.irifc  KcHus,  tlie  species  widely  distributed  in  teni|)erate  iiud  tropical  reuions 
following,  somr  i  ollurs  occur  in  the  soutlurii  and  western  parts  of  North  Anicricii. 
Style  acUft;  adienc  UiUicular  or  biconvex 

Culms  S'   X^  tall;  spik'Uts  unibiUatc;  style  mostly  pubescent, 
rereiniial;  Uavcs  involute. 

Scales  coriacei^us.  shiiiintf.  (flabrous.  i.    / 

Scales  iiKnibraiious,  dull.  pulKiulent.  2.    / 

.\inuial;  roots  fd)rous.  leaves  flat. 
Culms  i'-('  tall,  very  slender:  spiktlets  capitate 
Style  ,vckft:  acluni'  vaiinUil. 


besides  tlie 


style  glabrous  belou'. 

1.    Fimbristylis  spadicea  (  L.  )  Valil.     SlifT  lMiii])rislyHs 


/■'.  ipaitiiiii. 

I'.  Kislaniii. 

I',  hi  I  ii. 

i:  Willi  ii. 

/■'.  iiiiliniiiiiili'i. 


Fi^.  ()04.  ) 


S(ii/iiis.\/>iitliififs  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  ,si.      lysi- 
I'iiiihi  islyli'i  s/ttidiita  Vahl,  ICmnn.  a:  294. 


iSi/). 


Perennial  by  a  thickened  base,  glabrous, 
culms  stiff,  slender,  vanjilcd,  wiry,  i°-.'^'^  tall, 
usually  lon}{er  tlian  the  stronf;ly  involute  rij^id 
leaves.  Leaves  about  i"  wide  when  unrolled, 
their  sheaths  dark  brown;  leaves  of  the  involu- 
cre yf>,  erect,  the  longer  sometimes  exceciliii).; 
the  usually  compound  umbel;  umbel  several- 
rayed,  the  rays  nearly  erect,  2'-6'  lonjj;  cen- 
tral spikelets  of  the  umbels  and  umbcllets  ses- 
sile, the  others  pedicclled;  spikelets  ovoid  or 
ovoid-cylindric,  acute,  2,'^  "-6"  lonj;,  about  l" 
in  diameter;  scales  oval,  obovatc,  or  orbicular, 
obtuse  or  subacute,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  shin- 
ing, dark  brown  with  a  green  midvcin;  stamens 
2;  style  2-cleft;  achene  lenticular,  obovate, 
brown,  reticulated. 

In  marshes  and  shallow  water,  VirKinia  to  IMor 
ida,  near  the  coast.  Widely  distiibuted  in  troi>ical 
.America.     Jiily-.Sept. 

2.   Fimbristylis  castanea  (  Michx.  )  Valil.     Marsh  iMiiibristylis.     (Kig.  605.  ) 

.S". /»/>/(\((/.v/ff;;/'«.vMichx.  I'l.  Ilor.  .\m.  l.\\.     iSo.y 
/■'iiiihi  islylis  nishiniti  Vahl,  l')mim.  3:  292.      1806 
I'iiiihi  isivlis  sftintiitd  var.  nisldiira  A.  tlray,  Man. 
Ivd.  5.  .StXj.      1807. 

Perennial  by  a  thick  base,  culms  slender,  3- 
anglcd,  S'  2°  tall,  usuidly  exceeding  the  leaves. 
Leaves  involute,  less  than  i"  wide  when  un- 
rolled, their  sheaths  green  and  more  or  less 
pubescent;  leaves  of  the  involucre  2-4,  short; 
umbel  simple  or  compound,  the  rays  Ij'-i' 
long;  central  spikelets  sessile;  spikelets  oblong, 
obtuse  or  subacute,  3"  5"  long,  1"  i'.."  in 
diameter;  scales  thin,  t)rown  with  a  lighter 
midvein,  broadly  oblong  or  nearly  orbicular, 
dull,  pubcrulent,  obtuse  or  mucronate;  stamens 
2-3;  style  j-deft;  achene  obovatfe  or  oblong, 
biconvex,  pale  brown,  longitudinally  striate 
and  reticulateil. 

On  salt  meadows,  soullieni  New  York  to  I'lorida 
and  I.ouisi.ina.  .Also  in  wet  soil  in  the  interior 
from  Micln'(;an  an<l  Illinois  to  Kansas  and  Texas, 
and  in  tropical  America.     July  Sept. 


26o 


cvri'RACivAi:, 


3.    Fimbristylis  laxa  Vahl 


Weak  Fiinbristvlis. 


(  Fig.  606.  ) 

lSu6, 
l.yc. 


N.   V.  3: 


I'iinlii  islylis  lii  \a  Viilil.  I^miiii.  2:  292. 
J-'hiihi  islylis  /laliluiiiiaiKi  Tun.  Aim. 

Annual,  root.s  filjioiis,  culms  slender,  flattened, 
striate,  densely  tufted,  erect  or  ascending,  2'-l,s' 
loii).j,  usually  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  flat, 
ahout  '."  wide,  glabrous  or  sparingly  ciliate,  pale 
green  aiul  a]>pearing  glaucous,  those  of  the  invt)lu- 
cre  35,  one  of  them  often  exceeding  the  umbel; 
umbel  simple  or  slightly  compound,  the  central 
spikelet  sessile;  s])ikelets  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong, 
3 "-6"  long,  about  i"  in  diameter;  scalesovatc,  thin, 
pale  greenish-,  .own,  subacute  or  nuicronulatc;  sta- 
men l;  style  2-clefl,  pubescent;  achcne  biconvex, 
obovoid,  light  brown,  longitudiiuilly  riblied,  the  ribs 
tuberclcd  and  connected  by  very  fine  cross-lines. 

In  niuisl  soil,  southern  I'cinisylvania  to  I'lorida, 
wisl  til  lUindis,  Misscmri  atul  Texas  .Msn  in  triipicai 
.\iniricii.     July  Sipl. 


X'alil'.s  l'"iinl)ristylis. 

M 


'  I'iK- 


4.    Fimbristylis  Vahlii  (  Lam.  1  Link. 

Siiipiit  I'lihlii  I.iini.  Tabl.  I'juycl.  i:  i.^f).      1791. 
Finil'i  islylis    Wililii    I, ink,     Ilort.    lieml.    I:    2.S7. 

1^27. 
i-'iinhi  islylis  coiii;csl(i  Torr.  .\ini.  I,yc.  N.  V.  3;  ,^t.s 

lS;,(i. 

Annual,  culms  very  slender,  densely  tufted, 
compres.sed,  striate,  erect  or  ascending,  :'-4' 
high,  longer  than  or  e(|ualling  the  leaves. 
Leaves  setaceous  or  almost  filiform,  rough, 
those  of  the  involucre  ,-5-,^,  erect,  much  exceed- 
ing the  simple  capitate  cluster  of  3-S  spikelets; 
spikelcts  oblong-cylindric,  obtuse,  2"-i"  long, 
about  yi"  thick,  many-llowcred;  scales  lanceo- 
late, pale  greenish-brown,  acuminate;  stamen 
i;  style  2-clcft,  glabrous  below;  acheue  minute, 
biconvex,  yellowish-white,  cancellate  by  longi- 
tudinal and  transverse  ridges. 

Ill  moist  soil,  Missouri  to  Texas,  east  to  North 
Carolina  and  I'lorida.  .Mso  in  liallast  about  the 
eastern  seaports.     July  Oct. 


Fimbristylis  autumnalis  (  L.  )  R.  ^:  vS.     vSkndtr  KimlHistylis.     (  Fig.  608.  ) 


S,  n  ftiis  aiiliiiiiintlis  I,.  Maul.  2:  180.      1771. 
I'inihi  islylis  (iiiliimiiiilis  K.  iS:  S.  Syst.  2:97. 


1S17. 


.\nnual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  very  slender,  densely 
tufted,  flat,  roughish  on  the  edges  or  smooth,  erect, 
ascending  or  spreading,  y  !,=;'  long,  usually  much 
exceeding  the  leaves.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat, 
,'2"-i"  wide,  long-acuminate,  glabrous,  those  of 
the  involucre  2-3,  usually  all  shorter  than  the  um- 
bel; umbel  compound  ordecoinponnd,  the  jirimary 
rays  ,'4 '-!'>'  long,  the  secondary  filiform;  spike- 
lets  liuear-oblong,  acute,  2"-5"  long,  yi"  thick 
or  less,  several-many  flowered;  scales  ovate-lanceo- 
late, subacute,  strongly  niucronate,  grecnish-broven, 
the  tnidvcin  ]iromiiient;  stamens  1-,^;  style  .vci  ; 
achcne  obovoid,  nearly  white,  3-angled  with  a  ridge 
on  each  angle,  very  finely  reticulated  and  some- 
limes  roughened. 

In  moist  soil.  Maine  to  Mielii(faii.  sontli  to  IMoridii 
and  I.ouisiaii.i.     .Mso  in  tropical  .Xinerica.     June  Sept. 


.. 


SI' DC. I',   I'AMILV. 


261 


9.    SCIRPUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  47.       1753. 

Annual  or  percniiial  very  small  or  very  lar^e  sedj^cs,  with  leafy  I'ulnis  or  the  leaves  re- 
duced to  basal  sheaths.  Spikelets  terete  or  somewhat  llatteucd,  .solitar)-,  ea])itate,  s])icate  or 
umbellate,  subtended  by  a  1  several-leaved  involucre  or  the  involucre  wanting  in  some 
species.  Scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  usually  all  fertile,  the  1  -,^  lower  sometimes 
empty.  I'lowers  perfect.  I'crianth  of  16,  slender  or  rifjid,  short  or  elon.i;ated,  barbed, 
pubescent  or  smooth  bristles,  or  none  in  some  species.  Stamens  2-,v  Style  2  vdcft,  not 
swollen  at  the  base,  wholly  deciduous  from  the  acliene,  or  its  base  persistent  as  a  subulate 
tip.  Acliene  triangular,  lenticular  or  planti-convex.  [Latin  name  of  the  Hulrush,  said  to 
be  from  sirs,  the  Celtic  word  for  rushes,] 


.XtxiUi  2i«i  sjKiiis  i)f  very  widi-  ^'I'^rapliic  (listributiou 
occur  in  the  southern  and  wtsUrii  parts  ni  Niirlh  America. 


llisidis  the  rullowinjf.  smne  (>  Dtliers 


'/ 


608.  ) 


SpikeUt  solitary,  liruiinal.  braillt  s?,  i,r  sulUindid  by  a  single  brail  or  short  leaf. 
No  invipliicr.il  bract. 

Culms  r   2'  liiKh;  achem- siiioolli;  plant  of  saline  soil.  i.  .S'.  iniiiiii. 

Culms  V    III'  liiK'i;  acheiic  nliiiilaltd;  plant  of  fresh  water  iiiarslic';      2,  S.  f>iiii,  illnnis. 
Invohural  brad  present,  erect, 

liract  shorter  than  or  but  little  exciediiiK  the  spikelit;  |)lanls  not  aiiualic. 

Culm  terete;  leaf  of  upper  shtath  subulate;  bristles  sinoolli.  3,  S.  i(ii\pili'siis. 

Culms  IriaiiKUlar;  leaf  of  upper  shiatli  linear;  bristli  s  upwardly  barbed, 

Leaves  sliorter  than  the  lulm;  scales  ;ieute.  |.  .S',  i'liiilnni. 

Leaves  about  as  lotiK  as  the  luliii;  scales  cuspidate.  ,s,  .S'.  plunifuliiis. 

liraet  at  least  twice  as  hiiiK  as  the  spikelet;  plant  a<iuatic,  (1.  .S',  siihhi  iiiiiialis. 

Spikelets  normally  luiire  than   1,  usually  several  or  nunierous.  often  appearing  lateral;  iuvolucral 
bract  only  1, 
Spikelets  few,  112,  appearing  lateral. 

Cultiis  not  sharply  .vannled;  acliene  )>lailo  convex;  annuals, 

.V^liene  stroiitfly  transversely  ruuose.  7    ,V  llallii. 

.\eliene  snuxitli  or  very  slightly  roiijfliened 

Uristles  downwardly  barbed,  aboui  e<|uallinK  the  acliene.  S,  .S'  ilrhilis. 

Ilrislles  ininute  or  wanting,  9.  .S".  Sniilhii. 

Culms  sharply  .vaiiKled;  plants  perennial  by  lootstneks. 

.\elune  piano  conve.x;  bristlts  shorter  than  or  eiiuallinn  the  acliene, 

.Spikelets  acute,  liiueli  overtop))e<l  by  the  slender  iuvolucral  leaf;  scales  awned. 

10,  .S'.  .tmrn'i  units. 
scales  inueronulate. 


Spikelets  oiituse;  iuvolucral  leaf  slmrt,  stout; 


II.  .f,  O/iini. 


I(.  S 


l,S,  .V 


Till  ini. 
)iiiii  roiitj/iis. 

I  i/iiiiin'citx. 

Iiiiiisli  is. 


17 


.S',    (  ll/i/Dlllil  Its. 

S.  I  ii/iis. 


iS.  S.  i(iiiif>fslris. 


.\eheue  vaiitfled,  ridded  on  the  back. 

Uristles  longer  than  the  acliene;  iuvolucral  leaf  erect, 
bristles  as  Iouk  as  the  acliene;  iuvolucral  leaf  abruptly  bent, 
Spikelets  several  or  numerous,  uinbelled;  tall  sidles 
Culm  shariily  triangular,  ei|ualled  by  the  long  leaves. 
Culm  terete;  leaves  ridilcid  to  sheaths, 

bristles  downwardly  b.irbed;  acliene  gray,  abruptly  mucidiiate, 
bristles  short  plumose  IhIow;  acliene  nearly  white,  narrowed  above. 

\h. 
Spikelets  several,  spicate, 
Spikelets  several,  capitate  or  umbellate,  large;  iiivolucr  il  leaves  2  or  more. 
Acliene  lenticular  or  piano  convex;  spikelets  eajjita! 

Capitate  cluster  simple;  acliene  obovati'  oblong,  i)ale  brown. 

Capitate  cluster  often  eoinpouiid;  acliene  orbicular obovate.  dark  brown. 

It).  .S".  nihiishis. 
.\clieiie  sharply  .vangled;  spikelets  iitnbellate,  20,  S.  //inid/i/is. 

Spikelets  viry  nuinerous  in  compound  umbels  or  utnbelled  lieails,  small;  involueral  leaves  sev- 
eral; tail  sedges. 
Uristles  downwanlly  barbed;  spikelets  in  uinbelled  heads. 
Spikelets  ovoid  or  oblong,  I  '   "2!  •"  long. 

bristles  ((lualling  or  slightly  i.xeeediiig  the  acliene;  leaves  ),''  8"  wide. 
Style  velelt;  aeheiie  ,i  angled;  bristles  (> 

Spikelets  3  S  in  each  luiid    bristles  barbed  throughout;  scales  obtuse. 

m.  S.  ,vi7.-(//;<  «.v. 
Spikelets  8  20  in  each  head;  bristks  not  barbed  below;  scales  acute. 

22.  .S'.  ii/roTiiriis. 
Style  2  cleft;  .'icheiie  plano-convex;  bristles  (. 
Hristlis  (lexiioiis,  twice  as  long  as  theaehene;  leaves  2"   ,V'  wide 
.Spikelets  eylindric,  X'   s"  long, 
Uristles  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent;  iitiibel  mostly  decoinjiound, 
Uristles  shorter  than  or  seareily  exceeding  the  scales, 
Uristles  about  as  long  as  the  aclnne;  scales  subacute, 
Uristles  inueh  longer  than  the  .ichelie;  scales  niucronate, 
Uristles  much  exserled  beyond  the  se.iles  when  mature. 


21- 

.V 

mi(  1  ii(ii>  />I4S. 

24- 

.V, 

polvfilivlliis. 

2.S- 

.S', 

JVikii. 

26,  .v.  (fimriiii/iis. 

27,  .S',  linraliis. 

28,  ,S'.  i  vf>ii  iiiiis. 


262  CVri'RACl'Ai:. 

I.    Scirpus  n^nus  .Sprenj;.     Dwarf  Chil)-nish.     (  l^'ig.  609.  ) 

S(iipiis  nanus  Sinenp.  I'lin   l:  (.       iSi^. 

I'.lfiitlia)  ispvginata  Tiirr.  Ann.  I,yi"-  N.  V.  3:  31,^.     iS.^h. 

Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  filiform,  flattened, 
grooved,  tufted,  erect  or  ascending,  i'-2'  liiglu 
l)earing  a  scarious  bladeless  sheath  near  the  base. 
Spikclct  solitary,  terminal,  ovoid-oblong,  rather 
acute,  3  S- flowered,  {"-iK"  long,  not  subtended 
by  a  bract;  scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  pale  green, 
the  lower  obtuse,  the  upper  subacute;  bristles  about 
6,  downwardly  barbed,  longer  than  the  achcne; 
stamens,^;  style  ,vcleft;  achene  oblong,  j-angled, 
pale,  pointed  at  each  end,  smooth. 

Muddy  places  in  salt  marslus.  Cape  lircton  Island 
to  l'"lori<la  anil  Texas,  and  about  sail  springs  in  New 
York  and  Jticliijran.  Also  on  the  Pacific  Coast  of 
North  Anierieaand  on  the  coasts  of  Ivnrope.    July-Sept. 

2.    Scirpus  pauciflorus  Lij^htf.     Few  flowered  Club-rush.     (Fig.  610. ) 

St'iipiis  />ani  1//01  i/s  I.inhtf.  l'"l.  Scot.  1078.      1777- 
f'ifoiliai  is  f>iiiiii/toi  US  I, ink,  Hort.  lierol.  l:  2S4.      1S27. 

Perennial  by  filiform  rootstocks,  culms  very  slender, 
little  tufted,  3-angled,  grooved,  leafless,  ,^'-10'  tall,  the 
upper  sheath  truncate.  Spikclet  terminal,  solitary,  not 
subtended  by  an  involucral  bract,  oblong,  compressed, 
4-10-flowered,  2"-3"  long,  nearly  1"  wide;  scales 
brown  with  lighter  margins  and  midvein,  lanceolate, 
acuminate;  bri.stles  2-6,  hispid,  as  long  as  the  achene  or 
longer;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid-oblong, 
gray,  rather  abruptly  beaked,  its  surface  finely  re- 
ticulated. 

In  wet  .soil,  .\nticosli  and  Ontario  to  western  New  York, 
Minnesota  and  Hritish  Columbia,  south  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains to  Colorado,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  .\lso  in 
northern  Ivuopc.    July- Oct. 


I    '^ 


3.    Scirpus  caespitosus  L.     Tufted  Club-rush.     (Fig.  6ii.) 

Sen  fins  cacspilosus  I,.  ,Sp.  I'l.  48.      1753. 

Perennial,  culms  smooth,  terete,  densely  tuftecU 
light  green,  erect  or  ascending,  almost  filiform,  wiry, 
4'-l5'  long.  Hasal  .sheaths  numerous,  jiienibran- 
ous,  imbricated,  acuminate,  the  upper  one  bearing  a 
short  very  narrow  blade;  spikelet  solitary,  terminal, 
few-flowered,  ovoid-oblong,  about  2"  l')ng,  sub- 
tended by  a  subulate  involucral  leaf  of  about 
its  own  length;  scales  yellowish-brown,  ovate, 
obtuse  or  subacute,  <leciduous;  bri.stles  6,  smooth, 
longer  than  the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  oblong,  smooth,  3-angled,  brown,  acute. 

In  boRS  and  on  moist  rocks,  Greenland  to  Alaska, 
south  to  the  mountains  of  New  I'^njrland,  the  .Adiron- 
dacks,  western  New  York.  Illinois,  Minnesota  and 
Hritish  Columbia,  in  the  Koeky  Mountains  to  Colorado, 
and  on  the  liinher  summits  of  the  southern  AUeghe- 
nies.     .\lso  in  Ivurope  and  .Asia.     June-.-VuK- 


SI'DCI':   I'AMII.V.  2f\% 

4.    Scirpus  Clintoni  A.  (Iray.     ClinUin's  Cluh-rush.     >  Imj^.  ru2. ) 


Sfi>/>ii\   I'liiilmii  A.  Ciniv,   Am.   Jmiiii.  Sci    ill   i38:?i|fi 

iS().(, 

Perennial,  culms  luflcd,  triaii>;ular,  very  skiiilcr, 
erect,  4'-l,S'  tall,  rouKliisli  on  the  angles,  l.ower 
sheaths  iiii1)rieate(l,  oiu^or  more  of  them  liejirin^  short 
snl)ulate  blades,  tile  upper  one  hearinjj  a  Hat,  narrowly 
linear  blade  shorter  than  the  enlm;  spikelel  solitary, 
terminal,  ovoid,  few-flowered,  I  '2" -2"  lonji,  sub- 
teiideil  by  a  subulate  involtiiTal  braet  of  less  than  its 
own  lenjjth  or  somewhat  lonj^er;  scales  ovate,  ])ale 
brown,  acute;  bristles  3-6,  liliform,  upwardly  b.-irbed, 
as  loii)^  as  the  acliene  or  lonj^er;  style  ,^-cleft;  acheiie 
oblonj{,  brown,  sliarjily  ^-anj^led,  smooth,  obtuse. 

In  (lr>-  fields  ,ind  lliickets.  New  liruiiswiek  In  wtstirn 
New  York  and  Miehitfan,  soutli  tn  North  Carolina.  I.ocal. 
June  Auk- 


5.   Scirpus  planifolius  Mtihl.     Wood  Cliib-rush.     (Fij?.  613. ) 


Siiif>iispl<t)ii/oliiis'S\\\\\\.  Gram.  X2.      iSr;. 

Perennial,  culms  trianj^ular,  slender,  tnfte<l,  rather 
weak,  rouKliish  on  the  an>,des,  6'-i5'  tall.  I.ower 
sheaths  bearinjf  short  subulate  blades,  the  upper  with 
.1  flat  narrowly  linear  rou}^h-margined  leaf  about  as 
loiij^  as  the  culm;  spikelel  solitary,  terminal,  ovoid- 
oblonjf,  acute,  several-llowered,  subtended  bj-  a  .short 
involucral  bract;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  yellowish- 
brown  with  a  green  midvein,  which  is  extended  be- 
yond the  acute  apex  into  a  sharp  cusp;  bristles  46, 
U])wardly  barbed,  about  e<iuallinjj;  the  achene;  stamens 
y,  style  .vdeft,  i)ubi'sceiit ;  aclienc  oblong,  3-angled; 
smooth,  light  brown,  rather  obtuse. 

In  woods  and  thickets.  Khode  Island  to  Delaware, 
western  New  York  and  Missouri.     May-July. 


6.    Scirpus  subterminalis  Torr.     Water  Club-ni.sh. 

Sell />i/\  sii/>/friiiina/i\  Tnrr.  V\.  I'.  S.  1:47.      1S24. 

Perennial  (?),  aqnatic,  culms  slender,  terete,  nodu- 
lose, l°-3^'i°  long.  Leaves  slender,  channeled,  6'-2" 
long,  '.^"--V"  wide;  spikelet  solitary,  terminal,  ob- 
long-cylindric,  narrowed  at  each  end,  .several-flow- 
ered, y  -5''  long,  subtended  by  a  subulate  erect  invo- 
lucral leaf  'i'-i'  long,  thus  ap])earing  lateral;  scales 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  membninous,  light  brown 
with  a  green  midvein;  bristles  about  6,  downwardly 
barbed,  as  long  as  the  achene  or  shorter;  stamens  3; 
.style  3-clefl  to  about  the  middle;  achene  obovoid,  y 
angled,  dark  brown,  smooth,  rather  more  than  1" 
long,  obtuse,  abruptly  beaked  by  the  slender  base  of 
the  style. 

In  ponds  and  streams  or  .sometimes  on  their  borders. 
New  ilrunswick  to  the  Northwest  Territory  and  Wash- 
ington, south  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Miehiiran. 
The  so  called  variety  lei  irshis  is  an  emersed  form  with 
erect  culms  and  shorter  spikelets.     July  \\ifC. 


ImK-  614.) 


, 


264 


cvri;k.\i.i;.\i':. 


Scirp 


It     .r 


S-i'i 


us  Hallii  A.  Gray.      Hall's  Cluh-rusli.     (Kij,'.  r)i5.  ) 

Stiif<ii\  Iliillii  \.  ('.my,  Jfiiii.  VA.  2.  Add.     iH6v 
Si  ii pus  siipiiiii\  viir.  Jldllii  .\.  C.niv,   Miiii.  lid.  5,  s''>J. 
1867. 

Annual,  iiihns  very  sIcikUt,  Miir'otli,  luftcil,  oh- 
tiisflv  triangular,  iriit,  striate,  ,s'-i2'  tail.  l.owiT 
slu-atlis(il)li(|ui',  and  acuniinatt'  or  uituTouate  on  one 
side,  till'  upper  one  euinnionly  l)earinjj  a  filiforui 
lilade  '.''"a 'i' loufj;  spikelets  eapitate  in  elusler.s  of 
17,  o1)lonj.;-eylindrii',  obtuse,  many-flowered,  3"- 
6"  long,  aljout  1"  thick,  appearinj.;  lateral  by  the 
extension  of  )  lie  .solitary  involucral  leaf  wliieli  is 
1'  4'  lonj;;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  ligl't  j.;reenisli 
Ijrowu,  acuminate,  keeled,  cuspitlate  by  the  ex- 
current  ti])  of  tile  miclvein;  bristles  wanting; 
stamens  mostly  2;  acheiie  obovate-orbicular  or 
slightly  broader  than  high,  black,  ])lano-convex, 
mucroiuilate  .strongly  wrinkled  transversely,  about 
]^"  in  diameter. 


In  wcl 
slieallis 


.Mil: 
sidiiallv 


husetts  to  I'Miirida,  wist  to  Illinois.  Colnradci 
iuhtctid  Ci  flower  with  very  Iniij;  styles,     Jul- 


Texas  and  Mexico, 
Se))l. 


'I'he  lowest 


8.    Scirpus  debilis  Piirsh 

Si  h pus  tlibilis  I'nrsli.  I'l.  .\ni.  Sept.  ,s,s. 

Annual,  smooth,  culms  slender,  terete  or  nearly 
.so,  tufted,  erect  or  a.scending,  6'  -2°  high.  Sheaths 
ol)li(|uely  truncate,  the  up])er  one  rarely  l)earing  a 
.short  .subulate  blade;  spikelets  capitate  in  clusters 
of  I  12,  ovoid-oblong,  subacute,  many-tlowered, 
appearing  h'.teral,  the  solitarj-  involucral  leaf  nar- 
rowly linear,  I'i'-^'  long,  erect  or  divergent; 
scales  light  yellowish-brown  with  a  green  midvein, 
broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute;  bristles  4-6, 
downwardly  barbeil,  .souiewhi't  une(|ual  and  about 
as  long  as  the  achene;  stamens  2-,^;  style  2-cleft  or 
rarely  ,vcleft;  achene  plaiU)-convex,  broadly  ob- 
ovate  or  orbicidar,  smooth  or  slightly  roughened, 
(lark  brown,  shining,  obtuse,  uiucronulate. 


Weak-Stalked  Club-rush 

iSi(. 


In  wet  soil,  Maine  tn 
Alabama  and  Nebraska. 


^tinlH■s<>ta,  south  ti 
Jidy   Sept. 


C.eorKiii, 


9.    Scirpus  Smithii  A,  Gray.     Smith's 
Club-rush.     (Fig.  617. ) 

S,  I'rpits  Smilliii  \.  Cray,  Man,  VA-  .5,  56.?.      1867. 

Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  the 
culms  usually  lower  and  more  slender  or  nearly  fili- 
form, 3'- 12'  tall,  the  sheaths  obliijue  and  acumi- 
nate or  the  upper  one  bearing  a  subulate  blade. 
Spikelets  14,  in  an  ajjparently  lateral  cluster, 
ovoid,  acute,  i"-%,"  long,  the  involucral  leaf  very 
narrow,  elongated,  erect;  scales  oblong,  obtuse, 
mucronulate,  pale  brown  with  a  narrow,  green  mid- 
vein;  bristles  usually  wanting,  .sometinu>s  1-3,  and 
very  much  .shorter  than  the  achene;  .style  2-eleft; 
achene  plaiu)-convex,  obovate  or  orbicular,  brown, 
rather  dull,  smooth  or  minutely  roughened,  obtuse, 
mucronulate. 

In  wet  muddy  i)laces,  Vermojit  t.)  Minnesota,  south 
to  Delaware,  Pennsylvania  and  Miehijfan.  Perhaps 
only  a  form  of  the  preceding.    Jnly-Sept. 


siMJCi'  i\:mii,v. 


265 


Chair-maker's  Rusli. 


ith't 


10.    Scirpus  Amenc£knus  IVrs.     Three-square. 

(  I'iK.  618.)         ^     _ 

Sihf>ii\  .hiif)  I'liiiiii^  IVrs   Syii.  i:tiS.      iSo.s. 
.S'( ///)»>  f>iiiii;tiis  \'alit.  Ijiiiiii,  i    j.s.S.       I'^ii'). 

IVriiiiiial  liy  lolij;  rootsloi-ks,  tuliiis  sharply  tri- 
angular with  I'oiuMvi-  sidi'S  or  iiiii'  i)f  the  sides 
nearly  Hat,  erect,  stiff,  1"  4"  tall.  Leaves  1-3, 
narri)\vly  linear,  keeled,  shorter  than  the  enlni; 
spikilets  ohloiijr-ovoiil,  aenle, .("  5"  loiij;,  capitate 
in  flusters  of  1  7,  apj)earinH  as  if  lateral;  involueral 
leal'  stilitary,  slender,  I'j'  4'  lonj;;  scales  broadly 
ovate,  hrown,  often  eniarj.jinate  or  sharjjly  2-cleft 
at  the  apex,  the  niidviin  extended  into  a  sulndate 
awn  sonietiines  i"  lonj;,  the  margins  scarious, 
ciliolate  or  j;lal>rous;  bristles  2-6,  downwardly 
barbed,  shorter  than  or  e(|nallinjr  the  acliene; 
stamens  ^;  style  usually  2-cleft;  achene  obovate, 
])lano-convex,  smooth,  dark  brown,  mucronate. 

In  frcsli  water  and  brackish  swamps  tliroUKlioiil 
North  Aim  ric.i.      Also  in  Chile.     June  .Sept. 

Scirpus  Americanus  longispicatus  lirilton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  .Xcad.  Sci.  11:  7S.      1,^92. 
SpikeKts  linear  eylimlric,  5"   1  j"  louj!;  bristles  as  lonj;  as  the  broadly  obovate  achene. 
shore  of  bake  Dntario;  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 


South 


12.    Scirpus  Torreyi  Ohiey. 
litilnish.     (  Kig.  620. ) 


II.    Scirpus  dlneyi  A.  Gray.     Ohiey's 
Htilnish.      (  Kig.  619. ) 

S<  ii  ftiis  OliKvi  A.  C.rav,   Host.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  5:  2^8. 

Similar  to  the  preceeding  species,  perennial  by  lonfj 
stout  rootstocks,  culms  stout,  shaqtly  3-angled  with 
concave  sides,  2°--°  tall.  Ianivcs  1-,^,  i'-,s'  long, 
or  sheaths  .sometimes  leafless;  spikelets  capitate  in 
dense  clusters  of  5-12,  oblong  or  ovoid-oblong,  ob- 
tuse, 2  '.'"4"  long,  the  s(ditary  involueral  leaf  short, 
stout,  erect,  .' 2 '~ i '+' '  long ;  scales  oval  or  orbicular, 
dark  brown  with  a  green  midvein,  emargin;»te  or  inu- 
croiiulate,  glabrous;  bri.stles  usually  6,  slightly  shorter 
than  or  e(|ualling  the  achene,  downwardly  barbed; 
stamens  2-3;  style  2-cleft;  achene  obovate,  jilano- 
convex,  brown,  mucronate. 

In  salt  marshes.  Klmde  Island  tn  I'lorida,  Texas, 
Mexico  and  California,  exlendinjf  north  alonjf  the  Pacific 
Coast  to  Oregon.     .\lso  in  .Arkansas.     June-Sept. 

lorrev  s 


St  ii  fills  Tun  i\i  Ohiey,  I'roc.  Providence   I'rank.  Soc. 
I:  32.       1S47. 

Perennial  by  short  or  slender  rootstocks,  culms 
sharjily  3-angled,  rather  slender,  nodulose,  2°-4° 
tall.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  elongated,  nodulose, 
light  green,  sometimes  overtoi)])ing  the  culm; 
spikelets  1-4,  in  an  a])])arently  lateral  ca])itate  clus- 
ter, oblong,  narrowed  at  each  end,  5" -S"  long; 
involueral  le.-if  2'-6'  long,  erect;  .scales  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  shining,  che.stnut-brown,  glabrous, 
obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  mucronulate;  bristles 
aI)ont  6,  downwardly  barbed,  longer  tlian  the 
achene;  stamens  y,  style  ,v^"left;  achene  obovoid, 
smooth,  shining,  light  brown,  ^-.ingled,  one  of  its 
sides  broader  and  flatter  than  the  others. 

In  swamps,  Vermont  to  Rhode  !:.land  and  IVi'iisyl- 
una,  west  to  Minnesota  and  Manitoba.     Jidy-Sept! 


J. 


0 


366 


111 

I? 


cvi'i;r.\ci;ai:. 

13.  Scirpus  mucronatus  I,.    ]Ut^  lUilrusli. 

(  I*'i^.  621.  I 

S(i>/iif,  iiiiit  Kuiti/ns  I,.  Sp,  I'l,  ,sii,      t~.\\- 

IVri'iiiiiiil,  I'ulliis  stout,  soiiifwlial  tiifttMl,  sharply 

;i-aii>;U'(l,  siiioolli,    1° -t,"  tall.     S])iki'k'ts  ^   \2  in  a 

i-apitati'    I'luslir,    iihlDiij;,    ohtuso,    inaiiy-lloworftl, 

4"  9"  loiij^,  ratlar  more  than  1"  in  diaint'tiT,  snh- 

ti-nded  hy  the  solitary  linear  al)rn])tly  si)reailinK  '"- 

viilui'ral    leaf;   scales   hroaillx'  ovate,  olilnse,    lijchi 

l>ro\\n  with   a   narrow  j^reeti   niiilvein,  nnieroiiate; 

bristles  6,  stout,  rijjid,  downwanlly  liarhed,  as  lonn 

as  the  aelieue;  stamens,^;  style  3-eleft;  aehene  oti- 

ovoid,  smooth,  shining,  dark  hrowu,  ,;-au){led,  two 

of  the  sides   narrower  and  more  eonvex  than  the 

third. 

In  a  swam))  in  Delaware  inunty,  I'einisylvania 
I'mliahlv  adveiitive  or  fujcitive  fmiu  iMirope.  Widely 
dislrihu'led  in  the  Old  World.     July  Sept. 

14.    Scirpus  cylindricus  ( Torr. )  Urittoii.     Caiil)y".s  Htilrusli.     (  Imj;.  622. ) 

.S'</;/)//.v   mniiliiiiiis   var.   1  vliiidi  n  lis  Tiirr.    .\un. 

I,ve.  N.  Y.  3:  T,iS-      iS,l6. 
Siiif>iis  l,'t>li>lifis  Cliapni.  I'l.  S.  States,  5211.      iSim. 
.Siii/iiis  Ciiii/ili  .\.  ('.ray,  .\in.  Journ.  Sei.  dl.i  38: 

2Sc|.        1H64." 

S<  II  pii.ui/iitdiii  US  l^riliim,  Trans.  N.  Y.  .\cad.  Sei. 
II:  70.      iStyi. 

IVrennial  hy  stout  rootstoeks,  eulm  stout, 
shaqdy  ^-an^led  above,  3°-6°  hinh,  the  linear 
nodulose  keeled  and  ehanneled  dark  ^rt'C" 
leaves  nearly  or  (|uite  as  lonjj;.  Involueral  leaf 
solitary,  4'-io'  long,  erect;  spikelets  in  an  a))i)a- 
rently  lateral  simple  or  compound  uinhel,  drooj)- 
iiig,  ohlong-cylindric,  acutish,  6"-lo"  long; 
primary  rays  of  the  uinhel  1  '-4'  long,  braeted 
by  I  or  more  subulate-linear  leaves;  scales  ovate 
or  ovato-lanccolate,  pale  brown  with  searious 
margins,  acute,  mucronulate;  bristles  6,  .stout, 
rigid,  about  as  long  a.s  the  achene,  serrate;  sta- 
mens 3;  styles-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  ,^-angled, 
light  brown,  smooth,  abiuptly  subulate-pointed. 

In  ponds  iind  swamps,  Maryland  to  Florida  and  Louisiana,  iiiostly  near  the  coast.     July-Sept. 

Scirpus  lacustris  L.     Great  Hiilru.sh.     Mat-rush.     ( iMg.  623. ) 

Siir/>tis/(i(iis/ris  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  4.>>.      ij.s,^. 
Scii pus  :ii/i(/iis  Yalil,  Ivmini.  2:  26S.      iSofi. 

rerennial  by  stout  rootstoeks,  culm  stout,  terete, 
smooth,  erect,  t,° -g°  tall,  sometimes  nearly  i'  in  di- 
ameter, sheathed  below,  the  up])er  .sheath  occa.sion- 
ally  extended  into  a  short  leaf.  Involueral  leaf  soli- 
tary, erect,  shorter  than  the  umbel,  appearing  as  if 
continuing  the  culm;  umbel  compound,  appearing 
lateral,  its  primary  rays  slender,  sprea<ling,  i'-4' 
long,  bracts  Hnear-laiice<date,  .searious;  spikelets  ob- 
long-conic, becoming  oblong-cylindric,  sessile  or  .some 
of  them  pedunded,  in  capitate  clusters  of  1-5,  obtuse 
or  acute,  2!i"->S"  long,  1 'j"-2"  in  diameter;  scales 
ovate  or  oblong,  with  a  rather  strong  midvein  which 
is  sometimes  excurrent  into  a  short  tip;  bri.stles  4-6, 
downwardly  barbed,  equalling  or  longer  than  the 
achene  ;  stamens  3  ;  stjde  2-eleft;  achene  plano-con- 
^\    vex,  obovate,  gray,  abruptly  mucronate,  dull. 

In  ponds  and  swamps,  throughout  North  America.     Also  in  the  Old  World.     June-Sept 


Si;i)C.M   I'AMII.V. 


.'67 


i6.    Scirpus  Californicus  i  C.  A.  Mcytr 

I  I'in.  <^^-\.  ) 

/.t\l)ii\f>,'i  iniitii    ('iilifi'i  nil  mil    C     A.    Mivir.    Mi  111 

Ac-iul.  St.  IVUrsl).  iV.)  I:  Jni.     />/.  j.       iS(i. 
Stiif>ii\  Tiiliiin  KlliUli,  Ivliuni.  2:  iMi.       iSi7. 
.Siii/)iiK  I'lili/oi  iii(  i(\   Iliittciii,  'I'laiis.  N.  Y   AiMil.  Sii. 

ii;;').      iSKyi. 

I'lTi'iiiiial,  similar  l<i  llu'  iiu-ii'diiij,'  -.jiicivs,  \.\\v 
leavi's  riMliiiHil  to  lia^al  sluallis.  liivuliiiTal  leal 
viTv  sliort,  .sloiitly  suluilati',  imiliil  ('(itiipouiKl; 
spikt'U'ts  y  5"  loiiK.  acuU',  jh'iIuikKmI  nr  siniii.'  of 
tlu'iii  sessile;  scales  hrowii,  ovate,  awn-])(iiiitiil  liy 
tile  exeiirrenl  iiiiilveiii;  liristles  sliorter  tliaii  or 
e(|ualliii);  tile  aelieiie,  sliiin-])limiiisc  below;  sta- 
mens 2  y,  style  2-eleft;  aelieiie  oliovate,  ])laiiu-i'oii- 
vex,  nearly  white,  narrowed  ahove  into  a  sliort 
point,  contracted  at  the  l);ise,  its  snrfaee  (inely  eil- 
lular-rt'lienlated. 

In  swamps.  I'Mnrida  to  I.nuisian.i,  New  Mexicoand 
California,  and  widely  distritiutiil  in  tropiial  Anurici. 
Niil  certainly  known  within  imrarca.     June  Ann. 


)  Hrittoii,     California  lliilrtisli. 


17.    Scirpus  rufus  (  Iltids.  )  Schrad.     Red  Chihrush.     ( iMg.  625. 


Si /ill,  II  IIS  Ill/IIS  Muds.  I'l.  .\nul.  I'A.  1.  l,'5.       177^- 
.Si  ir/>iis  iii/iis  .Schrad.  V\.  C.erni.  1:  i.U-      tX^d. 

I'ereniiial  by  slender  rootstocks,  culms  t\ifled, 
smooth,  slencler,  erect,  somewhat  compressed,  t,'-- 
i.t'  tall.  I.eavi's  half-terete,  sm<'<)th,  shorter  than 
the  culm,  channeled,  '_•'  3'  lonj.;,  less  than  l' 
wide,  the  lowest  reduced  to  i>ladeless  sheaths; 
s])ikelets  red-hrown,  few-llowered,  narrowly  ovoid- 
ohlonjr,  subacute,  about  y  loiij;.  erect  in  a  termi- 
nal 2-rankeil  sjiike  '.'  1'  lonj;;  involucral  leaf  soli- 
tary, erect,  narrowly  linear,  eiiuallinfi;  or  lon>.;er 
than  the  spike;  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  i-nerveil; 
bristles  ;,-6,  upwardly  barbeil,  shorter  than  the 
achene,  <leciduons;  stamens  3;  style  2-ck'ft;  achene 
oblonj;,  ])ointed  at  both  ends,  light  brown,  plano- 
convex or  slightly  angled  in  front,  i  '  j"  2"  long. 

In  niarslies,  New  hrunswick  and  <  )uet>ectotlie  Nurtli- 
west  Territory.     Also  in  northern  Ivuropc.     Summer. 


18.    Scirpus  campestris  HrittDii.     Prairie  Hulni.sh 


rereiinial  by  slender  rootstocks,  culm  slender, 
smooth,  shar])ly  triangular,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves 
usually  ])ale  green,  snu>otli,  shorter  than  or  over- 
topjiing  the  culm,  i"-2"  wide,  those  of  the  in\-o- 
lucre  2  or  ;,,  the  longer  much  exceeding  the  inllor- 
e.seiiice;  spikelets  ,^  10  in  a  dense  terminal  sim])le 
head,  oblong-cylindric,  mostly  acute,  .S"-i2"  long, 
2'i"-.\"  in  diameter;  scales  ovate,  membranous, 
puberiilent  or  glabrous,  pale  brown,  2-toothed  at 
the  apex,  the  miilvein  excnrrent  into  an  ascending 
or  spreading  awn  ;d)out  1"  long;  bristles  1-^,  much 
shorter  than  the  achene  or  none;  style  2-eleft 
(.sometimes  vedeft?);  achene  lenticular,  obovate  or 
oblong-ovate,  mucronulate,  yellow-brown,  its  sur- 
face strongly  cellular-retieidiited. 

On  wet  prairies  and  plains,  Manitoba  and  Minnesota 
to  Nebraska,  Kans.ns  and  Mexico,  west  to  Nevada. 
May-Aiig. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14SB0 

(716)  872-4S03 


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19.    Scirpus  robustus  Pursh.     Salt  Marsh  Bulrush.     (Fig.  627.) 

Siir^K.s  I  iihiisliis  rursli.  I'l.  Am,  .Sept.  56.      1S14. 
S<i'/>ns    villi  i/iiiiiis  v:ir.    iiituiDstacliyiis   Michx.    I'M. 
lior.  .\iii.  i:  ,^2.      iNi.v     Not  .S'.  iiiiu'iiis/iiiliiiis  Lain. 

Pcienuial  by  larj^e  rootstocks,  culm  stout,  stilT, 
.sharply  ;i-aiigled  with  flat  sides,  smooth,  2°-^° 
tall.  Leaves  ctiualliiij^  or  overtoppinj.;  the  culm, 
dark  green,  smooth,  2^2"-^"  wide,  the  midvciii 
prominent;  involucr'd  leaves  2-4,  elongated,  erect, 
similar  to  those  of  ihc  culm,  often  i'  long;  spike- 
lets  ovoid-ohlong,  obtusa  or  subacute,  .stout,  IS"-!  2" 
long,  4"-5"  in  diameter,  6-20  together  in  a  dense 
often  compound  terminal  cluster;  scales  ovate, 
brown,  pubcrnlent,  thiu,  lacerate  or  2-toothcd  at 
the  apex,  the  niidvein  cxcurrent  into  an,  at  length, 
reflexed  awn  l^2'"-2 '2"  long;  bristles  1-6,  fragile, 
shorter  than  the  achenc  or  none;  stamens  3;  style 
,Vcleft;  achene  compressed,  very  flat  on  the  face, 
convex  or  with  low  ridge  on  the  back,  obovate- 
orbicular,  dark  brown,  shining,  i,'X"long. 

In  salt  marshes,  Xova  .Scotia  to  Texas.     July-Ocl. 

20.    Scirpus  fluviatilis  (Torr.)  A.  Gray.     River  Hulrush.     (  Fig.  628.  ) 

Scir/i/is  111(11  iliiiiiis  var.  IlKviiililis  Torr.   .\nn.   I,vc.   X. 

Y.3::,24.      isy., 
Siiif>iisj!i(vnililis.\.  Ciray,  Man.  .527.      i.sjg. 

Perennial  by  large  rootstocks,  culm  stout,  sinootli, 
sharply  triangular  with  nearlj-  flat  sides,  j°-6°  tall. 
Leaves  ^"-^"  wide,  smooth,  equalling  or  overtopping 
the  culm,  attenuate  to  a  very  long  tip,  the  niidvein 
prominent;  those  of  the  involucre  ,^-5,  erect  or  spread- 
ing, some  of  them  s'-io'  long;  spikelets  in  a  terminal 
umbel,  solitary,  or  2-3  together  at  the  ends  of  its  long 
spreading  or  drooping  rays,  or  the  central  spikelets 
sessile,  oblong-cylindric,  acute,  .S"-i2"  long,  about 
3,'2''  in  diameter;  scales  ovate,  scarious,  pubcrnlent, 
the  midvein  cxcurrent  into  a  curved  awn  i'2'"-2" 
long;  bristles  6,  rigid,  downwardly  barbed,  about  as 
long  as  the  achene;  style  3-cleft;  achene  sharply 
3-angled,  obovoid,  rather  dull,  short-iiointed,  2"  long. 

In  shallow  water  aloiis  lakes  and  slriams,  (Juibrc  to 
Minnesota,  New  Jersey,  Illinois  and  Kansas.     June  -.Sept. 

21.    Scirpus  sylvaticus  L.     Wood  Huhush.     (Fig.  62e_).) 

Siirfiiis  sylvii/i(  ii}i  \,.  ,Sp.  I'l.  ,si.       i^.S.V 

Perennial   by  long  rootstocks,  culm  triangular, 

stout,  smooth,  4°-6°  tall,  often  overtopped  by  the 

upper  leaves.     Leaves  flat,  ,s"-S"  wide,  rough  on 

the  margins,  more  or  less  rngulose,  the  midvein 

prominent,  those  of  the  involucre  ,s-S,  the  larger 

similar  to  those  of  the  culm  and  often  1°  long  or 

more;    umbel  terminal,   very   large,   soinctinics  S' 

broad,  aliout  ^  times  compound,  the  spikelets  ovoid 

or  ovoid-oblong,  mostly  acute,   \'i"-2]2"   long, 

borne  in  capitate  clusters  of  2-8  at  the  ends  of  the 

raylets;  bractlets  of  the  involucels  small,  scarious. 

linear  or  lanceolate;   scales  ovatc-oblong,  obtuse, 

brown  with  a  green  centre;  bristles  6,  downwardly 

barbed,  slightly  exceeding  the  achene;  stamens  3; 

style    3-cleft;    achene    oblong,    3-angled,   obtuse, 

nearly  white,  mucronulatc,  not  shining. 

In  s\vami)s,  Massachusetts  to  North  Carolina.  .\lso 
in  Unrope.     June-.\un. 


SKDGK  FAMILY. 


269 


22.    Scirpus  atrovirens  Muhl. 

Siir/ii/.s  alio-'iicns  Miilil.  Cniin.   l.'^.       1S17. 

Perennial  by  slender  roolstocks,  culms  triangu- 
lar, rather  slender,  leafy,  2°-4°  high.  Leaves 
elongated,  nodulose,  rough  on  the  margins,  dark 
green,  ,^"-6"  wide,  one  or  two  of  them  usually  ex- 
ceeding the  inflorescence;  umbel  1-2-conipound  or 
simple;  spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  acute,  denselvcaj)i- 
tate  in  6's-2o's  at  the  ends  of  the  rays  or  raylets; 
involucels  short;  scales  greenish-brown,  oblong, 
acute,  the  niidvcin  excurrent;  bristles  usually  6, 
downwardly  barbed  above,  naked  below,  about  as 
long  as  the  achene;  stamens  y,  style  3-cleft;  aclicne 
oblong-obovoid,  3-angled,  pale  brown,  dull. 

In  swamps,  Xciva  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  south  to  (Geor- 
gia and  Louisiana.     June  .Viif;. 

Scirpus  atrovirens  palUdus  lirillon,  Trans.  X.  Y.  .\cad. 
Sci.  9:  14.      1SS9. 
Whole  plant  pale  Rrccn;  scales  awned;  spikelets  ol)- 
loUK-cyliudric,  very  numerous  in  the  capitate  clusters. 
Slinnesuta  to  the  XmlMwest  Territory  and  Colorado. 


Dark  green  Hulni.sli 


23.    Scirpus  microcarpus  Prcsl.      Sniall- 
fruited  Bulrush.      (Fig.  631.) 

Siiipiis  iiiirrotni/>tix  Presl,  Kel.  Haenk.  i:  19,5.      1S2S, 
Srirfiiis  sv!:'aliciis  var.  dii;yiiiis  Hocckl,  I.iuuaea,  36: 

727.       i,S7o. 

Perennial,  the  culms  .•5°-,^°  tall,  often  stout, 
overtopped  by  the  rough-margined  leaves.  Longer 
leaves  of  the  involucre  usually  exceeding  the  inflor- 
escence; spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  acute,  I'/i"-!" 
long,  3-25  together  in  capitate  clusters  at  the  ends 
of  the  usually  .spreading  ra}lcts;  scales  brown  with 
a  green  midvcin,  blunt  or  subacute;  bristles  4, 
barbed  downwardly  nearly  or  (piitc  to  the  base, 
somewhat  longer  than  the  achene;  stamens  2;  style 
2-cleft;  achene  oblong-obovate,  nearly  white,  plano- 
convex or  with  a  low  ridge  on  the  back,  pointed. 

In  swauips  and  wet  woods,  Xova  Scotia  to  (jucbcc 
and  .-\laska.  sotitli  to  Xcw  HauipsMirc,  nc.rthcni  Xcw 
York,  Minnesota,  Nevada  and  California.     July-.Scpt. 


24.    Scirpus  polyphyllus  Valil 

Si  i rf>iis  f>olyf>liyll IIS  \i\\\\,  pjiuni.  2:  274.      iScio. 

Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks,  culms  slender, 
sharply  triangular,  i|4°-4°  tall,  very  leafy,  the 
leaves  2"-3"  wide,  exactly  3-ranked,  inconspicu- 
ously nodulose,  rough-margined,  the  upper  rarely 
overtopping  the  culm;  leaves  of  the  involucre  3-6, 
the  longer  commonly  somewhat  exceeding  the  in- 
florescence; umliel  more  or  less  compound;  spike- 
lets ovoid,  about  lYz"  long,  capitate  in  3's-io's  at 
the  ends  of  the  raylets;  scales  ovate,  bright  brown, 
mostly  obtu.se,  mucronulate;  bristles  6,  flexuous  or 
twice  bent,  downwardly  barbed  above  the  middle, 
twice  as  long  as  the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  3- 
cleft;  achene  ot)ovoid,  3-angled  with  a  broad  face 
and  narrower  sides,  short-pointed,  dull. 

In  swamps,  wet  woods  and  meadows,  Massachusetts 
to  Miiniesota.  south  to  Alabama  and  .\rkansas.  .Some 
of  the  .scales  of  the  spikelets  occisioually  dc  vdop  itUo 
linear  leaves.    July-Sept. 


Leafv  Bulrush. 


70 


CVPHRACI'lAI';. 


25.    Scirpus  Peckii   liritton.      Pock's  Hul- 
rush.     (Fig.  633.  j 

St  h  fills  I'likii  liriltoii,  Trans.  X.  V.  Acail.  Sci.  11:  S2. 
1S92. 

Perennial  by  rootstocks,  culms  slender,  trian- 
gular, i'4°-i'A°  lall,  leafy.  Leaves  eloufjated, 
2"-5"  wide,  rough-margined,  the  upper  overtop- 
j)ing  the  culm,  tliose  of  the  involucre  3-5,  the 
longer  of  thcni  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  umbel 
i-2-conipound,  large;  spikelets  cylindric,  obtusish, 
.i"-,s"  louR.  iu  capitate  clusters  of  2-10  at  the  ends 
of  the  raylets  or  some  of  them  distinctly  pedun- 
cled;  scales  dark  brown,  keeled,  mucronate,  falling 
early;  bristles  4-6,  downwardly  barbed  from  be- 
low the  middle  to  the  summit,  longer  than  the 
achcne;  style  3-cleft;  achene  3-anglcd,  '4"  long, 
oblong,  narrowed  at  each  end,  slender-beaked. 

In  swanijis,  Connecticut  and  New  Viirk.     July  Sept. 


26.    Scirpus  divaricatus  V.W.     Spreading  lUilni.sh.     (Fig.  634.) 


Siirpii^  ili-.uii  idling  ICll.  Dot.  S.  C.  &  C.a,  i:NS.     />/.  _'. 
./:  ,/.      1S16. 

Perennial  (?).  Roots  fd)rous,  cidms  obtusely 
triangular,  smooth,  rather  slender,  2}i°-4°  tall. 
Leaves  2"-4"  wide,  rough-margined,  the  upper 
and  those  of  the  involucre  not  exceeding  the  in- 
lloresccnce;  umbel  decompound,  the  primary  rays 
very  slender,  sometimes  6'  long,  widely  spreading 
or  drooping;  raylets  filiform;  involucels  setaceous; 
spikelets  mostly  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  raylets, 
sessile  or  pedunclcd,  linear-oblong  obtuse,  3"-6" 
long,  '2"  thick;  scales  ovate,  greenish-brown,  sub- 
acute or  obtuse,  with  a  prominent  midvein  and 
scarious  margins;  bristles  6,  flcxuous,  longer  than 
the  acheiie,  somewhat  pubescent,  not  barbed, 
shorter  than  the  scales;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  sharply  3-angled,  oblong,  narrowed  at  both 
ends,  apiculate,  nearly  white,  not  shining. 


In 
parti; 


swiunps 
illy  (levi 


Kentucky  to  Missotui, 
lop  iiUo  tufts  of  leaves. 


south  to   I-"li 
June  Awii. 


riilii 


spikelets  sonietiiues 


Scirpus  lineatus  Miclix.     Rt-ddish  Bulrush.     (Kig.  635.) 

St  II pus  /iiiiii/tis  Miclix.  I'M.  Hor.  \\v.    1.^,2.      1S03. 

Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks,  culms  rather 
slender,  triangular,  erect,  1°-^°  high,  leafy,  the 
upper  leaves  and  those  of  the  involucre  not  exceed- 
ing the  inflorescence.  lA'aves  2"-4"  wide,  light 
green,  flat,  rough-margined;  umbels  terminal  and 
commonly  also  axillary,  decompound,  the  rays 
very  slender,  becoming  peudulous;  spikelets  mostly 
solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  slender  raylets,  oblong, 
obtuse,  3"-,s"  long,  about  1"  in  diameter;  scales 
ovate  or  oblong,  reddish-brown  with  a  green  mid- 
vein,  their  tips  slightly  spreading;  bristles  6, 
weak,  smooth,  entangled,  much  longer  than  the 
achene,  ecpudling  the  scales  or  slightly  protruded 
beyond  them  at  maturity;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  oblong  or  oblong-obovoid,  pale  brown,  nar- 
rowed at  both  ends,  3-angled,  short-beaked. 
\  In  swiunps  and  wet  meadows,  Ontario  to  I'leorgia, 

west  tu  Oregon  and  Texas.     June-.Sept. 


im 


vSEOOE   I'AMILY. 


271 


28.    Scirpus  cyperinus  (  L.  )  Kunth.     Wool-grass.     (  Kig.  636.  ) 

JCiiof>h('iii»i  cypii  ilium  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  Ivtl.  2,  77.      1762. 
S.ii  pus  i\pciiiiiis  Kuiith.  luiiim.  2:  170.       I><,V- 
ScirpHS  I'.t  ioplionim  var.  ivpfi  inns  A.  (".ray.  Man.  liil. 
2.  SOI.      1S56. 

Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks,  culms  stout  or  slen- 
der, smooth,  obtusely  trianj^ular  or  neatly  terete, 
stiff,  leafy,  2°-6°  t?  11.  Leaves  elongated,  a'-'-j"  wide, 
rough-margined,  the  upper  often  overtopping  the 
culm,  those  of  the  involucre  3-6,  the  longer  much  ex- 
ceeding the  inllorescence;  umbel  terminal,  com- 
pound, the  rays  at  length  somewhat  drooping;  spike- 
lets  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  I '2'''-2'2"  long,  in  capitate 
clusters  of  3-15  at  the  ends  of  the  raylets;  scales  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  acute  or  subni-utc;  bristles6,  entangled, 
smooth,  much  longer  than  the  achcne,  much  exserted 
beyond  the  scales  and  grayish-brown  at  maturity; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled,  oblong, 
slender-beaked,  nearly  white. 

In  swamps.  Newfoundland  to  Ontario.  Virginia  and 
Kentucky.     AuR.-Scpt. 

Scirpus  cyperinus  Eriophorum  ( Miclix.  )  Uritton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  .\cad.  Sci.  11;  82. 
Sciipiis  JCriopiioi  inn  Michx.  I'l.  lior.  .\in.  l:  33.       1803. 
El  ioplim  mil  cv pi' I  ill  II  III  var.  /at  inn  Wats.  M:  Coull.  in  .\.  Cray,  Man.  I'.d.  6.  ,>S2.       i.Scjo. 

.Spikck'ts  mostly  pedunckd.     KauRc  of  the  type,  but  exlendinj;  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

10.  ERIOPHORUM  h.  Sp.  PI.  52.  1753. 
Bog  sedges,  perennial  by  rootstocks,  the  culms  erect,  triangular  or  nearly  terete,  the 
leaves  linear,  or  i  or  2  of  the  upper  ones  reduced  to  bladelcss  sheaths.  Spikelets  terminal, 
solitary,  capitate  or  umbelled,  subtended  by  a  i -several-leaved  involucre,  or  naked.  Scales 
spirally  imbricated,  usually  all  fertile.  Klowers  perfect.  Periauth  of  6  or  numerous  filiform 
smooth  soft  bristles,  which  are  white  or  brown,  straight  or  crisped,  and  exserted  much 
beyond  the  scales  at  maturity.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  3-clcft.  Achene  3-angled,  oblong,  ellip- 
soid or  obovoid.     [Clreek,  signifying  wool-bearing,  referring  to  the  soft  bristles.] 

.\bout  10  species,  in  tlie  northern  heTuispliere.     Hesides  the  following,  one  occurs  in  .Maska. 
Spikelel  solitary;  involucral  leaf  short  or  none. 

liristles  only  6,  while,  crisped,  very  long.  i.   /■,'.  ii/piiiinii. 

Rristles  numerous,  .slraijjhl  or  sliKhtly  crisped, 
liristles  briglit  while. 

Culm  with  2  inflateil  bladeless  slieallis;  achene  obovoid,  obtuse.       1.   /•-'.  -affinaliim. 
Only  the  upper  sheath  bladeless,  or  all  blade-beariutf;  achene  lincir-oblong,  acute. 


I.Sy2. 


A'.  Silituilizeri. 
IC.  iiisscolinii. 


liristles  reddish  brown. 
Si)ikclcts  several,  umbellate  or  capitate;  involucre  i-(-kave(l. 

.\chene  ol)ovoi<l,  obtuse;  spikelets  umbellate.  5.  E.  polyslachyon. 

.\eliene  linear oblong,  acute;  spikelets  eai)itale  or  some  of  them  i>edunck'd. 

Leaves  clianueleil;  bristles  4  6  times  as  long  as  the  scale,  briglit  white.  6.   JC.  gracile. 

Leaves  flat;  bristles  3  limes  as  hmg  as  the  scale,  brown  (  rarely  white).   7.   A".  I'iiginitinii. 

I.    Eriophorum  alpinum  L.     Alpine  Cotton-grass.     (Fig.  (')37.  ) 

I'.i  ioplioiinn  nlpiiiinii  I..  Sp.  I'l.  53.       1753. 

Perennial  by  short  rootstocks,  sending  up  numer- 
ous filiform  triangular  roughish  culms,  6'-io'  high. 
Leaves  subulate,  3"  10"  long,  triangular,  chan- 
neled, borne  very  near  the  base  of  the  culm,  the 
lower  sheaths  often  scarious  an<l  bladeless;  spikelet 
solitary,  terminal,  small,  erect;  involucral  bract  sub- 
ulate, mostly  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  sometimes 
wanting;  young  spikelet  ovoid-oblong,  subacute; 
scales  oblong  lanceolate,  yellowish-brown,  firm,  ob- 
tuse or  subacute,  the  midvein  slender;  bristles  6, 
white,  crisped,  4-7  times  as  long  as  the  scale;  achene 
narrowly  obo void-oblong,  brown,  apiculate,  dull. 

Ill  bogs  sind  on  high  inonntains,  Newfoundland  to 
Hudson  Uay  anil  the  Nortliwesl  Territory,  south  to  Ver- 
nuiTit,  northern  New  York  and  Minnesota.  .Vlso  iti 
ICurope  and  .Asia.     Sumnur. 


272  CVPHUACIvVIC. 

2.    Eriophorum  vaginatum  L.     Slicathcd  Cotton-jj^rass.      ( I'U^.  C-,t,s.  ) 

'"■I     '  /'nii/'/ioniiii  rai; iiia/inii  i„  S]i.  l'\.  =,j,       175;,, 

Ciihiis  tufted,  stiir,  obtusely  triaiii,'ular,  smooth, 
slender,  S'-if/  tall,  leafless,  except  at  the  base, 
bearing  two  distant  inflated  sheaths,  the  upper  one 
usually  aliove  the  middle.  lA-avcs  stiff,  fdifonn, 
triangular,  channi'led,  slijrhtl y  rough,  shorter  than 
or  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm;  involucral 
leaf  wanting;  spikelet  solitary,  ovoid,  erect;  scales 
ovatedanccolate  or  the  lowest  lanceolate,  .icund- 
n.'ite,  purple-brown,  thin;  bristles  numerous,  white, 
straight,  glossy,  4-5  times  as  long  as  the  scale;  an- 
thers linear;  achene  obovoid,  obtuse,  brown,  dull, 
nnnutelx-  apiculate. 

In  buys,  Xi  \vriiini(11.-ni(l  to  .Maska,  south  to  Mas- 
SMclinsttls.  rmiisyhiuiia  and  Miniusola.  Also  in 
nnrllurn  lCiU(i])e  .md  .\sia.     Jimc -Auk. 


3.   Eriophorum  Scheuchzeri  Hoppj.    ScIieiicli/.er'.sCDttoii-Krass.    (  Kij;-.  639.  ) 


/Criiip//,iniii:   Si  //i!ii  //:ri !   Uit\i\ii\  TasclKiil).   1800:    m). 

I  .^c « 1. 

J-'.i  ii'pln>niiii  ,iipiliihii»   Host,  ("iram.  .\ust.  i:  \><.    />/.  ,•,'''. 
1.S01. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  hut  the  sheaths  all 
bladediearing  or  only  the  upper  one  bladeless,  culms 
slender,  smooth,  nearly  terete,  i()'-2o'  tall.  Leaves 
filiform,  channeled,  usually  nmch  shorter  than  tlie 
culm;  spikelet  solitary,  ternnnal,  erect;  involucre 
none;  .scales  ovatedanccolate,  long-acununatc,  pur- 
ple-brown, mendirauous;  bri.stles  numerous,  white 
or  slightly  yellowish,  weak,  nearly  straight,  4-5, 
times  as  long  as  the  scale;  "anthers  cordate-ovate;" 
achene  narrowly  ol)long,  acute,  brown,  dnll,  subu- 
late-beaked. 

In  bdjfs.  Newi'ciundlaiid  and  Labrador  to  Mauituba. 
Alaska  iiid  Orcifiui.     .\lsii  in  Iviniipt-.     .Sunnner. 


4.  Eriophorum  russeolum  Fries.      Rii.ssft  Cotton- j,n-as>.     (  Fijj.  640. 


ICi idplioniiii  iiissiii/inii  I'rirs,  Xnvit.  Maiit.  3:  67.      1S42. 

Culms  solitary  or  little  tufted,  triangular,  erect, 
smooth,  S'-i8'  tall,  much  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Upper  sheath  inflated,  bladeless,  mucronate,  rarely 
with  a  short  subulate  blade,  usually  borne  below  the 
nnddle  of  the  culm;  leaves  fdifor  triangular-chan- 
neled, mucronate,  i'-4'long;  spikelet  solitary,  erect; 
involucre  none;  scales  ovate-lanceolate  acunnnate, 
thin,  purplish-brown  with  nearly  ..liitc  margins; 
bristles  numerous,  bright  rcddishdjrown,  3-5  times 
as  long  as  the  scaie;  achene  oblong,  narrowed  at  each 
end,  apiculate. 

.Scarcely  dilTers  from  the  precediuR  si)ecies  except  in 
tile  color  of  the  bristles  and  the  shorter  pointed  achene. 
In  hogs,  Newfoundland  to  (Quebec.    Juue-Aug. 


Hi, 

m 


SKDC.Iv  I-'AMILY. 


273 


5.    Eriophorum  polystachyon  L.     Tall  Coaon-grass.     (Fi^.  641.) 


/■'.I  iiifihtii mil  /^iilvslitiiiviiii  I„  S]).  I'l.  52.       I75.i- 

/\i  iiif'liiii mil  liUifoliiiiii  II()|))R',  TiiSflRiib,  180O:  in;,    ismi. 

Culm  stiff,  smooth,  obtusely  triangular  aliove, 
nearly  terete  below,  1  'i'';,"  tall,  all  tlie  sheaths  blade- 
bearing.  Leaves  flat,  roughish-margined,  i 'j"  4" 
wiile,  ta]H-ring  to  a  triangular  ehanncled  rigid  point, 
the  upper  shorter  than  or  rarely  overtopping  the 
culm,  tliose  of  the  involucre  2-4,  the  longer  commonly 
C(|ualling  or  exceeding  the  inllorescence;  s])ikelcts 
,^  12,  ovoid,  or  ()l)long,  clrooping,  in  a  terminal  simple 
or  more  or  less  compound  umbel;  rays  filiform,  smooth 
or  rough;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
purple-green  or  brown;  bristles  numerous,  bright 
white,  about  i'  long,  4-5  limes  as  long  as  the  scale; 
achenc  obovoid,  obtuse,  light  brown. 

Ill  Ifo^rs.  XcwTciiiiKlland  U>  Alaska,  snutli  to  Xcw  Jersey, 
C.idiK'ia  and  .Ncbra'-ka.     Alsu  in  ICurdjiL-  and  .\sia.     June- 


Ma. 


6.    Eriophorum  gracile  Kijcli. 


.Slender  C<)ttoii-L;rass. 

;  I, hill     Kdcli;     Kdtli 


/■'.I  iiifthorii III 

I N  K  I. 

i'.riiifiliKi  inn  / 1  ii/ii,  li  11  in    Ibi|i])i-.    Tascluiib.    1800: 

iStM. 

Culm  slender,  obtusely  triangular,  rough  on  the 
.ingles,  1^-2°  tall,  the  sheaths  all  blade-bearing. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear,  i"  wide  or  less,  triangular- 
channeled,  rough-margined,  the  upjier  not  overtop- 
ping the  culm;  involucral  leaf  commonly  only  1, 
stiff,  erect;  s])ikelcts  _v<'^.  capitate  or  subumbellate, 
the  longer  peduncled  ones  droopin.g;  scales  ovale  or 
oblong,  oblusc  or  suliacute,  greenish  brown,  the  mid- 
vein  rather  strong,  often  with  a  weaker  nerve  on 
each  side;  bristles  numerous,  bright  white,  ^^,"--12" 
long,  4  6  times  as  long  as  the  scale;  achenc  linear- 
oblong,  acute,  pointed. 

Ill  bojT'^,  -W  ufduiidlaiid  In  Iliidsoii  liay  ,i;iil  .Vlaska, 
sdUlli  Id  New  Jersey,  I'eiiiisyUauia  and  Missduri,  .\Kd 
ill  l-Uirope  and  .\sia.     June  .Sept. 


7.    Eriophorum  Virginicum  I^.     Virj,ntiia 
Cottoii-j^rass.     (  l-'i.t;-.  643.  ) 

l-'.iii>f'liiii  Hill   I  11  i;iiiii mil  ^,.  Sp.  I'l.  ,s,;.     17.S.V 

Culm  stilT,  rather  slender,  obtusely  triangular 
above,  terete  below,  smooth,  i'i°-.\°  tall,  rather 
leafy.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat,  i"-2'2"  wide, 
rough-margined,  .somewhat  channeled  toward  the 
apex,  the  u])i)er  often  overtopping  the  culm,  those 
of  the  involucre  2-4,  spreading  or  dellexcd,  2'-6' 
long,  1  or  2  of  them  much  longer  than  the  spikelcts; 
spikelcts  several  or  numerous  in  a  dense  terminal 
capitate  cluster  usually  broader  than  high,  erect  or 
the  outer  ones  spreading;  scales  ovate,  acute,  brown 
with  a  green  centre,  about  s-uerved;  bristles  numer- 
ous, dingy  brown,  about  ,^  times  as  long  as  the  scale; 
achene  linear-oblong,  acute,  apiculate,  light  brown. 

Ill  biiRs.  Newfoundland  to  Manitt)ba,  south  to  l'li)ri<la 
and  Ncbrask.i,     June-Sept. 

Eriophorum  Virginicum  album  .V.  Cray,  Man.  I'M.  ,s,  566 
llristles  whit...     Northern  New  York, 


18O7, 


T 


274 


CYPERACKAH. 


II.    FUIRENA  Rottb.  Descr.  cS:  Ic.  70.    />/.  iq.  f. 


^111- 


Perennial  sedj;es,  with  leafy  triangular  culms  (in  a  southern  species  the  leaves  reduced 
to  inflated  sheaths),  and  many-flowered  terete  spikelets  in  terminal  and  axillary  clusters,  or 
rarely  solitary.  vScales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  awned,  the  i  or  2  lower  commonly 
empty.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  3  ovate  oblon>{  or  cordate-ovate,  stalked,  often  awned 
sepals,  usually  alternating  with  as  many  downwardly  barbed  bristles.  Stamens  3.  vStylc  3- 
cleft,  not  swollen  at  the  base,  deciduous.  Achene  stalked  or  nearly  sessile,  sharply  3-angled, 
acute  or  mucronate,  smooth.     (In  honor  of  Cicorg  I'uiren,  15.S1-162S,  Danish  physician.) 

About  20  sj)Lciis,  natives  of  warm  tL'nipc  rale  and  tnipical  re(fii)ns.     lie  sides  tin-  following.  ■  or 


2  others  occur  in  the  soulhtrii  fnitcd  Slates. 
Sepals  awned  from  the  ape.x  or  awtilcss. 
Sepals  awned  on  the  buck  below  the  apex. 


/•".  si/Ktitriisa. 
/'".  simplf.v. 


I.    Fuirena  squarrosa  Miclix. 


vSquarrose  Fuiretia,     (  Fig.  644. ) 

I'liimia  sijiitirrosa  Mich.v.  Fl.  lior.  .\in.  i:  37. 

1803. 
J'liiiTiiii  .11/ II (I riosa  \",\v.  piimila  Torr.  1"1.  ('.  S. 
I- 68.       1824. 

Rootstock  short,  stout,  sometimes  tuber- 
bearing;  culms  tufted,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  2'-2°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  nearly  or  quite 
glabrous  or  the  lower  sheaths  pubescent; 
spikelets  sessile  and  i-io  together  in  ter- 
minal and  usually  also  lateral  capitate 
clusters,  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong,  acute  or 
obtuse,  3"-6"  long,  about  2>^"  in  dia- 
meter; scales  ovate  or  oblong,  brown, 
pubescent,  mostly  obtuse,  3-nerved,  tipped 
with  a  stout  spreading  or  recurved  awn  of 
nearly  their  ow'i  length;  sepals  oblong, 
long-stalked,  usually  narrowed  at  both 
ends,  tapering  into  a  slender  terminal 
downwardly  barbed  or  sometimes  smooth 
awn;  bristles  mostly  longer  than  the 
achene,  sometimes  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

Ill  wel  meadows  and  marslics,  llassachusells 
lo  I'loridiiaiul  Louisiana,  neiirllie  coasl.     .Mso 
in  Michigan  and  Nebraska.     July  -Scpl. 
Fuirena  squarrosa  hispida  i  V,\\.  1  Chapiii.  I'l.  S.  States,  514.      i8(ki. 

I'liiiriiti  /iis/>i(/,i  V.n.  Hot.  S.  C.  iV  C.a.  i:  S7i).      1821. 

Sheallis  and  leaves  hirsute:  sei):ils  ovale,  cordate  al  the  b.isc  or  abruptly  narrowed  into  the 

stalk,  awiilcss  or  verv  short  ,i\viie(l  at   llie  apex;  bristles  usually  shorter  than  or  etiualliiiK   the 

achene;  plant  usually  lallcr.     New  York  lo  I'lorida,  west  lo  Alabama  and  Texas,     Perhaps  a  dis- 

linct  si>ecies. 

2.    Fuirena  simplex  Vahl.    Western 
Fuirena.     'Fig.  645.) 

Fuirena  siiii{>li-A   Vahl,  ICiiuni.  2:  ,584.       1806. 
Fiiirciiii  .S(/iiairiisa  var.  tiri's/ii/a/d  Torr.   .Ann. 
I,yc,  N,  V,  3.  291.       1836, 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  root- 
stock  short,  thick;  culms  slender,  ^'-2°  tall, 
glabrous.  Leaves  flat,  glabrous  or  ciliate; 
scales  tipped  with  a  spreading  or  reflexed 
awn;  sepals  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  and  usually 
notched  at  the  apex,  obtuse,  truncate  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  longer  or  shorter  than 
their  stalks,  awned  on  the  back  from  below 
the  apex,  the  awn  varying  in  length,  smooth 
or  downwardly  barbed;  bristles  retrorsely 
hispid,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  sessile  or 
short-stalked  achene. 

In  moist  soil,  Kansas  to  Texas  .iiid  Mexico. 
June  Sept. 


SElJGIv    I'AMILV. 


275 


12.    HEMICARPHA  Xees  ^S:  Arn.  ICdiiib.  New  Phil.  Joiini.  17:  263.      1.S34. 

I<o\v  tufted  mostly  atimial  sedges,  with  erect  or  spreading;,  almost  filiform  culms  and 
leaves,  and  terete  small  terminal  capitate  or  solitary  spikclets  subtended  hy  a  1-3-lcaved  in- 
volucre. Scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  deciduous,  all  suhtendiu};  ])erfect  llowers. 
Perianth  of  a  single  hyaline  sepal  (hnict?)  between  the  (lower  and  the  racliis  of  the  spike- 
let;  bristles  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-cleft,  deciduous,  not  swollen  at  the  base,  .\chene 
oblong,  turgid  or  lenticular.     CC.reck,  in  alhision  to  the  single  sepal.) 

Abiiut  3  spicii'S,  natives  of  tfiupcrate  and  trnpical  ri^rions.  Hcsides  the  rdllnwinn.  lUlotlicr 
occurs  ill  the  soulluvcsttrii  I'liittil  .States.  The-  fjeiius  dilTirs  fniiii  Scii  /'ii-\.  with  wliicli  it  is  uiiilid 
l)y  SdiiU'  aullKits.  m.iinly  in  llu'  prisenci'  of  Uie  ptriaiilh  scak. 

I.    Hemicarpha    micrantha    (Vahl) 
Hrittoti.     Ileiuicarjiha.     ;  Fig.  646.  ) 

Si  i) /ills  nil,  11111//111S  Vahl.  ICiiuiii.  2:  254.      iSiifi. 
Ilciiiiini flia  iiihsqiiiiii osit  Necs,  ill  Xlalt.  I'M.  liras. 

2:  Part  I,  h\.       iS)2. 
Ilciiiicai film  iiiidttiillnt  liritlon,   bull.  Torr.  Club, 

15:  104.      ilSS.'i. 

Annual,  glabrous,  culms  densely  tufted,  com- 
pressed, grooved,  diffuse  or  ascending,  j'-5' 
long,  mostly  longer  than  the  setaceous  smooth 
leaves.  Spikelets  ovoid,  many-flowered,  ob- 
tuse, about  1"  long,  capitate  in  2's-.}'s  or  soli- 
tary; involucral  leaves  or  one  of  them  usually 
much  exceeding  the  spikelets;  scales  brown, 
obovate,  with  a  short  blunt  spreading  or  re- 
curved point;  sepal  inconspicuous;  stamen  i; 
acliene  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  mucronulatc, 
little  compressed,  light  brown,  its  surface  min- 
utely cellular-reticulated. 

In  moist,  sandy  soil.  Kliode  Island  In  IViiiisylvu 
nia,  Florida,  Texas  and  Mi:.\ico.     July-Sept. 

Hemicarpha  micrantha  aristulata  Covillc.   Hull. 

Torr.  Club.  21:  36.      1.S94, 
Scales  pale.  LUiiLatc-obovate,  tapering  into  scpiar- 
rose  awns  about  their  own  leiiKtli-     Kansas  to  Te.xas. 


13.    LIPOCARPHA  R 

I<ow  annual  sedges,  with  slend 
ered  spikelets  in  a  terminal  head, 
spirally  inibricated  all  around,  all 
ciduous.     I'lower.s  perfect.     Perian 
flower;   bristles   none.     Stamens    i 
Achene  plano-convex  or  3-angled. 

.-Vbout  7  specii  s.  widily  distribute 


Hr.  App.  Tiickey  I'*xp.  Congo,  459.  18 18. 
er  tufted  culms  leafy  at  the  base,  and  terete  many-ilow- 
subtended  by  a  i-several-Ieavcd  involucre.  Scales  firm, 
fertile  or  several  of  the  lower  ones  empty,  at  length  de- 
tli  of  two  small  sepals  (bracts?)  one  on  each  side  of  the 
-2.     Style   2-3-cleft,    deciduous,    its    base   not   swollen. 

(Greek,  alluding  to  the  thick  sepals  in  some  species.) 
d  in  warm  and  tropical  regions. 


^^iH    I-  Lipocarpha  maculata  (  Michx.  )  Torr. 
American  L,ipocarplia.     (Fig.  647.  ) 


Hor. 


Am.   I:   29. 
3:  2.S8. 


Kylliiigiii  iiiaiiilalii  Michx.   V\ 

iSo.v 
f.ipmai plia  iiiitciildia  Torr.  .\iin.  I.vc.  N.  V 

Annual,  glabrous,  roots  fibrous,  culms  tufted, 
grooved,  compressed,  smooth,  longer  tlniu  the 
narrowdy  linear  somewhat  channeled  leaves,  3'- 
10'  tall.  Leaves  of  the  involucre  2-4,  the  larger 
\'-S'  long;  spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  2)4"  - 
3"  long,  i"  in  diameter,  2-6  together  in  a  termi- 
nal capitate  cluster;  scales  rhombic  or  lanceo- 
late, acute  at  the  ajiex,  curved,  the  sides  nearly 
white,  or  flecked  with  reddish-brown  spots,  the 
midvein  green;  exterior  sepal  convolute  around 
the  achene,  nerved,  hyaline;  stamen  i;  achene 
oblong,  yellowish,  contracted  at  the  base. 

In  wel  or  moist  soil,  eastern  Virginia  to  Florida. 
.Msoiiear  l'hiladeli)liia.  where  it  is  probably  adveu- 
tive.     July-.Sept. 


cvri;R.\CH.\K. 


14.    RYNCHOSPORA  Valil,  Ivmiin.  2:  22.).       1806. 

Leafy  scdjjcs,  luoslly  pcrLMiiiial  by  rootstocks,  with  erect  ;,->'ingle(l  or  terete  luliiis,  nar- 
row flat  or  involute  leaves,  ami  ovoid  oblong  or  fusiform,  variously  clustered  spikelets. 
Scales  thin,  i-nerved,  imbricated  all  around,  usually  nnicronale  by  the  cxcnrrcnt  niidvcin, 
the  lower  empty,  fppcr  Mowers  imperfect,  the  lower  perfect,  rcriaiitli  of  1-20  (mostly  6) 
upwardly  or  downwardly  barbc<l  or  scabrous  bristles,  wantinj,'  in  some  species  (no.  2).  Sta- 
mens commonly  3.  Style  j-cleft,  2-tootlied  or  rarely  entire.  Achcne  lenticular  or  swollen, 
not  van^led,  smooth  or  transversely  wrinkled,  cippcd  by  the  pcrsi.stent  l)ase  of  the  style 
(tubercle),  or  in  some  species  by  the  whole  style.    |  t'.reek,  referring  to  the  beak-like  tubercle.  | 

.Vbnut  2.»i  Species,  iil'  wide  jticinraphic  dislrilnUidn,  ninst  idnnulanl  in  warm  rc.j;ii'ns.  besides 
till'  riiUciwinn.  siinu-  -■;  ollu  rs  uccnr  in  the  SDiitlurn  I'nited  States. 


Style  entire  or  i-tuntlKil,  persistent  as  a  Innvr  i'.\--iiled  subulate  beak. 
,Styk  lUiply  2  cleft,  only  its  base  persistent  as  a  tube  icle. 
HrislUs  minute  or  wanlinj;. 
lirislles  plmniise. 

lirislles  downwardly  barbed  or  nircly  sinootli, 
.Scales  wldtc  or  nearly  so;  bristles  i)-i,S. 
.Scales  brown;  bristles  o. 

I.iaves  rdil'orni;  aclienc  oblon^r. 

Leaves  narrowly  liniar.  flat:  acluiie  obovale, 

liristles  ecpiallin^r  the  acliene;  tnliercle  one  liiill'  as  lonn 
hristles  reach iiiK  or  exceeeUiiK  the  end  ol'  the  tubercle,  u  I 
,Si>ikelels  few-several  in  numerous  r.illier  loo^e  clus 
Spikelets  very  nunierons  in  j  »i  very  ditise  jflobos' 
Rristles  \ipw:n(lly  barbed. 

Spikelets  very  nninerous  in  2-6  very  dense  globose  luads. 
Spikelets  few-several  in  rather  loose  clusters. 
Achene  smooth. 

Leaves  setaceous;  achene  obovate'   shining. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear.  Hat;  acheni-  broadly  oval.  dull. 
Achene  transversely  wrinkled. 

Spikelets  ovoid,  in  erect  cyniose  clusters;  achene  lonu'i' 
Leaves  flat;  spikelets  nearly  or  ipiile  stssile. 
Leaves  involute;  spikelets  distinctly  pedicelled. 
Spikelets  spindle-shaped,  in  droopinjr  panicles;  aclune 


1.  A',  idi  iiiciilalti. 

2.  A',  pitlliilii. 

3.  A',  oligautha. 

4.  A',  alba. 

5.  A",  cafiilhuca. 

or  less.   6.  A'.  Knit skci  nil . 
uch  is  as  lonffastlu-  achene. 

ters.         7.  I\.  iilitniii  tiUi. 

heads,     s.  A',  axillaris. 

S.  A',  a  villa  I  IS. 


<i.   I\.  fiisca. 

10.  I\.  ^j^iai  ilnila. 

r  than  the  bristles. 

1 1.  A',  niiiiisa. 

13.   A'.    I'l)}  I  rvaiia. 

shorter  than  the  bristles. 

1,5.   A',  iiic  I  /laii.'ia. 


I.    Rynchospora  corniculata  (Lam.  )  A.  C.ray.     Honied  Rush.     (  Fit;.  648.  ) 

Sriiofiiti.':  ton/iiiilaliis  l,;un.'l':i)A.  ICncjcl.  i:  137.     1791. 
A'lniiiltii.^/tDra  loriiiiiihila  \.  (Vray.  .\'in.  Lye.  X.  V.  3: 

Culm  obtusely  triatigidar,  stout  or  rather  slender, 
smooth,  3°-7°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  broadly  linear, 
6'-iS'long,  ,''/'-S"  wide,  rough-margined;  umbels 
terminal  ami  axillary,  sometimes  1°  broad,  usuallj' 
compound;  spikelets  spindle-shaped,  4"-6"  long 
in  llower,  capitate  at  the  ends  of  the  rays  and  ray- 
lets;  primary  rays  slender,  sometimes  6'  long; 
scales  lanceolate,  thin,  acute,  light  brown;  bristles 
about  6,  subulate  or  filiform,  rigid,  upwardly 
scabrous,  shorter  than,  ecjualling  or  exceed- 
ing the  achene;  style  subulate,  entire  or  min- 
utely 2toothed  at  the  apex,  2-4  times  longer 
than  the  achene,  upwardly  scabrous,  yi'-i'  long, 
persistent  and  much  exserted  l)cyond  the  scales 
when  mature;  achene  obovate,  Hat  on  both  sides, 
2"  long,  dark  brown,  smooth,  its  surface  minutely 
cellular- reticulated. 

In  swamps.  Delaware  to  I'lorida.  west  to  Ohio.  Mis- 
souri and  Texas.     July-Sept. 


Rhynchospora  comiculata  macrostachya  (Torr.  )  Uritton,  Trans.  X.  V.  .\ead.  .Sci.  11:  S4.      i,Sg2. 

A'liyinliosfiora  ii/ai  ro.t/adn'a  Torr.  .\mi.  Lye.  X.  V.  3:  20^).      1835. 

Hristles  about  twice  as  louR  as  the  achene.     RatiKe  of  the  type,  hut  exteiidiiiK  north  to  Massa- 
chusetts and  Rhode  Island. 


SEnr.I'    FAMILY. 


277 


I'alc  Ikakc'd-nish.      (  I'ii^.  ^149.) 


Massii- 


2.    Rynchospora  pallida  M.  A.  Ciirli~ 

h'ln  ii(/i<i.\/tiiiii  /tdl/hhi  M.  A.  Curtis,  Am.  Jnurii.  Sci,  1  II,  1 
7:   (IK).       i,^t<), 

Root.stofks  slender,  ciilins  sliar])ly  triaiimilar,  1  •<"- 
2'i°  tall.  Leaves  ^"-i"  wide,  llaltisli,  nearly 
smooth,  the  lowest  reduced  to  niaiiy-ncrvcd  lanceo- 
late acunnnate  scales;  spikclets  numerous,  spindlc- 
sliapeil,  narrow,  2"-.^"  long,  aj,'j;ref;ated  in  a  com- 
j)onnd  convex  terminal  head,  or  occasionally  also  in 
a  liliforni-slalkcd  cluster  from  the  u])pcr  axil;  npjier- 
most  leaves  subulate,  little  exccedinj;  the  spikclets; 
scales  pale  Krecnish  brown,  lanceolate,  acuminate; 
bristles  minute  and  early  deciduous,  or  wanting; 
style  2-cIeft;  achcne  lenticular,  obovatc-oblonj,;, 
smooth,  brown,  somewhat  shining,  '2"  long,  tipped 
by  a  short  tubercle. 

In  pini'  barren  bcijjs.  Nt\v  Jirsiy  tn  NUrlli  Carulin.-i, 
3.  Rynchospora  oligantha  A.  C.ray.    Few-flowered  IJeaked-ni.sh.    (Kig.  650. ) 

l\'livinh(>s flora  oli^aiiHiii  .\.   Ovav.   \n\\.   I,yc,   X,   V,  3: 
312,       i.'^.is. 

Rootstocks  short,  culms  tufted,  almost  thread-like, 
leafy  only  toward  the  base,  6'- 16' tall.  Leaves  fdi- 
form,  resembling  and  shorter  than  the  culm  or  some- 
times etiualling  it;  spikclets  1-4,  terminal,  narrowly 
oblong,  acute,  ,^"-4"  long,  sessile  or  peduncled,  sub- 
tended by  I  or  2  filiform  bracts;  scales  ovate,  pale 
brown,  acute,  cuspidate;  bristles  usually  6,  densely 
plumose  below  the  middle,  upwardly  scabrous  above, 
e(|ualling  or  shorter  than  the  achene;  style  2-cleft; 
acbene  obovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  turgid-lenticular, 
pale  brown,  dull,  transversely  wrinkled;  tubercle 
with  a  flat  depressed  border  and  a  flattened  conic 
acute  central  projection  about  one  fifth  as  loug  as 
achene. 

Ill  wit  sandy  soil,  Dilawart-  to  I'lorida  and  Texas, 
luar  tlR-  coast,     JuiK-   .\ufr- 

4.    Rynchospora  alba  ( I<.  )  Vahl.     White  Beaked-rush.     (Fij^.  651 


S(lii<iiiiis  athiis  L,  Sp,  I'l,  .)4. 
A'tiu/idsfinni  ullhi  Vahl,  ICmiiii, 


2;  2.i(>,       iSciii, 


Tale  green,  rootstocks  short,  culms  slender  or 
almost  filiform,  glabrous,  6'  20'  tall.  Leaves  bris- 
tle-like, '+'"-,'2"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the 
lower  very  short;  spikclets  several  or  numerous,  in 
1-4  dense  corymbose  terminal  and  axillary  clusters, 
narrowly  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  2"-t,"  long; 
scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  white,  acute;  bris- 
tles 9-15,  downwardly  barbed,  slender,  about  as 
long  as  the  achene  and  tubercle:  style  2-cleft; 
achene  obovate-oblong,  smooth,  pale  brown,  lentic- 
ular; tubercle  triangular-subulate,  flat,  one-half  as 
long  as  the  achene. 

In  boifs.  N'ewfouiullaiid  to  .Maska,  south  to  l-Morida' 
Kentucky.  Minnesota  and  OrcRoii,  .\lso  in  iiorthcrii 
ICurope  and  Asia,     June-Ann:, 


278 
5- 


CYI'RRACEAK. 


Rynchospora  capillacea  Torr.     Cajnllary  Hfakcd-rush.     (  Fijj.  (152. ) 


l\'ln  iiiliiis/^iini  infiilliuiii  Torr.  Cunip.  11.      iH2(). 

Culms  filiforin,  tufted,  j^laljrous,  6'-2o'  tall. 
Leaves  filiform,  less  than  ,'4"  wide,  much  shorter 
than  the  euliti,  the  lower  very  short;  spikelcts  few, 
in  1-3  terminal  and  axillary  loose  clusters,  oblonR, 
acute  at  both  ends,  2"-},"  Ion),';  scales  ovate  ohloiijj, 
chestnut-brown,  keeled,  mucronatc;  bristles  6,  sKii- 
(Icr,  downwardly  barbed,  about  efiualliiiK  t)r  becom- 
ing; longer  than  the  achene  and  tubercle;  aclieue 
narrowly  oblonj;.  short-stalked,  light  brown,  mi- 
nutely wrinkled,  lenticular;  style  2-cleft;  tubercle 
comjiressed,  triangular-subulate,  dark  brown,  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  boKs,  Viriuonl  and  Ontario  ti)  Minmsota,  south 
Id  Ni  w  Jirscy,  Pennsylvania  and  MicliiKan.    Jidy  .\un. 

Rynchospora  capillacea  laeviseta  IC.  J.  Hill,  Am.  Nat. 
liristlis  snuMilh      Ndrlhtrii  Indiana  and  Michijran. 


1; 


6.  Rynchospora  Knieskernii  Carey.     Knie.s- 
keni's  Beaked-rush.    (  V\<^.  653.  ) 

Rhynilioapoia  A'iiitsi/iiiii]Cnri.y.  .\m.  Jonrn.  Sci.  (II.) 

4:  25.      1S47. 

Culms  slender,  tufted,  smooth,  S'-i8'  tall.  Leaves 
narrowly  linear,  flat,  about  '2"  wide,  much  shorter 
than  the  culm;  spikelets  numerous,  in  several  distant 
compact  clusters,  oblong,  acute,  about  i"  long; 
scales  chestnut-brown,  ovate;  bristles  6,  downwardly 
barbed,  equalling  the  achene;  achene  obovate,  lenticu- 
lar, brown,  minutely  wrinkled;  style  2-cleft;  tubercle 
triangular-subulate,  pale,  one-half  as  long  as  the 
achene  or  less  and  slightly' dccurrent  on  its  edges. 

Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virjfinia.     July  .\ng. 


7.  Rynchospora  glomerata  (1^. )  Vahl. 

Chistered  lieaked-rush.     (  Fig.  654. ) 

Sc/iorinis  ff/oinria/ii.':  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  4.4.      I75,V 
J^ymliDsfiiii a  i;toniei ijla  \ahl,  Ivnuni.  2:  2,^4.     1806. 

Rootstocks  slender,  culms  smooth,  triangular, 

slender  or  rather  stout,    I "-3°   high.     Leaves 

flat,  \"~2"  wide,  rough-margined,  shorter  than 

the  culm;  spikelets  several  or  numerous,  in  .^-7 

corymbose-capitate  axillary  rather  loose  clusters, 

oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  1^2 "-2"  long; 

scales  lanceolate,  rich  dark  brown;  bristles  6, 

downwardly  barbed,  longer  than  or  equalling  the 

achene  and  tubercle;  achene  obovate,  lenticular, 

smooth,  dark  brown;  tubercle  subulate,  about 

as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  moist  soil,  Maine  to  Ontario  and   Michigan, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.     July-Se])t. 

Rynchospora  glomerata  paniculata  (.X.'Gray)  Cliapni.  I'l.  .S.  .Slates,  528.  i860. 
Rhynchosfxira  fianinilala  .\.  (iray,  Ann.  I.yc.  N.  V.  3:  211.      1.8,1,5. 

Culm  stouter,  sometimes  4'; "  tall;  leaves  usually  wider;  spikelets  very  mimerous  in  compound 
clusters.     Maryland  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

Rynchospora  glomerata  minor  Ilritton.  Trans.  X.  V.  .\cad.  ,Sei.  ii:i)o.      1892. 
Culms  very  slender,  5-10'  tall;  leaves  'j"  wide  or  less;  clusters  2  or  ,5,  small,  with  3-10  spike- 
lets.    Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire. 

Rynchospora  glomerata  discutiens  Clarke;  Rritton,  Trans.  N.  V.  .Vead.  Sei.  11:  89.      1,892. 
Bristles  smooth,  or  barbed  at  the  apex  only      New  Jersey  to  North  Carolina. 


SlvDUH   1-AMII,V. 


279 


8.  Rynchospora  axillaris  (Lam.)  IJrit- 
tuii.    Cajntate  Heaked-rush.    (Fis.  655.  ) 

Stiweiiiis  axillaris  I.iiiii.  Ta1)l.  Ivtuycl.  i:  j  57.     171JI. 

Kli\iitii(isf>iiia  iiftlialaiillKi  A.  Cniv,  Ann.  I.vc.  \. 
\'.  3:  I-IS.       l.S,^,,, 


m,   Hull   Tnrr.  Clul), 


A'liyiii/iosfiiira  a  villa  lis  l!rilt( 
iS:  1(4.      iSSK. 

Culms  stout,  j-atiKled,  2° -4°  tall.  Leaves 
flat,  keeled,  i"  i'<"  wide;  spikelets  spindle- 
shaped,  2|i'"  3"  lony,  exceediuj^ly  numerous, 
in  several  short-peduncled  axillary  and  terminal 
very  dense  rIoIjosc  heads  sometimes  10"  in  di- 
ameter; scales  dark  brown,  nvate-ohlouK,  acute; 
bristles  usually  6,  longer  than  or  etiualling  the 
achenc  and  tubercle,  downwardly  or  upwardly 
barbed;  achene  broadly  obovate,  brown,  smooth, 
lenticular;  tubercle  subulate,  about  as  long  as 
the  achcue,  somewhat  decurrent  on  its  edges. 

Ill  s\vaiui)S,  I.oiitr  Island  tn  I'Morida  and  I.ouisi 
ana,  near  the  cmist.     July-Sept. 


Rynchospora  axillaris  microcephala  Hritton,  Tran 


Heads  only  4"  5"  in  diaiiuter:  spikelets  1' 
New  Jersey  to  I'liirida  and  I.iiuisi.iria. 


lonn;  aeliene  one-half  as  larjte  as  that  of  the  type. 


9.    Rynchospora  fusca  (L.)  R.  tS:S.    Brown 

]5eaked-riish.     (Fig.  656. ) 

SiliiKUKs/nsdis  I,.  .S|).  I'l.  ICd.  2,  1664.       176,^. 
l\'li\ii(liospiiia  fiisia  R.  S:  S.  Syst.  2;  .SS.      1.817. 

Rootstocks  short,  culms  slender,  3-angled,  smooth, 
tufted,  6'-i.S'  tall.  Leaves  .setaceous,  channeled, 
scarcely  '2"  wide,  much  shorter  than  the  culm; 
spikelets  spindle-shaped,  acute,  about  2',i"  long, 
several,  or  rather  numerous,  in  t-4  loose  clusters; 
scales  oblong-lanceolate,  brown,  shining,  concave; 
bristles  6,  upwardly  barbed,  often  unequal,  the  longer 
ones  usually  exceeding  the  achenc  and  tubercle; 
achene  narrowly  obovate,  turgid-lenticular,  smooth, 
shining;  tubercle  triangular-subulate,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  achene,  its  margins  serrulate  or  nearly  smooth. 

In  bojis,  New  lirunswick  to  Delaware,  west  aloupr  the 
.St.  I.Hwrence  and  Creat  Lakes  to  lliclii(fan.  Also  in 
ICurope.     July-AuK. 


10.    Rynchospora  gracilenta  A.  Gray. 

Slender  Beaked-ru.sli.     (Fig.  657. ) 


Rhyiitlios/ioia  gracilciila  A.   Ciray, 
ii6.      1835. 


Ann.   Lye.   N.  Y.  3: 


Culms  very  slender  or  filiform,  smooth,  obtusely 
triangular,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  flat  or  becoming  invo- 
lute in  drying,  rather  le.ss  than  \"  wide,  elongated 
but  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikelets  narrowly  ovoid, 
acute,  2"  long,  few,  in  1-4  loose  clusters,  the  lower 
clusters  borue  on  fdiform  stalks;  scales  ovate,  brown, 
mucronatc;  bristles  6,  upwardly  barbed,  equalling  the 
achene  and  tubercle;  achene  broadly  oval  or  nearly 
orbicular,  dark  brown,  lenticular,  dull,  smooth;  tu- 
bercle narrowly  subulate,  flat,  widened  at  the  base, 
pale,  about  as  long  as  the  achcue. 

In  pine  barren  swamps.  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and 
Texas,  near  the  coast.    June-AuK- 


28o 


CYrKRACKAi;. 


II.    Rynchospora  cymosa  I'.U.     (irass-like  Heaked-iush.      (  Imj>;.  658.) 

I\ii\  lulufifxiiii  niiiiisii  ICll.  Hot.  S.  C.  iS:  (f:i.  i:  ,sS.     iSi6. 
Silit'i'iiiis  (  viiiiisKs  Miilil.  Cfraiii.  '^.       1^17- 

Li^lil    Kfccii,    culms    tufted,    sharply    ^-anjjlod, 

smooth,  i"-2°  tall.     Leaves   Hat,  iiarrnwly   linear, 

Kiass-like,  1  '."-2"  wide  or  the  basal  ones  l)roader, 

the  uppermost  sometimes   ovcrtoppini^j   the  culm; 

spikelcts  ovoidohlouL;,  acnle,  1  'i"  lonjf,  sessile  or 

nearly   so,    capitate    in    2's  7's    on    the    ultimate 

branches   of  the   axillary   and    terminal   clusters; 

bracts  setaceous;  scales  dark  brown,  broadly  ovate 

or    suhorbicular;     bristles    6,    u])wardly     barbed, 

shorter  than  the  acheiie;  achene  broadlj-  obovate 

or  oblong,  lenticular,  transversely  wrinkled;  style 

2-cleft;  tubercle  conic,  one-fourth    to  one-third  as 

lonj;  as  the  achene. 

In  moist  soil,  New  Jersey  to  Ki  ntueky  and  Missouri, 
south  to  I'Moriilii  and  Texas.    .Mso  in  Cuba.    June  .Autf. 


12.     Rynchospora   Torreyana   A. 

(■ray.     Torrty's  IJeakcd-rusli. 

(\'\g.  659.) 

Jx'liviii'liitsfiiini    '/'hi  ji  Villi II  .\.  Cirav,   .\nn.   l.ve. 
N.  V.  3:  19;.       it;;,5. 

Culms  terete  or  obscurely  ,^-anKled,  smooth, 
slender,  i'2°-,^°  tall.  Leaves  involute,  the 
lower  I  \i"'-2"  wide  at  the  base  and  elong- 
ated, the  upper  bristle-like,  distant;  spike- 
lets  ovoii',  I '2'"  louf,'.  peduncled,  numerous, 
in  1-4  loose  distant  clusters;  scales  brown, 
ovate,  mu.'ronate;  bristles  6,  upwardlj- 
barbed,  shorter  than  the  obloujjj-obovate 
trans\crsely  wrinkled  lenticular  achene; 
style  i -cleft;  tubercle  Hat,  conic,  one-fourth 
to  one-tiiird  as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  wit  pine  barrens.  New  Jersiy  in  Snulli 
Carnliua.    July-.Ausr. 


13.    Rynchospora  inexpansa 

(Miclix.)  Vahl.      XoddiiiK'  Ik-aked- 


iiii'  I  piiiisii.\  .Mii'lix.  I''l,  l!nr,  .\iu.  i:  ,5,s, 
Iviiutn.  2:  2^2. 


Si  iliiillll 

I\ll\  III  llnsfiOlil    i III-  \  fill II. \, I    \';\\\\ 

Rootstocks  slender,  culms  tufted,  smooth, 
slender,  j-anj^led,  2°-},°  tall.  Leaves  smooth, 
i"  wide  or  less,  flat,  the  lower  elongated, 
the  up])er  bristle-like,  remote;  s])ikelets 
.spindle-shaped,  acute  at  both  ends,  about  ;," 
long,  numerous,  in  i-.)  narrow  finally  droop- 
ing panicles;  scales  brown,  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate; bristles  6,  upwardly  hisi)id,  very  slen- 
der, about  twice  as  long  as  the  achene; 
achene  narrowly  oblong,  transversely  wrin- 
kled; style  2  cleft;  tubercle  flat,  triangular- 
subulate,  one-half  as  long  as  the  achene. 

Moist  siiil,  X'irxiuia  to  Louisiana,     June  .Aug. 


SKDf.K   I'AMILV. 


281 


15.    CLADIUM   P.  Hr.  Civ.  &  Xat.  Hist.  Jam.  114.       1756. 

I'ercmiial  leafy  sedj^'cs,  similar  to  the  A'viic/iospDras,  the  sjiikelcls  oblouji  or  fusiform, 
fe\v-ll()\vereil,  variously  clustered.  Scales  imbricated  all  around,  the  lower  empty,  the  mid- 
dle oues  mostly  subtending  imperfect  (lowers,  the  upper  usually  fertile.  Teriantli  none. 
Stamens  2  or  sometimes  ,^.  .Style  2-,vcleft,  deciduous  from  the  summit  of  the  achenc,  its 
branches  sometimes  2-;^-parted.  Achene  ovoid  or  jflobose,  smooth  or  longitudinally  strii'.c. 
Tubercle  none.     [(Ircek,  referring  to  the  branched  indoresccnce  of  some  species.] 

.\bi)Ul  ,',n  species,  natives  nf  Irnpic.il  and  temperate  rej;i(ins.  liesides  the  foUiiwinif,  amitlier  (ic- 
ciiis  ill  tlie  simllieni  liiited  .States  and  one  in  Calil'iiniia. 

I.    Cladium    mariscoides    (  Muhl.  )    Torr. 
Twijij-rusli.     (Kijr.  f>6i.) 

Siliociiiis  iii,7ii.\iiii,lrs  Muiil.  (".rani.  4.       1^17. 

Cliitiiiiiii  iii(iiis(iiii/i:\'['inr.  .\nii.  I.yc.  N,  V.  3:  \-2.     \S\f\ 

Culm  slender,  erect,  rather  still",  obscurely  3-anglcd, 
smooth,  I  '3°-3°  tall.  I.cavesabout  1"  wide,  concave, 
with  a  long  compressed  tip,  nearly  smooth;  umbels 
2  or  3,  compound,  the  r  or  2  axillary,  slender  stalked; 
spikelets  oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  acute,  2  W" 
long,  capitate  in  3's-io's  on  the  raylets;  scales  chest- 
nut-brown, ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  the  mid- 
vein  .slightly  excurrent;  upper  scale  subtending  a 
perfect  flower  with  2  stamens  and  a  filiform  3-cleft 
style,  the  next  lower  one  with  2  stamens  and  an  ab- 
ortive ovary;  achene  ovoid,  acute,  finely  longitudi- 
nally striate,  about  1"  long. 

Ill  iiiarslies,  Xova  .Scotia  In  Ontario  and  Minnesota, 
south  to  I'Miirida  and  Iowa.     July-Sept. 

16.    SCLERIA  Hcrjr,  Koiij;!.  Acad.  Sv.  Haiull.  26:  142.   />/.  /,.-,-.       1765. 

Leafy  sedges,  mostly  perennial  by  rootstocks,  the  spikelets  small,  clustered  in  terminal, 
or  terminal  and  axillary  fascicles,  or  sometimes  iutcrruptedlj'  spicatc.  I'lowers  monoecious, 
the  staminate  and  pistillate  spikelets  separated  or  borne  in  the  same  clusters.  l"ertile  spike- 
lets 1 -dowered.  Staminate  spikelets  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  all  around,  the 
1-3  lower  and  sometimes  also  the  upper  ones  of  the  fertile  spikelets  cmptv.  rerianth  none. 
Style  3-cleft,  slender  or  sometimes  swollen  at  the  base,  deciduous.  Ovary  supported  on  a 
disk  (liy]iogyniuni),  or  this  wunliug.  vStaineiis  1-3.  Achene  globose  orovoid,  obtuse,  crus- 
taceous  or  bony,  white  in  our  s])ecics.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  hard  fruit.] 

.Mxjut  iiHi  species,  natives  (it  tmpieal  and  temperate  reniniis.  Hesides  the  rcillouiiisf.  some  .j 
others  occur  in  tin-  soutlKTii  I'liiled  Slates. 

ui)poite(l  on  a  liy])oKyiiiiim. 


.Spikelets  in  terminal,  or  leniiinal  and  lateral  clusters;  aelieii 
.\elielie  smootli. 

llypogyiiium  siipportillK  S  or  >>  ^iiiall  lubereles  under  tile  .leliene. 
Ilypoityiiium  covered  with  a  rouuli  white  enist. 
.\cheiie  reticulated  or  irregularly  riiK"se. 

Culms  erect  or  ascending;  aelieiie  reticulated;  leaves  i"-i 'j"  wi<le 
Culms  spreading;  achene  irrtKUlarly  rugose;  leaves  2"-4"  wide. 
.\elielle  papillose. 
.Spikelets  interruptedly  Khmierale  sjiicate 


1.  .v.  oli^diillin. 

2.  .V.  /ni;/i)iiiiiti/(i. 


I,  /i,  ii/iiris. 
'/'ill  niiiiiii. 

/Xllll  i//llKl. 

ziili,  illala. 


;  no  liylionyuiiiiu.  ii, 

I.   Scleria  oligantha  Miclix.      I'Vw- flowered 

Xut-rush.      (  l-'ig;.  662.  ) 

.Si/i'n'(!  ii/ii;,nt//iii  Mielix.  I'l,  lior.  .\ni.  2:  167.     iSo,;. 

Rootstocks  thick,  hard,  clustered.  Culms  slender, 
erect,  sharply  3-aiiglcd,  nearly  smooth,  i'2°-2'j° 
tall,  the  angles  somewhat  winged.  Leaves  smooth  or 
slightly  rough  at  the  apex,  2" -3"  wide,  the  lower 
short,  acute,  the  upjier  elongated;  clusters  terminal, 
u.sually  also  i  or  2  axillary,  and  filiform-stalked; 
bracts  slightly  ciliate  or  glabrous;  achene  ovoid,  ob- 
tuse but  sometimes  pointed,  bright  white,  smooth, 
shining;  hypogynium  a  narrow  obtusely  trian.gular 
border  supporting  S  or  9  small  tubercles  under  the 
achene. 

In  moist  soil.  \'it|;iiiia  to  I'Morida  and  Texas,  near  the 
coast.     June   .\un. 


282 


CYPKRACEAE. 


Scleria  triglomerata  Michx.     Tall  \ut-rush.     (  Fig.  663.  ) 

Sdi'iid  /i  igltniiirala  Miclix.  I'l.  lior.  Am.  2:  i68.     1X03. 

Rootstocks  hard,  short,  clustered,  culms  y 
angled,  slender  or  rather  stout,  erect  or  ascending, 
rough  or  nearly  smooth  on  the  angles,  i^4°-3°tall. 
Leaves  flat,  smooth  or  slightly  rough-margined, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  i>^"-2'<"  wide,  the  lower 
short,  acute,  the  upper  tapering  to  a  long  tip,  rarely 
exceeding  the  culm;  flower-clusters  terminal,  and 
usually  also  i  or  2  smaller  ones  from  the  axils; 
bracts  glabrous  or  slightly  ciliate;  achene  ovoid  or 
ovoid  globose,  obtuse  but  somewhat  pointed,  bony, 
obscurely  ;i-angled,  smooth,  bright  white,  shining, 
about  i"  high,  supported  on  a  low  obtusely  trian- 
gular, papillose-crustaceous  hypogynium. 

In  iiRiidows  and  tliickcls,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin, 
south  to  I'Morida  and  Tcxiis,     July-Scpt. 

Scleria  triglomerata  minor  Uritton. 
Siirrio  /r/n/nn/rni/a  var.  i;riui7i.\  Hriltiin,  Ann   N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.  3:  2,^0.     1S85.     Not  .S".  ,i;ia,ilis  V,\\.      1824. 
Culms  very  slender,   l°-2'^  Urns;;  flower  clnsturs  smaller;  achene  ovoid,  subacute,  onehalf  as 
large  as  that  of  the  type.     Southern  New  Jersey. 

3.    Scleria  reticularis  Michx.     Reticulated 
Nut-riish.     (Fig.  664.) 

Scln  ia  rcliiulai  is  Michx.  l'"l.  Hor.  .\m.  2:  167.     1803. 

Rootstocks  small,  culms  very  slender,  erect,  y 
atigled,  i°-2yz°  tall.  I^caves  narrowly  linear,  smooth, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  l"-!]/!"  wide,  not  overtopping 
the  culm;  spikelets  in  a  terminal  cluster  and  1-3  re- 
mote short-stalked  axillary  rather  loose  ones;  bracts 
glabrous;  achene  globose,  crustaceous,  dull  white 
when  mature,  reticulated  by  longitudinal  and  trans- 
verse ridges,  /^"  in  diameter,  glabrous;  hypogynium 
3-lobed,  its  lobes  appressed  to  the  base  of  the  achene. 

In  mi)ist  meadows,  eastern  Massachnsclls  tu  I'lorida. 
west  to  Missouri.     Also  in  Cuba.     July-Sept. 

Scleria  reticularis  pubescens  liritton.  .\nn.  X.  V.  .\cad.  ,Sci. 
3;  232.     1885. 
Reticulations  on  the  achene  pubescent;  Literal  clusters 
usually  lonjfer  stalked.     New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Cuba. 

Scleria  reticularis  obsciira  liritton,  .\nn.  X.  Y.  .Vcad.  Sci.  3:  2,^2.     i88,s. 
Reticulations  very  obscure,  the  top  of  the  acliene  almost  smooth.     Rhode  Islan<l  to  Xortli  Carolina. 

4.    Scleria  Torreyana  Walp.     Torrey'.s  Niit-rush.     (Fig.  665.  ) 

Sc/rrici  '/'iirinana  Wal]).  .\ini.  3:  6q6.     i8,s2-S3. 
Scleria  la.xa  Torr.  .\nn.  I,yc.  X.  Y.  3:  ^76.     18^6.     Xot 
R.  lir.       1810. 

Culms  weak  but  rather  thick,  spreading  or  dif- 
fuse, 3-angled,  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  i°-2'.°  long. 
Leaves  linear,  nearly  flat,  smooth,  glabrous,  i>2"-4" 
wide,  not  exceeding  the  culm;  spikelets  in  a  loose 
terminal  cluster,  and  1-3  filiform-stalked  smaller  ax- 
illary ones;  bracts  glabrous;  achene  globose,  some- 
what pointed,  nearly  i"  in  diameter,  irregularly  ru- 
gose with  low  ridges  some-vhat  spirally  arranged,  the 
ridges  usually  pubescent,  and  connected  by  shorter 
longitudinal  ones,  the  surface  thus  indistinctly  reticu- 
lated; hypogynium  3-lobed,  the  lobes  appressed  to 
the  base  of  the  achene. 

In  moist  soil,  southern  New  Jersey  to  I'lorida,  Texas 
and  Mexico.  .Mso  in  Ci  ha.  I'orms  of  this  species  witli 
oliscurely  reticulate  aclii  nes  and  narrow  leaves  are  with 
dinicnlly  separated  fr.mi  the  preceding.     June  -Aug. 


sed(;e  family.  283 

5.    Scleria  paucifldra  Mtihl.     Papillose  Xut-rush.     (  Fig.  666.  ) 

Sc/ii  ia  paiiiijhiiii  Miilil.;  Willd.  .Sp.  IM.  4:  ,v^.     1S05. 

Rootstocks  thick,  hard,  clustered,  cuhns  slender, 
rather  slifT,  erect,  usually  tufted,  glabrous  or 
sparingly  pubescent,  3-angled,  9'-2°  tall.  Leaves 
very  narrowly  linear,  erect,  less  than  i"  wide,  the 
lower  short,  the  upper  elongated  and  often  over- 
topping the  culm,  their  sheaths  often  densely  pu- 
berulent;  spikelets  in  a  small  terminal  cluster  and 
sometimes  also  in  i  or  2  axillary  short-stalked 
ones;  bracts  ciliate  or  glabrous;  achene  oblong  or 
globular,  '/z"  in  diameter  or  rather  more,  crusta- 
ceous,  papillose,  the  lower  papillae  elongated  and 
reflexcd;  hypogynium  a  narrow  obtusely  triangu- 
lar border  supporting  6  very  small  tubercles  some- 
what approximate  in  pairs. 

In  dry  soil.  New  Hampshire  to  Ohio  and  Missouri, 
south  to  riorida  and  Texas.    .Mso  in  Cuba.    June-.Sept. 


6.    Scleria  verticillata  Muhl.     Low  Ntit-rush.     (Fig.  667.) 


Silriia  I'L-rliiillaht   .Muhl.;    Wilhl.  Sp.  I'l.  4:  317. 

i.So,5. 

Ilvfioponitit  Z'l-i iiiilliiliiDi  Nees,   I.innaea.  9:    V)?. 

Annual  ( ?)  roots  fibrous,  culms  very  slender 
or  filiform,  3-angled,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  erect, 
4'-2°  tall.  Liaves  very  narrowly  linear,  )i"- 
%''  wide,  erect,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the 
lower  very  .short;  sheaths  sometimes  pubescent; 
spikelets  in  several  separ.ited  clusters,  the  in- 
florescence simple  or  sparingly  branched; 
bracts  bristle-like;  scales  glabrous;  achene  glo- 
bose, Yi"  in  diameter,  crustaceous,  usually 
tipped  with  the  base  of  the  style,  marked  by 
sharp  distinct  transverse  ridges,  or  somewhat 
reticulated  by  additional  longitudinal  ridges ; 
hypogynium  none. 

In  moist  mciidows,  eastern  Mnssaclui.setts  to  ()n- 
larid  and  Mioliittan,  south  to  I"lorida,  Texas  anil 
Xtexico,  an<l  in  the  West  Itiilies.  I'lant,  especially 
the  roots,  fragrant  in  dryinjf.    July  Sept. 


17.    ELYNA  vSchrad.  Fl.  (ierm.  i:  155.       1806. 

Low  tufted  arctic  and  mountain  sedges,  with  erect  slender  mostly  Icallcss  culms,  the 
narrowly  linear  leaves  clustered  at  the  base,  and  small  2-nowcred  spikelets  in  a  narrow  ter- 
minal cylindric  spike.  Scales  of  the  spikelet  y,  or  4,  distinct,  usually  only  one  of  them 
flower-bearing;  the  staminate  flower  of  3  stamens,  the  pistillate  of  a  single  pistil.  Bristles 
or  perianth  wanting.  Style  slender,  3-cleft,  not  jointed  to  the  oblong  ovary.  Achene 
obtusely  3-angle(l,  sessile.  [Greek,  signifying  covering,  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the  overlap- 
ping scales.] 

iMMir  or  five  species,  the  followiuK  oeeuninK  iti  the  arctic  anil  alpine  regions  of  tlie  northern 
hemisphere,  the  otliers  in  the  mouiUains  of  ICurope  and  Asia. 


284  cvi'];uaci:aI':. 

I.    Elyna   Bellardi  (  All.  )  C.  Koch.      Arctic  Ivlyiia.      (Imk.  66S.) 


('(//■(I    //< //iinfi  .\\\.  l'\.  \\i\.  2:  :t\\.     pi.  i/j. /.  j.     17S5, 
Kiihi  rsiii  Ml  ii  piiiii  WilUl.  Sp.  I'l.  4:  .'05.       1S115 
/■'.lyiiii  s/)iiii!ii  Sclinid.  V\.  Ciiriii.  i:  i.ss.      iSiHi. 
I'.lyno  I'nilaidi  C  Kocli,  I,iiiii:ii-';i.  2i:()i0.       iS-)S. 

Densely  tufted,  culms  very  slender  4'-iS'  tall, 
loiii.;er  tliaii  the  very  narrow  leaves.  Old  sheaths 
fibrillosc,  hrowii;  margins  of  the  leaves  more  or 
less  revolutc;  spike  subtended  by  a  short  bract,  or 
bractless,  densely  (lowered  or  sometimes  inter- 
rupted below,  8"- 15"  long,  i'2'"-2"  in  diam- 
eter; achenes  rather  less  than  1"  long,  '2"  thick, 
appressed. 

In  arctic  America  from  Crccnland  to  lU-rinH:  Sea, 
siiulh  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  .\lso  in 
Ivniopc  and  .\sia.     .Summer. 


i8.    KOBRESIA  Wilkl.  vSp.  PI.  4:  J03.       18(15. 

Slender  arctic  and  mountain  sed)j;es,  with  erect  culms  leafy  below,  and  few-several- 
flowered  s]ikclets  clustered  in  a  terminal  s])ike.  Scales  of  the  spikelets  i-llowered,  the 
lower  usually  pistillate,  and  the  upper  staminate.  Stamens  3.  I'crianth-bnstles  or  peri- 
gynium  w.inting.  Ovary  oblong,  narrowed  into  a  short  style;  st' ;mas  ;",,  linear.  Achene 
obtusely  3-an}iied,  sessile.     [N'aine  in  honor  of  Von  Kobres,  a  naturalist  of  Augsl)urg.] 


Three  or  four  sjiccii. 
the  others  llinialayan. 


tile   I'ollouinR  widely  distributed  in  .arctic  aiul  inouutiiiM(iUS  rcjiions. 


I.    Kobresia  bipartita  (All.)   Uritlmi. 
Arctic  Kobresia.      (  I'lo'.  fi'ig.  ) 

Ca>r.\  bif'iiliUi  \\\.  V\.  I'ed.  2:  26,=;.  /'/.  S,,.  /.  ,-.      17S5. 

h'obii'sin  iiin'iiiiii  Willd.  Sp.  I'l.  4:  206.     iSos. 

Kohrrsia  hipiiiiila  liritton,   Mem.   Torr.  Club,  5:   101. 
1.S94, 

Culms  solitary  or  tufted,  smooth  or  very  nearly 
so,  4' -12'  tall.  Leaves  al)out  '2"  wide,  infolded  at 
least  in  drying,  usually  shorter  than  the  culm,  the 
old  sheaths  becoming  fibrillose;  spike  i'  long  or 
less,  composed  of  several  or  numerous  linear  ap- 
pressed  or  ascending  spikelets;  scales  somewhat 
serrulate  on  the  keel,  rather  more  than  Jj"  long; 
mature  achenes  slightly  longer  than  the  scales. 

Circcnlaiul  to  tlu'  Cana<li.iu  Rocky  Mountains,  .\lso 
in  ICuropc  and  .\sia.     Sunmur, 


19.   UNCINIA  Pens.  Syn.  2;  534.       1S07. 

Culms  erect,  leafy,  or  the  leaves  all  basal.  vSpike  simple,  erect,  terminal,  the  scales  im- 
bricated, I -flowered,  the  lower  pistillate,  the  upper  staminate.  Scales  ovate  or  oblong,  con- 
cave, not  keeled,  obtuse  or  the  lower  acute.  Stamens  3,  rarely  1  or  2.  Pistil  enclosed  in  a 
utricle  (pcrigyniuni),  borne  at  the  base  of  a  slender  a.vis,  which  is  usually  cxserted  beyond 
the  orifice  of  the  perigynium,  at  least  in  fruit,  and  sometimes  hooked.  Stigmas  mostly  3. 
Achene  3-angled.     [Latin,  referring  to  the  hooked  projecting  axis  of  the  southern  species.] 

.\bout  30  species,  all  but  the  following:  natives  of  the  southern  licniispliere.  Our  species  dif- 
fers from  C'rtrci only  in  the  eloiiKation  of  the  subulate  axis  within  the  perigynium;  those  of  the 
southern  hemisphere  are  very  dilTerent  in  habit. 


SRDGI-;   FAMILY. 


2.s=; 


I.    Uncinia  microglochin  (  Wahl.  j  Spren^.     Xorthcrii  I 


Cm  I  I   mi,  I  iH'loi  iiiii  Wiilil.   Knny^l.  Aiail.  Iliindl.  (  II.  i 

24:    140.         lSn,V 

Ciiirx  i>lii;aiilliit  Wit'tW.  111.  17).    />/.  vS'v.      i.sii;. 
I'lK/iiiii  iiii(  I, !•;■/, i< //ill  SpriuH-.  Syst.  3:  ,"<.^ip.       isjf). 

reroiiniMl  by  short  stolons,  culiiis  very  slcmler, 
weak,  4'-i2'  loiif;.  I.ciivcs  ',"  i"  widu,  iiuK-li 
shorter  than  the  ciiliii;  s])ike  .)"-.S"  loiij(,  usually 
pistillate  for  more  than  one-half  its  length;  ;  caks 
o1)lonj;-!aiu'eolate,  i -nerved,  deciduous;  perigyiiia 
very  narrowly  lanceolate,  3"-4"  lonj^,  less  than 
^2"  thick,  slroiij,'ly  rcflexcd  in  fruit;  achene  ob- 
lonj{,  obtusely  ^-anjjled,  niu'-h  shorter  than  the 
perigyniuni;  axis  of  the  pistillate  flower  bristle- 
like, long-exserted  beyond  the  orifice  of  the  peri- 
gyninni. 

Crci-iiliind  li>  Janus  Uay  and  l!riti>.li  (Julunihia.  Alxi 
ill  till'  arctic  and  iiiciiinlaiiKius  parts  of  I'Uiropc  and 
Asia  aiKl  at  the  Strait  cil'  MaKcUan.  I'laiit  uitli  tlic 
asjicct  of  I'diix    f>itii(i/Uiia.     Suiiinicr. 


(.70.  ) 


20.    CAREX  L.  Sp.  P 


/,1,V 


frrass-like  sedges,  jierennial  by  rootstocks.  Culms  mostly  3  angled.  Leaves  3-ranked, 
the  upper  elongated  or  very  short  fbracts  1  and  subtending  the  spikes  of  flowers,  or  wanting. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  solitary  in  the  axilsof  bracts  Cscales).  Spikes  either  wholly 
pistillate,  wholly  staminate,  or  bearing  both  staminate  and  pistillate  (lowers  Omdrogyiious). 
I'erianth  none  Staminate  flowers  of  3  stamens,  the  filaments  filiform.  I'istillate  flowers 
of  a  single  pistil  wilh  a  style  and  2  or  y,  stigmas,  borne  on  a  very  short  axis  in  the  axil  of  a 
sac-like  bractlet  or  second  bract  called  the  perigynium  (utricle  1,  which  completely  encloses 
the  achene.     Achene  .v.ingled,  lenticular  or  jilano-convcx. 

Avast  Kcinis,  nf  ninic  (li.iii  iik«)  ^peeiis.  wiiUly  distrilnitid,  inosl  abiiiidanl  in  the  li-mi)iialc 
ziiiRS.  Iksidcs  tlic  I'lillowiui;^  alxjul  all  t(|iial  minifin  incur  ill  tlu  wisUrii  and  s.iiillKiii  parts  nf 
Ndilli  .\iiK'rica.  Siu'ciuuiis  can  only  1)c  satisliK'turily  dcUMiiiiiu-il  when  marly  or  i|uitc  niatiuc. 
Till-  K'lius  is  divided  ititu  the  tud  ^-uli^ciura.  lU'c.XKi'.x  ( iios.  11  \2\  and  \'|(;ni,.\  1 110s.  1 4  ^  -",s  1. 

I.  Staminate  flowers  numerous,  in  one  or  more  terminal  spikes,  which  are  sometimes  pistillate  at 
the  base  or  summit ;  or  the  spike  solitary  and  the  staminate  flowers  uppermost  or  basal,  rarely  dioe- 
cious ;  stigmas  mostly  3  and  the  achene  3-an&Ied  or  swollen  1  stigmas  2  and  the  achene  lenticular 
or  compressed  in  nos.  12  16;  49  59;  67  721;  pistillate  spikes  stalked  or  sessile,  the  lower  commonly 
stalked.     Nos.  i -142.    EUCAREX. 

A,  1'i;ri(;vm.\  mo.sti.v  i.()\c.-im;.\ki;ii,  1  '  "  m"  i.dnc,  m  ri;N  im'i..\ti;i).  riii:  iikak  rsr.\i,i,\ 
AS  i.oNc.  .\s  Till-;  iioiiv  oH  i.c)\(',i;r  isiioki  mi;.\ki:i)  in  mik.  11    16,  ,^4  .\ M >  3,"; ) ;  I'ISTii.i,.\tk  si'iKi;s 

MdSTIA    I,.\l<(',r:  I  SM.M.I,  IN  NDS.    I.    1 3  .\N1)  14  1,  (ll.olll  ISI'.,  (l\01ll.  11  111. (INC,  OK  CVI.INIIRIC.      XciS.  I-3,S. 
lai     I'liiiiViiia  iiiriiihi aihtiis  i>i  fmf^riv.     N(is.  i   31. 

1.  Spike  scililary,  Icw-flDwcicd,  staniinalf  above;  perijryiiia  strongly  leflexed.  subulate.     I'.MCI 

ii.iir.m;.  I.   C.  fiiiiiiilloi  ii. 

2.  Sl)ikes  norinally  several,  the  stainiuale  iip])eiiucist;  if  solitary,  stainiuate  at  the  base.     1  See  n<i, 

30.  I     Nos.  2  ,^1. 

v'"  Perigynia  ovoid,  conic  with  a  narrowed  base,  or  subulate,  tapering  into  the  beak.     Nos.  2-28. 

t  'I'eetli  of  the  perigynium  beak  slender,  short  or  none;  not  stilT  nor  awued.     Nos.  2  24. 

I  Teeth  of  the  periKyniniii  beak  lanceolate  or  subulate.     Nos.  2  10.     I.ri'i  i.in.vk. 

I'istillate  s])ikes  ovoid  orKlobose,  lew  inauy  flowered. 

I'erigynia  subulate,  relU  .\ed  wlieii  luaturt-.  2.   ( '.  Co/Ziiisii. 

I'erigynia  conic  or  ovoid,  not  rellexed. 

I'lants  yellow  or  yellowish;  periitynia  little  inflated. 

Leaves  i"-2"  wide;  staniiinile  spikes  sessile.  3. 

Leaves  2"  -6"  wide;  staminate  spike  luostly  stalked.  4. 

Plants  Kreeii;  perigynia  imich  inflated;  staiuinate  s])ike  stalked. 

Leaves  2" -3"  wide;  heads  loosely  flowered.  ,s. 

Leaves  3"  3"  wide;  heads  kIoIxisc,  dense.  (1. 

I'istillate  spikes  oblonpf  or  cyliiulrie.  densely  uiany-nowered. 
Pistillate  spikes  obloUK;  achene  longer  than  thick. 

PeriKynia  stroiijjly  several-nerved,  shining;  le.ives  1"   2"  wide.  7. 

Perigynia  many  nerved,  dull;  leaves  2"  5"  wide.  S. 

Pistillate  spikes  cyliiulrie;  achene  not  longer  than  thick. 

Perigynia  yelliiwish,  taperiuK  into  a  beak  twice  as  long  as  the  body.        <). 
PeriKynia  greenish-brown,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  beak  2-3  times  as  loin;  as  the  body. 

III.  C.  sranilis. 


ti/>(i</(i. 
/iilli<i(liil,i. 

iiiliniiisirn.s. 
Asa-drnvi. 


I.oiiisiiiiiim. 
Iiipiiliiia. 


i'.  liif>iiliftiiiiiis. 


286 


CYI'ERACEAE. 


iX  Tiitli  "f  llif  iH'riKytiiuin  lu'ak  short  or  almost  wantiiiK  (loiitf  in  no.  171  nos.  11-24 

Spikes  small,  i'  long  or  less,  oblons  or  subjf lobosc ;  stigmas  often  2. 
.Spikes  Kreen  or  (jreenisli  yellow. 

Leaves  involute;  perigynia ovoid;  pistillate  spikes  few  several  flowered.   1 1 
Leaves  flat;  ijerigyiiia  oblonif-elliptic;  pistillate  spikes  many  flowered.     12 
Spikes  dark  brown  or  purple;  aretie  speeies. 
Leaves  flat. 

I'erinynia  little  inflalecl   papery. 

IkuV  of  i)eri(!ryniuui  nearly  or  (|uite  entire.  i,?. 

licak  of  i)eriKynium  sbirply  and  minutely  2-tootlieil  14. 

I'eriKyuiii  mneli  inflated,  very  fragile.  i,i. 

Leaves  involute  wl'.en  dry.  16. 

Spikes  large,  i'-(V  long,  e>lindric  o.  oblo.ig  cylindrie;  stigmas  ,^. 

Seales  aeute.  acumin;'.te  or  snu)oth-awiied,  or  the  lower  slightly  roughened 
I'erigynia  aseending  or  spre.Mling,  not  reflexeil. 

Spikes  narrowly  eylindi  .c.  \'~(>'  long,  ,V' -4"  thiek. 
Leaves  2"  6"  wide;  eulni  stout. 
Leaves  i"   2'.-''  wide;  culm  sletuler. 
Spikes  eylin<lrie  or  oblong  cylindrie,  r-2'  long,  6"  thick. 

Seales  smooth-awned.  19. 

.Scales  acute,  acuminate  or  the  U))per  obtuse.  20. 

Perig>'nia,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  reflexed  when  mature. 

Spikes  all  clustered  at  the  snuMuit  or  the  lower  i  or  2  separated;  perigynia  all  reflexed 

when  old.  21.   ('.  le/rorsa. 

.Spikes  scattered;  only  the  lower  perigynia  reflexed.  22.   (.'.  Ifarlii. 

Scales  tapering  into  rough  awns,  or  subulate  and  scabrous. 

Spikes  cylindrie,  about  6"  thick;  ])erigynia  ta|)ering  into  the  beak.         23.   C.  liiiida. 
Spikes  narrowly  cylindrie,  ,V'-t"  thick;  perigynia  al)ruptly  narrowed  into  the  beak. 

24.   (".  Ihiileyi. 

tt  Teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  stilT;  setaceous  or  awned. 


Vrsilaki.xe. 


C.  oli gospel  ma. 
( '.  A'licana. 


in  ilia  lis. 
sa  valilis. 
iiii'iiihiaiii'pacla. 
aiiihusla. 


C.  iiliiiiilala. 
C.  iiwiiilc. 

C.  Tiickt'iiitani. 
C.  bulla  la. 


Nos.  25-28. 

Spikes  al'  erect  or  ascending. 

.Spikes,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  slender-stalked  and  drooping. 

Pistillate  si)ikes  oblong  cylindrie,  W -7'  long;  ])erigynia  ascending. 
Pistillate  S])ikes  narrowly  cylindrie,  i'-2'..'  long;  perigynia  reflexed. 
Teeth  of  the  beak  erect  or  little  spreading.  : 

Teeth  of  the  be:ik  recurved-spreading. 


Psi;r!)()Cvi'KR.\i;. 
2,5.   C.  Sihut'inilzii. 

26.  ('.  Iivsliicina. 


■.  C 
2S. 


,  Psciidii-cvpeiiis. 
C.  coiiiosa. 


^^  Perigynia  obovoid,  very  abruptly  contracted  into  the  beak;  spikes  exceedingly  dense.    X4 

31.      Sm'.\RR(>S.\K. 

Scales  linear-subulate,  longer  than  the  perigynia.  2Q.   C.  I'raiikii. 

Scales  lanceolate,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

.Spikes  i-.s,  subglobose  or  oval,  slaminate  below;  achene  linear-oblong.        31 
.Spikes  2-6,  oblong  cyliiulrie,  usually  stamiuiite  at  both  ends;  achene  ovoid.  ,v 


29- 


( '.  .s</i/ariosa. 
C'.  lypliiiioidc: 


(b)  PiTigvnia  linn.  Iiard  t>r  Italliiiy.     Nos.  ,12-?,S.     I'.m.I'Dos.mc. 

Leaves  bright  green,  not  glaucous;  teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  slender,  conspicuous. 

.Scales  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate;  leaves  glabrous.  32.   C.  Ii  icliciiai pa. 

.Scales  ovate-lanceolate,  rough-awned;  leaves  often  pubescent.  ,^3.   C  arislala. 

Leaves  pale  green,  glaucous:  teeth  of  tlie  perigynium-beak  short. 

Pistillate  spikes  alxiul  4"  thiek;  teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  manifest.      34.   C.  lipaiia. 

I'istillate  spikes  about  2"  thiek;  teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  minute.         Ti$.   ('.  aiiili/i)iiiiis. 


B.     Pi;ri(;v.\i.\  sh(irt-hi:aki;i)  dr   ni:.\Ki.i;.ss,  i.rrri.i-;  or  .not  at  .\i,i.  ini-i.atki),    '-"  -2'/' 

I.OXO,  THE  UKAK  COMMU.VI.V  not  MORI-;  TEIAN  OMC-HAI.K  .\S  l.OSf.  AS  rlli;  lioDV  (  I.ONC-HKAKICI) 
I.\  NOS.  4,'^,  S2,  .'<,^,  96);  MMKKS  SMAl.I.,  AM)  OllI.ONd  OR  CI.OHOSK;  OR  KLONCATKI),  I.INKAR  OR 
N.\RRO\VI.V   CVI.INDRIC.      XoS.  ,56142. 

(a)  Spil'i's  -'  ttr  iiion:  llir  slaiiiiiialr  <iiir  al:cai's  KppiTiiiosI,  .wiiu'liiiu's  pailly  pislillalr.     (No.  140 

may  be  looked  for  here).     Nos.  ,-?6-i,^2. 

la  Pistillate  spike  or  sjjikes  many  flowered,  mostly  1'  long  or  more  lor  shorter  in  nos.  .J4,  4S,  5,5-,s,S, 
61,  6v6,s,  73,  7,S,  76,  .S5.  ,S()-92),  linear,  narrowly  cylindrie  or  oblong.     Nos.  36-1)2. 

*  Perigynia  with  a  straight  short  beak  (long-beaked  in  no.  43  ;  nearly  beakless  in  no,  36),  firm  or  leathery 
in  lexture  ;  pistillate  spikes  erect  (or  nodding  in  no  37);  stigmas  3.     Nos.  ,16-43. 

I'ppermost  spike  stamiuate  from  the  base  to  about  the  middle.    .Shorti.xn.m;.    36.   C.  Sliorliana. 
I'pper  one  (U'  more  si)ikes  entirely  stamiuate.  or  occasionally  ])istillate  at  the  base. 

Perigynia  papillose;  beak  very  short,  nearly  <ir<iuite  entire.     AnoM.vi.ai:.    37.   (".  siahiala. 
Perigynia  pubescent  (sometimes  glabrous  in  no.  391,  the  beak  sharply  2  to  >thed.     Hirtai:. 
.Stamiuate  spike  or  spikes  sessile  or  nearly  so.  3IS.   C'.  frslila. 

.Stamiuate  spike  or  s))ikes  distinctly  stalked. 
Leaves  glabrous;  native  species. 

Leaves  flat  or  their  m.irgins  slightly  revolutc. 

.Scale. i  only  half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  southern  coa.st  speeies. 

39.  ('.  Il'allri  iaiia. 
Scales  e(iualliug  or  but  slightly  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  northern  speeies. 

Leaves  2"-3'j"  wide;  perig>iiia  i  '."  thick,  the  nerves  prominent, 

40.  C.  Ifoiigliloiiii. 
Leaves  1"  2"  wide;  perigynia  1"  thick,  the  nerves  obscured  by  the  dense 

pubescence,  41.   ('.  laiuiiiiiKisa. 

Leaves  strongly  involute,  i"  wide  or  less.  42.   (".  filifoi  mis. 

Leaves  or  their  sheaths  pubescent;  introduced  species;  beak  long,   43.   ( '.  Iiirla. 


Sl'IDOK    FAMILY. 


287 


^■^  Perigynia  beakleas  or  very  short-beaked  (ace  no    36),  and  with  orifices  nearly  or  quite  entire,  thin 

in  texture,  not  Inflated,  closely  investing  the  achene  ;  pistillate  spikes  erect  or 

drooping,  often  brown  or  purple;  stigmas  often  1.     Ni>s.   117-- 

I    ristillati  spikes  itlcI  or  soiiuwliiit  spriiiilinjf  1  (ln)ii])iii(;  wliiii  inalnti-  in  im.  (51.     Nos,  11  -iS. 


Tirniiiinl   spiki-  slamiiiali'  bilow.    pistil'.iilt-  atxive   Manly  all    staininali'    iti    no 
A  IK. VIA  K. 
Sialis  sliiirlcr  lliaii  nr  icniallinn  the  piriKyiiiii;  arctic  and  alpine  species. 
( Irilicc  of  llie  perijfyniiiin  niiiuitely  2  toiitlied;  scales  iilrtiise  or  aculisli. 


471; 


tt- 
stiBinas 


,V 


iilpiiKi. 

ill!  alijiii  nils. 

slyloMi. 
Pa  ir  vail  a. 
/use  a. 
5.V;   sti|{iiias    2, 


4y.   C.  sliicla 


.  //ajiftiii. 

.  .\'f/ira.i/\c'ii.'iis. 


Pistillate  spikes  2"   ,s"  l"ii|r.  erect.  ().   ( 

rislillale  si)ikes  .|"    u'    lontr.  ilroupiiin  when  olil.  4^.   ( 

Orifice  (if  the  p  riK.Nniuin  entire:  scales  acute  or  awiied. 

rcrijfyniiiin  ovate,  the  style  usually  prolrudinK,  4').   I 

reriKytiium  ohovate,  the  style  not  iirolrudiuff.  47.    ( 

Scales  tuanifeslly  longer  than  the  periKynia;  l)o>f  si)ecies  4S.   C 

Tenninal    spike    staniinate  IhrouKhinit  1  occasionally  pistillate  at    the  '  ^p  in   no. 
rarely  3  in  No.  55.     Ki(,il>.\l'.. 
I.ower  sheaths  hecoiniiiK  very  hbrillose;  tufted  l)o^f  species. 
!..nver  sheaths  not  at  all  fihriUose,  or  sliyhtly  so. 

Scales  shorter  than  or  c<iuallinK  the  i)eriKynia  1  or  lon^fer  in  no.  .Soi. 
Culms  I  '-2' /^  tall;  scales  acute  or  acuminate. 

I'islillate  spikes  linear  cylindric.  ,so.   ( 

I'istillate  spikes  ohlonKcylindrie.  51.    ( 

Culms  S'-.\°  tall;  scales  obtuse  or  the  lower  acute. 
.Scales  Kri'i'"- 

Leaves  2  "    ^"  '.vide;  pistillate  spikes  2"-?"  thick;  perigynia  nerveless. 

52.   ( '.  (K/iia/i/is. 
Leaves  i"  wide;  pistillate  spikes  i"-2"  thick;  pcrijjynia  faintly  few  nerved. 

,i,i.  C  Ifiilii  iilan's. 
Scales  purple  or  lirown. 

Scales  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  marsh  and  meadow  species. 

,S.j.   C.  (iiiiidriiiK'ii. 
Scales  e<iuallinK  or  lonurer  than  the  perigynia;  arctic  and  alpine  species. 

55.    ( '.  /lifii'ioi'ii. 
Culms  only  \' --'  tall;  arctic  species.  56.   C.  siihsfiallianii. 

Scales  distinctly  longer  than  the  perigynia;  northern  salt  marsh  species. 

liasal  leaves  i"  wide  or  less;  scales  little  longer  than  the  perigynia.     57.    (  .  sa/i'iin. 
liasal  leaves  1"  ,1"  wide;  scales  much  longer  than  the  perigynia.      ,sS.   ( '.  1  iis/iiita/a. 

I  [  ristillate  spikes  drooping,  mostly  on  slender  or  filiform  stalks  (erect  in  tujs.  (16  and  71.  I   Xos.  ,Si)  72 

Cuhus  slender;  pistillate  spikes  ','-2'j'  long;  stigmas  j,  (2  in  no.  591. 

I'istiUate  spikes  linear;  scales  shoiter  than  the  perigynia.     I'r.\.sin.\i;. 

I'erigynia  twisted  toward  the  lop;  scales  purple-brown.  59.   C-  lorla. 

Terigynia  straight;  scales  green.  60.   C.  fiiasiim. 

ristillate  spikes  oblong,  globose  or  cylindric;  scales  e<iualling  the  perigynia  or  longer. 

Uraels  manifestly  sheathing;  arctic  sjjccies.     l'"i;KKri'.lM:AK.  61.   C.  iiiisain/ia. 

liraets  sheatliless:  scales  mostly  dark.     Pi;\1)II.inar. 

I'istiUate  si)ikes  narrowly  cylindric;  southern  coast  sjjecics.  (>.'.    (".  lillci alii. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong  or  globose;  northern  s])ecies. 
Scales  not  longer  tlian  the  perigynia. 

Pistillate  spikes  3"-6"  l<mg,  few  flowered;  scales  obtuse,    oy 
Pistillate  spikes  s  "- 10"  long,  several  flowered;  scalesaculc. 

64. 
Scales  distinctly  longer  than  the  i)erigynia. 

Perigynia  oval  or  suborbicular.  t),s. 

Perigynia  ellipticlanceolatc.  66. 

■Culms  tall,  usually  stout;  pistillate  si)ikes   i'   4'  long;  seal 
stigmas  2  (  or  ^  in  nos.  70  and  71 ).     Ckyi'Iolari'.xi;. 
Perigynia  smooth. 

Scales  purple-brown;  arctic  species. 
Scales  green;  plants  not  arctic. 

Perigynia  nerveless  or  faintly  nerved,  much  shorter  than  the  scales. 

Perigynia  nearly  orbicular,  biconvex.  6S.   (.  iiiai  ilinia. 

Perigynia  obovoid.  obtuse.  69.   (.'.  tiiiiila. 

Perigynia  oblong  or  ellii)tic,  acute.  70.    (.  i;yiiainiia. 

Perigynia  strongly  several  nerved,  about  tqualling  the  scales.  71.    ( '.  n/a,  roi-n/ra. 

Perigynia  granular  or  pai)illose.  72.   ( '.  i;/iii'iii. 

:(::(;:!:  Pcr.;gynia  tapering  to  a  distinct  beak  inearly  or  quite  beakless  in  nos    73  77),  membranous  in 

texture  ifirm  in  no.  88),  inflated  or  loosely  investing  the  achene;  pistillate  spikes 

mostly  drooping,  often  narrowly  linear.      Nos.  7,5-92. 

f  Terminal   spike  staminale  below,  pistillate  above;  beak  of  the  perigytiium  short  or  none.     Nos. 

7,?-^i- 
+  Spikes  all  erect  or  nearly  so.     \'ikk.sci:ntks. 

rerigNiiinm  densely  pubescent. 

I'istiUate  spikes  oblong  cylindric.  4"    10"  long;  perigynia  oval  or  ovoid,  few  nerved. 

7,V  '■  t'lif.iffii.s. 
Pistillate  spikes  narrowly  cylindric,  6" -18"  Imig;  perigynia  oblong,  strongly  several  nerved. 

7.^.   C'.  caslellaht. 
J'l  rigynium  nearly  glabrous,  at  least  when  mature. 

Spikes  ■2':" -T,'i"  thick;  perigynia  imbricated,  flattened;  to])  of  the  achene  not  bent. 

75.  ( •.  Iiin-p.i. 
Spikes  2     tliick;  perigynia  not  imbricated,  swollen;  lop  of  the  achene  bent,  or  lipped  with  a 
l)enl  style.  76.  C.  Caioliiiiaiia. 

J9 


C".  rai  iftiira. 
C.  liiiid.sa. 


Maiii'llaiiiia. 

/Xnfniill  fill. 

8  limes  .is  long  as  tlie  perigynia; 
67.   C '.  1 1  \/>/ii(iii  fia. 


288 


cvi'eraci:ak. 


1  f   I'istilliili-  ^i)ikis  (IriMii)iiin  m  s|iri.:i(liiin  uricl  nr  litlk'  si)ri-iuliiiu  in  no.  -<■),     Ckacilmmai: 

riiinyiiiii  i"   2"  loiift.  slinliUy  swolUii;  s|iiki.s  limar  (ir  liiuar  lylindric. 

riiiiit  Klii'>i'iii'^;  IxTiKViiia  cilitiisr.  '  77.   C.  x  r,iii7/i)nii. 

Sluatlis  puliisritit:  piritiytiia  |)niiiU'(l  at  Imtli  nids, 

I'liicynia  1"  loiij;;  si)ikts  i  iftt  nr  soiiU'wliat  s])ri'a(liiiu.  7S.   ( '.  ursliviilis. 

I'lriKynia  _•"  limn;  sjiiki-s  drcicipiiin,  at  Irast  when  old.  -i).   i '.  ,1 1  iA/im. 
I'crinyiiia ->"   2'   "  limi,;,  iiiaiiiftsll_\  swdllcn:  s])ikt-s  obliirjt  iir  nliloiiK  I'yliiidric. 

I'lriKytiia  faititly  few  tiirvid;  sraks  ovalt-.  aiuti-  1  r  short  awiu'd.  S(j.   C.  I'm  iiiumi. 

IVrijiyiiia  stnmiily  111  my  iiiiviil,  muKs  laiaiiilati-,  iDtijf  awiiid.  Si,   ( '.  />ii:i.\ii. 

tt  Tirniinal  spiki- ititiniy  staiiiitiati,  i)r  soimtiiius  pistillali  at  till- base.     Xo^.  S2  92.    (Si'LIKi.  ijcp.  ; 

IViinyiiia  iiianifistly  liiak'.d,  luTvrd  (ir  lurvcUss;  pislillati'  spikrs  dKiniiiiiK.  at  least  when  old. 
lleak  (if  the  periny  liiiin  eylindrie  or  siiliiilate,  I  -2  limes  as  Ioiik  as  the  body.     Svi.\  xticm;. 
reri^ynia  broadly  oval,  stiKJoth,  spreading.  'S2.   (.'.  loiii;ii iK\lii.\. 

I'erinyiiia  narrowly  eonie,  tnlierenhite  hispid,  appressed.  S^   (',  Assiiiihuiiu'iisis. 

lieak  of  the  periKyniuni  not  more  than  one  half  as  lontf  as  llie  body. 

Leaves  pnbeseent.     l-'l.i;.Nri.i:s.  S.(.   i'.  ia.sliiin\i. 

Leaves  (ilabrous. 

I'istiUate  spikes  narrowly  oblonj;.  2"  d"   lon^;;  peritfyniuin   1"  long;  arclie  and  alpine 

species.     C.\i'll.i..\Ki:.s.  85.   ('.(<//>///</ //.v. 

I'istiUate  spikes  linear,  1'   ,V  loiiii;  pei  .f,..riiim  2"    ;"  limn:.     I)i;iill.i:s. 
IVrijiynia  nieinbrainms.  fi'W  nerved:  pistillate  spikes  slender. 

Leaves  2'  •"  ,s"  wide;  scales  two-thirds  as  Icmjf  as  the  peritiynia. 

S(i.   ( '.  (11 1  laid. 
Leaves  i"   2'."  wide;  scales  one  half  as  loiiK^  as  the  periKyiiia. 

"  S7.    ( '.   I-'IIIIIS. 

I'eriifvnia  coriaceous,  stroiiKlv  iiianv  nerved:  pistillate  s])ikes  thicker, 

.SS.   (■.  uhlilii. 
l'erif;ynia  beakless  or  iiiiiiulely  beaked,  finely  many  striate:  spikes  erect  or  nearly  so.     (■Risi:.\i:. 
I.eaves  slightly  or  not  at  ail  k1'1"<-'<>ii^- 

I'eritiviiia  little  lonner  or  shorter  than  tin-  scales. 

I'istiUate  spikes  dense,  usnaHy  many  flowered;  leaves  2"   ,;"  wide.  spreailiiiK:.  soft. 

^9.   ( '.  i;i  isiii. 
I'istiUate  spikes  loosely  several  (lowered :  leaves  i"   2"  wide,  mostly  erect  and  ri^id. 

i)< ).   ( '.  1;  III /ill  ilii  ilii. 
I'lrijrynia  2   ?  times  lonjrer  than  the  scales.  yl.   ( '.  ttnianpciiiia. 

I'lanl  very  nhmcoiis  all  over.  92.   ( '.  i^laiidnlrii. 

2.   I'istiUate  spikes  small,  few-inany-flowered,  mostly  ,V'    12"   lontt  (sometimes  longer  in  iios.  lo^r 
K14,  lib).     Nos.  9,^-1.^2,     (See  also  nos,  4.),  .)8,  ,s,^-,S5,  fti,  '>,V<^'5i  ''^.  7,3.  7,i.  80,  84,  85  and  89-92.  1 

*  Perigynia  glabrous.    Nos.  9,^-120.     (See  no.  12.V  I 

t  I'istiUate  sjiikcs  many  flowered,  ','-1'  lon)f,  nsnally  dense.     Nos,  9,V99 

I'istiUate  spikes  scattered,  distant,  long  stalked  or  the  2  iipjjcr  ones  close  together  and  nearly  ses- 
sile.     ('.H.\Nrl..\KI-.S. 

Hracls  elongated,  mostly  overtoiipinK  the  sjiikcs;  periKyiiia  strongly  inany-nerved, 

9,V    (  '.  fii  iiiiiilini.\. 
Hraclsshort,  rarely  overtoppiii); the  spikes: perinynia obscurely  few  nerved.  94.   ( '.  c'rn:,  ri. 
I'istiUate  spikes  close  together  and  nearly  sessile  at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  or  tlie  lowest  dislaul 
and  stalked, 
lieak  of  the  i)eriKyuinm  stout.  2  toothed:  i)lants  (flabrous.     ICxtkns.m:. 

Leaves  strongly  invohile;  perijfyiiia  brown,  the  beak  shorter  than  the  body. 

95.     (  '.   ('  \l(IISll. 

Leaves  flat,  t"-2'."  wide;  perigynia  yellow  when  mature,  2"  ,V'  long,  the  beak  about  as 

limj;  as  the  body.  96.   t.  lln:'(i. 

Leaves  flat,  i"  wide  or  less;  perigynia  dark  Kreeii,  1"  IcmR,  the  beak  one-half  as  long  as  the 
body.  97.   ( '.  viiidiihi. 

lleak  of  the  pcrigyniuni  short,  entire  or  none;  leaves,  or  their  sheaths,  more  or  less  pubescent 
r.\i.i.i;scKNTi;s. 

rerigynia  faintly  few-nerved,  beakless.  98.   (.".  /•(illrsifiis. 

Perigynia  strongly  niany-ner\ed,  eylindrie  beaked.  iK).  C.  ahhiri'iala. 

M    I'istiUate  spikes  few-several  flowered,  often  loose.     Nos.  100-120;  1,56-1,^8. 

X  Scales  of  the  spike  normal,  not  elongated  and  leaf-like.     Nos.  100-120. 

■>  Leaves  i"    iS"  wide;  bracts  leafy,  usually  large.     Nos.  no  119. 

O  Terigynia  green  (yellow  or  pur])le  in  no.  116).     Nos.  iKfiir. 

I'erigynia  finely  many-striate.     Oi.ic.()C.\ki'.\t:. 
Sheaths  glabrous. 

I'erigynia  narrowed  at  both  ends,  beakless. 
Perigyuia  w  ith  a  short  entire  beak. 
Sheaths  pubescent. 
I'erigynia  with  few  or  many,  mostly  strong  nerves.     L.\.\ii  i.dR.vi;. 
Plants  not  at  all  glaucous,  or  very  slightly  so. 
lieak  of  the  perigynium  straight,  slender. 

Culms  slender,  spreading;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  ,^,  .stalked,  spreading. 

10,?.  (".  alloraiilis. 
Culms  stout,  erect;  pistillate  spikes  1  or  2.  erect.  104.  C.  polyiiim plui 

Ikak  of  the  perigynium  bent,  short  or  none. 
Leaves  mostly  narrow,  i"-6"  wide. 
Scales,  at  least  the  upper,  obtuse, 

Hracts  elongated;  spikes  loosely  flowered;  culms  slender.  105.  C.  Iclanica. 
Hraclsshort;  spikes  densely  flowered;  culms  stout.  106.  C.  Afeailii. 


i<«i.  C.  Ill  nil  id  til. 

101.  C.  oliiiinarpa. 

102.  C.  IlihlniHkiiiiiii. 


SI'DOI'    FAMILY. 


389 


Si-.ili".  actili'.  i-iisj)i(l;itr,  lu'iiiniiiiiti',  or  luviiid. 
I'ltiKviiia  iihtustly  ,\  antrU'd. 

I'lnnynia  "Ixivciid,  i',"    1  '   "  Iini);. 

I'lri^'ytiia  obliiii;;,  i\arro\v,  ahmil  j"  ImiK- 
I'l  liirynia  sliari)ly  ,vaiii^U<l. 

Spiki-^  <li(i()|)iii(;  (ir  s))iiii(litiK;  Uavi-  1"   j"  uidr, 

Spiki'S  I  net;  Umvc-^  i"  <i  '  wiilc. 
I.iavi's  l>riia<l,  ii"    rs"  wide, 

lirai-ts  k'afy,  lliv  iippiv  usually  iivirluppiiiH:  tin-  >pikrs. 
lirai'ls  iini-itly  u-diui-d  to  pnr)>U-  kafliss  ilKallis. 
I'liMits  dislimlly  nlaiui>us. 

I'islillati-  spikis  driHipinn  dii  liair  liki-  stalks, 
rislillatr  si)ikis  (.-ri  (.-t. 

liasal  Uavis  niiiili  lutincr  than  tin  ''Ini. 
Hasal  liavis  slidilcr  than  tin-  lultii  or  e(|uallitiK;  it. 
I.iavts  (}"   12"  widf. 
I.cavfs  i"-2'   wide. 

Scales  i  cute;  perijfynia  yellow,  purple  or  iiiottleil. 
Scales  nbtuse,  or  the  loweraeule;       njryiiia  pali  green. 


107.    (~.  1,1  \  ifliiiii. 

I0.S.     (  '.   sl\li'/li\  II. 

or  widir  in  tln'  variilv 


IlK).     ( 


III 
1 IJ. 

ii.V 

111- 

n.S. 

II'. 
1 17 


iliiiiliilis. 
I  III  nil  II II. 

.  AH'iirsiiin. 
.  f'liiiiliiiiiiii  ii . 

.  Ill  vii  iihiiis. 

.      /^/VillKl  III  I'll 

.  f>!til\/>hyNii. 


C.    />ll III':  I'll. 

( '.  /iriifii. 


00   I'erijrynia  wliiti'.  yellow  or  becoming  lnown.     Hudlokks. 

I'eriKynia  beakless.  ii.s.   c.iinrni. 

I'eriKyiiia  with  a  short  cylindric  beak;  arctic  species.  mi.   ('.    'iin/nr. 

J  j  Leaves  and  culms  almost  capillary;  bracts  reduced  to  bla<U  less  sheaths.     Dkht.x  r.\i;. 

120.    ( '.  si/i/ii/iii. 

;  \  Scales  of  the  spikes  leaf-like,  elou^tated.  I'livi.i.osr.xcilv.M;. 
Lower  scales  1"  wide  or  Uss,  not  conci-.ilinjf  the  periirynia. 

Ilody  of  the  iieriKynium  oblong:  beak  flattened.  i,(6.   (".  H'lZ/u^inKii. 

Hody  of  the  periKynium  tflobose;  beak  subulate.  i>,j.   C.  Jaiiiesii. 

Lower  scales  \"-2"  wfde,  concealing  the  i)eri(;ynia.  i,^S.   C,  iliii  i/'ulia. 

'!=*  Perigynia  more  or  less  pubescent  (becoming  glabrous  in  no.  123)-     Xos.  121    i;j. 

Culm  leaves  present,  often  short;  bracts  mainly  reduced  ti>  bladeli  ss  pnrjjlish  shiaths.     I'Dlirs 
cii,.\  i'.m;. 

Staminate  spike  short  stalked  or  sessile. 

I'crijrynia  about  twice  as  loug  as  the  scales.  121.    ( '.  iniiiiiiiiii. 

I'eriKynia  not  lontfer  than  the  scales.  ij2.   ( '.  Uiilnii ilsoiii . 

Staminate  spike  loiiK-stalked,  comuionly  with  souu-  pistillate  flnwcis  at  its  base. 

12,^.    ( '.  ^iiliniiiihilii . 
Leaves  all  Itasal;  bracts  short  or  loiijf.  not  sheathiiifr. 

Neither  the  culm  nor  the  leaves  ))ubescent;  periKynia  rounded.     Mi)\r.\N\i:. 

Plant  not  stoloniferous.  121.   C.  f'liiiii'llalii. 

Plants  stoloniferous,  the  stolons  sometimes  short. 
Culms,  or  some  of  tliini,  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Scales  smooth  or  very  nearly  so. 

Staminate  spike  consi)icuons.  .V  9"  louff. 
Staminate  spike  stout,   '.■" -i'.-"  thick. 

Plant  dark  ni'een;  staminate  spike  very  prominent;  periKynia  broadly- 
oval.  12,S.    C   /'illllSl/zilllli  ,1. 
Plant  litjlit  K'een;  staminate  spike  shorter;  periifynia  obloUK- 

I2().   C.  :'iiiiii. 
Staminate  spike  very  slender,  not  over  '"thick.     127.   ( '.  Xii:\ii-.lii,!;/iiii-. 
Staminate  spike  inconspicuous,  rarely  over  2"  lonR  (Imiger  in  the  variety.  | 

12S.  c'.  ilfllc.va. 
Scales,  at  least  the  lower.  rouKli-awiied.  129.   C.  prat'cox. 

Culms,  or  most  of  tlutn,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Scales  littlit  }{reen  with  purple  margins;  perijrynia oblonjr.   I.V'.   C.  iiii;>iiiiiarj^iiiii/ir. 
Scales  Kreen  with  liKliter  scarious  margins;  peritfynia  oval.      131.   ( '.  iiiii/tr//ii/ii. 
Plant  pubescent  all  over;  jJcriKyuia  sharply  .vaugled.     TRl(jri;TR.\i,.  132.   ('.  f^iihrsit'iis. 

(b)  S{>ilcf  soli/ary  {evii'pl  ill  iiiK  \:[it}.  soiiir/iiins  liini'iiniix.     Nos.  I.VVM^. 

Leaves  i'-2'  wide,  thick,  spreading.     Piivst)L'i;i'H.\i,,\i:.  1,^3.   ( '.  /'nisnt. 

Leaves  '," -X'  wide. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  spikes  on  dilTcreiit  culms.     Scirpi.n.m;. 

Leaves  longer  than  the  culm;  perigynia  obovoid;  simtherii  species.     134.   C  picla. 
Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm;  perigynia  oval;  northern  species.  13,5.   C.  scirpoidea. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  sjjike. 

Scales  of  the  spike  leaf-like,  elongated.     Piivi,i.().sr.\ciiv.\i:. 
I<ower  scales  i"  wide  or  less,  not  enclosing  the  perigynia. 
liody  of  the  perigynium  oblong,  its  beak  flattened. 
Hody  of  tile  perigynium  globose,  its  beak  subulate. 
Lower  scales  i"-2'.-"  wide,  enclosing  the  perigynia. 
Sciles  of  the  spike  short,  normal. 

Leaves  '.■    -i"  wide;  arctic  and  western  species.     Rii'KSTrks. 

Spike  solitary,  androgynous;  perigynium-bcak  stout,  limg.      1,^9.  (".  1  iipesli  is. 
Spikes  2-^,  the  staminate  uppermost;  perigynium  beak  short.  140.  C.  .iiipiiia. 
Leaves  H"  wide  or  less. 

Perigynia  obtuse,  beakless;  swamp  species.     Li:i'TOCI5PIIAI,ae, 

141.  ('.  Itplalea. 
Perigynia  obovoid-oval,  beaked;  prairie  species.     I'imkomae. 

142.  (".  fili folia. 


136. 


C.  U'illitnioz'ii. 
1,^7.  C.  Jaiiicsii. 
1,58.  C.  duiifolia. 


390 


CYi'i:RAei;.\i:. 


II.  Staminate  flowers  few,  at  the  summits  or  bases  of  the  always  sessile  spikes,  or  sometimes 
forming  whole  spikes,  or  variously  intermixed  with  the  pistillate ;  stigmas  always  2 ;  achene  lenti- 
cular, compressed,  ellipsoid  or  plano-convex.    Nos.  143  205.    VIGNEA. 

I.  Staminai  I.  I  i.(>\vi;k.s  w    I  111.  SI  .M.Miis  III    iiii;  sriKi:s      Nns.   in  17). 
lai  SpUc  suliltii  V.  /(•!  iiiiiial.  iiiiis/h  />iii:t  II.  />/(iii/i  ii/'/i'ii  itinr,  ifii/.s.     Sio.  if,  1  I'l.     DmnjAi-.. 

I'lriKytiiii  lurvtkss,  m  t'aiiilly  fiw  lurvicl. 

IVrin.vniii  with  a  shorl  lUiiiiy  iiitiiv  litak.  1  (,v   C.  m/iiliihi. 

IVriKyiiia  biiikliss.  till- iiiirK'f  j-ti"itlu<l.  i((.    ( '.  iiuiiliiiii. 
ri-rJKyiiiii  stniiijtly  si'viriil  lurvid  mi  tlu  oiilii  faii.-. 

Iti-ak  of  till  iiLiijfyiiiuiii  very  sluirt.  1  l,S.   ( '.  A'ci/.i.vv/ti  vn/if. 

Ikak  skiulir,  roiiKli.  alioiil  iiall'  as  lontf  as  llu-  Imily  nf  tin-  pt  liKytiinni,  1  \(y   C.  riilh. 

lb'  SpU(S  m:'iiiiI  III  iihiii),  liii.sh'iiil.  \r/iii  Ill/lit  III   \iiiiiiiiiiiis  finiiitlitl.     Nos.  1,(7   151. 

'^  Spikes  densely  aggr  gated  into  a  globose  or  ovoid  head,  often  appearing  like  a  solitary  terminal  spike. 

Scalis  civati-  <ii  iivati-  laiKXiilati',  aL-iiti-  (ir  aciiiiiiiiatc.  iidl  awiiiil.     1mii;i  in  \i;. 

IVriKyiiia  stidiiKly  maiiy-turvid.  1(7.   C.  ilim il'H lii'.n. 

I'lrlRyiiia  faintly  siviral  iiirvid. 

Culms  ami  kavi'S  usually  fiiivcd.  soaks  slKirlir  than  the  |)<rij;yiiia.      i.tJ<.    ( '.  iiu  in  ru. 
Culms  iiKistly  straiKlit.  I'ri'ct;  scaks  ciiu.illinn  llu'  pii'iiryiiia.  1(9.   C  s/i'iinfiliylUi. 

Kcaks  laiucdlale,  awiK-d.  (ir  Iniijjai'uminati-.     .\ki;\.\ui.\i;. 

Scak-s  2  -\  tiuus  loiinir  tliaii  tin.'  i)triH:yiiia;  wfStL-ni  siiei-irs.  i.sn.    ( '.  Ihiiii^ldiii. 

Scaks  abnut  t(|ualliiitj  llir  i)iripfyiiia;  iiitniihu'i.-(l  sca-i-iiast  spcoii-s.  151.    C  ai rinii  in. 

^^  Clusters  of  spikes  looser,  often  compound    or  the  spikes  distinctly  separated  (more  or  less 
aggregated  in  nos.  170-1731.     N(is.  152   17.V 

t  Spikis  yclkiwisli  or  liinwii  at  iiiaturity,  oflcii  in  ciiitipoiiiKl  (ir  paiiiekd  ilustcrs.     Nns.  15.'   1(15 

I'criKyiiia  stroUKly  siviral  iitrrvttl.  cspicially  cm  llio  uttter  faci-.     Nos.  152  154.     Vij.I'I.nai;. 

Ikak  of  llif  periKyuiiim  sliorli  1  than  llu-  body.  153.   C.  loiijiiiii  fn. 

Ikak  of  till-  ]iinKynium  ciiualliiiK  or  longer  than  tin-  body. 

Spikes  iidwdi-d  in  an  oblonsf  iluslir;  btak  1    2  kii^'lis  of  llit-  body.      153.   C.  slipiihi. 
Spikts  ill  a  lai'tji'  braiicliinR  cliisltr;  buak  ,v  1  kiiKtlis  of  tin.'  body.        154.    C  Ci  iis-cni  :>i. 
I'triffynia  mryikss  or  faintly  lurvcd.     Nos.  is.s   I'l.?.     Ml  l.Tlll.oK.vi;. 

Spikes  very  iiiiiiicrous  in  a  blanched  decompouiul  cluster,  small.  i.S.S-   C.  ilrcKiii/iiisi/ii. 

Spikes  several  or  many  in  an  obloiiK  or  narrow,  simple  or  somewhat  compound  cluster. 
Leaves  1"  wide  or  less. 

Ikak  of  the  perisjyniuni  shorter  than  the  body;  wesleni  species.    i_s6.    C.  ii/iii lii/n. 
Ikak  as  Ioiik  as  the  body;  iioithern  marsh  species.  157.    ('.  /ri r/iiisi  ii/ti. 

Leaves  1"  ,V    wide 

Scales  acuminate,  cuspidate  or  awned. 
I'eritjyiiia  I '"-2'"  kmtj. 

TeriKynia  ovate  or  ovate  lanceolate,  the  beak  about  as  loiin  as  the  body. 

l.S*^.    (  '.  i//()/)i ■("/(/<■./. 
I'eripynia  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  the  beak  about  one  lliird  as  loiij;  as  the 
body.  i.Sy.   C.  ,i;i,i:'iifii. 

I'eriKyuia  i '  •"  lon^j  or  less. 

I.eavesas  I011K  as  the  culm  or  loiiKcr.  ido.    C  z'/i/piiinit/i'ii. 

Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm. 

I'eriKyiiia  ovale-elliiitic.  the  base  narrowed.  idi.   C.   \  iiiilliniiii pn. 

I'erijryuia  lanceolate,  the  ba.se  truncate.  162.    (".  sr/tuin. 

.Scales  bUiiil,  scarious  ti])ped.  Id.j.   C.  Sin iurllii. 

tt  Spikes  (JTceii  or  greenish  when  mature.  aKK'iKaled  or  .sei)aiated.  in  simple  clusters.     Nos.  164- 

17.V     Ml  iii,i;mii;i<c.ian.\i;. 

I'eriKynia  ellipsoid,  nearly  terete:  spikes  1-5  flowered,  widely  sejiaraled.  or  the  upiier  close  toKelher. 

\(i\.   C.  Iiiiiila. 
I'eriKyiiia  lauceiilale,  ovate  or  roundish,  coinpiessed  or  ]>lano  conve.x;  spikes  several-nianyllowered. 
Spikes  separated  or  the  upper  close  toKether;  periKyuia  mostly  radiating,  or  renexed. 
Leaves  '/'    1  '  •"  wide. 

Ikak  of  the  periRyiiium  one -third  to  oiiehalf  as  lou(f  as  the  body;  native  woodland 
species. 
I'eriKyuia  ovate-lanceolate.  i"-i'"  lonn. 

I'eriKynia  slellalely  radiating.  ift,";.    ('.  losfit. 

I'eriKynia  rellexed  when  mature.  ififi.    (".  relm/lfxn. 

I'eriKynia  narrowly  lanceolate,  1'."    2"  loun-  i(i~-   C.  '/'tveii.sis. 

lieak  of  the  periKyniiim  more  than  half  as  Ioiik  as  the  body;  introduced  fiekl  species. 

\(i'.<.  C.  iiniihala. 
Leaves  2'3"-4'."  wide.  169.   C.  xpnrgmiioidcx. 

Spikes  all  aKffrelfated  or  the  lower  se])arated;  peri({ynia  spreadiiiK  or  ascendinB. 

I^eaves  tliin,  la.x,  2"-4"  wide;  iieriKvnia  about  2"  lon({.  170.   C.  ifpluilnidia. 

Leaves  stilTer,  '■"-2"  wide. 

Peripyiiia  1"  lonp  or  less,  nerveless  or  faintly  few-nerved. 

Leaves  i"-2"  wide;  peri({yiiia  ovate.  171.   C.  Ct'plialophnin. 

Leaves  '.•"-!"  wide;  perigynia  orbicular  ovate;  southern.      172.   C.  Leayeiiwoitliii. 
I'erigyiiia  I  '■"  loiiR,  stroiiKb'  nerved  (except  in  var.  Xiilaprnsis). 

173.   C.  Afti/i/rnhfrrii. 


Sl'DC.I'    I'AMH.V. 


291 


2.  SiwuNAii;   ii(i\\p;Ks  \\KiiM'^i.\    MiN(,i  i.ii  Willi    Mil;   risi  ii.i.A  1 1;   in   Tin,   sriKi.s  or 

UIIASKINAI.I.V    I(jKM1\(,    WlluM,   SI'IKI.S.      i  Sci    llii-.    ||;    1)1.,  I 


I't  ritjy'iiii  liuli.iUly  s|)rlil(lill^;  or  ullixid. 
I'ciiKyiiia  irci't  nr  apiiris^-iil. 

I'l  ri^'vtii.i  wiiiKlf-s,  tin-  iiiiii  r  fan-  Hat. 

l'<  rinytiia  winjfid,  tlu'  iiiiur  face  r(ituav( 


171.   ( '.  sh-rilis. 

1S7.    ( '.  hi  ,iiiiiii(/fs. 
ii)(i.    ( ".  si,  til  III. 


3.  SiAMiNA  11;  il.ci\vi;us  Ai   Mil:  u\si:s(ii    iiii:  s|'Iki:s.     Nhs.  174  jus. 

'fli   I'll  iKVU'ii  -lillii'iil  ii  iiii'i.Ki 'I'l/   '  i"'-i-     Nos.  17.)   1S7.      ICl.dSCA  I'Ai:. 

I'iri({ynia  railiaUly  spu  ailitiy.  cn  u  IIcxkI  win  11  nld. 

I'ctinynia  (li>tiiKlly  lurvid  (in  lintli  laii;-,  \\w  liiak  ronnli. 

i'trinyiiia  laiK-icilati';  liiak  iiion-  than  lialf  as  Iouh  as  tlu-  Imdy.  171.   ( '.  sli'iili^. 

I'ciinyiiia  iivatc;  biak  almnl  (inc  lliird  as  Inns;  as  tlii'  liudy,  a!ii\i|>l         175.   ( '.  Alliiiilim . 
IViJHynia  faintly  mrvtil  on  tlunulir  laic,  mrvtli  ss  ur  luaily  soiiti  tin   innir:  licaU  sniiiiilliisli. 

17(1.    ( '.  iiilii  ii'i . 
I'triKyiiia  asciMidiiiK.  apprcsscd  (ir  sinmwliat  spnadinj;  win  n  idd.  lint  ia<liatini{. 
I'triKynia  nvali',  nval.  nljlonn  or  i  lliptii- 

Hiat'ts  slioit,  si-ali-  like  or  iioiii  .  tlu-  lowi  st  in'casimially  Iniijjcr  than  its  siiikc. 
Spikis  distiiKtly  si  jvaratKl  or  tin-  uppir  closi-  tnj-i  llni' 

Ikads  silvity  niiiii  nr  nraily  wliitL-.  177.    C.  niiiiMiiis. 

Ikads  lirnwn  ni'  liiownish, 

Spikis  iiu  llnwi  n  d.  2"  ;,"  loiitr:  piriKynia  liss  than  1"  Ions;,  tin-  lirak  inanirest. 

17>.   ('.  hi  iiiniiMriis. 
Spikis  diiisi-,  many-llowind;  piiinynia  about  1"  lonn,  tlu-  liiak  vii\  short. 

I7(>.   ( '.  \iii  rix'i'iii. 
Spiki-s  diiisi  ly  ihistin-d  at  tin-  top  of  tin-  iiilni.  or  tin   louir  sipaiati-d 
Spikis  ^;rcin  or  uniiiish  brown. 

S))iki-s  si-vrral  in  an  ovoiil  i-lnstir:  pirinynia  ov.iti-,  muKli  luakiil. 

iSo.    C".  tiiilii. 
Spikis  only  2   );  piri^fytiia  i-lliptir,  biakliss.  iSi.   (.'.  IiiiiiHIkIii. 

Si)ikcs  dark  brown:  antii- spii-iis. 
Cnlnis  slindir,  siilT,  itii't. 

I.iavisinvnluti';  siiilrs about iiiualliiiM; tlu-  piritjynia.   182.   ( '.  J/i-Umiiislfs 
I.iavis  Hat;  scales  shoitir  than  tin- iirriKynia.  iS^.   C.  Iimi'f>i>iii. 

Culms  wi-ak.  spn.-!,(linj;  or  rii-liuinj;.  iSj.   ('.  :;/,in;i\,i. 

liracls  bristli-  form,  iiiucli  iloiinati-d,  much  ixccidiiiK  the  2  .|  obloiiK  nerved  peri(;yuia. 

IS,S.     ('.    Il  isflCI  Dill. 

TcriKynia  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate. 

ivrisyi'ia  nerveless;  spikes  otilont;  or  subRlobose.  iWi,   ('.  />i';t  iimin. 

Terinyuia  stroiidly  several  nerved;  spikes  narrowly  oblong;  cylindric.  1S7.   ( '.  /n  oiiioiitiw 

(bi  I'fi'ii;yiiia:,i/liniiiiriii:iiiihio,iiliiiiiri;inii!:,iiii;.     Nos.  1.SS-20.S.     (I\'.\l.i;s. 


18S.   ('.  f>iiili'iisis. 
iSo.   C '.  xri iiii/iiit. 


IVri^ynia  '..".nceolate  or  ovati-  latu'eolati-,  2  ,s  times  as  loiiK  as  wide. 
Tiip  of  the  culm  iinddiiiK;  arctic  and  northwestern  species. 
Culms  strictly  erect,  mostly  stilT. 

I'lrijrynia  nerveless,  broadly  winifed;  northwesteru  species. 
I'eritiyui'i  several  nerved  on  both  faces. 

I'erinynia  broadly  wiiiKcd;  stamiuate  flowers  intermixed  with  the  pistillate. 

njo.   t".  siiciiht. 
I'criffvuia  narrowly  wiiiKcd;  staniinate  flowers  all  basal. 

Spikes  '..'-i'  loun;  periKynia  about  4"  lon^f.  191.   C.  Musi  111,1;  11  >i/iii.si.<. 

Spikes  2"   S"  lon^;;  peri^tyuia  ?";•,"  loiiK. 

Spikes  obloUK  or  oval;  periKyuia  asccudiuu  or  erect. 

Spikes  urei'U-brown.  blunt.  192.   C.  /r/hii/niih's. 

Spikes  brifflit  brown,  pointed;  periKyuia  lauceolalc.     iiy.   C  sio/mria. 
Spikes  rather  dark  brown,  blunt;  perinyuia  ovate-lanceolate. 

194.   ('.  Iffiiiriiiii. 
Spikes  snbulobose;  periKyuia  spreading:,  at  least  when  old.  195.   ( '.  1  lislalflla . 
rcriifynia  ovate,  not  more  than  twice  as  Iouk  as  wide  (lont^er  in  some  forms  of  no,  igs.  1 

Perigynia  narrowly  wiiiKed  above;  heads  n'eiiiisli  brown.  196.   ( '.  iidiisla. 

Perifrynia  broadly  wiuu-uiarKiued. 

PeriKViiia  spreadiuK  or  ascendinif. 

Spikes  silvery  Kreen.  197.  C  foeiiea. 

Spikes  yellowish  brown  orKieeuish.  198.   ('.  sliamiiiea. 

rcriptynia  erect  or  apprcsscd. 

Heads  silvery  irneii  or  nearly  white;  sea-beach  species.  199.   ( '.  siliira. 

Heads  browu-drcen ;  meadow  or  marsh  species.  200.  ( '.  Icncia. 

Peritfynia  orbicular,  very  l)roadly  os'atc  or  somewhat  obovate,  sometimes  wider  than  loiiK;. 
Heads  tfreen-brown. 

Pcrigynia  spreading  or  ascending;  achene  sessile.  201,   ( ',  J'isluiact'a. 

Perigyuia  erect,  2"-2'-"  broad;  achene  short-stalked.  202.  ( '.  alula. 

Heads  silvery  green,  yellowish  or  whitish. 

Perigyniinn-wing  firm;  achene  sessile.  20,^.  C.  alholiilfscciis. 

Perigyiiium-wing  niembrauons;  achene  stalked.  204.   ( ',  lliikiullij. 

I'erigynia  narrowly  linear  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  subulate  beak  2-^  limes  as  long  as  the  body. 
CYri;ROii)i:AK.  2o,s.  ('.  ^yckiunephala. 


iii'i^' 


CVIM'RACIvAi:. 


1.  Caiex  pauciflora  IJ>,Muf.     I'lw  llowcivil 

(ill,  I  /'.III, /'//■'III  l,i>{liU\  I'l   Siiil.  sit    />/. 'i.      1777. 

Cilaliious,  iiiliiis  iTi'cl  <ir  iisMnxiiit,  viiy  sU'inliT, 
y  2°  lii^li-  Ia'mvi's  vuiv  iiiirrow,  sluirU'r  lliaii  llii' 
I'ulm,  till'  lowi-st  r(.'(lurf<l  to  lootlicd  slicaths;  sjiikr 
solitary,  aiiilronyiious,  tlir  staminatr  ami  ])istillati' 
llowris  lai'li  J  5,  tlu'  staiiiiiiati'  ii])|)i'niiost;  pi-ri- 
Kyiiiuiii  K^i^*-'".  narrow,  scani'ly  iiillati'd,  ;,"  (" 
loiij;,  al)oiil  '."  ill  (liamt'tcr,  si'vcral-ticrvicl,  taiitr- 
iiiK  from  bi'low  the  iiiiddk'  into  a  slender  or  almost 
sul)ulali'  tjfak,  stroiij,rly  rolU'xi'd  and  readily  de- 
lai'liable  when  mature,  2  ,■>,  times  Ioniser  than  tlic 
(leeiduoiis  laiiieolate  or  ovate  siale;  stij^mas  t,. 

In  l>ni;s,  N(\vliMiii(ll:iii(l  to  Alaska,  sdntli  hi  Mass.!- 
iliusfUs.  I'lnti-iylvaiiia,  Mieliinaii  anil  Wa'-liiiiKtuii. 
Juiu-   Aii«. 


Carex  Collinsii  N'lilt. 

I'l.    liui.    Am.   2:    17 


Collill; 


Nut 


(I'iK.  67:!.) 


Sii.   10:  27,i.      1826. 


I'liiit    siihiiliilii    Miilix. 

('■nul.  17111. 
Ciiii)   I'lilliiisii  Nlitt.  Cieii.  2:  2115.       iSiS. 
C'aiix    .l/ii/Kiii  X  ii    Dewey,    Am.    Joiini. 

Not  Seliweiii.  iS2(. 

Cilahroiis,  eiilms  very  slender,  ereet  or  reeliuinfj,  6'-2° 
lonj;.  Leaves  narrow,  the  broadest  ahout  2'."  wide,  the 
uppermost  not  exeeedinjj  the  eulni;  staminate  spike  ter- 
minal, stalked;  i)istillale  spikes  2-4,  distant,  2-H-n<)were<l, 
short-stalked,  or  the  stalk  of  the  lowest  sometimes  I  '..' 
lc)iij{;  liraets  similar  to  the  upper  leaves,  elonj^ated;  peri- 
Kynium  light  ),;reen,  scarcely  inflated,  subulate,  •,"~y" 
long,  tapi'ring  from  below  the  middle  into  an  almo,st  tili- 
fonn  beak,  faintly  many-nerved,  strongly  reflexed  when 
mature,  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  hyaline  laneeolate- 
aeuminate  persistent  scale,  its  teeth  reflexed  at  maturity; 
>tiginas  ;,. 

In  hdjts,  Kliiule  Island  to  eastern  IViinsylvania.  sciutli  In 
South  Carolina  and  C.eorjfia.  Ascends  to  2(k;o  It.  in  I'einisyl 
vania.     .\ttrtl)ute(l  to  Canada  by  Micliatix.     June  Auff. 

Carex  abacta  Uailey.     Vdlowisli  Sedge.     (  Fig.  67,^.  ) 

I  (lie  I    iiislKiln   Miclix.   I'l.    Hnr.   Am.  2;   17,?. 

Stokes,  17S7, 
C'aiiv    \  iiiillii>f>li\sii  Dewev,   .\m.  Journ.  ,Sei.  14:  35,^    /■  i,", 

i.V.     i!<2S.     Not  Walil.  l^'tT,. 
(  ti ir  I   .}fit/iii II  \  id  11(1  i^ixjckl.  I.innaea,  40:  3,^6.      1S77.      Xut 

( '.  Mit/idii  1  //  Schwein.  i,S2-j. 
('iiir'  (i/iiii/a  liiiley,  Hull.  Tnrr.  Club,  20:427.      189,5. 

("ilabrous,  whole  plant  yellowish,  culm  erector  slightly 
assurgent  at  the  base,  rather  stiff,  slender,  i°-2°  high. 
Leaves  narrow,  the  broadest  about  2"  wide,  the  upi)er- 
niost  often  exceeding  the  culm;  stannnate  spike  termi- 
nal, closely  se.s,sile;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  .several-flow- 
ered, the  upper  sessile  or  very  nearly  so  and  closely 
approximated,  the  lowest,  when  present,  remote  and 
borne  on  a  stalk  '.'-2'  long;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves, 
usually  erect  and  overtop])iiig  the  culm;  perigynia  slen- 
der, narrow,  scarcely  inflated,  erect  or  spreading,  taper- 
ing into  a  subulate  2-toothcd  beak,  $"-7"  long,  less 
than  l"  thick  at  the  base,  rather  strongly  many-nerved, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute  or 
acuminate  scale;  stigmas  ,^. 

In  bogs  and  wet  meadows,  N'ewfoundlaiul  to  Xew  IIami)sliire,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania, 
west  to  Mieliinan.     .Ascends  to  ,=;c)i«)  ft,  in  New  Hampshire.     Also  in  Jai)an.     July-Sept. 


■X      Not 


1;: 


vSIvDCI'    I'AMIIA'. 


893 


\V 


Not 


N.)t 


4.  Carex  foUiculata  r,.    I.uiin  Sidnc  (  Im^;.  674.  1 

(  III  It  /olliiiiliil-i  I,.  Sp.  \'\    ')-^.       \-s.V 

Claim  Ills,  lin'it  kh^i'II  or  yi'llowisli,  I'uliii  sloiil  or -.li'ii- 

<kr,  rriit  or  rfiliiiitij^,  I  'j"-,V'  lolij^.      I,t:i\is  liniaii  and 

tloiijiatiil,  somitiims   ovtrlo])))iii;;   llii-   luliii,  often    '.' 

wicif;  staniinati-  s])iki-  stalki'd  or  nearly  sessile;  pistillate 

-.pikes  2   \.  usually  ilistnnt,  all  exee])l  the  uppermost  slen- 

iler-slalked,  several-niany-tlowered,  tile  lower  often  nod- 

din.i;  on  a  stalk  2'  y  Ioiik;  liraels  eomiiionly  overtop])in)f 

the  spikes;  peri),'\  Ilia  ovoid,  somewhat  intlatecj,  aseelldiii)^ 

or   spreadiiij,',    j^reeii.    rather   ])romiiieiitly    many-veineil, 

6"  S"  loii)^,  I  "  or  a  irille  more  in  diameter  near  the  liase, 

taperiiij;  from  below   the  middle  into  a  slender  2-toolhed 

heak,  one-third  to  one-half  longer  than  theawned  broadly 

searious-mar^'iiied    persistent    seale;    teeth   of    the    peri- 

Kyiiiiim  iiearl\  ereit;  slij,'nias  ,v 

In   swamps  and   wel   woods,   New  fuiiiicUaiKl   U<  Maryland, 
■west  to  MiiliiKaii  and  West  N'irKiiiia      May  Sept. 

5.    Carex  intumescens  Riul^fc 


Bladder  vSedRe.     (  Fi^,^  f>75. ) 

KiidKe,  Trans.    I, inn.   Soe.  7:  i>7. 


(  iiif  I     iii/iiiiirs(rii\ 
/>/.  V.  /■ .,:      i«i>.|. 

Crl.ihrons,  eiiliiis  slender,  eomiiionly  tufted,  erect 
or  sli>,ditly  nelined,  i  '2°  ^°  hifjli.  Leaves  elou- 
Kated,  dark  K''i'^'"i  shorter  than  or  .soinetiiiiesc<)unl- 
liiijf  the  eulni,  roii>,diisli,  I'l"-?,"  wide;  braets  simi- 
lar, overtoppinjf  the  eulm;  slaniiiiate  spike  narrow, 
mostly  lon^-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2  (l-,'^)  ses- 
sile or  very  short-stalked,  j^lobose  or  ovoid;  peri- 
),'yiiia  1  -,v>,  spreading  or  the  upper  erect,  6"-u>" 
long,  much  inflated,  about  y  in  diameter  above 
the  base,  niany-iierved,  tapering  from  below  the 
middle  into  a  siihula'.'  ,!  loothed  beak,  the  teeth 
somewhat  spreading  at  matunty;  scales  narrowly 
lanceolate,  acuminate  or  aristate,  about  one-half  as 
long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  ^,, 

III  swamps,  boKS  and  wet  woods,  Newfoundlaiul  to 
MaiiildUa,  south  I"  I'lorida  and  I.niiisiatia.     May  Oct. 

Carex  intumescens  Femaldi  Itaitey.  hull.  Tnrr.  Club.  20:  (is.      iSq;^. 
IVriifynia  narrower,  1   ,s  in  each  spike,  all  erect  or  sliKhllv  spreadiiiK-     Maine  to  New  York. 

6.    Carex  Asa-GrayiHaiky.     dray's  vSedjife. 

Can  I   iiiliniii'Sii'iis  \:\x.  nlnhiilai  is  A.  Ciray,  ,\iiii.  I.yc. 

N.  V.  3:  236.     i,S,?4.     Not  ('.  !,-/i</iH/(/r/,v  r,.  17.S,?. 
Ciiivi   (iiiiyi  Carey.  Am.  Journ.  Sci,  (II,  1  4:  22.     1.S47, 

Not  C.  (I'liivaiia  Dewey,  i,'^,^!. 
Cm  It  Am-Gi  iiyi  liailey,  Hull.Torr.  Club,  20;  427,    lS<),v 
Caret    .Ixa-d'iati  liisfiiliihi   Hailev,  Hull,  Torr  Club, 

20:  .(27.       iSg,,, 

Glabrous,  culms   stout,  erect  or   slightly   assur- 

gent   at   the   base,   2°-,^°   tall.     Leaves   elongateil. 

dark   green,  y'-A'i"  wide,  the   upper   comnionly 

overtoj)piiig  the  culm;  bracts  similar  to  the  upper 

le.ives,  usually  much  overtojipiiig  the  culm;  stami- 

nale  sjiike  mostly  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  i  or 

2,  globo.se,  deii.se,  about   I '  in  diameter;  perigynia 

10-30,  ovoid,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  much  inflated, 

many-nerved,  about  4"  in  diameter  above  the  base, 

tapering  to  a  sharp  2-tootlied  beak;  scales  ovate  or 

lanceolate,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  .scarious,  about 

■one-third  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  .stigmas  3. 

Ill  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Vermont  to  Michigan, 
^outli  to  tieortfia  and  Missouri.     June-Sept. 


(  Fig.  676. 


CYFERACIvAK. 

7.   Carex  Louisianicc'   Haii  -  .     Louisiana 
Sedge.      (Fig.  677.  ) 

('r/^(i     /Itilei   Cari-y;    Cliiipiii.    I'l.   S.   St.iles.   •,\i,.      iStm 

Not  Ikwty.  iS|6. 
('.  /.iiiiisiiiiihd  Haili'v,  liull.  Torr.  Club,  20:  pS,      i8<),v 

Ciilins  slender,  erect,  smooth  or  very  nearly  so,  i''-2" 
tall.  I.eives  l"-2"  wide,  ronj^liisli,  the  upper  oyer- 
yn  to])pitij{  the  spikes;  braets  similar  to  the  npper  leaves, 
ron^h;  pistillate  s])ikes  1-;,  ohlonj;,  abont  1'  lonjj;,  S" 
Id"  thiek,  erect,  the  lower  slender-stalked,  the  upper 
nearly  sessile;  staminate  spike  solitary,  lonjj;-stalked; 
perigvii.i  ovoid,  much  inflate<l,  smooth,  stronj^ly  sev- 
eral-nerved, shining  when  mature,  ,s"-6"  lon.tf,  about 
>3'\:*'   /    /  ^      Vin//      'V       2'."  in  diameter  at  the  rounded  base,  ta])ering  gradu- 

'^f\/il./         J^ \       fI'M    ,=3     ''"•'''  '"^"   *'""'   '""K   2-toothed   beak,  the   small  teeth 

slightlv    spreading;    scales    oblong-lanceolate,  acmni- 

nate,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  ,^. 

Swanips,  Missouri  to  Texas  and  Florida,     Jina-  .\un, 

8.    Carex  lupulina  Miilil.     Ho])  Sedge.     (  Fig.  678.  1 

Cm (•\   <iii;anl<'a  Riuljfi'.  Trans,  I.inn,  Soc,  7;  <i<i,   />/.  /■', 

./',  J.  '    iSo.|,  ? 
Cai I  \  iKfiiilitui  Mulil,;  Sclik,  Kicds;.  2:,S1../,  '-',>'      ''^'<'- 
Caii'\    liiftiiliiKi   var,  picdiniiuhiUt    ]>ewey  in    Wood, 

Hot.  »S:  I'lor,  ,^,76,       1S70, 

Cdabrous,  cidms  stout,  erect  or  reclining,  i°-4° 
tall.  Leaves  elongated,  nodulf)se,  2'2"-6"  wide, 
the  upper  ones  and  the  similar  bracts  much  over- 
topping the  ctdni;  staminate  spike  solitary  or  rarely 
several,  nearly  ,sessile  or  slen<ler-peduncled,  rather 
stcmt;  pistillate  spikes  2  ,s,  ilensely  many-flowered, 
sessile  or  the  lower  slender-stalked,  oblong,  l,':-'- 
2/^2'  long,  often  i'  in  diameter;  perigynia  ascending 
or  spreading,  often  short-stalked,  much  inflated, 
many-nerved,  6"-9"  long,  about  '  ','"  in  diameter 
just  above  the  ba.se,  tapering  from  much  below  the 
middle  into  a  subulate  2-toothe(l  beak;  aehene  longer 
than  thick;  .scales  lanceolate,  acuminate  tir  aristate, 
one-third  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  ditches,  Hudson  Hay  to  western 
Ontario.  Morida  and  Texas.     Jnne-.\UK, 

Carex  lupulina  Bella-villa  (I)ewi  yi  Haiky.  .Mem.  Torr,  Club,  i:  12,      i.^Sc), 
Cai(\   Itflhiiillii   Dewey,  .\ni.  Jouni.  Sci,  I II, )  41:  229,       iS6(j, 

Culm  slender:  pistillate  spikes  remote,  slender-stalkfd,  sonietiuies  staminate  at  tliv  -^ununit, 
the  periffynia  widely  spreadiiiR  at  maturity,  the  staminate  spike  sometimes  branched  .and  with  1  01 
2  perigynia  at  its  base.     Ivaslern  Xew  York  to  southern  Ontario. 

A  hybrid  with  ('.  rehnrsa  is  described  by  I'rofessor  Dudley  ( Cayutfa  I'l,  iiq,       i.'^.Soi, 

9.     Carex    lupuliformis    Sartwell.     Hop-like 
vSedge.     (Fig.  679.) 

Oiicx     hipiilhui    var.    ftnlyshicliya    Seliw.   N:    Ton,   .\nn. 

I,ye,  I:  ,^,^7,       1.S25,      Not  C.  f'lilvslachra  Sw. 
i'lirev  /ii/iii/iyhi mis  Suriw.;  Dewey,  .\tn,  Joiirn,  Sci,  ill,: 

9:  29,      i8,so, 

C.labrous,  culm  stout,  erect,  i  '2°~3°  tall.  Leaves  and 
bracts  .similar  to  tlio.se  of  the  preceding  s])ecies,  much 
elongated;  staminate  spike  .solitary,  stalked  or  nearly 
sessile,  .sometimes  4'  long;  pistillate  spikes  y  fi,  stalked 
or  the  upper  sessile,  den.selj*  many-flowered,  2'-t,'  long, 
6"-io"  in  diameter,  often  staminate  at  the  top;  peri- 
gynia yellowi.sh,  at  first  appressed,  later  ascending,  ses- 
sile, much  inflated,  .several-nerved,  5" -S"  long,  about 
2"  in  diameter  above  the  base,  tapering  from  below  the 
middle  to  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak;  uchene  as  long  as 
thick,  its  angles  mamillate;  scales  lanceolate,  awned,. 
shorter  than  or  ecpialling  the  perigynia. 

Sw.mips,  Rhode  Island  to  Del.  and  Minnesota.  June  .■\uk. 


Si;i)OE  I'AMILY. 


295 


10.    Carex  grandis  Hailey.     Lar^e  Sedj^c 

Our  V ,1; if; a II /i a  Dewey,  Am.  Jourii.  Sci.  ii:  ifq.      iS.'ti. 

Not  kiiclRe.  1S04. 
Cm ci  ,i;iaiii/ix  Haiky.  Mem.  Ton.  L'lul).  I;  1,?.       iSSi). 

Glabrous,  culin.s  .slender,  ereet  or  reeliiiiii).;,  2°-3° 
liij^li.  Leaves  rather  dark  ^reeii,  eloiijjated,  4"-6" 
wide,  the  upperiiii>st  soinetiiiies  surpassiii)f  the 
culm;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  iiim'h  overtop- 
ping the  culm;  stamiuate  spike  sessile  or  ])e<hm- 
cled,  .sometimes  bearinji  jierigynia  at  its  l)ase;  pis- 
tillate spikes  3-5,  all  stalked  or  the  upper  sessile, 
cylindric,  i'-^'  long,  sometimes  staminate  at  the 
summit;  i)erigynia  much  swollen  at  the  base,  and 
alH)ut  2"  in  iliameter,  5" -6"  long,  many-nerved, 
spreading  at  maturity,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  sca- 
rious  lanceolate  acuminate  or  aristate  scale,  abruptly 
contracted  into  a  sub-dale  2-toolhe<l  beak  2  3  times 
as  long  ;is  the  infl.-ited  ,  ortion;  stigmas  v 

In  swamps,  Delaware  In  Keiitmky  and  Missouri, 
south  to  l'"lori<la,  Louisiana  and  Texas,     June-.Xiijf. 

II.    Carex  oligosperma  Michx.     Kew-scakd  Sedge.      1  Hig.  6S1.  1 

(  nil)  ii/i!;iis/jfi  lilt!  .^lich.x.  I'M.  lior.  .\tn.  2:  17.).  iSo^. 
(ilabrous,  cidms  very  .slender,  erect,  rather  .stiff, 

I  ',"--T,°  tall.  Leaves  al)(nit  i  'i,"  wide,  not  exceed- 
ing the  cidm,  involute  when  old;  bracts  similar, 
overtopping  the  culm;  ?'.aminatt  spikestalked,  nar- 
rowly linear;  pistillate  spikes  i  or  2,  globose  or  ob- 
l"'iK.  5" -10"  long,  sessile  or  the  lower  short- 
stalkeil,  few-.several -flowered,  the  upper  some- 
times reduced  to  i  or  2  perigynia  and  with  a 
staminate  summit;  perigynia  ovoid,  erect,  in- 
flated, strongly  few-nerved,  yellowish  green,  2"- 
2'i'"  long,  about  i  '4'"  in  diameter,  tapering  from 
the  middle  into  a  miniitely  2-toothe(l  beak;  scales 
acute  or  mucronate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  t,. 

In  bo^s,  Labrador  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  south 
to  Massacluisetts,  I'ennsylvania  and  Jlichijfan.  June- 
Sipt.     Ascends  to  4rx)o  It.  in  the  .\dirondacks. 


12.    Carex  Raeana  Hoitt. 

Clin  t  iiii'/iiiiis  var.  diiini  Haiky,  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 
l:  37.     1889.     Not  ('.  tiiiiid  Nutt.  181S. 

Ctucv  piilla  .\.  Cray,  Man.  lid.  5.(102.  1S67.  Not 
Ciooden.  1797. 

('<;/>  I  A'tiiiiiiii  Hoott;  Richards.  .\rct.  I'.xp.  2:  ^44. 
1851. 

Cnlni  stouter  than  that  of  ( '.  milidiis,  very 
rough  above,  1,'^°-^"  tall.  Leaves  i"-  1  ',"  wide, 
flat,  shorter  than  the  culm,  nodulose,  somewhat 
scabrous  on  the  margins,  the  lower  bracts  narrower, 
about  e(|ualling  the  culm;  staminate  .spikes  1-4, 
sleiuler-stalked;  pi.stillatc  spikes  1-3,  erect,  cylin- 
dric or  oblong,  6"-l2"  long,  sessile  or  the  lower 
short-stalked;  perigynia  oblong-elliptic,  yellowish- 
green,  few-nerved,  acute,  narroweil  into  a  rather 
conspicuous  2-toothed  beak;  .scales  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  yellowish  or  brown-margined, 
slightly  .shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2  or  3. 

On  lake  and  river  shores,  nortlurn  Maine  to  Lab- 
rador.    Summer. 


(  Fig.  6S2.) 


296 


CYPERACEAE. 


13.    Carex  miliaris  Michx,     Northeastern  vSedgc.     (Fig.  6S3.) 

Ciim   iiii/iaris  Michx.  V\.  Hor.  Am.  2:  174.      i8o,v 
Ciiii'A   iiiiliiii  is  var.  inai"-  Hailey,  Jtctii.  Tnrr.  Club, 

i:  .^f).      18S9.  ? 

tflahroii.s,  culm  very  slender,  erect,  rougliish 
above,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  about  ;"  wide, 
elongated,  nodulose,  the  upper  about  equalling  the 
culm;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  often  overtop- 
ping the  culm;  staminate  spike.s  i  or  2,  stalked, 
narrowly  linear;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  oblong  or 
linear-oblong,  many-ll.iwered,  4"-!' long,  the  up- 
per sessile,  the  lowest,  when  three,  stalked;  peri- 
gynia  inflated,  ovoid,  faintly  few-nerved,  i"- 
lyi"  long,  dark  brown  or  brown-tipped,  tapering 
into  a  short,  nearly  entire  beak,  slightly  longer 
than  the  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  wholly  or 
j)artly  brown,  obtuse  or  acute  scale;  .stigmas  2. 

liorders  of  lakes  and  streams,  Labrador  and  northern 
(juebec.    KoiK)rtcd  from  northern  Minnesota.  .Summer. 


14.    Carex  saxatilis  L.     Rus.set  Sedge. 
(Fig.  684.) 


Caie.v  sa.valilis  I,.  vSp.  I'l.  976.      175,^. 
Canx piilln  Gooden.  Trans.  I.inn.  Soc.  3:  78. 


1797 


Glabrous,  culms  erect,  slender,  3'-! 2'  tall. 
Leaves  flat,  i"-i  W"  broad,  the  upper  not  overtop- 
ping the  culm;  bracts  short;  staminate  spike  soli- 
tary, short-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  all  stalked 
or  the  upper  nearly  or  tpiite  sessile,  oblong,  densely 
many-flowered;  perigynia  dark  purple-brown,  as- 
cending, ovoid,  slightly  inflated,  nerveless  or  very 
faintly  few-nerved,  tipped  with  a  short  minutely  2- 
loothed  beak;  scales  oblong,  subacute,  greenisli 
purple,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas 
usuallv  2, 


Greenland  to  James  Itiiy  and  .Maska. 
Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 


Also  in  arctic 


15.    Carex  membranopacta  Bailey.     Fragile  Sedge.     (Fig.  6X5.) 


(■(;;<■  I    iiiiii/yac/a   K.    Hr.   in    Ross'   Voy.    .Vpp.  e.Kliii. 

1819.      Xot  Kroek.  1814. 
Cait'A   iiiiiiihraiiacea  Hook.  Parry's  2d  Voy.  App.  4<j6. 

1S25.     Not  Moppe. 
Caie.v  memhianofyada   Hailev.    Hull.   Torr.   Club,  20: 

428.       iSy.v 

Similar  to  C.  saxalilis  but  .stouter  and  taller, 
6'-i8''  high.  Leaves  flat,  not  exceeding  the  culm, 
lyi"  wide;  bracts  short,  the  lower  commonly 
longer  than  its  spike,  the  upper  subulate;  .staminate 
spikes  1-3,  .short -.stalked ;  pi.stillate  .spikes  1-3  1  coni- 
nioidy  21,  .sessile  or  the  lower  short-peduncled, 
narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  den.sely  many-flowered, 
about  l'  long  and  4"  in  diameter;  perigynia  spread- 
ing, brown-purple,  ovoid,  fragile,  much  inflated, 
about  \%"  long,  tipped  witli  a  short  nearly  entire 
beak,  little  nerved,  about  as  long  as  the  ovate-ob- 
long greenish-purple  or  white-margined  scales. 

Greenland,  thruuKh  arctic  America  to  Kamptclmtka. 
Summer. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


297 


Blackened  vSedge.     (Kij^.  686."' 


16.    Carex  ambusta  Hoott. 

Cdi  I-  \  aiiihiislit  lioolt.  111.    64. />/.  lyj.     1H58. 

Siiiiil.if  to  C.  sa.vatilis,  culms  slender,  erect,  S'- 
iS' tiill,  nearly  or  quite  smooth.  Leaves  nearly  or 
quite  smooth,  elongated,  mostly  le.ss  than  i "  wide, 
involute  in  drying,  nearly  erect,  shorter  than  the 
culm;  bracts  similar  to  the  upper  leaves,  sometimes 
e(|ualling  or  overtopping  the  culm;  staminate  spike 
.solitary,  stalked;  ])istillate  spikes  I  or  2,  oblong, 
erect,  ol)tu.se,  den.sely  many-flowered,  slender- 
stalked  or  the  upper  nearly  sessile,  6"-()"  long, 
about  3 '2"  in  diameter;  perigynia  oblong-lanceo- 
late, I  '2"  long,  rather  more  than  'j''  wide,  spread- 
ing or  a.scending,  biconvex,  smooth,  firm,  not  at  all 
inflated,  dull,  faintly  few-nerved  at  the  base,  green 
below,  dark  brown  at  the  summit,  tapering  into  a 
short  minutely  2-toothed  beak;  .scales  lanceolate, 
dark  brown,  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  .stigmas  2. 

Labrador,  lirilish  Columbia  to  Alaska.     .Summer. 

17.   Carex  utriculata  Boott.     Bottle  Sedge.     {  Kig.  687.  ) 

C'aicx  ulriculata  Boott;  Hook.  I'l.   lior.  .\ni.  2:  221. 

1840. 
Caiiw  ulriciilala  var.  ;«/««;•  lioott,  loc.  cit.      1840. 

C.labrous,  culms  stout,  erect,  2°-4°  tall.  Leaves 
elongated,  nodulose,  the  upper  mostly  exceeding 
the  culm,  2"-i>"  wide,  the  midvein  prominent; 
bracts  overtopping  the  culm ;  staminate  spikes  2-4, 
linear,  stalked,  the  lower  occasionally  pistillate  at 
the  top  and  usually  subtended  hy  a  very  slender 
bract;  pistillate  spikes  3  or  4,  nearly  erect,  cylin- 
dric,  densely  many-flowered  or  sometimes  looser 
near  the  base,  I'-b'  long,  the  lower  short-stalked, 
the  upper  .sessile,  sometimes  staminate  at  the  sum- 
mit; perigynia  spreading  when  old,  ovoid,  light 
green,  somewhat  inflated,  few-nerved,  2"-2_!-'2" 
long,  narrowed  into  a  sharp  2-toothed  beak;  scales 
lanceolate,  the  lower  awned  and  slightly  longer 
than  the  perigynia,  the  upper  acute;  stigmas  3. 

Marshes,  .Vnticosti  to  British  Columbia,  Delaware, 
Ohio,  Minnesota,  Nevada  aiul  California.    June- Sept. 

18.    Carex  monile  Tiickenn.     Necklace  Sedge.     (Fig.  688.) 

Cixicv  ;;/(i;(/7c  Tuckerm.  Lmini.  Metli.  2u.      1845. 
Cmex  Olncyi  Boott,  111.  15.    />/.  42.      1858. 

Glabrous,  culm  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  l'A°~i° 
tall.  Leaves  elongated,  rather  light  green,  i'/2"-2}4" 
wide,  sometimes  exceeding  the  culm,  little  or  not  at 
all  nodulose;  bracts  similar,  often  overtopping  the 
culm;  staminate  spikes  1-4,  usually  2  or  3,  slender- 
.stalked,  connnonly  subtended  b\-  short  bracts;  pistil- 
late spikes  1-3,  erect-spreading,  cylindric,  i'-,^'  long, 
about  4"  in  diameter,  many-flowered,  rather  loose  at 
maturity,  the  upper  .sessile,  the  lower  one,  when  3, 
.slender-stalked  and  usually  remote;  perigynia  yellow- 
ish green,  ascending  or  spreading,  ovoid,  inflated, 
about  2}<"  long,  rather  .strongly  S-io-nerved,  tapering 
into  a  shaq)  2-toothed  beak;  .scales  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate or  awned,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  .stigmas  3. 

In  marshes  and  wet  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  to  British 
Columbia,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Missouri,  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Colorado,  and  to  (California.    June  Auif. 


2y.S 


CVI'KRACI-AH. 


Carex  monile  monstrosa  HaiUy,  Mini.  Tun  Cluli.  i:  4(1.  i>S'*().  A  lurm  willi  llu-  Urtiiin:il  -iiike 
tllori-  (ir  liss  i>istillaU-.  Hk-  i)istiriiiU-  spikis  very  small  and  loosily  fldWiucl.  usually  nn  very  IdiiK 
stalks,  found  scvt  ral  years  ani"  alouti  tlii-  Concord  Kivcr,  Mass.,  has  not  since  been  collected. 

ig.  Carex  Tuckermani  Dewey.    Tuck- 

eriiiaii's  Sedge.  (Fig.  689.) 
(',  7"«<Xr;'w/(7H/ Dewey,  Am.  Jouni.  Sci.49:48.  iS4,s. 
CilMbrous,  culm  very  sIcikUt,  usually  nmj^hisli 
above,  erect  or  rei'liuinjf,  2°  3'.°  loii.^.  Leaves 
and  bracts  imicli  elongated,  coniiuonly  iiiuch 
<ivert()p])in}f  the  culm,  t  !z"-2':"  wide,  some- 
times sparingly  nodulose;  .staminate  spikes  2  or 
;,;  pistillate  spikes  .stout,  cylindric,  i'-2'  long, 
about  '2'  in  diameter;  the  u]>per  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  the  lower  stalked  and  usuall\-  spreading; 
]>erigynia  very  much  infl'ited,  yellowish-green, 
ovoid,  prominently  l'ew-liervc<i,  ascemling, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  subulate  2-toothed 
beak;  scales  lanceolate,  smooth-awned,  about 
half  as  long  as  the  porigynia;  stigmas  _-^. 

In  bojtsatid  meadows.  New  Itrimswick  to  Ontario. 
>.'cw  Jersey,  MichiKan  and   Minnesota.     June   .\llu. 

20.    Carex  bullata  Schk.     Hmioii  Sedge. 
(Fig.  (190.  ) 

Cm  I'  \  hiilhilii  Schk.  Kiedfr.  Nachtr.  S,s.    /'.  iMi.       iNxi. 

(ilabrons,  cidnis  very  slender,  erect,  i°-2 'i°  high,  rougli- 
isli  above.  Leaves  and  bracts  very  narrow  and  elongated, 
rather  .stiff,  commonly  overtoj>j)ing  the  culm,  rarelx  more 
than  2"  wide,  rough-margined,  sparinglv  nodulose;  .stamin- 
ate spikes  mostly  2,  long  stalke<l;  pistillate  spikes  l-,^,  usually 
2,  hght  green,  varying  from  almost  sessile  to  long-stalked 
and  .spreading,  many-flowered,  oblong  or  oblong-cyliudric, 
I'-l  '^'  long,  4'2"-6"  in  diameter;  perigynia  much  inflated, 
ovoid,  2'i"-3"  1""K.  spreading  when  mature,  tapering  into 
a  subulate  rough  2-toothed  beak,  shining,  strongly  nerved, 
2-3  times  longer  than  the  lanceolate  acinninate  or  acute 
scale,  or  the  uppermost  scales  (.oluse;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps.  Massachusetts  to  Xorth  Carolina.     Jnne-.\u(i;. 

21.    Carex  retrorsa  vSchweiii.     Retror.se  Sedge 

(Mii>    iili'iirsii  Schwein, 
1S24. 

(ilabrons,  culm  .stout,  erect,  smooth  or  slightly 
rough  above,  1°-,^'.°  tall.  Leaves  elongated, 
thin,  rough-margined,  sparingly  nodulose,  2  ■>" 
,Vj"  wide,  the  ujipcr  commonly  exceeding  the 
culm,  the  bracts  similar,  usually  much  overtop- 
ping the  culm;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  short- 
stalked;  pistillate  s})ikes  3-6,  a.scending  or 
spreading,  all  close  togetl'.er  at  the  summit  ami 
sessile  or  very  nearly  .so  or  the  lowest  distant 
and  stalked,  cylindric,  densely  many-flowered, 
i'-2'  long,  about  ,'2'  in  diameter;  perigynia 
ovoid,  membrantms,  strongly  few-nerved,  vel- 
lowisli  green,  about  3"  long,  rellexed  at  ma- 
turity, tapering  into  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak; 
scales  lanceolate,  acute,  smwith,  one-third  to 
one-half  as  long  as  the  per'.jynia;  .stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Nova  .Scotia  to  Manitoba,  sonth  to  Massachusetts,  I'ennsylvania, 
Michii^an  and  Minnesota.     .Mso  in  Oretfon  1  accordiuR  to  llailey).     .XuR.-Sept. 


(Fig.  691.) 


.\nn.    I,vc.   N.    V.   i: 


SKrK.K    I'AMII.V. 


299 


22.    Carex  Hartii  Dewey.     Hart  Wright's 

Sedge.      (Fig.  692.  ) 

I'arrt  Ilailii  Dtwiy.  .\m.  Journ.  Si'i.  1 11.  I  41:  226.      1S66, 

Cilabrous,  culms  sIcikKt,  nearly  siiiootli  i '/j°-2,'-.'°  loiijj. 

Leaves  eloiij^ateil,  r()iijj;li  on  the  nuir}j;ins  and  lower  side  of 

the  inidvein,  2"-^"  wide,  the  upper  and  the  similar  bracts 

much  overtoppinj;  the  culm;  staminate  spikes  i  or  2,  the 

lower  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  base,  borne  on  a  stalk 

M'   \'  long;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  scattered,  rather  loosely  1 

many-dowered,    the    up])er    sessile,    the    lower   slender- 

stalke<l,  i'-2'loiijf,  at)out  '.'  thick,  all  end  or  ascending; 

perigynia  inflated,  ovoid-conic,  spreading  or  the  lower 

slightly  reflexed,  prominently  few-nerveil,  about  3"  long^ 

gradually  tapering  into  the  long  2-toothed  beak,  2-3  times  as 

long  as  the  lanceolate  acute  or  acuminate  scale;  stigmas;,. 

In  niarslus.  Ontario  and   Niw  York  to  Michigan.     .Vpija 
reiitly  intirKrades  willi  the  ])r(ce(linn  species.     June  Auk;. 

23.   Carex  lurida  Walil.     Sallow  Sedge. 

(Fig.  693.  ) 

I',  liiiida  Wahl.  KoukI.  Acad.  Ilandl.  ill.  124:  \^\.      iSo;. 
6'(/'vi   IciiliUtiUila  .Mulil.;  Willd.  Sp.  I'l.  4:  2Wj.    '  1S05. 

Cilabrous,  culm  slender,  erect,  smooth  or  slightly 
scabrous  above,  I  !2°-,^°  tall.  Leaves  elongated,  rough, 
rarely  more  than  2"  wide,  the  u])per  and  the  similar 
brads  usually  mucli  overtop])ing  the  culm;  staminate 
spike  usually  solitary,  sliort-stalked,  elongated;  pistil- 
late s])ikes,  i~4,  cylindric,  den.sely  many-flowered,  l'- 
2'  long,  about  ]Y  in  iliameter,  the  upper  sessile,  the 
lower  peduncled  and  spreading  or  drooping;  peri- 
gynia  inflated,  ovoid,  ta])ering  into  a  long  subulate 
beak,  a.scending  or  the  lower  spreading,  4"  long,  thin, 
yellowish  green,  rather  conspicuously  nerved,  longer 
tlian  the  rough-awned  scale;  stigmas  3. 

Ill  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minne- 
sota, riorida  and  Te.\as.     June-Oct. 

(".  If)i/aciihtla  (illiiii-  lioott,  is  a  hybrid  with  C.  hifiiiliini. 

Carex  lurida  flaccida  liailiy.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  ;_v      1889. 
Pistillate  spikes  '   '    1'  loiiK,  blown,  all  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  clustered  at  llie  suininil,  rather 
more  loosely  (lowered.     Xortliern  New  York  to  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Carex  lurida  parvula  1  I'aine  1  llailey,  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  20:  418.      i.sg.v 
C'tiii\liiihuiihTl(i\"AX.ptii:'iila  I'aine.  Cat.  I'l.  Oneida,  lo.s.      1865. 

Culm  ()'-i8'  hinh;  pistillate  sjiikes  only  I  or  2.  scarcely  more  than   '.-'  Ioiik,  globose  or  oblong, 
sessile  or  very  nearly  so;  i)eri(j:ynia  t,"  lontf.     New  Hampshire  to  I'ennsylvaiiia  and  Iowa. 

Carex  lurida  exundans  liailey. 
Culms  liiiiRand  spreading;  pistillate  spikes  i  |j'-2!j'  lonif,  on  very  lonj-  stalks;  scales  subulate, 
llu'  lower  ol'ten  much  longer  than  the  perigyiiia.     Occasional  with  the  typical  form. 

24.    Carex  Baileyi  IJrittoii.     Hailey'.s  Sedge,     f^ -r— --    -   ..^ 

(  Fig.  694.  ) 

Cair\  Inihitiihild  \;\x.  giuiilis  KinM,  \\\.  (.):\.      iSixi.     Not 

C.  fiiacilis,  R.  lir.  1810. 
Carex   llaiUyi  Hrittoii,  IhiU.  Torr.  Club,  22:  3211.      i8c),s 

(ilabrous,  culms  erect  or  reclining,  very  slender,  mi- 
nutely scabrous  above,  1"  2°  long.  Leaves  roughish, 
elongated,  i,'i"-2"  wide,  the  upper  and  the  similar 
bracts  exceeding  the  culm;  staminate  spike  solitary, 
short-peduncled;  pi.stillate  spikes  1-3,  narrowly  cylin- 
<lric,  very  densely  many-flowered,  all  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, 9"-2'  long,  about  4"  in  diiuneter,  the  upper  ses- 
sile, the  lower  more  or  less  stalked;  perigj'nia  inflated, 
ovoid,  2, '2 "-3"  long,  a.scending,  abruptly  contracted 
into  the  subulate  2-toothed  beak,  prominently  .several- 
nerv'ed,  the  lower  about e(|ualling,  the  upper  longerthan 
the  linear-subulate  ciliate-scabrous  scale;  stigmas  3. 

Huffs,  Vermimt  to  Yirginia  and  Tennessee.    June-.\ug. 


J^ 


vT' Ti>  r'  \''-'-',Vi  - "r   i^T  ™ 


300 


CVPERACEAi;. 


Carex  Schweinitzii  Dewey.     vSchweitiit/.'s  vSedji;e.     (  Fig.  695. ) 


<  "(;;vr  .SV//r.77' ;///:// I)c-wty;  Scliwciii.  Ami.    I.yc.   N. 

V.  i:  71.       iS2.(. 

(ilabrous,  light  j^rfuii,  culm  urect,  roiigliish 
alK)vc,  l°-2,'/2°  tall.  Leaves  elongated,  2 '."-4" 
wiile,  the  basal  ones  anil  the  similar  bracts  com- 
monly f)vertoi)piii).j  tlie  culm,  those  of  the  culm 
mostly  shorter;  staniinate  spike  solitary  or  some- 
times 2,  often  pistillate  at  the  base  or  in  the  mid- 
dle; pistillate  spikes  ;,-5,  ascending,  linear-cylin- 


dric,    not    very    densely     flinvered,    I  ' 


long. 


about  4"  thick,  the  upper  usually  sessile,  the  lower 
stalked;  perigynia  thin,  somewhat  inflateil,  ovoid- 
conic  or  ol)long,  tapering  into  the  snl)ulale,  2- 
toothed  beak,  about  2 '2"  long  and  i"  in  diameter, 
ascending,  rather  prondnently  few-nerved,  equal- 
ling or  the  upper  longer  than  the  lanceolate  or 
linear,  usually  eiliate-scabrous  scale;  .stigmas  ,v 

In    swamps   and   bogs.   Massaclnisetts   to   (liilarii), 
.Michigan,  New  Jersey  and  Missouri.     June  .\usj. 

Carex  hystricina  Mnlil.     Porcupine  Sedge.     (Fig.  696.) 

t'c/v  r //r.s7;7V/«(7  Muhl.;  Willil.  ,Sp.  I'l,  4:  2S2.       1S05. 

(ilabrous,  light  green,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining, 
somewhat  rough  above,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  elongated, 
minutely  scabrous,  i '2" -2'2"  wide,  the  upper  and  the 
similar  bracts  overtopping  the  culm ;  staniinate  spike  slen- 
der-stalked, .sometimes  pistillate  at  the  summit;  pistil- 
late .spikes  14,  oblong-cylindric,  densely  many-flowered, 
'i'-l  'j'  long,  about  4''"  in  diameter,  the  U])per  .sessile 
or  nearly  so,  the  lower  slender-stalked  and  drooping; 
perigynia  a.scending,  somewhat  inflated,  ovoid-conic, 
2 'i"-,^"  long,  strongly  many-nerved,  tapering  into  the 
subulate  2-toothed  beak,  eiinalling  or  the  upper  longer 
than  the  narrow  rough  scales;  stigmas  ;■,. 

In  swani))S  aiul  low  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  to  the  North- 
west Territory,  south  to  C.eorKia  and  Nebraska.     Juiu-.Aug. 

Carex  hystricina  Diidleyi  liaiUv.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  S4. 
1889.' 

Culms  often  reclining.  2°-,^°  Ioiir;  leaves  2'„."-4"  wide; 
staniinate  spike  lonRstalked:  pistillate  spikes  l'i'-2,'o' 
lonK,  5"  in  diameter,  filiform  stalked.  >[aine  to  Connecticut, 
western  New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan. 

27.    Carex  Pseudo-Cyperus  L.     Cyperti.s-like  Sedge.     (  Fig.  697. ) 

(  <7/(i    I'sfiido-iyprnis  I,.  Hp.  I'l.  97.'^.       i/.S.V 

('Flabrous,  culms  rather  stout,  rough  on  the  sharp 
angles,  at  least  above,  2°-^°  high.  Leaves  elon- 
gated, rough  on  the  margins,  nodulose,  2 ',"-5" 
wide,  the  upper  and  the  similar  bracts  overtopping 
the  culm;  .staniinate  spike  .short -stalked;  pistillate 
.spikes  2-5,  linear-cylindric,  densely  many-flowered, 
all  slender-stalked  and  spreading  or  droo])ing,  l'- 
2>i'  long,  y'-Y'  ill  diameter,  the  stalk  of  the  low- 
est one  sometimes  2'  long;  perigynia  light  green, 
slightly  inflated,  conic,  prominently  many-ribbed, 
somewhat  flattened,  at  length  reflexed,  tapering 
into  a  short  2-toothed  beak,  the  .short  teeth  slightly 
spreading;  scales  linear  with  a  broad  base,  eiliate- 
scabrous,  about  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  bogs.  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  Maine,  New  York, 
and  Michigan.     .Vlso  in  Ivurope  and  Asia.    June-Aug. 


r 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


301 


28.    Carex  comosa  Boott.     Bristly  Sed^e. 
(  Fig.  698.  ) 

Cm  I  I  itDiKisti  ItiMitt,  Trans.  I.iiin.  Soc,  20:  117.      is.^f,. 
Cdiiv  /'scm/ii  i'\/>i  Ills  var.  tiniinsii  W.    liiiott,  in  S. 
Wats.  liol.  Cal.  2:  252.      iSS<i. 

Siiniliirtdtlie  prccedinj^  species,  ruliiis  i-oiiniionly 
stouter,  the  leaves  sometimes  ,'i'  wide.  Staiiiinate 
spike  short-stalked,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the 
siimiiiil;  ])i.stillate  spikes  2-6,  usually  3-5,  stalked 
or  the  ui)permost  nearly  sessile,  all  S])readiiig  or 
droopiuj^,  .stouter  and  bristly,  about  'i'  in  <lianieter; 
perigyni.i  more  slender,  little  inflated,  stronjjly  re- 
fle.xed  when  mature,  taperinj{  into  a  slender,  prom- 
inently 2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  subulate  and 
recurved-spreadinj;;  scales  mostly  shorter  than 
the  ])erigynia,  very  rough;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  alouf;  tlu'  biirdirs  of  ponds,  .Miva 
Scotia  to  sontlurn  Ontario  .uul  Wasliinjtton,  smnli  to 
Ciiiri^ia,  Louisiana  and  California.     May  Oct. 


Carex  Frankii  Kuiith.     Frank'.s  Sedge,     v^ Fig.  699.  ) 


C'dii  )  Fiiiiikii  Kuntli.  Ivnuin.  2:  .jijS.      i,S^-. 
(.'iinx  s/ciio/cfiis  Torr.  .Ann.   ],yc.  N.  V.  3:  42(j.       1836. 
Not  I.ess.  iS;5i. 

Cilabrous,  much  tufted,  cidms  stout,  smooth, 
erect,  very  leafy,  i°-2;i°  tall.  Leaves  elongated, 
rougliisli,  2}i"-Y'  wi<le,  the  up])er  ones  and  the 
similar  bracts  coimnonly  overtopping  the  culm; 
.slamiiiate  spike  stalkeil,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the 
summit;  pistillate  spikes  3-6,  exceedingly  den.se, 
cylindric,  erect,  yi'-iyi'  long,  .about  4"  in  diam- 
eter, the  up])er  nearly  or  tpiite  sessile,  the  lower 
slender-stalked;  iierigynia  green,  slightly  inflated, 
about  1"  in  diameter,  few-nerved,  obovoid  with  a 
ilepressed  summit  from  which  ari.ses  the  subulate 
2-toothed  beak;  scales  linear-subulate,  longer  than 
the  ])erigyiiia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  eastern  I'ennsylvania 
to  eastern  Virjiinia  and  (ieorKia,  west  to  Illinois,  Mis- 
soini,  Louisiana  and  Texas.     Jiine-.Scpt. 


30.    Carex  squarrosa  L,. 

Ciii'iv  Xi/iiarrosii  L.  .Sp.  I'l.  97 ^.      I7,S,V 

(llabrous,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  rough 
above  on  the  angles,  2°-},°  tall.  Leaves  elongated, 
rarely  more  than  2"  wide,  rough-margined,  the 
bracts  similar  and  somewhat  overtopping  the  culm; 
spikes  1-3,  erect,  stalked,  ol)lf)ng  or  globose,  ex- 
ceedingly den.se,  rarely  over  i'  long,  6"-io"  in 
diameter,  the  upper  one  club-.shaped,  staminate  at 
the  base  or  sometimes  for  one-l.alf  its  length  or 
more;  perigynia  yellowish  green,  becoming  tawny, 
•spreading  or  the  lowest  reflexed,  somewhat  inflated 
but  firm,  obovoid,  i"-i  ]''/'  indiameter,  few-nerved, 
abruptly  narrowed  into  the  subulate  minutely  2- 
toothed  beak,  twice  as  long  as  the  scarious  lanceo- 
late a.  Miinate  or  awn-tipped  scale;  acliene  linear- 
oblonj.      .ipering  into  the  stout  style;  stigmas  3. 

In  uamps  arnX  bojfs,  Cotuieetieut  to  Indiana.  Michi- 
tfan  and  Nebraska,  south  to  Cieorgia,  Louisiana  and 
.\rkaiisiis.    June-Sept. 


Siiuarrose  Sedge 


302  CVl'KRACEAK. 

31.  Carex  typhinoides  Scluveiii.     Cat-tail  Sc-dKt;.     (I'lK-  7'*i-> 

Caicx  lyftliiiioidis  Sclnviiii.  Ann.  I,yc.  i:  »V>.      iSj( 
Ciiiix  s(/iiai  iD.ut  viir.  lyf'liinoiiirs  Dfwcy.  Am.  Jmirn. 

Sci.  11:  ,\\h.     i.S2(). 

Siiiiiliir  to  tlif  pri'i'filinj.;  sjiecics,  tml  (larkur 
{{iVL-n,  tilt.'  lo;ivi.-s  nmi'li  broiider,  ofti'ii  4"-5"  wiilc, 
thu  similar  bracts  iinicli  ()verl<)])i)injj;  tlii'  culm; 
spikes  2-6,  cylindric,  vi-ry  dciisi.-,  \'-l^^'  long,  4"- 
7"  in  (lianittcr,  often  staminate  at  both  ends,  the 
terminal  one  eommonly  tajierinj^  to  a  conic  sum- 
mit; basal  slaminate  flowers  imicli  less  numerous 
than  in  ( ".  S(/uanvsn  ;  perigynia  dull  straw-color, 
obovoid,  ascending  or  the  lowest  spreading  or  re- 
flexed,  inflated,  abruptly  contracted  into  the  sleniler 
2-toothed  beak,  which  ist)ften  uj)wardly  bent;  scales 
oblong-lanceolate,  obt\isish;  acliene  ovoid-elliptic, 
sharply  3-angled  with  concave  sides,  ti])ped  with 
the  subulate  straight  style. 

Ill  swamps,  (juebec  to  N'irKinia.  Louisiana  .uul  Mis- 
souri.    July-Autr. 

32.    Carex  trichocarpa  Muhl.     Hairy-fruited  vSedge.     (Fijj.  702.) 

Cairx  liitliocaipa  .Muhl.:  Willd.  ,Sp.  I'l.  4:  31)2.      1.S05. 
Caifv   liicliociX) [>a   var.  inihrihis  A.  Ciray.  Man.  VA.  5. 

507.      1S67. 
CaifA  laiX'idiiiiia  Dewey.  .\m.  Jouru.  Hci.  24:47.     i^,S7. 

Culm  usually  stout  and  tall,  smooth  below,  very 
rough  above.  Leaves  elongated,  glabrous,  rough- 
margined,  2"-3"  wide,  the  upper  ones  and  the  similar 
bracts  commonly  overtopjiing  the  culm;  .staminate 
.spikes  2-6,  long-stalked;  pistillate  .spikes  cylindric, 
densely  flowered  except  at  the  ba.se,  i'-4'  long,  5"-.S" 
in  diameter,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so  and  erect, 
the  lower  sleiuler-stalked  and  sometime.s  spreading  or 
drooping;  perigynia  ovoid-conic,  pubescent  or  gla- 
brous, ])rominently  many-ribbed,  4"-5"  long,  i"-i  '." 
in  diameter,  tapering  gra<luany  into  the  stout  con- 
spicuously 2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  somewhat  spreaii- 
ing;  scale  hyaline,  acute  or  acuminate,  one-half  as  long 
as  the  perigynia  or  longer;  .stigmas  3. 

In  marshes  and  wet  meadows,  Quebec  to  Michigan, 
south  to  GenrKia,  Missouri  and  Kaus.is.     Juue-.\ujc. 

Carex   aristata  R.  Hr.     Awiied  Sedj?e.     fFig.  703.) 

<ri7/vi  (7//,'.7(7/(j  R.  l!r.  I'rauk.  Journ.  751.       i.Ss^. 
Cam-  Itichocaipa   var.  aiislalti   liailev,  Coult.   Hot. 

(~.az.  10:  294.      i.S.s.s. 

Culms   stout  erect,  smooth  or   roughish   above, 

sharp-angled,  2° -5°  tall.     Leaves  elongated,  2%"- 

5"  wide,  more  or  less  scabrous,  often   pubescent 

beneath  and  on  the   sheaths;   bracts  similar,   the 

lower  often  overtopping  the  culm;  staminate  s])ikes 

as  in  the  ])receding  species;  j)istillate  .s])ikes  3-5, 

remote,  cylindric,  sessile  or  the  lower  short-stalked, 

loosely  flowered   at   the   base,  dense   above,   i'-4' 

long,  sometimes  tS"  in  diameter;  perigynia  ascenil- 

ing,  conic,  glabrous,    conspicuou.sly  many-ribbed, 

4"-6"  long,  gradually  tapering  into  tlie  conspicu- 

(uisly  2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  divergent;   .scales 

oblong-lanceolate,    rough-awiied,     thin-margined, 

one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

In  botfs,  Ontario  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  New- 
York,  %Iiehit;an,  I'tali  and  Oteifon.    June-Autf. 


I 


SI'DGI'    I'AMII.V. 


303 


Hot. 


34.    Carex  riparia  Curtis.     Rivcr-1):mk  Sedjj^e 

('lire  I   /i/hiii'ii  Curtis,  I'l.  I.otkI.  4: /•/.  0,1.      1S21, 

Cilahrous,  pale  jjri'eii,  cuhiis  stout  i)r  ratluT  slentler, 
smooth,  or  somewhat  rou^h  ahovc,  erect,  2"-v'2  '  tall. 
Leaves  elongated,  sometimes  nodulose,  slightly  sca- 
brous, somewhat  glaucous,  ^"-6"  wide,  about  equal- 
ling the  culm;  lower  bract  similar  to  the  leaves,  the 
iipjier  mostly  narrower  and  shorter;  stamiuate  spikes 
1  5;  pistillate  spikes  2-g,  cylindric,  i  '•'-!'  long,  al)out 
4"  in  diameter,  the  upper  erect,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
the  lower  more  or  less  stalked  and  sometimes  spread- 
ing or  drooping;  perigynia  narrowly  ovoid,  firm, 
scarcely  inflated,  ascending,  tapering  gradually  into  a 
short  2- toothed  beak,  the  teeth  divergent;  scales 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolatc,  long-aristate  or  acute,  the 
lower  longer,  the  upper  eipialling  or  shorter  than  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swanii)S.  Ncwfimndl.iiid  to  James'  Hay  and  Maiiituba. 
siiulli  l(j  l"l()ri(tii,  l.iiiiisi.ina,  Texas  and  Idalm.  Also  in 
ICnropc.     May  Ann. 

Carex  acutiformis  Mhrli. 


(   I'i>r 


vSwauip  Se(l,y;L-.      ( I'ij. 


7"5-  ' 


i\i)  /■  I  iK  ii/ijoiiii/s  IClirli.  liiitr.  4:  1,^      irSi). 

C'tiirt    /iii/ii'/ii.iii  CfCMidcn.    Trans.    I. inn.    Sue.   2:   202. 

Culms  stout,  erect,  sharp-angled,  2°-^°  tall, 
smooth  below,  often  rough  above.  Leaves  2'->"- 
6"  wide,  Hat,  pale  green,  i-qualling  or  sometimes 
exceeding  the  culm;  lower  bracts  similar  to  the 
leaves,  the  upper  short  and  narrow;  staminate 
spikes  1-3,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  ,^-5,  nar- 
rowly linear-cylindric,  1  '■'-,V long,  2"-2,', "thick, 
the  ni)i)cr  sessile  or  nearly  so  and  erect,  the  others 
slender-stalked,  spreading  or  drooping;  perigynia 
ovoid,  iji'^  hmg,  not  inflated,  strongly  many- 
nerved,  tajjcring  into  a  very  short  and  minutely 
2-toothed  beak;  scales  awn-tipped,  longer  than  the 
perigynia  or  the  upper  equalling  them;  stigmas  3. 


In   swamps  and  wet  nicaddws 
sells.     X.iturali/ed  I'nmi  ICukiik-. 


eastern  Jlassaelni- 
Junc  .\u>r. 


36.    Carex   Shortiana   Dewey.     Short's  .Sedj^e 

Caiiw  Slioi  liiDia  Dewey,  .\ni.  Journ.  Sci.  30:(«i,  i,s;ii. 
Glabrous,  culms  rather  slender,  erect,  rough 
above,  i"-3°  tall,  usually  ovcrto])ped  by  the  upper 
leaves.  Leaves  elongated,  roughisli,  2"-2'." 
wide;  bracts  short,  narrow,  rarely  nnich  exceed- 
ing the  spikes;  spikes  3-7,  linear-cylindric,  densely 
many-llowcred,  |i'-lj^'  long,  lyi"-!"  in  diam- 
eter, erect,  the  lower  stalked,  the  uppermost 
staminate  below  for  about  one-half  its  length;  j^^i\  \ 
perigynia  dark  brown  at  maturity,  compressed,  2-  J^  J  X 
edged,   orbicular  or   obovate,   nerveless,   slightly  ( 

wrinkled,  abruptly  and  minutely  beaked,  equal-  jj 

ling  or  shorter  than  the  scales,  which  are  hyaline, 
scarious-margined,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  or  obtuse  and  persistent;  orifice  of  the  peri- 
gynium  entire  or  very  nearly  so;  stigmas  3. 

In  moist  meadows  and  thickets,  Pennsylvania  to 
Virginia  and  Teuiiissee,  west  to  Illinois,  Missouri 
and  the  Indian  Territ<iry.     May-July. 

20 


(  Vi\r.    706.  ) 


304 


cvpi;kaci:ai' 


37.    Carex  scabrata  Sduveiii.     RoukIi  Sedge.     0"'K-  7'>7- ' 

(iiiii    siithiahi   Scluvtili.  Ann.   I,vr.    N.   V.    i:  (V). 
l.H2|. 

('ila!)r<)ii8,  culms  slcn<kT,  erect  or  recIiiiiiiK, 
rouj^li  above,  leafy,  1°  ,^°  loiij;.  Leaves  roiij;li, 
much  elongated,  2|j"-7"  wide,  the  bracts  sim- 
ilar but  narrower  and  usually  exceeding  the 
cnlm;  slaminatc  spike  short-stalked;  iiislillate 
spikes  3-6,  erect,  the  upper  short-stalked,  the 
lower  sometimes  spreading  or  drooping,  all 
liuear-cylindric,  densely  many-llowered,  i'-2' 
long,  2,'i'''-4"  in  diameter;  perigynia  greenish- 
brown,  ovoid,  somewhat  inllated,  strongly 
nerved,  ])a])illosc,  tipped  with  a  short  rough 
nnnutely  2-tootlied  or  entire  beak;  scales  lanceo- 
late, acute  or  short-awned,  prominently  1 -nerved, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  _v 

III  moist  woods  and  thickets.  New  Ilainpsliirc 
anil  Ontarid  Id  Micliijtaii,  Simlh  Carolina  and  Tin- 
iRssie.     Asciiuls  Id  |ji«>  It.  in  ViVHinia.     May  AuK- 

38.    Carex  vestita  Wilkl.     Velvet  Sedge. 
(I'ig.  708.) 

Oufv  zrs/i/a  Willd.  Hp.  IM.  4:  26,5       iSo.s- 

Culms  strict  and  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  iJ<°-2,'/<° 
tall,  rough  .above.  Leaves  distant,  i^y'-i'i"  wide, 
not  overtopping  the  culm;  bracts  similar,  t.Hit  nar- 
rower, short,  rough-ciliate  on  the  margins;  staminatc 
spike  solitary,  rarely  2,  almost  sessile;  pistillate  spikes 
1-5,  oblong,  5"-io"  long,  3"-4"  in  diameter,  erect, 
comnioidy  staminate  at  the  summit,  sessile  or  the 
lower  very  short-stalked;  perigynia  ovoid,  ascending 
or  the  lower  spreading,  densely  putescent,  less  than 
i"  in  diameter,  prominently  few-ribbed,  tapering 
gradually  into  a  short  conic  2-tootlicd  whitish  beak, 
slightly  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  ovate  acute 
membranous  scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  sandy  woods,   Massiichiisclls  to  castiin   New   York 
and  Pennsylvania,  south  to  (k-or^'ia.     Jmu-  July. 


39.    Carex  Walteriana  Bailey. 


Walter". s  Sed,ge.      (,I'*ig.  709.) 

in.    lior.  Am.  2;  174.       1S03, 


Not 


lam    sirhtia  Miclix. 

Cilib.  1792. 
I'lliii    ll'<t//i-r/aiui  liidky,  Hull.  Torr,  Club,  20:  420.     iSg.V 
('airv  ll'iillri  iiiiia  var.  brci'is  Hailey,  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  20: 

429.        I.SflV 

Culms  slender,  strict,  erect,  usually  rough  .above, 
i°-2,'2°  tall.  Leaves  narrow  and  elongated,  smooth 
or  roughish,  !"-2"  wide,  nodulose,  not  overtoppin;.; 
the  culm;  lowest  bract  similar,  very  long,  the  upper 
smaller  and  often  almost  fdiform;  staminate  spikes 
2-5,  long-stalked;  pislill.ate  spikes  I  or  2,  when  2  the 
lower  remote  from  the  upper,  sessile  or  very  short- 
stalked,  oblong-cylindric,  erect,  I'-iyi'  long,  about 
4"  in  diameter,  rather  loosely  many-llowered;  peri- 
gynia ovoid,  purple-brown,  many-nerved,  slightly  in- 
flated, ascending,  glabrous,  or  partly  or  wholly  pubes- 
cent, lyi"  in  diameter,  tapering  into  a  short  2-toothed 
c  US'  beak,  the  teeth  short;  scales  ovate,  acute,  short-aristate 

\( V~-^  1         ^Ai  lily  %  or  obtuse,  membranous,  one-half  the  length  of  the 

V  Vu*^  »  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  pine-barren  bogs,  southern  New  Jersey  to  I'lorida,  near  the  coast.     May-July. 


SICDOIC    I'AMII.Y. 


305 


Not 


40.    Carex  Houghtdnii  Torr.     Houghton's 

(  11 1 1- 1  I liUii: lildii i i  '\'i>\r.  Ann.  I.yr.  N.  V.3;  (i,^.  iS((i. 
Culms  ratlicr  stout,  roujjh  above,  erect,  1°  2'i" 
tall,  exceeding  the  leaves.  Leaves  and  lowest 
bract  2"-T,'i"  wide,  rough,  their  margins  more  or 
less  revolutc;  upper  bracts  much  shorter;  stanii- 
natc  spikes  i-,^,  stalked,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the 
liase;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  oblong-cvlindric,  J.'  • 
1 1,'  long,  3"-4"  in  diameter,  erect,  rather  loosely 
several -niaiiy-llowered,  the  upper  sessile,  tlie  lower 
stalked;  perigynia  broadly  ovoid,  I'j"  in  diam- 
eter, light  green,  ascending,  densely  pubescent, 
prominently  many-ribbed,  narrowed  into  a  short 
conspicuously  2-tootlied  beak;  scales  lanceolate, 
short-awned,  hyaline-margined,  strongly  i-nerved, 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  Siiiiilyor  mcky  soil,  Nova  .Scotia  to  tin-  Northwest 
Tirritory.  south  to  Maine,  Ontario,  Michi^tlUl  and  Miii 
ncsota.     June   Sept. 

Carex  lanuginosa  Michx 


Scdjjf.         (   \<\\r.    710.   ) 


wv 


Plant 
Missouri 


pak- ;  leaves 
uid  Kansas. 


Woolly  Sedj^e.      (Fig.  711.) 

Ciiirx  luiiiigiiii'sti  Miclix.  V\.  l!or.  .\ni.  2:  175.      i.So^. 
Carer  Jili/iiniiis  \M.  latifolia  Hoeekl.  I.innaea,  41:  "309. 

1870. 
Care  r  fill  foriiiis  \-A.\.  laitiii^innsa  li.S.l'.  I'rel.  Cat.  N.  Y. 

r)3.    ■  i,S8S. 

Culm  slender,  but  usually  rather  stouter  than  that 
of  C.  fili/oniii.'..  sharp-angled  and  rough  above. 
Leaves  and  lower  bracts  elongated,  flat,  not  involute, 
\"-2"  wide,  more  or  less  nodulose,  sometimes  over- 
topping the  culm;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  long-stalked, 
sometimes  pistillate  at  the  base;  pistillate  spikes  1-3 
usually  distant,  sessile  or  the  lower  slender-stalked, 
cylindric,  9"-i,S"  long,  2^2"-'}!'  in  diameter;  peri- 
gynia like  those  of  C.  fill  form  is;  but  rather  broader; 
scales  acuminate  or  aristate. 

In  swamps  anil  wet  nie.ulows.  Nova  Scotia  to  Hritisli 
lNiluiiil)ia,  south  to  .Vew  Jersey,  reinisylvania,  Kansas, 
New  Mexico  and  California.     June-.VuK- 

Carex  lanuginosa  Kansana  Itrittou. 
'  wide,  viry  rouK'i;  perigynia  '.■"  in  diameter,  the  ribs  conspieuous. 


42.   Carex  filiformis  L 

Carc.v  filiform  is  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  076.       1753. 

Culms  very   slender,   erect  or   reclining,  rather 

stiff,  smooth,  obtusely  angled,  2°-3°  long.     Leaves 

very  narrow,  involute,  about  \"  wide,  rough  on  the 

inrolled  margins,  not  overtopping  the  culm;  lower 

bract  similar,  often  eciualling  the  culm;  upper  bracts 

filiform;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  commonly  2,  stalked; 

pistillate  spikes  1-3,  cylindric,  9"- 15''  long,  about 

3"  in  diameter,  erect,  sessile  or  the  lower  distant 

and  short-pedtincled;  perigynia  green,  ascending, 

oval,  densely  pubescent,  faintly  nerved,  about  i" 

in  diameter,  tapering  into  a  short  2-toothcd  beak ; 

scales    ovate,    membranous,    sometimes    purplish, 

acute   or  short-awned,  shorter  than  or  equalling 

the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  wet  meadows  and  swamps,  Newfoiuulland  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  New  Jersey,  IVnnsylvaiiia, 
MicliiKan  and  Minnesota.  .\seeTuls  to  21x10  ft.  in  the 
Adirondacks.     \\i.k\  in  ICuvope.     June-AuR. 


Slender  Sedge.     (Fig.  712.) 


3<j6 


c  vi'i;k.\ci;  \i:. 
Carex  hirta  I,,     lliiiiy  Sl(1ko 


I'iK.  71.V  ) 

I'l   M75       KM- 


(  iirr  I   ////A;  I,    S|i 

Root^loik-i  iNlcii'.ivfly  crcrpiiiK,  i-ultiis  rather 
sliMickT,  trci'l,  iK'iirly  stiioolh,  6'  2"  tall.  Leaves  (lat, 
I)ul)esi'ent,  I'specially  <>ii  llif  sheaths,  rouKh,  iH"- 
2',"  wide,  the  hasal  ones  uiuch  eloti^ateil,  often  cx- 
icediTiH  the  ciilin,  the  iipjirr  ami  the  similar  liracts 
shorter;  staininate  sjiikes  2  or  ,v  stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  J  or  T,.  remote,  erect,  ohloii^feyliiidrie,  9"  iS" 
lon}{,  ahout  ,V'  111  diameter,  rather  loosely  many- 
llowcred;  ])eri>,'yiiia  ovoid-ohloiij;,  tjrecii,  aseenditijf, 
densely  piiliesociit,  1"  in  di.imeter,  2"  loni;,  few- 
rililied.  tapcrini;  into  a  stout  jirominently  ---toothed 
he.ik;  teeth  often  .is  lonj.;  as  the  hrak;  sealcs  nietn- 
hranous.  laneeolate,  aristate,  .■^-nerved,  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 


In  lielils  and  waste  plaeev 
N(  w  Vciik  and  I'einisylvaiiia, 
friim  I'Uimpi',     Jiitic  Sipt. 


Massaeliusills  In  t  asUrii 
Natuiidi.'Kl  111  advintivi' 


Cdtii  ii//>iiiii  ,Sw.:  I.ilj.  .'^v.  I'lora,  Ivd.  ; 
L'(iri\    ;■(////// SeliU.  Kiedyr.  n7.       iSoi, 


(FiK.  714- ) 


Culms  slender,  erect,  ron;.;h  above,  le.ify  only 
below  the  middle,  h' -2  tall.  Leaves  ronghish, 
y^"..\\,"  wide,  shorter  than  or  rarely  eiinalliiiij 
the  culm;  spikes  2-4  (commonly  3),  clustered  at 
the  summit,  the  terminal  1  or  2  stamin;itc  below, 
oblonfi  or  jjlobose,  2"  5"  lonK,  sessile  or  the 
lower  pedunclcd;  peri^ynia  ov.il,  orbicular  or 
obovoid,  lij^ht  jireen,  about  i"  Iouk.  tipped  with 
a  very  short  and  minutely  J-toothed  be.ak,  nerve- 
less or  with  a  few  very  faint  nerves,  ecpiallinjj;  or 
sli>;litly  shorter  than  the  ovate  black  or  purple- 
brown  obtuse  or  acutish  scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  icicky  |)1  111.S,  Onibec  In  James'  Hay  iind  .\tlia 
basca,  wotein  (Intarin  and  I^U-  koyaU',  Lake  Supei- 
icir,  Sdutli  in  tin-  Kocky  Miinnlains  In  L'nlnrailn.  .\lsn 
in  ICurnpc.     .Summer. 

45.    Carex  atratiformis  Brittou.     Black  SedK't-'.     '  I'lR.  7LS- 


(  iiii'i  ii:;il,i  Kuduv,  'I' vans.  I.itni.  .Sue,  7:  i/j.   /'/.  •/.      iSo.(. 

Nnl  Itnrm.  176.S. 
Cm  i-.t  ahiilii  var.  iK'alu  l!oott,  111.  114.      1.S62. 
(  HIT  \  alidli/iiriiiis  lirittnn,  Hull.  Tnrr.  Club,  22:  222.    1895. 

(Mabrous,  culms  slender,  erect,  sharp-angled,  rough 
.above,  S'-2°  tall,  usually  leafy  only  below.  Leaves 
smooth  or  roughish,  \''-2"  wide,  rarely  over  6'  long, 
much  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikes  2-5,  dense,  ob- 
long or  oblong-cylindric,  4''-i2"  long,  about  2'<"  in 
iliametcr,  the  terminal  one  usually  staminate  at  the 
base  and  sessile,  or  nearly  so,  the  others  slender 
stalked,  drooping  when  mature;  lower  bracts  Jj'-i'a' 
long,  very  narrow,  the  upper  ones  subulate;  perigynia 
flattened,  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  puucticulate,  as- 
cending, about  i"  long,  tipped  with  a  very  short, 
2-toolhcd  beak;  scales  black  or  reddish-brown,  ob- 
long, obtuse  or  subacute,  slightly  narrower  than  the 
l)erigynia  and  about  equalling  them;  stigmas  3. 

Newfoundland  to  the  mountains  of  New  ICngland,  west 
to  the  Northwest  Territory.     Sunnuer. 


I  to). 


siinciv  I'AMii.v.  .^"7 

46.    Carex  stylosa  C.  A.  Mevir.     X'aiiiKi'i'-*!  >^<-''1k*-'-     '  •'"iR.  7i^>-' 


niv.  Sav.  I:  22: 


A.   Mivii,   Mt  111.  Ai 


,cl,  St    I'lUr-h 


Ciiliii«  slcncUr,  cri'ct,  1'  1 '.. '  tiiU,  toukIi  and 
Icadcsh  iibovf.  1,1'avcs  1  'j"  wiilc,  sliortrr  than  <>r 
sonaliniL'H  t'(|ii;illin^'  llic  cnlni;  staininalc  spike 
siilil.irv,  iU':irly  si'ssili',  ofl.ii  i)istill;ilc  for  olii'-lialf 
il-;  U'li^jtli  or  inorf;  pistill  itr  sjiikL'S  2  or  ;,  oblonj;- 
c\  limlrii',  iTiTl,  .("  6"  loii^;,  about  I'j"  in  iliatn- 
I'ttT,  the  lowest  slendcr-slalkiMl  ami  sulitcinkcl  hy 
a  linear-suiailalc  hract;  pcrixynia  ovate,  sli;,'lilly 
indatcd,  hrowii,  niitiiltelv  n''"""'alc  all  over,  less 
than  1"  Ion;,',  nerveless  and  licakless,  the  crifiie 
entire  and  dosed  hy  the  usually  protrudiii,!,'  slvle; 
seales  hlack  with  white  veins,  ol)tusish,  shorter 
than  the  pcrij^iynia;  stigmas  t,. 


I.ahrailiii  ami  dn  i  iilaiid  to  Ala-ka.     Sumiiu  r. 


47.    Carex  Parryana  I)L\vi.y. 


( III (  i 


Parry's  vScdKc. 

I'm  lyiiiiii    Diwtv. 


(IMK.  7'7-  ' 

Am.    Jduni.    Sei.    27; 


;.t9- 


(ilahroiis,  culms  very  slender,  smooth,  erect,  stifT, 
S'-2()'  tall,  lealless  iihovc.  Leaves  ahout  1"  wide, 
much  shorter  than  the  culm,  their  niar^jins  some- 
what involute;  spikes  i  .\,  dense,  erect,  linear-cyl- 
iiulric,  ,s"  12"  lout:,  i'."  in  diameter,  the  ui)i)er 
sessile  and  stamiiiate  helow  or  thronjjhout,  the  low- 
est stalked  and  suUteudcd  hy  an  almost  filiform 
hract;  periKynia  plaiio-ct)nvex,  ohovate,  i)ale,  less 
than  i''  loiij,',  minutely  papillose,  faintly  few- 
nerved,  very  iniuutely  beaked,  the  orilice  entire; 
scales  ovate,  acute  or  mucronulatc,  dark  brown 
with  lij,'liter  margins,  about  as  long  as  the  peri- 
gyiiia;  stigmas  3. 


Iluilsiiii  l!ay  to  I  lie  Niiitliwesl  'rtrritdry,  south  in  the 
Riickv  Mouutiiiiis  to  Colorado.     Suiiiiner. 


Carex  fusca  All. 


Rrowii  vSedgc 


(iMR.    71S.J 


west 


I'm ri  fiisiti  All.  I'l.  I'ltl.  2:  2(»j.      i^.'^.s. 
( 'iiii-\    /III  vhdiiiiiii  Walil.  KoiikI   Vet.  Ac.'ul.  Ilamll.  ill.) 
24:  16,5.      lSo,v 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  stiff,  erect,  sharp-angled, 
rough  above,  1°-,^°  tall.  Leaves  rough,  erect,  i"-2" 
wide,  shorter  than  or  sometimes  C(|ualling  or  exceed- 
ing the  culm;  spikes  2-.J,  oblong  or  cylindric,  erect,  all 
sessile  and  close  together  or  the  lowest  sotiictiines 
distant  and  very  short-stalked,  4"-iS"  long,  about 
4"  in  diameter  when  mature,  the  tcriiiinal  one  stam- 
iiiate at  the  base  or  rarely  throughout;  pcrigynia  el- 
liptic or  somewhat  obovale,  flat,  ascending,  i  "  long, 
very  light  green,  faintly  few-nerved,  beakless,  the 
ape:f  minutely  2-toothcd;  scales  ovate,  awn-tipped, 
black  or  dark  brown  with  a  green  niidvein,  longer 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  ,v 

In  bogs,  XewloiindlaiKl  to  Alaska,  south  to  CieorRi.i, 
Kentucky,  riali  and  California.  Also  in  Huropc.  May- 
Jiilv. 


3o8 


CYI'IvRACI'AK. 


49.    Carex  stricta  I.ain.     Tussock  vSed^e.      (Fig.  719.  ) 

I'lir,  \    \liitlii  I.aiii.  I'jicycl.  3:  3S7.       17S9. 

Glabrous,  ratlRT  dark  green,  ciilins  slender,  slilT,  erect, 
usually  in  dense  oluuips,  sharply  .wangled,  rough  above, 
i%°  -4°  tall.  Leaves  long,  rarely  overtopping  the  culm, 
very  rough  on  the  nuirgins,  i"-2"  wide,  their  sheaths 
becoming  prominently  fdjrillose;  lower  bract  similar, 
sometimes  ecpialling  the  culm;  slaminate  spikes  solitary 
or  sometimes  2,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-s,  linear-cyl- 
indric,  often  stamiuate  at  the  top,  very  densely  dowered, 
or  loose  at  the  base,  yi'-2'  long,  about  2"  thick,  erect 
or  somewhat  spreading,  all  sessile  or  the  lower  stalked; 
perigynia  ovate-elliptic,  ascending,  acute,  faintly  few- 
nerved,  i"  long  or  less,  minutely  beaked,  the  orifice  en- 
tire or  nearly  so;  scales  brown-puri)le  with  green  margins 
and  midvein,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  appressed;  stigmas  2. 
In  swatni)S,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario,  soutli  to  (H-orsjia 
and  Texas.  Ilybridi/is  with  C.  fili/i<niiis.  July  Se))!. 
Carex  stricta  angustata  (Itoolt)  li.iiUy  in  .\.  t'-ray,  Man.  JCd.  (>.  6011.  i8<in. 
Caie  t   tt)li;iisltila  lioott;  Hook.  I'M.  l!or.  .\ni,  2.  2\^.       iS|o.  ? 

I'istiliale  spikis  lon^r^r,  j'   4'  lonif.  erci-l;  st-aUs  lanciolate.  acute,  oflL'ii  louKii   111. in  llu'  peri- 
Kynia.     Kanjfi-  api)annlly  nearly  llial  of  llic  typi-. 

Carex  stricta  xerocarpa  (,S.  II.  Wriulili  lirilloii.  Hull.  'I'orr.  Club.  22:  222.      1895. 
Carer  .iiiiitaifiii  S.  II.  Wrinlil.  .\ni.  Jonni   Sci.  (  II.  1  42:  \t,-\.      iW)6. 

I'islillatc  spikis  almost  filiform,  about  i"  in  dianutcr,  erect.     Xi'W  York  to  Illinois. 

50.    Carex  Haydeni  Dewey.     Ilaytlen's  Sedge.     (Fig.  720.) 

CtJrtiti/ifi/d  Carev  in  .\.  (tiav.  Man.  5(7.       I.'^tS.      Not 

lioott,  iSjo. 
C.  Jfayti'iii  Dewev.   .\ni.  Joiini.  1  II. )  18;  mv       1S5.). 
<;'.  s/i'icl,i  var.  ihrnrij  liailey,  Hot.  C.az.  13:  S.s.       iSS.^'!, 

Clabrous,  similar  to  C.  strida  but  smaller,  culm 
slender,  rough  above,  seblom  over  2°  high.  Leaves 
i"~j'."  wide,  rough-margined,  shorter  than  or  some- 
times a  little  overtopping  the  culm,  their  sheaths 
slightly  or  not  at  all  fibrillose;  lower  bract  foliaceous, 
.about  e(|ualling  the  culm;  pistillate  spikes  linear-cy- 
lindric,  b"~i$"  long,  about  2"  in  diameter,  erect  or 
somewhat  spreading,  all  sessile  or  nearly  so,  some- 
times with  a  few  staminate  llowers  at  the  summit; 
perigynia  orbicular,  olituse,  about  '."  broad,  faintly 
2-4-nerved,  minutely  beaked,  the  orifice  entire; 
scales  lani-eolate,  p\irplish,  sjireading,  very  acute, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Swamps.  Nt  w  lininsw  iek  to  Kh  ide  Island  and  .Nebraska. 

51.  Carex   Nebraskensis  Dewey.     Nebraska  vSedge. 


Liirr  I 
loj. 


(Fig.  721.  ) 

Dewey.   .\m.  Jonni.  .Sci.  i  II.  I  18: 


iS,S|. 

( ■labrous,  ci  litis  rather  stout,  erect,  sharp-angled, 
smooth,  or  rough  above,  r  -2!2^  tall.  Leaves  pale 
green,  i'2"-2,'2"  wide,  rough-margined,  not  ex- 
ceeding the  culm,  their  sheaths  more  or  less  nodu- 
lose; lower  bract  foliaceous,  sometimes  e(|ualliiig 
the  culm,  the  upper  much  shorter  and  narrower; 
staminate  s])ikes  commonly  2,  stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  24,  dense,  oblong-cylindric,  erect,  9"-i5" 
long,  aliout  ;/'  in  diameter,  sessile  or  the  lower 
shorlstiilked;  ])erigynia  ascending,  elli])tic  or 
somewhat  obovate,  prominently  several-ribbed 
when  mature,  short-beaked,  the  beak  2-loot'hcd; 
scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  mucronate, 
brown  with  .a  green  midvein  or  green  all  over,  the 
upper  shorter  than  the  i)erigyiiia;  stigmas  2. 

Nebraska  lo  ( Irejron  ,iiiil  New  .Mexico,      May   Ann. 


SEDGl';   FAMILY. 


>^09 


Auk 


52.    Carex  aquatilis  Wahl.     Water  Sedge.     (Kig.  722.; 

Cairx  (Uiiiiililis  W.ilil.  Koiij;!-  \'it.  Acail.  Ilaiull.  (II.)  24: 

165.      Ifvi.v 

Cilabrous,  glaucous  and  pale  green,  cuhns  rather 
stout,  erect,  sharp-angled  aliove,  smooth  or  nearly  so, 
2°-4''  tall.  Leaves  elongated,  sometimes  e(|iialling 
the  culm,  2"-3  '2'"  wide,  theirsheaths  nodulose;  bracts 
similar  to  'he  leaves,  the  lower  much  overtopping  the 
culm;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  .stalked;  pistillate  spikes 
narrowly  linear-cyliiulric,  often  staminate  at  the  sum- 
mit, erect  or  slightly  spreading,  ]'-2)i'  long,  2"-3"in 
diameter,  sessile  and  dense,  or  the  lower  narrowed 
and  loosely  flowered  at  the  base  and  short-stalked; 
perigynia  elliptic,  green,  nerveless,  minutely  beaked, 
the  orifice  entire;  scales  oblong,  shorter  than  or  etiual- 
ling  the  perigynia  and  much  narrower;  stigmas  2. 

In  swamps  and  aloiijj  striatns,  N'c  wfoundlatul  lo.Vlaska. 
S(Hith  to  Massacliusilts.  IVnnsylvania.  (Ihio.  .Miiimsola 
and  H'^ilisli  Colinnbia.     .\lso  'n  ICuropt-.     June  Aui; 

.•\  liybrid  between  this  species  and  (".  ,v7;;( Vims  discribid  by  rrolVssor  I,.  H.  liailiy. 

53.    Carex  lenticularis  Michx.     Lenticular  vSwlge.     (Fig.  723.) 

I'lii  i-x  hnliciilai  is  Michx.  I'l.  lior.  Am.  2:  172.  1805. 
t'llabrous,  ])ale  green,  culms  very  .slender,  erect, 
sharp-angled,  sliglitly  rough  above,  l°-2^  tall. 
Leaves  elongattii,  rarely  over  i"  wide,  shorter 
than  or  rarely  overtopping  the  culm,  slightly 
rough-margined,  their  sheaths  not  fdirillose;  lower 
1)1. ict:;  .similar  to  the  leaves,  usually  much  ovcrtop- 
j)ing  the  spikes;  staminate  s])ikes  solitary  or  rarely 
2,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  often  ])istillate  above; 
pistillate  spikes  2-5,  clustered  at  the  suininit  or 
the  lower  distant,  sessile  or  the  lower  short-stalked, 
erect,  lincar-cylindric,  4"  1'  long,  i'2"-2"  in  di- 
ameter; perigynia  ovale  or  elliptic,  acute,  minutely 
granulate,  faintly  few-nerved,  appresscd,  tipped 
with  a  minute  entire  beak;  scales  green,  appressed, 
shorter  than  the  ])erigynia:  stigmas  2. 

On  sliiiri's,  I.abradnr  t.i  llu-  Noitliuisl  Tfrritory. 
sciMlli  til  Maiiir.  Wiiiioiit,  Ontario  .mil  Minnesita.  .\s. 
iiiiils  til  (51H1  It.  in  llie  White  :\Iounlaiiis.     JmR-.Vng. 

54.    Carex   Goodenovii  J.  (lay.     (iDodeiiotigli's  .Sedge.      (Fig.  724.") 

Ciiirx  iiu:shili>sii  Ciooden.  Tians.  I, inn.  Sue.  2:  ms.   /'/. 

..'/.      1701.     -Not  I,.      17.SV 
< '.  (I'oiiiti'iioi'ii ].  Cay.  .\nn.Sci.  Nat.  1  II.  )  11:  mi.     li^.V). 
On  II    :-ii/!;iiit.s  IC.  I'liis,  Maiit.  3:  15,1.       iXp. 
Ctiiiv    liiiiihi    var.     sli  i,  li/oi  }iii\     li.iiliy,     Uvilli  ti's 

Jonrn.  Itiil.  28:  17J.      iSiio. 

Glabrous,  culms  stiff,  erect,  sharp-angled,  smooth 
or  sometimes  rough  above,  r'-2"  tall.  Leaves 
elongated,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  glaucous,  1"  .'" 
wide,  not  exceeding  the  culm,  their  sheaths  not 
fibrillosc;  lower  bracts  usually  loliaceous,  some- 
times ei|ualling  the  culm;  staminate  spike  sessile 
or  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-.),  all  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  erect,  densely  niany-dowered,  narrowly  cylin- 
dric,  2"-2'j"  in  diameter,  ,=;"  12"  huig;  i)crigynia 
flattened,  broadly  oval  or  ovati',  faintly  few-nerveil, 
green,  a])pressed,  less  than  1"  long,  minutely 
beaked,  the  orifice  nearly  entire;  scales  purple- 
brown  to  black  with  a  green  midvcin,  very  obtuse, 
slnirter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Ill  wi  t  KMinnils.  N<  wl'nuudlaml  tu  Massacluisi  tl^  ami   I'l  iiiisyhaiiia.     Juiu'   Autt. 


3IO  CVPKRACIvAI-;. 

55.    Carex   Bigelovii  Ti)rr.     liii^elow  's  Sl-(I,u;c', 


( I'i-. 

Si'liwciii, 


7-\v  ) 

Aim    I.vtv  -N.  V.  I; 


(  III  I  \    /ii\'r/i':'ii  'I'lirr, 

()7.       i,S2.i. 
Ciller  lix/i<rlu>ri,i  Drcj,  Ki'V.  Crit,  C;iv.  \\.       1841. 
Coil- 1    z'iili;iii  is  viir,  livprrhniYii  licicitt.  III.  167.     1867. 

Ciliibrous  aiul  smooth  Ihrou.nhoiil  or  very  nearly 
so,  culms  sliMrp-aiii^lccl,  erect,  S'-iS'  tall.  Leaves 
I  'j""2'"  vviile,  not  excceiliiit;  tlie  '.".ilm,  the  lower 
bracts  similar,  hut  shorter;  sheaths  slijrhtly  or  not 
ril)rillosc;  staininate  spike  stalked,  sometimes  ])is- 
tillatc  at  the  base,  pistiUatc  spikes  2-4,  linear- 
cyliudric,  loosely  flowered  at  the  base,  dense  above, 
6"- 12"  lonL;,  i'i"-2"  thick,  the  iipjier  sessile, 
the  lower  often  slender-stalked;  peri^ynia  oval, 
asccndinj;,  about  l"  long,  very  faintly  nerved, 
scarcely  beaked,  the  orifice  entire:  scales  purple- 
brown  with  a  narrow  green  midvein  and  often 
with  green  margins,  obtuse  or  the  lower  acute, 
equalling  or  a  little  exceeding  the  pcrigynia; 
stigmas  2,  rarely  ,^. 

Circcnland   and   I.aliradur  to  the   liiKhcr   iiioumains  iil'  nurtlicrn  New  ICnKlaiul  and   New  Vurk. 
Also  in  baniipi'.     Sinnnur. 


56.     Carex    subspathacea     W'oniisk. 
HopjMier's  Scd.ujc.      '  l'"!,:;'.  726.) 

Caiixsiihs/iiilliiura  Wnraisk.  I'l.  Han.   ij:    |.   /■/.  /i,V'. 

iSiS. 
Oiiiv  iri>f>/>ii,-ii  HoiiU;  Iludk.  Fl.  Hor.  Am.  2:  2i().  />/. 

...V.     \H'<- 

tilabrons,  culm  stiff,  smooth,  i'  7'  tall.  Leaves 
rigid,  smooth,  about  \"  wide,  often  overtopping 
the  culm;  lower  bracts  foliaceons;  staminate  spike 
solitary,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  erect,  sessile 
or  very  short-stalked,  3"-6"  long,  about  lYi"  in 
diameter;  perigynia  oval  or  ovoid,  very  short 
beaked,  pale  green,  faintly  few-nerved,  about  1" 
long;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  acute, 
shorter  than  or  er[ualling  the  pcrigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Ctvei  nlaiid  to  Huilxm  liav.     .Siiinnur. 


57.    Carex   salina  W'alil.     Salt-marsh  Sc(lj;v.     (  Ki^ 


^^>=;r=T 


i\iii\    .\ti/iii<i  Walil.    Kungl.   Vet.   .\cad.    II.-uull.   ill.  I 
24:  165.       1803. 

Glabrous,  culm  slender,  smooth,  erect,  fi'-iS' 
tall.  Leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  '^"-1"  wide, 
sometimes  overtopjiing  the  culm,  the  lower  bract 
similar;  staininate  spikes  i  or  2,  stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  slender-stalked  or  the  upper  sessile, 
erect,  loosely  few-several-llowered,  'j'-i'  long, 
i'j"-2"  thick;  perigynia  ovate-elliptic,  pale, 
faintly  few-nerved,  ascending,  r,'4"  long,  tapering 
into  a  very  short  entire  beak;  scales  ovate,  brown 
with  a  green  midvein,  acute  or  cuspidate,  some- 
what longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  salt  iiiarslics,  (".reeiilaml  In  Ilmlsnn  l!ay.  .Msci  in 
arctic  I';urti])e.     Hninnur. 


si:i)i;i':  family. 


ii  I 


ill.) 


58.    Carex  cuspidata  Walil.     Cuspidalc  vSe(lj>;e 

Ciifi   iiiipii/ti/,/  \V:ilil.  Kiiiinl.  Vet.  AciKT  lliitidl,  ill.) 

24:  1()|.        iSc.;. 
Cm II     Sii/iiiii    var.    iiis/<iiliitii    Wiilil.    1"1.    I.aiip.    ;\ik 

I S 1 2. 

(rlabrous,  culms  rather  stout,  smooth  or  ronj;li 
above,  erect,  i"-2'."  tall.  Basal  leaves  often 
eciualliu};  the  culm,  1  '2"  },"  wide,  snioolli,  their 
sheaths  more  or  less  iioilulose;  leaves  of  the  culm 
shorter,  similar  to  the  lower  hracts,  which  usiuilly 
overtop  the  spikes;  stamiuate  spikes  1-5,  stalked; 
pistillate  s])ikes  2  |,  narrowlvcylindric,  oflcti  stami- 
uate at  the  sutmuit,  erect,  the  upper  often  sessile, 
the  lower  .stalked;  peri.^ynia  clliiitir,  ■^reen,  2-4- 
ncrved,  with  a  very  short  entire  heak;  scales 
lanceolate,  pale,  acuminate  or  al>rui)tly  contracleil 
into  a  serrate  awn,  much  longer  than  the  perigjnia; 
stigmas  2. 

Ill  iiiarslus.  I.aliradnr  to  IIk-  coast  of  Massacluisi-tts. 
Also  in  luirope.     Suiiiiiicr. 


FiK 


:2s.  ) 


Carex  torta  IJooll.     Twisted  Sedw. 


v 
( V\'y.  729.  I 

(  iin:t  /(ii/ii  lioott;  Tuckcrm.  Ivtiuiii.  Metli.  11.  is^, 
C.lahrous,  rather  light  green,  culm  very  slender, 
erect  or  reclining,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous 
above,  i  '2°-^°  long.  Leaves  about  2"  wide,  the 
basal  shorter  than  or  e(|ualling  the  culm,  those 
of  the  culm  very  short;  sheaths  not  librillose; 
lower  bract  commonly  foliaceous;  staminate 
.spikes  1-3,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  ,^-5,  all  but 
the  upper  spreading  or  drooping,  linear,  i'-,^' 
long,  about  2"  in  diameter,  sometimes  com- 
pound, often  loosely  flowered  toward  the  base; 
perigyuia  oblong  or  narrowly  ovate,  green,  nerve- 
less, narrowed  and  more  or  less  twisted  above, 
i"-rj'2"  long;  scales  ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute, 
purple-brown  with  a  green  midvein,  shorter  and 
mostly  narrower  tb  in  the  jierigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Ill  iiiarslu's  and  wet  tliickits,  Maine  and  Veniioiit 
to  Norlli  Carolina  and  Mi'-souri.  .\sci  nils  to  2(h«)  ft. 
ill  \'iri;iiiia.     June  July. 

60.    Carex   prasina  Walil.     Droopiii.o:  .Scd.nL-.     (.l-ij;.  730.  ) 

(  III  II  /iiiiiiiii!  Walil.  K(lll^;l.  \'it.  .\iad.  Ilaiidl.  '  II.  1  24: 

nil.       iNi^. 
I'liiii   iiii/iiiiiti  Mulil.;  Wind.  Sp.  I'l.  4:  290.       i.So.s. 

Glabrous,  rather  light  green,  culm  slender,  smooth 
or  nearly  so,  reclining,  sharply  fvaugled,  i''-2'2" 
long.  Leaves  shorter  than  or  eijualling  the  culm, 
flaccid,  roughisli,  1 '."-2'.."  wide;  lower  bract  simi- 
lar, commonly  overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate 
spike  solitary,  short-stalked,  often  pistillate  at  the 
summit;  pistillate  sjiikcs  2  or  ^,  narrowly  liiie.ir-cylin- 
dric,  drooping,  the  lower  liliform-stalked,  the  u])per 
sometimes  nearly  sessile,  l'  2','  long,  2"  in  diam- 
eter, rather  loosely  many-llowered;  perigyuia  light 
green,  lanceolate,  very  obscurely  nerve<l,  tapering 
into  a  slender  minutely  2-toothed  beak;  .scales  ovate, 
acute,  acuminate,  or  sliort-awned,  pale  green,  shorter 
than  the  jierigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  meadows  ;iii<l  moist  thickets,  \'eriiioiil  and  Ontario 
to  New  Jirsi  V  and   I'miisylvaiiia,  soiilli  in   the  .Mltnlia 
nies  to  CeoiKia.     .\scciids  to  |2iki  ft,  in  Nir^inia.     Mav 
Jnl.v. 


312 


CYl'RRACKAE. 


6i.    Carex  misandra  R.  Ik.     vShort-leavecl  Sedge.     (  Fip.  731.) 

Caiyv  inisiuidia  K.   Hr.  .Suppl.  I'iirrv's  Vov.  cclxxxiii. 
1824, 

(ilabrous  and  sinootli,  culms  very  slender,  erect, 
i'-i5'  tall.  Leaves  i"-i'i''  wide,  clustered  at  the 
base,  usually  much  shorter  than  the  culm,  seldom 
over  2,','  long;  bracts  narrowly  linear,  sheathing,  not 
overtopping  the  spikes;  teniiinal  spike  often  partially 
pistillate  at  base  or  sunnnit,  slender-stalked;  ])is- 
tillate  spikes  i  or  2,  filiform-stalked,  3"-""  long, 
about  2"  thick,  rather  few-flowered,  drooping;  peri- 
gynia  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  i 'i''  long,  ascending,  dark 
brown,  denticulate  above;  scales  oval,  obtuse,  purple- 
black  with  narrow  white  margins,  somewhat  shorter 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2  or  3. 

ThrouKlioul  arctic  .\nierica,  extending  south  in  the 
Kocky  >l(>untaiiis  to  the  liiKlier  summits  of  CoUirailo. 
Also  in  arctic  Ivuropc  and  .\sia.     Sumniir. 


62.    Carex  littoralis  vSchweiii. 


( I'is.  73? 


.^ 


Harratt's  .Sedge. 

C(i)ii  lilloiiilis  .Schwcin.  Aim.  I.yc.  X.  V.  i:  711.     1S24. 
Ciini   liarialtii  .Schwiiti.  iS:  Ton.  .\nn.  I.yc.  N.  Y.  i: 
361.       1.S25. 

Cilabrous,  pale  green  and  .somewhat  glaucous, 
culms  erect,  slender,  stnooth,  i°-2°  tall,  leailess 
above.  Leaves  \]^."-^"  wide,  smooth,  usually 
much  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  lower  sheaths 
fibrillose;  bracts  not  sheathing,  the  lower  usually 
short  and  narrow,  sometimes  elongated  and  over- 
topping the  culm;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  usually 
rather  long-stalkod;  pistillate  s])ikes  2-4,  drooping 
or  the  upper  ascending,  slender-stalked,  lincar- 
cylindric,  '^'-2'  long,  3"  in  diameter,  mostly 
staminate  at  the  summit;  perigynia  oblong,  green, 
faintly  few-i;erved,  i"~i,'2"  long,  tipped  with  a 
minute  entire  beak;  scales  l)rown-purple  with 
lighter  margins,  obtuse,  equalling  or  shorter  than 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Ill  piiii-biincii  swamps,  castirii  I.cnitf  Poland  iiiul 
Nl'w  Jersey  1(1  Nortli  Camliua.     M.iy  July 

63.  Carex  rariflora  J.  !■;.  Siuilh.      I. oosc-tlowered  Alpine  Sedge.     <  Kig.  733.) 

C'l/MM   III)  i/l>iia  J.  ]•;.  Smitli,  ICiikI.  Hot,  />/.  .'=iirj.       iSi  ;. 

Cilabrous,  culms  very  slender,  rather  stiff,  erect, 
.('-12'  tail,  smooth,  or  roughish  above.  Leaves  1" 
wide  or  less,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  lower  very 
short;  bracts  subulate,  jnirple  at  the  ba.se;  staminate 
sjnke  solitarv,  long-stalked,  sometimes  with  a  few 
liistillatc  (lowers  at  the  base;  pistillate  spikes  I  or  2, 
narrowly  oblong,  few-llowercd  3"  6"  long,  2"  in  di- 
ameter, nodding  on  filiform  stalks;  perigynia  pale, 
oblong,  .acute  at  each  end,  I  '.''  long,  'j"  wide,  mi- 
nutely beaked,  few-nerved,  the  orifice  entire;  scales 
ov.il,  purple-brown  with  a  greenish  midvein,  obtuse 
or  mucronate,  cfiualling  or  a  little  longer  than  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Ill  uil  plarcs,  Ciiii  uland  anil  I.-ibradur  tu  lluds.iti  liay, 
siiulli  to  Mt.  Kalaliilin,  .Maim-,  ami  In  iinrllurn  Miiiiie- 
siila.     .Msn  ill  luiKipc  and  .\si;i      Siimiiu-r. 


I 


I 


64.   Carex 


i 


limosa  L. 

(Fig-  734-) 


vSUDGIv   FAMILY. 
Mud  vSedge. 


313 


Oiiri  tinii'sii  I,.  Si>.  I'l.  977.      175,?. 

Glalirous,    rather    light    green,    culms    slender, 

rough  above,  erect,  K)'-2°  tall.     Leaves  i"  wide  or 

lo.ss,  shorter  than   the  culm,  the   niidvein  ])n)uii- 

nent,  the  margins   somewhat  involute   in  drying; 

liracts    linear-filiforni,    the    lower     'j'-i'-'    long; 

staniinate   spike   .solitary,    long-stalked;    pistillate 

spikes  I   or   2,  filiform-stalked  and  drooping,  oh- 

long,  ,s"-io"  long,  ahout  3"  thick;  perigynia  pale, 

oval,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  iji"  long,  ascending, 

tipped  with  a  minute  entire  beak,  several-nerved, 

about  as  long  as  the  oval  green  or  jjurplish-brown 

cuspidate  or  acute  scale;  stigmas  3. 

Ill  biipfs,  I,iibra<l(ir  III  the'  Nortlnvrst  Territory,  sciutli 
til  Maine,  New  Jersey.  Ohio.  .Miiinesdla  and  I.'.alin. 
Ascends  Id  .(0(k^  ft,  in  llie  While  .Miuiiitains.  Alsii  in 
liurope.     Sunnner. 

65.    Carex  Magellanica  lyani.      Mai^ellau  .Sedjije.     (FiR.  735.) 

Ciiiii   M(i^r//<iiiitii  I.ani.  Ivncycl.  3:  ,^S,s.       1789. 
till  r  I   //;/!,'»(/ .Sniilli;  Iloppe.  Carie.  72.       1826. 

C.labrous,  culms  slender,  smooth  or  nearly  so, 
erect  or  reclining,  6'-2°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  i"-2" 
wide,  somewhat  rough  on  the  margins,  commonly 
shorter  than  the  culm,  the  lower  bract  similar  and 
usually  overtopping  the  spikes;  staniinate  spike 
solitary,  or  rarely  2,  often  partially  pistillate;  pis- 
tillate spikes  1-3,  oblong,  filiform-stalked  and 
drooping,  4"-,S"  long,  about  3"  in  diameter;  peri- 
gynia biconvex,  oval,  pale,  minutely  grauulate-pa- 
liillosc,  oval  or  suborbicular,  few-nerved,  i"-i'2" 
long,  tipped  with  a  very  minute  beak,  the  orifice 
entire;  .scales  lanceolate,  long-acuminate  or  awiied, 
dark  green  or  purplish-brown,  1^2-2  times  as  long 
as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Ill  bdfjs,  Ni'wI'iiuiullMiid  and  I.abrador  to  Maiiilol>a, 
south  to  .Maine,  I'eiiiisylvaiiia  and  Mieliijjaii.  .Mso  in 
tlie  riiita  .Mountains,  I'tah,  in  liiirope,  and  in  soiitli- 
eiii  .South  .Viuerica.  .\sceiids  to  ((xkiH,  in  the  .Vdiroii- 
(lai'ks      .Siiiiiiiier. 

I.onj^-awned  Arctic  Scd^e.     (Fig. 


66.    Carex  podocarpa  R.  Hr, 


('til <■ )  />ii,/i>(tn /h}   K.  lir.  I'laiik.  Joiuii.  .Xpp.  }'.i\ 
lS2,<. 

Glabrous,  culms  very  slender,  erect  or  reclining, 
rough  aliovc,  10'  2"  long.  I, eaves  a  little  rough 
oil  the  inargiiis,  i'."-2"  wide,  shorter  than  the 
culm,  the  lowest  reduced  to  short  sheaths;  lower 
bract  similar  to  the  ujipcr  leaves,  the  iipjier  iiiucli 
shorter  and  narrower;  staminatc  siiikes  i  or  2, 
stalked;  pistillate  svikes  2 -.|,  cyliiidric,  dense, 
maiiy-llowered,  'I'-i^i'  long,  3"  in  diameter, 
stalked  or  sessile,  the  lower  often  nodding;  jieri- 
gyiiia  elliptic-lanceolate,  Hat,  about  2''"  long, 
acute  at  both  ends,  apjiresscd,  faintly  nerved,  the 
orifice  entire;  scales  purple  bl.ick,  ovate,  aciiniiiiate, 
longer  than  the  jierigynia,  the  niidvein  produced 
into  a  subulate  awn  2"-6"  long;  stigmas  2  or  3, 

.\relie  .\iiieiiea.  Closely  related  to  < '.  (ilin/iistii 
.Selik,      .SiiiliMler. 


314 


cvi'i-;kaci;ai;. 


C:\V.  46.       iSil 

I.nuci"  than  the  tvin-,  -iiUlnm  civcr  I    t;ill;  pi-tillalc  spikc-^  aliuut  j, 
liMij;;  scilis  (ixiitu-lat'K'iolalc.  avulc-,  liUU-  l.ini;<r  than  tin-  pcniiyiiia. 

68.    Carex  maritima  Miilkr.     Seaside  Sl-(1,hv 

C.  niaiiliiiui  MulUr,  I'l.  Dan.  4:  12:11.    /i/.  ,-(;,■.       1777. 

Glabrous,  lii^lit  grueu,  culms  slender,  or  rather 
stout,  erect,  sharply  .vanj^led,  smootli,  or  ri>nj,'hish 
above,  i°-2'.°  tall.  Leaves  %"-},"  wide,  rou.nliish 
on  the  margins  and  niidvein,  rarely  overtopping 
the  culm,  the  lower  bracts  similar;  slaiuinale  spikes 
T -3,  .slender-stalked,  often  ])istillatc  at  the  base; 
pistillate  spikes  2- t,  cylindric,  often  staminate  at 
the  summit,  densely  many-flowered,  1'-;/  long, 
4"-6"  thick,  drooping  on  fdiform  stalks;  perigynia 
oval  or  nearly  orbicular,  ascending,  pale,  biconvex, 
rather  less  than  i"long,  nerveless  or  with  a  few 
faint  nerves,  tipped  with  a  very  short  and  nearly 
or  ([uite  entire  beak;  scales  ascending,  green,  lin- 
ear-subulate, ciliate-scabrous,  ,^-8  limes  as  long  as 
the  pcrigyiiia;  stigmas  2. 

In  salt  meadows,  Neul'oundlanil  and  Labrador  to 
Ma.ssachusctts.     Also  in  ICurope.     June  Au^t. 


67.    Carex   cryptocarpa  C.   A.  .Nkytr. 
Hidden-fruited  Sed^f.     (Fix;.   737.  1 

(V;;vi     <i  vfihxai fill    C.    A.    Mcyiv,     Mini.    .\cad     St 

retersbi  I:  22I1.   />/.  //.      182,=;  ,ii. 

Cilabrous,  culm  stout,  erect,  sharply  v;i".ule<l. 
rough  above,  i\.°-.V' tall.  Leaves  smooth,  2"-^" 
wide,  the  basal  shorter  than  or  C(|ualling  the  culm, 
the  upper  ones  and  the  lower  bract  shorter;  slanii- 
uate  s])ikes  2-4,  stalked;  pistillate  sjiikes  2  5,  all 
filiform-stalked  and  drooping,  densely  llowcred,  i' 
_y  long,  x''-.\"  in  diameter;  perigyuia  oldong  or 
oval,  green,  faintly  several-nerved,  1  '."  long, 
tijipcd  with  a  very  sliort  entire  beak;  scales  purple- 
brown,  ascending,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  2  or  ,^ 
times  longer  than  the  perigyuia;  stigmas  2. 

.\rctic  .\tiurica  110111  ('.rienlaiid  to  .\lask.i.    .SiiiniiRr. 
Carex  cryptocarpa  variegata  1  Driicn  Uritton.  Mem. 
'I'orr.  Club.  5:  70      "iSo). 
(■,//<■!     lili/'i-iidiild  var.   rill  III;, i/ii    Drejcr,   Kcv.   Cnt. 


ovoid  or  short  oblong,  n"   i)" 
Kaiij;i'  of  till-  species. 


69. 


l-'riii^ed 


Carex   crinita  Lam. 
Sed^e.      I  I'lK.  7.i9-  ' 

(V;;v'i   (7  ;'///AM,ain.  I'^ncyel.  3:  io.V       1780. 

Glabrous,  culms  stout,  vangled,  rough  or  very 
nearly  smooth,  erect  or  somewhat  recurving,  2°- 
5°  tall.  Leaves  Hat,  rough-margined,  ,'/'~5"  wide, 
the  upper  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm,  the 
lowest  very  short  and  sheathing;  .staminate  spikes 
1  or  2,  stalked,  often  pistillate  at  the  base  or  in 
the  middle;  pistillate  spikes  3 -,s,  narrowly  cylin- 
dric, densely  many-llowercd,  i'  .\%'  long,  3"-l" 
in  <liameter,  all  stalked,  drooping  and  commonly 
secund;  perigyuia  oliovoid.  obtuse,  about  i"  long 
and  nearly  as  thick,  nerveless,  abruptly  tipped  by 
the  very  short  entire  beak;  scales  green,  subulate, 
ciliate-scabrous,  spreading,  2-6  times  as  long  as 
the  perigyuia;  stigmas  2. 

In  swamps  and  wet  woods,  Nova  Scotiaand  (Ontario  to  I'lorida  ami  Texas.     June  Anv; 

A  hybrid  with  ('.  Imla,  occurring  in  New  Ilanii)sliire,  is  described  by   I'mf.  L.  II.  liailey. 


SHDC.K    lAMII.V. 


3'5 


Maiiu  to  Miiitluin  New  NDrk. 


very 

.    2°- 

viile, 
11,  tlic 
likes 
(ir  ill 
vliii- 
"-.)" 
iioiily 

R'll  liy 
iihile, 
II ({  as 


Carex  crinita  minor  llddtl   111.  is,      1S5S. 
Culms  slindii-,  111'   :?ii'tall:  li-.msi'."    j'."\vi(li;  iiislillaU- >))iki.'S  1'   i '   '  l(iii«;,  j"  tliii-k 
iiij;  (ir  slijilitly  (Ir(i(ii)iiin:   i)iri«yni:i  liUU- iimn- lli:m  '   "  in  (liaiiiiUr 

70.    Carex  gynandra  Scli\vt.iii.     Xoddiii.i;  Scd^v 

( '(III- 1  •;  iiKiihli  ti  Sell  wt  ill,  Ann.  I. ye.  N.  ^■.  i  7'>.  iSj(, 
Cm  II  1 1  iiiilii  \iw.  i;yihiiiilitt   Seliweiii.   iV  Tmr.  Ann. 

I, ye.  N.  V.  i;  .'/lo.     iS.'.s. 

Similar  to  tlie  preceding;  siieeics,  eiilins  stout, 
2°-.\°  tall.  Leaves  3"  h"  wide,  j^laliious  or  tlieir 
slicatlis  often  finely  ]nibescciit;  jiistillale  sjiikes 
l''-4'  loiiK,  narrowly  eyliiidrie,  stalked,  droo)iiii;^; 
perijjyiii,!  oblonj;  or  ellijitic,  faintly  few-nerved  or 
nerveless,  eoinpresscd,  not  at  all  or  slif^litly  in- 
flated, I  'j"-2"  long,  and  about  one-half  as  broad, 
tapering;  },Tadually  to  an  aeute  entire  oriliee;  scales 
subulate,  rou),'li,  asccndin.i;,  2  .|  times  as  loiij;asllie 
jierigytiia;  stigmas  2,  rarely  3. 

Ill  swaiiiiis,  Niiv.-i  Scotia  1  iiccdnliii)^'  to  Maciniiii  in 
iinitlu  111  .N\w  Yiirk,  I'lorida  and  I.utiisi.iiia.  A^ccnds 
l05iKK.lt.  ill  .N'lw  llaiiip-lnn'.     Juiic   ■\\\v:. 

Carex  gynandra  Porteri    (iliicyi  liiitloii. 
t\ii>:    /'■///■//(  tlniv.  Car.  lim    .\iii    12.     i'*"!. 


SiiialUr.   bearing  the  saiiu     iilaticiii    ti 


lliat  iiiiihn  dm 


.Maim  . 


tlu 

71- 


^luiu  — 


Carex   macrokolea  Stciul.     S(mtln.in 

Cilaiicoiis  St<lj;e'.      1  I'it;-.  741.  ) 

(ill  It   mill  I  iiio/cii  SUx\i\.  Syii.  I'l.  Cyp.  22,1.     iS.s.s. 
•iiriiiii.ui]',\\    But.  S.  C.  ^>:  da,  2:  55,s.     lS2|. 


t  III  I- 1 

-Miihl.  ixi 


Not 


72. 


Clll  !■    I 


Glabrous,  li.t^Iit  .i;rceii  and  jLjlaucous,  culms  stout, 
erect,  slij^htly  rou^di  on  the  angles  above,  2  "-4°  tall. 
Leaves  flat  or  in  dryiiij.;  somewhat  involute,  roiij^h, 
I  '2''  .i"  wide,  often  equallin.u  the  culm,  tapering  to  a 
very  long  narrow  tip,  the  lower  bracts  similar,  shorter; 
staininate  spikes  i  or  2,  short-stalked,  often  pistillate 
at  the  suniiiiit;  pistillate  spikes  2-S,  cylindric,  dense, 
I '-2'  long,  erect,  sessile  or  the  lower  stalked;  peri- 
gyiiia  dark  brown,  broadly  ovoid,  .vaiigleil,  i  'A"  long, 
usually  several-nerved,  abniptlv  contracted  into  a 
sharp  lieak  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  body;  scales 
oblong,  scarious-margined,  rough-awncd,  as  long  as 
the  pcrigynia  or  longer;  stigmas  2  or  3. 

Ill  swamps,  Missciiui  to  I'loridaand  Te.\as,     Jiiiii    .\iij{. 

Carex  glauca  Snip.     ( ilaticmis  Scdoe.      (.I'"ig.  742.) 

;!aiiiii  Sciip.  I'l.  Cam.  \'A.  2.  2:  22,v      177- 

(Uabrous,  jiale  green  and  glaucous,  culms  slender, 
erect,  smooth  or  roughish  above,  i°-2^  tall,  the 
rootslocks  long  and  stout.  Leaves  shorter  than  or 
ei(Ualling  the  culm,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  about  2" 
wide;  lower  bract  similar  to  the  leaves,  but  nar- 
rower; staininate  spikes  mostly  2.  stalked;  iiistillate 
spikes  2  or  y,  ascending  or  at  length  drooping, 
slender-stalked,  linear-cylindric,  1'  2'  long,  }," 
thick,  denselv  many-flowered,  coniinonly  staininate 
at  the  summit;  perigyiiia  brown,  ellipsoid,  faintly 
few-nerved,  or  nerveless,  minutely  granulate  or 
pajiillose,  nearly  1"  long,  minutely  beaked,  the 
orifice  entire;  .scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  brown 
with  a  green  midvein,  acute  or  obtusish,  about  as 
long  as  the  jierigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Ill  imailows,  N'civa  Scotia  and  ( Intario,  Adveiitive 
iKiiii  ICiiriii)c.     JiiiK-  .\ii^;. 


cyim'Raci;ae. 

73.    Carex  virescens   Mulil.      Downy  Green 
Sed^e.      (  FiR.  743. ) 

('iiii  \   :'ii,:\((iis  Miilil.;  U'ilUl.  S|>    I'l.  4:  251,     iSn,. 

Ciiltiis  very  sleiulcr,  erect  or  somewliiit  recliiiinj^, 
roiij,'li  above,  O'-i.S'  tall.  Leaves  lifjlit  Krecii,  pubes- 
cent, especially  on  the  sheaths;  spikes  2  -5,  verv  short- 
stalked,  erect  or  nearly  so,  obloiij^-cylitulric,  densely 
many- (lowered,  .("-lo"  lonj,',  about  1  'j"  in  diameter, 
the  terminal  one  staminate  below;  pcrij^ynia  ;,-si(led, 
broadly  oval  or  ovoid,  rather  less  than  i"  lonj;,  as- 
cending;, densely  pubescent,  few-nerved,  ^''C'-'"'  beak- 
less,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  oblong-ovate,  cuspidate 
by  the  excurrent  niidvein,  scarions-marf^ined,  slij^htly 
shorter  than  the  )ieri>;ynia;  stigmas  v 

111  dry  will  ids  and  tliiikits,  Maine  anil  (liitario  to  Miehi- 
Itaii,  south  to  Norlli  Cainliiia  and  Missmiri.  AsclihIs  to 
2i««il't.  ill  1'i.niisylvania.     June  July. 

74.    Carex   costellata  Britton.      Ril)l)ed  ,So(lj;e.      (I'ij;.  744.) 

( i//rr  (D.tAzA;  Scliwcin  Ann.  I,yc.  X   Y.  i:>>7.      iSj|. 

Not  rrcsl.  1S19. 
Ciiirr  -riicscnis  var.  cus/it/ii  Dewiy.  Am.  Jniirn    Sci. 

9:  260,      1825. 
('.  loslelhila  Hrittou.  liull.  Torr.  Club.  22:  .'2(.      iSq.s. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  taller  ami 
more  spreading;  culms  slender,  i°-2j.'°  long. 
Leaves  i,'i"-2"  wide,  pubescent,  especially  on 
the  sheaths,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  upper  one 
aiul  the  similar  lower  bract  sometimes  overtop- 
ping the  spikes;  spikes  2-s,  narrowly  cylindric, 
many-flowered,  rather  loose,  Ji'-i'i'  long,  i'>" 
in  diameter,  erect  or  slightly  spreading,  the  termi- 
nal one  staminate  below,  the  lower  one  conunonly 
filiform-stalked;  perigynia  oblong,  densely  pu- 
bescent, narrowed  at  each  end.  strongly  several- 
ribbed,  i"  long,  rather  more  than  }4"  thick, 
beakless,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  ovate,  .scarious- 
jnargined,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  shorter  than 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  wnnds.  Maim-  and  Ontario  to  North  Carolina,  wliirc  it  aset-iids  to  |n  «i  ft.     Jiinc-.\iiK. 

Carex  triceps   Michx.     Hirsute  Sedge.     (  Fig.  745.) 

(iirr  I   /n'(r/>s  Michx.  I'l.  l!oi.  Am.  2:  170.       1S03. 

(\ii I-  f  /lii.ui/ti  Willd.  S\i.  1*1.  4:  2,S2.       1805. 

(tiii-i  liiiffts  var.  Iih^^iilii  liaikv.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  I: 

Light  green,  culms  slender,  rough  above,  erect 
or  reclining,  6'-3^°  long.  Leaves  \"~2"  wide, 
pubescent,  at  least  on  the  sheaths,  shorter  than  the 
culm,  the  lower  bract  similar;  spikes  2-5,  oblong 
or  oblongcylindric,  dense,  erect,  sessile  or  very 
nearly  so,  3''-S"  long,  2'i"-3'."  in  diameter, 
usually  clustered  at  the  summit,  the  terminal  one 
staminate  at  the  base;  perigynia  oval  or  obovoid, 
llattened,  not  inflated,  green  or  greenish-brown, 
few-nerved,  imbricated,  usually  pubescent  when 
voung,  when  mature  ,';"-i'"  long,  beakless,  the 
orifice  minutely  notched  or  entire;  scales  ovate, 
scarioiis-margined,  cuspidate  orshort-awned,  rather 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  achene  elliptic-obovoid, 
its  summit  not  bent;  stigmas  3. 

Wdiids,  fiildsand  swamps,  Massachusetts  tosoutliern  Ontario  and  MicliiBau,  south  to  I'lorida 

xas.     .Ascends  to  jjiKifi.  in  Viitrinia.     Ajiril  .\um:- 


In 
and  'I'e 


vSi;d(;iv  i'amii.v. 


317 


76.  Carex  Caroliniana  Scluvtin.    Carolina 

Oil:  I   <'(/((i//«/(/»r;  Si'liwc  in.  Anil.  I,yc.i:()7,      isj|. 
'  ..in  Siiiillmi  I'urtii:  Oliuy,  fiir.   Ilor.  Am.  2,  iiiinic 

(iiilv.     1S71.     Not 'riiuscli.  isi|. 
(  '.  hi'ii-ps  var.  Siinlliii  UaiUy,  liut.  Caz.  13:  !<S.       188S. 

Culms  very  sli'iulcr,  erect,  roiij^li  above,  l°-2y2° 
tall.  Leaves  \"-i}i"  wide,  rather  dark  green, 
glabrous  exeept  on  the  sheaths,  the  upper  and  the 
similar  hut  narrower  bracts  usually  much  overto])- 
ping  the  spikes;  spikes  2-.1,  oblong,  dense,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  4''-6"  long,  2"  in  diameter;  erect, 
clustered  at  the  summit,  the  upper  one  staininate  at 
the  base;  perigynia  subglobose  orobovoid,  swollen, 
not  imbricated,  about  '>"  in  diameter,  nerveless 
or  faintly  nerved,  brown,  bcakless,  glabrous  at  least 
when  mature,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  brown,  o\atc, 
mucronate;  achene  pyriforni,  bent  at  the  summit 
or  tii)])ed  with  the  bent  style. 

Ill  nicaildws.  New  Jersey  and  I'ennsylvania  to  Nnilh  Carolina  and  .\rkansas.     May-July. 

77.    Carex  gracillima  Sduveii).     Graceful  Sed^e.     (Fig.  747.  j 

( ■<//('  I  t;iii(  i/Ziiiiii  .Scliwiin.  Ann.  I,yc.  N.  V.  i:6<i.    1824. 
('(iiii    iiiiu  illiiiia    var.    hiiiiiilis  llailey,   Mem.    Torr. 
Clnl).  i:  71.       i^Sy. 

Cilabroiis,  culms  slender,  erect  or  sjjreading, 
ronghish  above,  i°-3"  long.  Leaves  dark  green, 
I  ^^"-3"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  basal 
ones  wider  than  the  upper;  lower  bract  foliaceous, 
sometimes  overtopping  the  spikes;  spikes  35,  nar- 
rowly cyliiidric,  usually  densely  IJowered  except  at 
the  base,  I'-i'j'  long,  about  2''  thick  or  some- 
times much  smaller,  filiform-stalked  and  drooping, 
the  nppcr  one  partly  or  wholly  staminate;  peri- 
gynia ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  slightly  swollen,  few- 
nerved,  glabrous,  i"  long;  scales  thin,  ovate-ob- 
long, very  obtuse  or  the  lower  cuspidate,  pale, 
scarious-margined,  one-half  as  long  as  the  peri- 
gynia; stigmas  3. 

In  moist  w(>(jds  .and  meadows,  Vova  .Scotia  to  Mani- 
toba, North  Carolina,  Ohio  and  Miehipfan.     May-July. 

rioftssor  liailiy  has  described  a  hybrid  with  <".  Iiir.sii/ti,  occurriiiif  at  I'liillipstown,  N.  V. 
Carex  Sullivantii  liootl,  is  a  hybrid  of  this  species  with  C.  fiuhrsiriis. 

78.    Carex  aestivalis  M.  A.  Curtis. 

Caiix  cii-sliz'iilis  M.  .\.  Curtis;  A.  (Irav,  .\iii.  Journ.  Sci. 
42:  28.      iS.|... 

Cnlins  very  slender  or  filiform,  erect  or  nearly  so, 
smooth,  or  roughish  near  the  summit,  i°-2°  tall. 
Leaves  Hat,  i"-i'i"  wide,  elongated  but  usually 
shorter  than  the  culm,  their  sheaths  usually  pubes- 
cent, the  blades  sometimes  slightly  so;  lower  bracts 
similar  to  the  leaves  but  narrower;  spikes  3-5,  nar- 
rowly linear,  erect  or  somewhat  spreading,  I '-2' 
long,  about  i]i"  thick,  loosely  niany-dowered  or 
the  upper  ones  dense,  the  terminal  one  staminate  at 
the  base  or  also  at  the  summit;  perigynia  oblong, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  3-sidcd,  glabrous,  few-nerved, 
i"  long,  1 2"  thick,  bcakless,  the  orifice  entire; 
scales  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  or  the  lower  cuspidate 
or  short-awned,  green,  thin,  one-half  as  long  as  the 
perigynia  or  more;  stigmas  3. 

In  mountain  woods,  Massachusetts  and  northern 
New  York  to  Ccoitfia.     June  .\ lit;. 


.Suniiuer  vSedge.      (Fig.  748.) 


31'^ 


CVl'I'KACl'Al';. 


79.    Carex  oxylepis  Ton.  i\:  Hook.     ,Sliar])-sc;ilc(l  ScdKc.     '  l'"i>;.  749. ) 

Oiiri  III  r/c/i/i  Tnir.  N:  llndk,  Ann.  I.vc  N.  \'.  3:  |.«). 

Culms  slender,  sinoolli,  cruet,  1  2  Uill.  I,e;ivcs 
IImI,  i'i"-3"  wide,  pulit'sceiit,  especially  on  the 
sheallis,  sliortir  than  or  cciuallinn  the  culm,  the 
lower  liracl  similar  Init  narrower;  s))ikcs  4  or  5, 
linear  cylindric,  t'  2'  lonj;,  about  2"  in  ilianuter, 
rather  ilcnsely  niany-llowercd,  Uliforin-slalkeil  and 
at  maturity  sjireadinji  or  drooping,  the  terminal 
one  staiuinate  at  the  hase  or  sometimes  wholly 
staminate;  perij.;ynia  ohlou^,  sliari)ly  ^-anijled, 
]K)ilited  at  liolli  ends,  slii^jhtly  swollen,  2"  lonj.;, 
less  than  1"  thick,  >everal-nerved,  the  orifne  en- 
tire; scales  ovate-lanceolate  with  broad  white  scar- 
ious  niarjjitis,  short-awiicil,  about  one-third  shorter 
than  the  ])erigynia,  the  awn  scabrous;  stij;m;is  ,v 

Sipiitlu  rn  Missouri  to  Tiiiuissic  autl  South  C.ivulina, 
sciulli  to  Tix.is  iuul  I'loridii.     April   M;iy. 


80. 


IS2(. 


Carex  formosa  I)c\vc\ 

Cii't.i   /Diii/nsti  Diuiy,  Am.  Jouin.  ,Sci.  8:  i|S, 

Culms  slender,  smooth,  erect,  i°~2|2°  tall.     Leaves 
eially  on  the  sheaths,  the  basal 
wide,  often  a 


HaiidsoiiiL' Se(l.i;c.      (  l'"iK.  7.S<J.  ) 


Hat,  pubescent,  especial 

-3"  wide,  often  as  lonj;  as  the  culm;  lower  bract 


2-3      wuie,  oueu   as  louj;   as  iiie  eiuiu;    lower  oiaei 

similar  to  the  shorter  culm-leaves;  spikes  3-5,  oblonj;- 

cylindric,  dense,  ,'.;'-l  '4  '  loii},',  nearly  3"  in  diameter, 

fdiforiii-stalked,   spreading   or  droopiuj;,   the   lower 
i;.i *.    *!._    .,4 :..,.*-    ..4    4i...   1 -.   ..,...; 


it  the  base;  peri- 
swollen,    faintly 
thick,  tipped  with  a  very 


distant,  the  upper  one  statniiuite 

<,'ynia   ovoid,   glabrous,   riscendinj.;, 

few-uerved,   2"  lonj;,    l' 

short  and  slightly  notched  beak:  scales  lanceolate  or 

ovate,  green,  with  scarious  margins,  acute,  cuspidate 

or  the  lower  short-awncd,  shorter  than  the  perigynia 

or  the  lower  eriualling  them;  stigmas  3 


In  di, 
til  suutl 


ry  woods  and  tliiekit      Massacluisitts  and  X'lTnionl 
rieniOiitarici,  New  ^  .  ;  k  and  Michigan.  June  July. 


'arex  Davisii  Schwtin.  i\:  Torr. 
/ 


l)a\'is'  .Scdof. 


(  IMK. 
rr.   .\nn. 


7.SI-) 

I.vc.  N.  V. 


(.'aii\    Ihiiiiii  Schwi'in. 

},2h.     iS2,s. 
Ciiri'.v  Toiityiiiiii  Diwiy,  Am  Jonvn.  Sci.  lO;  (7.     iSaf). 

Similar  to  the  jireceding  species,  culms  stouter, 
^yi°-?i°  t'dl.  Leaves  I  'j ''  3'' wide.  Hat,  pubescent, 
especi.'dly  on  the  sheaths,  the  basal  ones  often  as 
long  as  the  culm;  lower  bract  foliaceons,  commonly 
overtopping  the  spikes;  spikes  3-5,  clustered  near 
the  summit  or  the  lower  one  distant,  dense,  ','- 
\'  i'  long,  3"  in  diameter,  all  fdiform-stalkedandat 
length  spreadingor  drooping,  the  terminal  one  st.im- 
inatc  at  the  bjise;  pcrigyina  ovoid,  much  swollen, 
glabrous,  strongly  .several-nerved,  2"-2'j"  long, 
rather  more  than  1"  thick,  tipped  with  a  very 
short  but  conspicuously  2-toollied  beak;  scales  lan- 
ceolate or  oval,  long-awned,  spreading,  ecpialling 
or  longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  moist  tliicki  ts  and  meadows.  Massaihusclls  to 
New  Sork  atul  .Mintiesdta,  south  toCicornia,  Kentucky 
and  the  Indian  Territory.     May  July. 


SI'DC.I';    I'AMII.V. 


319 


82.    Carex  longirostris  Torr.     I.oiiK-ln-akcd  SciIk^^^ 

Clint   /oiii;iiiis/n't  Tiiir. :  Siliwiiii.  Ami.   I.vo.   N    V.  i 

71.        |S2(. 

(llalirous,  li^lit  Kreen,  culms  very  slender,  rounh- 
ish  aliovo,  erect  or  recliiiiiif,',  lo'  3°  loiifj.  Leaves 
ilat,  slijjlilly  scabrous,  1"  i  '."  wide,  usuallj'  not  cx- 
ceedinj;  the  culm,  the  bracts  similar,  shorter,  some- 
times ovcrtopiJinj;  the  spikes;  stamiuate  spikes  13, 
slender-stalki'd,  rarely  pistillate  at  the  base;  pistillate 
sjjikes  2-.),  oblonn-eyliiidric,  U)oscIy  llowered,  '.'2' 
loiij;,  y  .\"  iu  diameter,  all  lilirorm-stalked  and  nod- 
ding or  the  upjier  one  nearly  sessile;  periKynia  broadly 
oval,  spreading,  smooth,  slijihtly  inflated,  pale, 
strongly  1 -nerved  011  each  side,  the  body  about  1" 
long,  contracted  into  a  very  slender  beak  of  nearly 
twice  its  length;  scales  lanceolate,  spreading,  long- 
acuminate,  scarious-margined,  3"- 1"  long;  stigmas  3. 

On  banks  and  in  nioisl  Uiickels.    New  lirunswiik  to 
Ontario  and  tin-  N'lirtluvest  Territiiry,  soutli  to  Massailui 
setts.  I'lnnsylvania,  MicliiKanand  Ni  bra^ka.    Junr  Sept. 

I'liKi  li'in;ii ii\li  is  iiiiiii'i   lidiitt,  siini^.  to  bi-  but  a  dwarf  form 


if  llie  sptcii s. 

83.    Carex  Assiniboinensis  W.  Uoott. 

A.s.siiiiljoia  vSedjjje.     (Kig.  753.) 

Call  \   .huiii/iiiiiiriisi.\  W.  liooll,  Coult.  liot.  Ca/  9:  91. 

Glabrous  and  nearly  smooth,  culms  fdiforni,  re- 
clining, 2"-2'j°  long,  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Leaves  and  bracts  1"  or  less  wide,  the  lower  re- 
duced to  short  purplish  sheaths;  staniinate  spike 
long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  distant,  loosely 
fevv-llowered,  7"-i5"  long,  drooping  on  fdiforni 
stalks;  the  (lowers  alternate;  jierigynia  very  nar- 
rowly conic,  apjircssed,  obtusely  3-angled,  subulate- 
beaked,  above  3"  long  and  i "  thick  above  the  base, 
densely  tubcrculate-hisjiid,  narrowed  into  a  short 
stalk;  scales  lanceolate,  scarious-margined,  awne<l, 
about  the  length  of  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 


In   wet 
Sinnnii  T. 


111.    Moillurn    Minnesota    and    Manitoba. 


84.    Carex  castanea  Wahl.     ChLslmil  .SccIkc.     (  I-'ig.  754. ) 

I'lirrt    iiishiiiia  Wahl.  Kon^l.  \'il    .\cad.  Handl.  (II.i 

24:  |,S5.       1S03. 
Cai r  \  /let  ill's  Rud.ni ,  Trans.   I.iini,  .Sue.  7:  o.'^.  />/.  /•'. 

180.,. 

Culms  slender  or  fdiform,  nearly  erect,  rough 
above,  1^-3"  tall.  Leaves  1  i;"-2'."  wide,  pubes- 
cent, shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  lincar-fdiforni, 
'z'-lji'  long;  staininatc  spike  stalked;  j)islillate 
si)ikes  14,  oblong  or  oblong-cylindric,  rather 
loosely  (lowered,  H'-i'  long,  about  3"  thick, 
drooping  on  filiform  .stalks,  sometimes  close  to- 
gether at  the  summit;  perigynia  glabrous,  pale 
brown,  ascending,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  3- 
anglcd,  few-nerved,  tapering  gradually  into  a  2- 
toothed  beak  one-half  as  long  as  the  body,  scales 
thin,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  cuspidate, 
lacerate  or  entire,  rather  shorter  than  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  3. 

In  dry  thickets  and  on  l)atiUs,  Newfiiundlan<l  '.o 
Conneclieiit.  west  to  Minnesota.     June  Jtily. 


320 


cvi-i:uAci;.\i:. 


85.  Carex  capillaris  I,.     Ilair-likc  S(.<lgc. 

<  I'iK-  755-  I 
Ciim  ,iif>illiii  is  I.   Sp.  I'l.  <)77.      I7,s.(. 

Ciliilirous,  culms  sleiuliT  or  filifonii,  siiiuotli  or 
rciuKlii-.li  iilidvi',  irirt,  2'-i4'  liill.  I.oavi'S  '/'{" 
wide,  iiuK'li  slioiUr  lliaii  the  culm,  Hat  or  sotni'wliat 
iuvohUc  ill  ilryiu^,  roiij,'liisli;  lower  hr.u't  similar,  tlic 
uj)i>er  iiiucli  narrower,  alt  sliealliiiin;  s]>ikes  all  lili- 
form-stalked,  the  terminal  one  st.imiuatc;  ])istillatc 
spikes  1-3,  narrowly  ohlonj,;,  2"  (t"  lonj^,  1"  tliick, 
nodding,  2 -l2llowercd;  perinyni.i  oMon^,  vanj^lcil, 
lijjlit  ^(rreli,  almost  nerveless,  about  l"  loii^,  rather 
less  than  ,'.■"  thick,  the  slender  beak  aliont  one-third 
ns  lonj;  as  the  body;  scales  oval,  scarious-niar>;int(l, 
shorter  than  the  perinynia;  stij,'mns  3. 

C.reinland  U>  .Maska.  Maine,  llic  While  Mimntains, 
niirtliirn  New  York.  Michi^tm,  and  in  the  Koeky  Mmni- 
tains  til  Ciiliiradii  and  rtiili.     Al^n  in  l';iiiii)ie  and  .\^.ia. 


86.    Carex  arctata  lioott. 
ScdKf.      (I'i-;-. 
Caifx  iiiildio  llodtli  lIiKik.  I'l.  Hor.  .\m.  2;  22-. 
Clahrous,  culms  slender,  erect  or  rcdiniuj;, 


Drooping  W'nod 

75^'.) 

r»(n. 


loug,  roughish  above.  Leaves  flat,  rou^hish-mar- 
gined,  much  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  basal  cues 
,^"-5"  ^vide;  staminate  spike  solitary,  short-stalked; 
pistillate  spikes  2-5,  linear,  i '  ,^'  long,  I'j"  thick, 
loosely  many-llowered,  erect,  ascending,  or  at  length 
drooping  and  filiform-stalked,  the  lower  one  usually 
remote;  perigynia  oblong,  or  thickest  below  the  mid- 
dle, rather  strongly  few-iurved,  u;irroweil  at  each 
end,  about  2"  long,  less  than  i"  thick,  3-anglcd, 
tapering  into  a  short  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate, 
cuspidate  or  short-awned,  about  one-third  shorter 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  wmids  and  tliiekets,  New  linniswiek  tn  Miiuu- 
siita,  soulli  til  IVmisylvaiiia  and  Mieliijfan.     May  June. 

Carex  Knieskemi  Diwey,  is  prnlmlily  a  hybrid  witli  i'.  ,\ishiiii-ii  or  ( '.  /oniinsa. 

Carex  arctata  Faxoni  Hniley.  Ccmlt    lint.  Caz.  13:  S;.      isHS 
Spikes  nearly  erect.  2   |  nf  tluin  ilustc  reil  near  tlu-  Mimniit.  usually  slioiter,  the  staminate  one 
very  sluiit;  peri(fynia  2"-2'   "  Iimik.     (Juibec  to  New  llainpsliire.  Minnesuta  and  Michigan. 

87.    Carex  tenuis  Rticl.i;e.     vSk-iulcr-.stnlked  Scdse.     (Kig.  757.) 

('(im  Initds  Knd^re.  Trans.  I.inn.  Soc.  7:  07.  />/.  v.  1804. 
I'ltnx  ilchilis  lioott,  \\\.  f>l.  J~.\  I.Siki.  Not  Miellx.  1803. 
('.  (/c/ii/i.s  var.  /iVd/^w/ liaiky,  Mein.Turr.  Club,  i:,?).    18S9. 

Culms  slender,  rough  above,  erect  or  commonly  re- 
clining, 4'-3°  long.  Loaves  shorter  than  the  culm  or 
equalling  it,  light  green,  i,' 2 "-2;^"  wide;  lower  bracts 
similar  to  the  euliii-leavcs,  sometimes  overtopping  the 
.spikes;  staminate  spike  short-stalked;  pistillate  spikes 
2-5,  linear,  l'-^'  long,  iji"  thick,  fdiform-stalked 
and  spreading  or  drooping;  perigynia  spindle  shaped, 
glabrous  or  puberulent,  faintly  few-nerved,  obtusely 
3-angled,  3"  long,  less  than  1"  thick,  tapering  into  a 
short  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate  or  oblong,  acute, 
cuspidate  or  obtuse,  scarious-margined,  one-half  as 
long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  Wddds.  Xewfouiidland  to  JlieliiRan,  VirKinia,  the 
niounlaiiis  of  North  Carolina  and  Kentucky.     May-.-VuR. 

A    liyl)ri<l   with    C'.  i'/irsti'iis  occurs   at   Kevere,    Mass. 

Carex  tenuis  interjecta  (Hailey)  lirittou. 
Ciiriw  (iihilisxM.  iiilir/,,hi  liailey.  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  20-  .(iS.      1893. 

Pistillate  spikes  very  slender,  often  compound  at  the  base,  erect  or  nearly  so,  filiform  stalked, 
very  loosely  flowered,  the  perigynia  alternate,  only  about  2"  lonsf.     New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 


si:  IK '.I'.    lAMlI.V. 


3^' 


spikes 
talked 
ipcd, 
lusely 
into  a 
acute, 
alf  as 


thL- 
-Aug. 
Miiss. 


lalkecU 
atiia. 


IlaiKir  (III 


Cart'X  tt'nuiH  vrcctior  llnltnii. 
(itirt  ili-hilh  var  \/ii,/ii>i  llaili  y.  Mi  iii    Tcin.  Cliil).  i.  ,t|.     |SA).     Ncit  r".  \/iir/i,ii  iKwcv.  I'^i'i. 

Miisib-  lalUr  ami  stcpiili  i  lliaii  I  lie  tvpi .  ail<l  in  it ;  liiivrs  almiil  j"  wide;  pi-itillatr  -ipikr^  in  it 
•  It  but  ^li        \  -pii  .ulim; ,  iHiiwviiia  -■'  ''  ImiK.  cuu  third  Iniim  r  tliaii  tlir  HcaUs,     Wliiti  Mimiitaiiis, 

88.    Carex  oblita  Stciid.     Dark  Kivt'i  Sl(1kc 

('ill,  I  I'l'lilii  Sliiiil    Svii    I'l.  Cv)).  ■i\\.      i\s,s. 
( ',11,  I   i;/,ifi:,i  IliMitt.  111.  >i,;.       i'mkp, 

(■(//(■I  :'iiiii\/ii  \i\x.  iiiiiiiii  I'.iiii'kl.  I.iiiiiaca,  41;  .'55.  \^-u. 
Cilaliroiis,  fuliiis  slfihlir,  iTt'i't  or  rci-liiiiiiK,  sharply 
.Vaii^li'ii,  siiionth  or  vt-ry  iioarly  so,  i"-^  loiij,'. 
lA'avi-s  2"  j'_. "  wiilc,  slicirtcr  than  tin-  cnlni,  sli;,'htly 
ri)iij,'h;  lowfr  hrai't  similar  to  tlii-  i-iilin-lcavcs  Imt  nar- 
rower, sonittiini.'S  nviTtopliiii^  the  spikes;  slatninalc 
spike  scilitary,  liliforin  stalked,  sometimes  partially 
liistillatc;  |)istillate  spikes  v  5.  narrowly  eylindrie,  i' 
■!'-■'  lon)^.  ahonl  j'i"  tliiek,  loosely  llowered,  sleliilcr- 
stalkeil,  the  iip])er  mostly  elosc  toj;ether  and  spreading 
or  aseendilij;,  the  lower  distant,  droopint-;  ])erij;yiiia 
dark  ^reeii,  ^-an^led,  ^;lal]roiis,  V'  loiiK,  less  tli.in  i" 
thiek,  aseetidinj;,  rather  strongly  m.iny-nerved,  taper- 
'm\i  into  a  short  2-toothcd  heak;  scales  ohtnse,  ahont 
one-third  the  Icn^tli  of  the  i)erij;ynia;  stigmas  y 

111  I'li^!-^.  I'l  iilial  \i  w  N'mk  and  I'l  UMsylvania  to  Ni  \v  Jirsi  y  and  Noilli  Camlina. 

Carex  grisea  Walil.     (iniy  .Sed^i^'.     (V'v^.  759.) 

Cm  I  I    i;>i\,ii  \V;dd.    Kniiyl.    Vil.    Acad. 
24;   15  |.        lS(,,v 

(ilahrous,  cultns  rather  stout,  creet  or  somewhat 

spreading,  smooth  or  nearly  so  throughout,  !°-2,'-2'' 

lonjf.     Leaves  liK'it  f^reen  and  sometimes  sliKhlly 

j^'lancoiis.  Hat,  2"-.Vj"  wide,  the  hasal  shorter  than 

or  e(|ualling  the  culm;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves, 

spreading,  much  overtoppinj,'  the  spikes;  stamiuate 

spikes  solitary,  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  dense, 

ohlou)^,  several-many-llowereil,  4'"-i2"lon}^,  about 

2"  thick,  the  upper  usually  sessile   and  close  to- 

>,'ether,  the  lower  slender-stalked  anil  distant;  peri- 

),'ynia  ol)lon<,',  2'-"  lonj;,  1"  thick,  nearly  terete  or 

irregularly  angled   by  overlapping,  subacute   but 

beakless,  finely  tnany-striatc,  longer  or  the  lower 

e(|ualling  or  shorter  than  the  ovate  scarious-mar- 

gined  cuspidate  or  awned  scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  wuiidsand  tliickits,  Maine  to  Ontario  and  Miinie- 
sota.  si)\illi  ti)  North  Carolina  and    Kansas.     May-July. 

90.    Carex  amphibola  Steiul.     Xarrow-leaved  Sedge.     (Fig.  760.) 

Ciiifi  aiiiphihoht  .Sliud.  Syn.  I'l.  Cyp.  2,^|.      1S5S. 
Cii I  I'x  i; n si-a  var   mi,!;  iis/i/'o/iti  lioott.  111.  ,^.       1S5.S. 
On  I  I  i;  1  isi'u  var.  l  ?)  1  ii;ii/ii  HaiUv.  Mini.  Torr.  Club,  i: 
,S').     "1889. 

Olabrous,  culms   very  .slender,   slightl      -cabrous 

above,  erect,  or  spreading,  i°-2°  long.     Leaves  i"- 

2"  wide,  mostly  erect  and  somewhat  rigid,  the  basal 

shorter  than  the  culm;   bracts  similar  to  the  upper 

leaves,    erect,    not   over    1"    wide,    overtopi)iiig   the 

spikes;    staminatc    spike    solitary,    short;    pistillate 

spikes  2-4,  erect,   yi'-i'  long,    less   than   2"   thick, 

loosely  several-lloworeil,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower 

on  long  filiform  stalks;  jierigynia  oblong  or  obovoid, 

firm,  pointed   but    beakless,  jangled,  niany-striate, 

more   or   less   2-ranked,    2"   long,  about    i"   thick, 

longer  than  or  the  lower  equalling  the  ovate  scarious- 

margined  awned  spreading  scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  soil,  Xcw  Jcrscv  and  I'lnnsylvania  to  Ohio  and 
Missouri,  sontli  to  I'lorida  and  Te.\as.     April-June. 


322 


cvri'RACi'Ai:. 


Carex  flaccosperma  Dcwx-y.     Tliin-truitcd  .Sedge.     (Fig.  7()i.) 


('ill I  I   1,1  I  illi'iii  \:\r.  I  ?  I  iiiiiliiii  Tnrr.  Ann.  I.yt'   N.  V. 

3:  |t  (.     is.V-     Ndt  C.  miilini  K.  Hi.  i'^j.?. 
(iiiii    /lii,<i>sf>ii  iiiii   Ikwiy.   .\in.  Jniiiii.   Sfi.  (II. I   2: 

2.|,S.    ■  \^\u. 

Similar  to  Cairx  qiisi'ii  iiiul  ( '.  j^/aiiiotfid  ■ 
slij.;hlly  j^laiu'ons,  nitlicr  deep  ,i;ret;li,  lulnis  erect, 
r'  2'  tall.  Leaves  thin  and  flat,  tlic  l>asal  ones 
3"  6"  wide,  shorter  than  or  e(iuallinj{  tlie  enhn; 
the  bracts  leafy,  ninch  overtoppiii).^  the  spikes; 
staininale  spike  sessile  or  nearly  so;  pistilhUe 
spikes  2-.).  olilcing,  erect,  the  lower  slender-stalked; 
])eiinynia  ohlonj;,  ^-anjjled,  striate-nervcd,  sub- 
acute, 2'>"  long;  scales  broadly  ovate,  KfC^".  "ot 
at  all  or  very  slightly  scarious-inarginiil,  acute, 
cuspidate  or  the  u])per  obtuse,  2-,^  times  shorter 
than  the  pcrigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Soutlurti  Missimri  to  Texas,  lasl  in  North  C'aroliiia 
ami  I'lnriila.     Juik-  July. 


92.    Carex  glaucodea  Tticktini.     (ilaiiccs- 

cciil  Sedge.      ( I-'ig.  y()2.  i 

Cm  I- 1    1,^1  isra  var.   initliin  Carev  in  A.   Crav,   Man.  ,=iS2. 

1S4S.  ■  Not  c".  miilini  K    lir.  iSs^. 
Care.x   glaiuinictt  Ttickeriii. ;  Oliity,    I'roc.   .\in.    .Vcad.  7: 

Similar  in  habit  to  C\xirxsiisea,  but  pale  and  very 

glaucous  all  over,  culms  smooth,  erect  or  spreading, 

6'-i8'  long.     Leaves   2"-4"  wide,  the  basal   shorter 

than  or  ccpialliiig  the  culm;   bracts  foliaceous,  over- 

to])piug  the  spikes;  staminate  sjjike  sessile;  ])istillatc 

spikes  ,v  5>  erect,  densely  several-many  llowcred,  the 

lower  slender-stalked;  perigynia  oblong,  many-striate, 

l>2"-2"    long,    sub-acute,   bcakless,    mostly    nearly 

twice  as  long   as   the  ovate  scarious-margiued  acute 

cuspidate  or  slinrt-awncd  scales;  stigmas  3. 

Ill  (ipi'U  fields  and  nuadows,  Massachusttls  In  I'lunsyl- 
vania,  Illinnis,  Virginia  and  .\rkansas.      .May  July. 

93.    Carex  granularis   MiiliL      Meadow  Sedge.      (  I-'ig.  763.) 

('ill I  I  l;i,iiiiiI(Ii  is  Midd  :  Willd.  Sp.  I'l.  4;  279.       iSn.s. 
(  '  i;  I  iiiiii/iii  l.\  ik/iI  Diwiy;  Wnnds  Class  book,  7I13.  lS<»). 

(ilabrous,  light  green  and  slightly  glaucous,  ^lulins 
slender,  erect  or  spreading,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  6'  - 
2'.°  long.  Leaves  Hat,  roughish  or  smooth,  i^2"-3" 
wide,  the  basal  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  similar 
to  the  cultnleavcs  and  usually  much  exceeding  the 
spikes;  staminate  spike  solitary,  sessile  or  short- 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  3  ,s,  distant  or  the  upper 
two  contiguous,  erect  or  slightly  s|)reading,  narrowly 
oblong  or  cyliudric,  'j'-i  '4  '  long,  2"  thick,  densely 
many-llowered,  slender-stalkecl  or  the  u])i)er  sessile 
pcrigviua  ovoid,  brown,  somewhat  swollen,  strongly 
many-ncrvcd,  ascending,  about  1"  long,  tipped  with 
a  short,  usually  entire,  bent  or  nearly  straight  beak; 
scales  ovate,  thin,  acute  or  cuspidate,  shorter  than  or 
somi.'times  eijualling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3, 

In  innisl  nuadcm-i.  New  linuiswick  toOiUario  ami 
Maritdba,  snutli  tn  I'lorida  au<l  Louisiana.     May  July, 

Carex  granularis  Shriveri  llrittnii. 
C'arci   ll<il,,iiia  Oliiey,  Car.  Itor.  .\ui.  u.     1S71.     Nnl  ('.  Ihilri.  Dtwiy.  iS(ii 

Hasal  Kavis  hriiader.  2'  •"  s"  widi ,  ulaucuus;  pcrisivuia  ahmil  one  hall  tin-  si/i-  of  the  type .  the 
iilnie  CDiispiciimis  pniiil  sli^flilly  bent,     riiinsylvaiiia  fi>  Wisconsin  and  \'iii;iiiia. 


Sl-DC.K   FAMILY. 


323 


21^ 


,iii<l 


94.    Carex  Crawei  Dewey.     Ciawe  s 
vScdRO.      ( I'iji.  764.  ) 

Can  I    Ciduri  Uiwry.  Am.  Jcmrii   Sri.  I  1 1.  I  2:  2l'i. 
Ciiiri   lieh'ioilailivii  Totr.  Am    Jnuiii.  Sci.  (ll.i  2: 

l.S.((). 

(ilal)roiis,  culms  low,  stiff,  erect,  ,V-i,s'  tall. 
I, caves  rather  stilT,  llat,  i"  2"  wiilc,  erector  nearly  so, 
shorter  than  the  culm,  the  hracts  similar,  rarely  over- 
topping  the  spikes;  staminate  spikes  i  3,  long-stalked; 
pistillate  spikes  14,  distant,  cylindric,  erect,  'j'-i' 
loMK,  2"  },"  thick,  densely  many  llowered,  stalked  or 
the  upi)er  sessile,  the  lowest  often  home  near  the  base 
of  the  culm;  pcriHynia  ovoid,  ascending,  nerved,  us- 
ually minutely  resinous  dotted,  i"-i  ,'2"  long,  taper- 
ing into  a  very  slior*  entire  beak;  scales  obovate  or 
oval,  thin,  acute  or  cuspidate,  shorter  than  the  jieri- 
gynia;  stigmas  .v 

III  imiist  iiuadiiws  .iiid  mi  liaiiks.  (Jm  hic  t"  Miiiiiluba, 
south  tn  riiiiisvlv.iiii;i  iiml  Ti  niu'^-ii  f.     M.iy  July 


95 


Carex  extensa  (Vo(j(kii.     I.oiij^-liractcd 
Scdi^e.     ( I'ij?.  765.  ) 

('nil  I  It  /nisti  ('.iKidiii.  Trans.  I.inn.  S(ir   2:  175.      I7()( 

Cilabrous,  bright  green,  culms  stilT,  erect,  u/~2° 
tall.  Leaves  i"-2"  wide,  strongly  involute,  erect, 
shorter  tlian  tlie  culm,  the  lower  bract  similar,  much 
exceeding  the  spikes,  the  upper  shorter,  sometimes 
dellexed;  staniinate  spike  sessile,  rarely  pistillate  at 
the  base;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  erect,  sessile  and  close 
together  or  the  lowest  short-stalked  and  distant,  ob- 
long, densely  many-llowered,  5"-S"  long,  about  3" 
thick;  ])erigyuia  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong,  brown,  1^2" 
long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  slightly  swollen,  strongly 
many-riblied,  tapering  into  a  short  stout  2-toothed 
beak;  scilcs  ovate,  acute,  brown  with  ;i  greenish 
mid  vein,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

lidicUrs  (if  s:ilt  miiuldws,  Cmuy  Island,  N.  Y.,  and 
mar  NorlolU.  \  a.    Naturalizid  frum  ICumiie.    JuiR-.\uK. 

96.    Carex  flava  I,.     VlIIow  Stds*-' 

Cm  I  \  lliiva  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  1)75.     I7.s,v 

Coil  t    llif.a  var.  siinminis  Hailiv.  Mini,  'rmi    Club,  i 
JO.     "iS8(,. 

(ilabrous  yellow-green,  culms  very  slender  but  still 
and  erect,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  i"-2"  tall.  Leaves 
1"  2,'."  wide,  llat,  the  radical  shorter  than  or  some- 
times exceeding  the  culm,  the  lower  bract  ehmgated, 
spreading  or  ascending;  staminate  s)iikc  solitary, 
stalked  or  sessile;  ])istillate  s])ikes  1  .}.  oblong  or  ghi- 
bose-oblong,  erect,  sessile  and  close  together  or  the 
lower  one  distant  and  short-stalked,  densely  llowered, 
3"-6"  long,  about  x,"  thick;  perigynia  narrowly  ovoid, 
yellow,  and  spreading  or  dellexed  when  mature,  2" - 
3"  long,  strongly  sevend-nervcd,  the  subulate  2- 
toothed  beak  about  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  lanceo- 
late or  oval,  acute  or  subacute,  shorter  and  narrower 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Ill  swamps  and  wi  t  tiuadiiws.NiwfniiiiiHaml  tntlic  Nnrtliwcsl  Tinitciry.  smitli  In  Klmdi-  Nlaiiil, 
Niwjirscy,  I'liiiisyKaiii  1.  (  Hiinand  Mntitan.i      .\ls(i  in  ICufdiii'.     July  S'pt. 

Carex  Oederi  lilnli  ,  I'numl  by  the  late  I  0.  Martiiidalc  at  Atco,  N  J.  uu'inrdiiiK  Id  I'lul"  liailt  y  I, 
is  a  waif  Irniii  I'liirnpc.  ntluiwiM-  not  known  Irom  .Viiuriia. 


<HiK.  -C^-].) 


324  CVrivRACI-AI'. 

97.    Carex  viridula  Michx.     Orccii  Scdyje. 

I'diex   riiii/ii/ii  lliclix.  I'l.  Hor,  Am.  2:  171).      iSnv 

Cairv  /lava  var,  rirnlii/ti  Ilaikv,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  ,ii. 

iSSrj." 

Cllabrous,  brif;lit  Krceii,  culms  slender,  sniootli,  erect, 
4'-i5'  tall,  often  exceeded  by  the  erect  narrow  basal 
leaves.  Leaves  i"  or  less  wide,  the  bracts  similar  us- 
ually strictly  erect  and  much  overtopping  the  spikes; 
staniinate  spike  sessile,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  top; 
])istillate  s))ikes  2-5,  all  dose  together  and  sessile  or  the 
lower  distant  and  short-stalked,  oblong-cylindric  or  ob- 
long, 2"-6"  long,  2"  or  less  in  diameter;  perigynia 
ovoid-oblong,  i "  or  less  long,  strongly  few-nerved,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  tapering  into  a  2-toothed  beak  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate,  shorter  than 
the  perigynia  and  abo\it  as  wide;  stigmas  3. 

In  buns  and  on  wil  rocks.  Nowfouudland  to  Iludsdn  Hay 
and  llic  NortliwLSl  Ttrritory,  south  In  Maine,  IVniisylvania, 
Minniscita.  Itah  and  Wasliinntnn.     Summer. 
Carex  fiilva  Codden.,  a  species  of  this  trinui),  war.  fnuml  many  years  aRn  at  Tcwkslmiy.  Mass,, 
evidently  a  waif  finm  Ivurojie,  and  is  repoitcd  fnini  Ncwroundland. 

Carex  distans  I,.,  a  related  species,  has  been  collected  on  ballast  at  I'liila<li  Ipliia. 

98.    Carex  pallescens  I„.     Pnk-  Sedge.     (  Fij;.  76,s.  ) 

Caicv  f>alli'si,iis  I,.  Sp,  I'l,  077,      i75.v 

Light  green,  culms  slender,  erect,  rough  above, 
4'- 20' tall.  Leaves  flat,  i"-!',"  wide,  pubescent  at 
least  on  the  sheaths,  shorter  than  the  culm;  lower 
bract  similar  to  the  culm-leaves,  erect  or  nearly  so 
and  exceeding  the  spikes;  staminate  spikes  solitary, 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  oblong,  erect  or  some- 
what speading,  slender  stalked  or  the  upper  one  ses- 
sile, densely  many-flowered,  ■i"-')"  long,  2"- 
2';."  in  diameter  usually  clustered;  pirigynia  short- 
oblong,  pale,  1''  long,  '2"  thick,  obtuse,  thin,  faintly 
few-nerved,  beakless,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  ovate, 
membranous,  cuspidate  or  short -awned,  etiualling  or 
the  upper  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  fields  iMid  meadows,  Nova  .Scotia  to  wisleni  On 
tario.  south  to  Kliodt'  Isl.ind,  I'l  iinsylvaiiia,  Illinois  and 
AVisconsin.  .Vscinds  to  ;S'"i  ft  in  Vinnoiil.  .\lso  in 
Jvuropc.     May  July. 

Carex  abbreviata  Prescott.     Torrcy's  Scilgf.     (I'ig;.  7'>y.  1 

('i;(.i  /"ii/ ;v;)' Tuckirm.  ICiiiim  Mitli.  2>.  1>H  ^^ot 
('.  7(i(  (vj'i/Mi;  Scliwcin    is.>| 

Oiiri-  ahh'irviii/a  I'nscott;  lioott.  Trans  I.inn  Soc. 
20;  141.      i8('>. 

I'ale  green,  culms  slender,  rather  stiff,  erect,  10'- 
20' tall,  finely  ciliatc-i)ubescctit.  Leaves  about  1" 
wide,  erect,  elongated  but  shorter  than  the  culm, 
finely  and  usually  densely  pubescent;  lower  bract 
}i'  2'  long,  s))reading  or  .ascending,  pubescent; 
staminate  spike  solitary,  short-stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  1  },,  short  oblong,  dense,  .V'  3"  long,  about 
,\"  thick,  sessile  or  the  lower  one  short  stalked, 
erect,  clustered;  perigynia  broadly  oblong  or  ob- 
ovoid,  glabrous,  abotit  l"  long  and  more  than  ,'2" 
thick,  strongly  many-nerveil,  obtuse,  abruptly 
ti|)ped  by  a  short  cylindric  beak,  scales  cuspi- 
date, shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Ill  dry  soil,  N'l  w  Voik  to  llic  .N'mtliwest  'I'erritorv. 
south  in  tin   Korky  Mountains  to  Colorado.     Jiiiii-  July. 


N.pt 
Sm-. 


si;i)C".i-;  I'AMiiA'. 

lOo.    Carex  conoidea  Sclik.  Field  Sedge. 
(I'ig.  770.) 

Caifx  coitoiilia  Sclik.  Kii(ls;r.  N'aclilr.  67.  /'.  I'S.  iS,i(,. 
Glnbroup,  culms  slender,  ratlicr  stifT,  erect,  8'-iS' 
tall.  Leaves  i"-\'/i"  wide,  the  basal  soinetiiiies 
eciualliiig  the  culm;  lower  bracts  similar  to  the  culm- 
leaves,  sometimes  overtopping  the  sj)ikes;  staniiiiate 
spike  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  i-.^,  distant,  erect, 
oblong  or  oblong-cylindric,  5"-i2"  long,  2'i"  thick, 
not  densely  flowered,  the  upper  nearly  sessile,  the 
lower  slender-stalked;  ]K'rigynla  oblong,  obtusely  y 
angleil,  narrowed  to  each  end,  acute,  lincly  nia  ly- 
striate,  beakless,  i"-\'.i'  long,  about  ,'<"  thick,  tlie 
orifice  entire;  scales  broadly  ovate,  scnrious margined, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  rough  awn,  the  lower 
longer  than  the  jierigynia,  the  upper  shorter  than  or 
equalling  them;  stigmas  3. 

In  niiadiiws.  Xova  .Scotia  to  Ontario,  soutli  to  Rliodc 
Island,  New  Jersey,  (lliioand  Illinois      May  June. 

loi.   Carex  oligocarpa  vSchk.     Few  fruited  Sedge. 


325 


(Fig.  771.) 

Naelitr.    5s.  /    /-> 


till  I- \-   itlii;i'ciii  pa    .Sclik.    Riedg 

iSoli. 

(ilabrous,  culms  very  slender  or  almost  filiform, 
spreading  or  reclining,  roughish,  S'-iS'  long. 
Leaves  about  I "  wide,  spreading,  soft,  the  basal 
shorter  than  or  e(jualling  the  cuhn,  the  bracts  simi- 
lar, usually  exceeding  the  spikes;  staminate  spike 
solitary,  long-stalked  or  nearly  .sessile;  pistillate 
spikes  2-4,  erect  or  nearly  so,  ilistant,  loosely  few- 
flowered,  .j'^-S"  long,  less  than  2"  thick,  erect,  the 
lower  filiform-stalked,  the  ujiper  sessile;  perigynia 
oblong,  firm,  pale,  finely  nianystriate,  ascending, 
\"-\%"  long,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  short 
straight  or  oblique  entire  beak;  scales  oviite,  tipped 
with  a  rough  spreading  awn,  longer  than  or  equal- 
ling tl'.e  perigynia;  stigmas  .^. 

In  dry  woods  anil  lliickels.  Vi  rtuont  and  Ontario  to 
MicliiH;an,  south  to  New  Jersey,  West  Virjtinia,  Ken- 
tucky and  Missomi.     May  Jidy, 


102.    Carex  Hitchcockiana  Dewev.     Hitclicoek's  vSedgi 


Ciiir\  IfililicitLkhina  Dewev,   .\ni.  lourn.  .Sei    10:27). 
1S26. 

Culms  slender,  erect,  somewhat  rough,  i°-2°tall. 
Leaves  i  N  "-^"  wide,  the  basal  mostly  shorter  than 
the  culm,  the  upper  and  similar  bracts  much  over- 
top))ing  the  spikes,  their  sheaths  i)id)esccnt,  their 
blades  somewhat  so;  staminate  spike  stalked  or 
nearly  sessile;  ])istillatc  spikes  2-4,  loosely  few- 
flowered,  erect,  rather  distant,  stalked  or  the  upper 
sessile;  perigynia  ovoid,  obtusely  ,^-angIed,  finely 
many-striate,  .iscending,  I, '2"  long,  nearly  i" 
thick,  tip{ied  with  a  short  stout  obliipie  entire 
beak;  scales  ovate  or  ovate- lanceolate,  searious- 
margined,  rough-awneil,  longer  than  or  e(|ualling 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  tliiekets.  Vertiioiit  and  Ontario  to 
Michigan,  south  to  New  Jersey.  West  \'irKinia,  Ken- 
lucky  and  Mi>>onii      May  July. 


326 


C\  TKRACICAK. 


Carex  altocaulis  (Dluxv)  HritUni 


( I-i 


«•  77.V  > 

\lii.  Jiitiiii.  Sti. 


SliL-athed  Sl-iIj^c. 

Ciiii\    :(ii;i)iii/ii  var.   (itlomiilis  Iiiwiy 

(  II )  41:  2?;.      iSiiii. 
Cdici  .SiilliK  n.sis  H;iiliy,  Mem.  Turr.  Club,  i:  7.     iS8i|. 

(llabroiis,  liKlit  green  l)Ut  not  glaucous,  culms  very 
slender,  weak,  spreading;  or  recliiiiiij;,  i°-2"'  \on\i. 
Leaves  i  '."  2"  wiilc,  shorter  than  il'e  culm,  the  up- 
l>er  ones  and  the  bracts  usually  very  slnrt;  staminate 
spike  loiin-stalked;  ])istillatc  spikes  2  or  ,^,  distant, 
slcndcr-stalkcd,  ascending,  sprcachng  or  -ccurvcd,  less 
than  i'  lon>;,  loosely  several-flowere  1,  their  stalks 
partly  enclosed  hy  the  long  sheaths;  ptrigynia  ob- 
long, Vii'igled,  narrowed  at  the  base,  f.  intly  few- 
nerved  2"  long,  nearly  1"  Miick,  tipped  wit  1  a  l)cak 
about  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  body,  the  orifK-e 
2-tootlied,  oblique;  scales  oval  or  ovate- lanceolate, 
acute  or  the  ui)per  obtuse,  shorter  than  or  the  lower 
equalling  the  i)erigynia;  stigmas  3, 

In  swamp^i,  Oui  lui-  and  Xirimmt  to  Ontario.  New  Viirk 
and  Mitniisdta.     .SinunK-r. 

104.    Carex  polymorpha  Miihl.     Varial)le  Sedj^c.     (  Fij.;;. 

Cariw  pulvimu  film  Miilil.  l',ratn.  .\vj-      1S17. 

Cilabrous,  rather  dark  green,  culms  stiff,  strictly 
erect,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  i°-2"  tall.  Leaves  flat, 
1^2 "-2"  wide,  nearly  erect,  the  basal  sometimes  as 
long  as  the  culm,  the  others  much  shorter;  bracts 
usually  little  longer  than  the  pistillate  spike;  stam- 
inate spikes  I  or  2,  long-stalked;  pistillate  s]iikes 
commonly  solitary,  sometimes  2,  erect,  short-stalked 
or  sessile,  densely  niany-flowercd  or  sometimes  looser 
at  the  base,  I'-i  '»'  long  and  4"  thick,  occasionally 
staminate  at  the  summit;  perigynia  ovoid-oblong, 
obscurely  3-angled,  fully  2"  long  and  l"  in  diameter, 
the  beak  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  body,  the 
orifice  oblique;  scales  red-brown,  obtuse  or  the  lower 
acute,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  iir  wet  miadows,  Massacliusetts  to  niprllKrn 
New  Jersey,  south  to  North  Carolina.     I.oeal.     Ascends 
June  .\uir. 

Carex  tetanica  Schk.     Wood  s  Scdji^e.     (  Tij^.  77.=^.) 

Cini\   liitiiiiiii  Selik.  kiedvtr.  .Naelitr.  (vS,  fis^s.  /oo,  jo-. 

iSo(>. 
Cain  liliDiiiii  \Ar.  ll'nnilii  liaiU  v.  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 

1:53.      I  ■"<■"*')■ 

Light  green  and  glabrous,  culms  slender,  erect 
or  nearly  so,  rough  above,  i''-2'^  tall.  Leaves  Hat, 
\"~2"  wide,  the  basal  about  C(|ualling  the  cidm; 
bracts  narrow,  elongated,  sometimes  overtopping 
the  spikes;  staminate  spike  stalke<l,  the  stalk 
sometimes  3'  long;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  erect, 
distant,  narrowed  at  the  base,  loosely  or  compactly 
soverul-many-rtowercd,  1'  long  or  less,  or  the  lower 
fdiform-stalkcd  and  drooping;  perigynia  oblong, 
green,  prominently  many-nerved,  about  1 '2 "long, 
le.ss  than  i"  thick,  oblique,  the  summit  curved 
outwardly  and  tapering  to  an  entire  orifice,  beak- 
less;  scales  ovale-dblong,  obtuse  or  the  lower  niu- 
cronate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia  or  the  lower 
equalling  them;  stigmas  3. 

In  meadows  mil  wet  wooils.  Ontario  to  Manitoba, 
North  Carolina  and  i,i>uisiana.     June  July. 


SHIX".!';    1AM  n,Y. 


327 


106.    Carex   Meadii   Dewey.      Mead's  SedKC      (  I'ijr.  776. ) 

I'liiii   Miiiilii  Diwiy.  Am.  Jimiti.  Sii.  ^\. 'f>       1^)2. 
Carrvlilmiitii  var.  Miiidii  liaikv.   I'lin-.   Am.  .\i':ul.  22: 

lis.      I.S'^O. 
Ciii  I-  V  ti  /,  !'iiii  v.ir.  ('lit /ill   I'lirtir.   \'\in\  .\cii<l.   I'liila. 

1887:  ;().      1.HS7. 
I'aiiv  liliiiiiiii  vai.   liiiilni  I'oitri,   I'ror    .\ia<l.    I'liila 

1887;  76.       1SS7. 

Similar  to  the  preccdiiij.;  species,  ciilin  stouter, 
very  roufjli  above,  I2'-1.S'  tall.  Hasal  leaves  usually 
shorter  than  the  euhii;  bracts  short,  not  c)\crtopi)inK 
the  spikes;  staniinate  spike  long-stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  sometimes  staniinate  at  the  summit,  occa- 
sionally compound  at  the  base,  obloiif^-cylindric, 
densely  flowered,  ,'j'-i'  loii},',  about  3"  in  diameter, 
erect,  stalked  or  the  np])cr  one  sessile;  pcrij;ynia 
broadly  obloii}f,  prominently  inany-nerved,  green, 
l^i"  long,  about  i"  in  diameter,  tip])ed  with  a  mi- 
nute slightly  l)cnt  beak;  scales  ovate,  green  with 
purple-brown  margins,  acale,  mucronaleor  the  upper 
obtuse,  the  upper  short,  the  lower  sometimes  exceed- 
ing the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  s\vaiii))s  a!'.(l  wil  iiu  allows.  Kliode  Isl.ind  to  IVnnsyhania  and  (icorKia,  s  est  to  Michigan, 
.\ssiiiil>oia.  N'il)iaska  and  .\tkaiisas.  Thi-  lowist  si)ike  is  sonutinus  boriunn  a  very  long;  stalk 
arising  from  tile  a.vil  of  one  of  the  basal  liavis.      May  July. 

Carex  laxiflora  I.,aiii.     Loose -flowered  Sedge.     (I'lg.  777-) 

(  iiiiv  laxijioia  I.aiii.  ICncycl.  3:  ,^y2.      1781^. 

C'dabrous,  rather  pale  green,  culms  erect  or  reclin- 
ing, slender,  roughish  above,  6'-2°  long.  I<eaves 
1  'i"  ,^"  wide,  soft,  the  basal  mostly  shorter  than  the 
culm,  the  liracts  similar  to  the  culm-leaves  sometimes 
overtopping  the  spikes;  stanunate  spike  usually 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  distant,  linear-cylindric, 
loosely  several-many-flowered,  |2'-i'h)ng,  i^'2"-2" 
thick,  all  slender-stalked  and  spreading  or  drooping 
or  the  upper  one  erect  anil  sessile;  perigynia  ascend- 
ing, obovoid,  more  or  less  oblique,  i,'+"-i  '2"  l^mg, 
rather  more  than  ,'.''  thick,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
strongly  many-nerved,  tapering  into  a  short  stout 
outwardly  bent  entire  beak;  scales  ovate  with  broad 
white  .scarious  margins,  acute,  cuspidate  or  awned, 

!  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the  perigynia;  stigmas  ,v 

I     \  y\  In  meadcms  and  lliickits,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Miii- 

/  !'/       msola,  south  to  I'lorida,  .Alabama  .iiid  llie   Indian  Terri- 

tory.    .\seeiids  to  si««i  ft.  ill  X'irjfinia.     .May  July. 

Carex  laxiflora  blanda  (Iiewey  1  lie    •'    111.  ^7.      iS.ss. 
Call  1   hliiiiitii  Hiwiy.  .\m.  Joiini.  ,Sii.  10:  15.       iSj(>. 
Care\  la\  illora  var.  stiiiiliiln  Cany  in  .\   ('.ray.  Man    IM.  j,  52|.      iSsii. 

Pistillate  spikes  cyliiulrii-.  iiio>lly  lUii^tlv  lli>wi  nd,  thi  iii)i)ir  sissili-  or  marly  so,  ereel,  con 
IIkuous  to  the  usually  sessile  slaiiiiiiate  one,  the  lower  skiider  -talked.  KaiiKe  of  the  type.  I'l  r 
ha])-  ilisliiK't. 

Carex  laxiflora  varians  I'.aiUy.  Mem.  Torr.  t.'liil).  i:^.'.      iSSi|. 

Stouter  and  taller  than  the  pnei  diiin;  leaves  2'  "V"  wide:  pistillate  spikes  sonutimes  1'.' 
lontf  and  2'  •"  thick,  dense,  often  eoiniupiiiid  at  the  base,  the  upper  sessile  or  short  stalked  and  eon 
tinnous  to  the  si-sile  staniinate  one.  the  lowi  r  loiin  stalked.  .\i  \v  Hampshire  to  southern  New 
York  and  .Missouri.     Ratine  nndeteiniimil 

Carex  laxiflora  patulifolia  1  Dewey)  Can  y  in  .\.  Cray.  Man.  ICd.  2.  524.      iS.sf). 
C'ait'i   iiii(r/<s  \-,\\.  />ii/ii/i/'ii/iii   Dewey,  Wood's  l!ot.   |2,V       l^l.i 

Cdaueousoi  pale  uneii;  basal  leaves  2'  ■"  ( '  "  wide;  staniinate  spike  nsuallv  stalked;  pistillate 
spike  r  lonn  or  more,  loosily  llowend,  -e;itlered;  peri({yiiia  ohluiitj  or  ellii)Soid,  the  beak  nearly 
straiKlit.  llalif.ix.  Nova  .Scoiia  (aeeordiiiK  to  Maeouii),  Massachusetts  to  MicliiKan,  south  to  Vir 
ginia  and  'IVniiessee. 

Carex  laxiflora  divaricata  Itailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  (3.      iS,<<<j. 
I'erinvnia  larger  than  in  the  other  forms,  contracted  into  a  stipe  one  half  as  long  as  llii'  body. 
Washiiinton,  D.  C. 


Iknt 


779-) 


CYri'RACI'AH. 

io8     Carex  styloflexa  lUickkv. 

Cm  ii  slylii/li  t  ii  liiukliy,  Am.  Jimrii.  Sii.  45:  17).    iS(3. 
Cilti-X   /il  )  If/oi  II  v;ir.  ilvinllr  \  ii  liiHiU,  111.  ,^7.       iS.S'S. 

Glahroiis.t-ulmsleaiiiiij,',  slender,  smooth,  i'^-2°  tall. 
I.t-aves  iij"  ,V  \vi<le,  Hat,  slioitir  llian  the  culm; 
hracts  short,  rarely  exccfdiiij;  the  spikes;  slaiiiiuate 
spike  solitary,  usuall}-  loiijj;-stalke(l  but  sometimes 
nearly  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  i-.),  distant,  loosely 
few  several-flowered,  less  than  S"  lonj.;,  the  lower 
droopinj;  on  liliform  stalks;  ]ierij.;ynia  oblong,  trian- 
gular, many-nerved,  about  2''  long,  i"  thick,  some- 
what obli([ue,  tapering  gradually  to  both  ends  and 
thus  slender-beaked;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
scarious-margined,  acute,  cuspidate  or  sliort-awned, 
shorter  than  the  perigyiiia;  stigmas  3. 

In  Wdnds  and  thickets,  snutlurn  Xcw  York  and  Penn- 
sylvania In  I'lnrida.  I.nuisiana  anil 'lV.\as.     May -July. 

109.    Carex  digitalis   WilUl.     Slciuk-r  Wood  vSedge.     (  Kit;. 

Ciiiix  lii^i/iilis  Wind.  S|).  I'l.  4:  .m>.       i.Si.s. 

("ilabrous,  bright  green,  not  at  all  glaucous,  culms 
slender  or  ahuost  liliform,  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  us- 
ually reclining,  4'-  iS'  long.  Leaves  Hat,  i"-2"  wide, 
the  basal  sometimes  exceeding  the  culm,  the  upper 
ones  and  the  l)racts  similar  but  shorter,  the  latter  com- 
monly overtopping  the  spikes;  stainiuate  spike 
stalked;  pistillate  sjjikes  2-4,  linear,  loosely  alter- 
nately flowered,  '-'-i'  long,  the  upper  one  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  the  others  fdiform-stalked  and  widely 
spreading  or  drooping;  perigynia  oblong,  sharply 
triangular,  many-nerved,  brown  when  ripe,  narrowed 
at  both  ends,  i"  long,  more  than  ><"  thick,  the  very 
short  beak  slightly  oblique;  scales  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  scarious-margined,  acute,  acuminate  or 
short-awned,  shorter  than  or  the  lower  about  ecpial- 
ling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  y. 

In  woods  and  tliiekits,  Maine  and  sciullu-iii  Oiitariii  to  Minnesota. 
Ascends  to  ,v«io  ft.  in  \'irninia.     May  July. 

Carex  digitalis  copulata  ItaiU  y.  .Mem.  Torr.  Clu1i,  i:   )?.      iS,^i|. 

Larger  in  every  way.  enlms  somelinus  2"  loiiK.  reclining;  leavis  2'   '    .)"  wide:  pistillate  si)ikes 
shorter  ami  denser:  perigyni.i  larfrer.     Michigan  and  sontliern  Ontario. 

110.    Carex  Careyana  Torr.     Carey's  vSedji;t;.     (Fij^.  780.) 

t,...  1       _        "\'">.^  /  .-^.^  Ctinx   CiiiryaiKi  'Waw.  Dewev,  .\in.  Jouni.  ,Sei   30; 


Glabrous,  bright  green,  culms  slender,  erect 
or  somewliat  reclining,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  i°- 
2"  tall.  liasal  leaves  flat,  },"-(i"  wide,  much 
shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  linear-lanceolate 
with  very  long  sheaths,  the  blades  i'-3'  long; 
staminate  spike  usually  l.irge,  long-stalked; 
pistillate  spikes  1-3  (commonly  2),  erect,  loosely 
few-several-llowered,  less  than  i'  long,  the 
ujjper  sessile  or  short-stalked,  the  lower  on  a 
long  fdiform  stalk;  perigynia  ovoid-oblong, 
very  sharply  .vangled,  many-nerved,  fully  2" 
long  and  over  \"  thick,  brown,  the  short  beak 
slightly  oblique,  entire;  scales  ovate  with  white 
hyaline  margins,  cuspidate  or  awned,  shorter 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  ,^. 

In  wcmkIs,  New  linnland  (aeeordiuK  to  liailey); 
New  Niirk  to  Mieliiuan  and  N'irtfinia.     .May  June. 


mill  tn  I'lorida  and  Texas. 


I,; 


Sr.DGE   I-AMIIvY. 


329 


2 
7 


III.   Carex  Albursina  Slieldon.     While  Hear  vSudgc. 

i\li  lA   hi.x  ifliiiii  viir.  hili/oliii  HcmiII,  111.  -,s.      iSs'^.      Nut 

C.  Iali/"ii"  M"iiu-li, 
Cariv  .ilhiirshui   SlicUloii.    liiiU.   'l\<x\.  Clul).  20:  2^|. 

C'llabrous,  rather  dcf])  j;reeii,  culms  stout,  nearly 
smooth,  flattened,  usually  spreadinj;,  .S'-2°  long. 
Basal  leaves  lanceolate  or  ohlong-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, shorter  than  the  cuhn,  Ji'-i'/i'  wide;  bracts 
similar  to  tlic  narrower  culm-leaves,  the  upper  over- 
topping the  spikes;  staminate  s])ikes  sessile  or  nearly 
so;  pistillate  s])ikcs  2-4,  distant  and  narrowly  linear, 
stalked  or  the  upper  sessile  and  close  together,  ,'.' 
I '4 '  long,  very  loosely  flowered;  perigynia  ohovoid, 
oV)tusely  3-angled,  strongly  many-nerved,  2"  long, 
1"  thick,  tipped  with  a  very  short  bent  entire  beak; 
scales  ovate-oblong,  scarious-margiued,  obtuse  or  the 
lower  acute,  shorter  than  the  ]>erigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods,  MassMchusctls  to  Xtw  Y(irk.  Oliinand  Min- 
nesota, south  to  Virtfinia  aii<l  MiiiiiHan.  Asci'uds  to 
2.10(1  ft.   in   Virjrinia.     Juni'  Auf;.     'I'he    siKiifu'  name  is 


(FiR.  7S1.  ) 


..     ft- 
ill  allusion  to  Wliitf  lUar  Lake 


The 
Minn. 


112.    Carex  plantaginea  I.aiii.     Plantain- 
leaved  Sedge.     (l''ijr.  782.  ) 
Carer  filaiilai^iina  I.ani.  Ivncycl.  3:  ,192.      I7>;9. 

Glabrous,  rather  dark  green,  culms  slender,  erect 
or  reclining,  6'-2°  long.  Leaves  '^'-i'  wide,  shorter 
than  or  cciualling  the  culm,  persistent  through  the 
winter  and  until  the  new  culms  develop  in  the  fol- 
lowing spring;  bracts  short,  usually  with  p\irple  or 
purplish  clasping  sheaths;  .staminate  spike  long- 
stalked,  purple;  pistillate  spikes  3  or  4,  erect,  all 
slender-stalked,  1'  or  less  long,  loosely  flowered,  the 
stalks  of  the  upper  ones  enclosed  in  the  sheaths; 
perigynia  oblong,  outwardly  curved,  many-nerved, 
1  '2"  long,  about  i"  thick,  longer  than  or  ecpialling 
the  ovate  cuspidate  scales;  stigmas  ,^. 

Ill  woods,  New  lininswick  and  Oiuario  to  Manitoba, 
eolith  to  X'iiyiiiia  and  Wisconsin.  Ascriuls  to  2ii»i  ft,  in 
Virginia.     May  July. 


113.    Carex  laxiculmis  Schwe 


( 'i(;<' 1 7i;  1 /(  H/w/.iScliwtiii.  .\iin.  I.yc.  X.  V.  i:  70. 
('ilii'v  I  c/i  iH  ltr:-()  Dewiy.  Wood's  Hot.   \2\.       l!<.\S- 

Glabrous,  blue-green  and  glaucous,  culms  filiform, 
smooth  or  very  nearly  so,  ascending  or  diffuse,  6'-2° 
long.  liasal  leaves  elongated,  3"-5"  wide,  often 
longer  than  the  culms;  bracts  similar  to  the  narrower 
culm-leaves,  usually  short;  staminate  spike  long- 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  oblong,  loosely  few 
flowered,  t," d"  long,  about  2"  thick,  drooping  < 
long  hair-like  stalks  or  the  upper  short-stalked  and 
erect;  perigynia  ovoid-oblong,  sharply  3-angled, 
inany-nerved,  about  i"  long  and  rather  more  than 
li"  thick,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  scarcely  beaked, 
longer  than  the  ovate  green  cuspidate  or  short-awned 
scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  soutlurn  Ontario  to  Micliiifan. 
south  to  Rhode  Islainl  and  XMrginia.  Ascends  to  ,si>i«)  ft. 
in  Virtfinia.     May  -June. 


in.     Spreadini;  Sedg;e 

I.-<2|. 


(    l-\g.    7S;,.   ) 


33^ 


cvri'RACi'Ai;. 


114.   Carex  ptychocarpa  Slc-ud.     TliickLl 

ScdKi-.     (  I'ig.  7S4.) 
Card  f>l\ilioiai fiti  Sti'iid.  Svii.  I'l.  Cyp.  2,^(.      is.si. 

Glabrous,  pale  grci'ii  and  j^latu'ous,  culms  ort'Ct, 
very  slciulcr,  smooth,  only  2' -6'  tall.  Leaves  flat, 
the  basal  2"  4"  wide,  much  lonijcr  than  the  eulm; 
bracts  foliaccous,  usually  ovcrtopijinj^  the  spikes; 
staniinate  spike  small,  sessile;  |)istillale  spikes  2  or 
T,,  sessile  and  close  lojjether  at  the  summit  or  the 
lower  one  slender-stalked  and  nearly  basal,  all 
erect,  loosely  few-flowered,  4"-8"  long;  perigynia 
ol)long,  pale,  ^-angled,  rather  strongly  many- 
nerved,  i"  long,  rather  more  than  N"  thick, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  minutely  straight-beaked, 
the  orifice  entire;  scales  ovate,  thin,  obtuse,  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  moist  wiicids  and  thickits.  Massaihusitts  and  New 
Jirsiy  to  I'liirida  and  I.iiuisiana.     Juiu-Sepl. 

115.    Carex  platyphylla  Carey.     Hroad-leavtd  vSedj^c.     {V'\K-  7S.S.  ) 

i'aiiv    /'/till /(ii; 1 111(1    Miilix.    I'l.    Hnr.    Am.    2:     17V 

iNd^.     Not  I,.nii.  I7S<). 
OiiiA  pliilvplnllii  Cartv,  .\ni.  Jotnii    Sci.  (II.  I  4:  2V 

1847. 

Glabrous,  pale  green  and  glaucous,  culms  slen- 
der, spreading  or  reclining,  4' -15'  long.  I^eavcs 
flat  and  broad,  .Jz'-i'  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm; 
bracts  linear-lanceolate  with  long  clasping  sheaths, 
l"-2>2"  wide,  not  overtopping  the  spikes,  usually 
less  than  2' long;  staminate  spike  stalked;  pistil- 
late spikes  2-4,  distant,  erect,  all  slender-stalked 
or  the  upper  one  nearly  sessile,  loosely  several- 
flowered,  5"-H)"  long,  their  stalks  commonly  en- 
closed in  the  sheaths,  perigynia  oblong,  3-angled, 
many-nerved,  slightly  bent  at  the  narrowed  sum- 
mit, i"-i,'.>"  long,  rather  more  than  la"  thick, 
equalling  or  somewhat  longer  than  the  ovate-ob- 
long acute  cuspidate  or  short-awned  scales; 
stigmas  3. 

In  wiHidsand  thickets.  (Jiiiboo  and  Ontario  to  Miilii^an.  sdutli  tn  Virginia  ami  IlliiKiis.     .\st\  nds 
to  2,si«>fl.  in  Virsfinia.     May  June. 


116.   Carex  panicea  I^. 


(irass-likc  Sedge.     Caniatioii-gra.s.s.      (  I'ig.  J'^''. ) 
C'liiir  /xiiiiiYd  I,.  .S]).  ri.  ()77.      i7,si. 

Glabrous,  pale  bluish  green  and  glaucous,  culms 
slender,  smooth,  erect,  stiff,  i''^"  tall.  Leaves  flat, 
l"-2"  wide,  the  basal  ones  shorter  than  or  ecjualling 
the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  and  the  bracts  much  shorter 
and  narrower;  staminate  spikes  i  or  2,  stalked;  pistil- 
late spikes  2  or  3,  distant,  fdiform-stalked  or  the  upi>er 
ue.'irly  sessile,  erect,  i'  or  less  long,  about  2/4"  thick, 
rather  loosely  scveral-many-llowered,  the  upper  some- 
times staminate  at  the  summit;  perigynia  oval,  about 
I  '2"  long  and  nearly  1"  in  diameter,  slightly  swollen 
and  obscurely  3-augled,  yellow,  puri)le  or  mottled, 
faintly  few-nerved,  tipped  with  a  very  short  entire 
somewhat  oblique  beak;  scales  ovate,  acute,  purple  or 
pur])lc-margiticd,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Ill  lieldsaiKl  meadows,  .Nova  .Seiitiii  to  Maine  and  Kliode 
Island       Naluralixed  from  ICntope.     Jinie  July. 


vSlUJGK   FAMILY. 


331 


117.    Carex  livida  (Wahl.)  Willd. 

K(lll^^l.   \'t  I,    Aiail. 


Livid  Seil^e.      (FiK-  787.  ) 


<",iii  I    //indsii   var.  livida   Walil. 

llaiiiU.  ( 11.  I  24:  162.      iS(i^. 
Ciini  /iric/,i  Willd.  Sp.  IM.'4:  2.S5 


l.Sn.S. 


Cilabrous,  pale  green  and  very  glaucous,  culms 
slender,  strictly  erect,  smooth,  i°-i'j°tall.  Leaves 
I  "-2"  wide,  the  basal  shorter  than  or  sometimes 
about  equalling  the  culm,  involute  in  drying;  bracts 
narrow,  usually  short;  staniinate  si)ike  solitary, 
short-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1  .^,  5''- 12"  long, 
about  2''  thick,  erect  and  clustered  at  the  summit 
of  the  culm,  narrowly  cylindric,  densely  several- 
flowered  or  looser  at  the  base,  the  third,  when  pres- 
ent, distant  or  sometimes  nearly  basal,  stalked; 
perigynia  oblong,  very  pale,  nearly  2"  long,  less 
than  I  '  thick,  finely  nerved,  straight,  beakless, 
narrowed  to  an  entire  orifice;  scales  ovate,  obtuse 
or  the  lower  subacute,  rather  shorter  than  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  bii^s.  I.iihnuldr  and  Hudson  liay  to  .Maskn.  south 
to  Connecticut,  the  i)inc  lianinsof  Xcw Jersey,  central 
New  York  and  MieliiKan.     .Mso  in  luiropi-.     Summer. 


118. 


Carex  aurea  Xiitt.     (ioldeii-frtiitwl  Sedge.     (Fig.  7S,s.) 

CiimaiDid  Null.  Cien.  2:  205,      i.S|,s. 

Glabrous,  light  green,  culms  very  slender,  erect  or 
reclining,  2'-i5'l()ng.  Leaves  Hat,  i"-i  '."wide,  the 
basal  etjualling  or  exceeding  the  culm;  bracts  similar 
to  the  culm-leaves,  connnonly  much  overtopping  tlie 
spikes;  terminal  spike  short-stalked,  staniinate  or  an- 
drogynous; ])istillate  si)ikcs  2-4,  oblong  or  linear-ob- 
long, erect  and  clustered  near  the  summit  or  the  lower 
one  distant,  filiform-stalked,  loosely  or  compactly 
few -flowered,  2"-io"  long,  about  i/i"  thick;  perigy- 
nia obovoid  or  subglobose,  white  or  nearly  white  when 
young,  becoming  fleshy,  yellow  or  brown  and  about 
I  "in  diameter  when  mature,  many-nerved,  beakless, 
the  orifice  entire;  scales  ovate,  membranous  acute, 
blunt,  cuspidate  or  short-awned,  shorter  than  or  the 
lower  exceeding  the  perigynia;  stigmas  mostly  2. 

Ill  wet  meadows,  springs  and  on  wet  roeks.  New 
foundlaiid  to  the  Nortliwesl  Territory  and  llritisli  Co 
liimhia,  soulli  to  Massacliusetts,  I'ennsylvania,  Mielii 
nan,  rtali  and  Wasliinntim.     Summer. 

119.   Carex  bicolor  All.     I'aiti-colored 
Sedge.      (Fig.  7S9.  ) 

<  (KV  I   /i/rnA'/- All.  I'l.  I'ed    2:2(17.       17SS. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  somewhat 
glaucous;  culms  slender,  erect,  2'-iS'  tall.  Hasal 
leaves  1"  2"  wide,  shorter  than  or  e(|ualling  the 
culm;  spikes  2-4,  mostly  clustered  at  the  summit 
of  the  culm,  dense,  the  terminal  one  partially  stani- 
inate; perigynia  oblong,  white,  compressed,  few- 
ncr%'cd,  less  than  1"  long,  not  fleshy  at  maturity, 
abruptly  tip])ed  with  a  very  short  entire  nearly 
cylindric  beak;  scales  brown-purple  with  white 
midvein  and  margins,  oval,  obtuse  or  acute,  shorter 
than  the  perigynia. 


(".reenlaiul  and  Labrador  (aeeordinn  tn 
ill  ICiirope.     .Summer. 


llootl).      Also 


332 


CYrHRACI'Ai:. 


120.    Carex  setifolia  i  Dewey)  liriltoii. 


HristlL'-k-:i\e(l  Scdjfe.     (Imk-  79"-) 

lifolixt  iHwt  V,  Aim.  Juiiiii,  Sii    ii:  (Hi 
Ilook.  I'M,  I!ui    Am    2:  22(..  /'/. -Vi 


(  ill  I-  \  iillhi  viir 

(  III  I- 1  (/i///  ;;(i/  Ildiitl 
is,|,,. 

('ilal)rotis,  ]).ilej,'rt'Cii,  iiiliiis  tiliforin,  siiioolli,  weak, 
4'  i.S'  1""K-  I.L'avfS  lilifortii,  shorter  than  the  cuhii, 
less  than  '4  "  wide;  l)racls  reduced  ti>  liladeless, 
sliraths  2"-5"  lonj;;  staniinate  spikes  solitary,  ses- 
sile or  very  nearly  so,  3"-4"  lonn;  pistillate  spikes 
2-4,  erect,  slender-stalked,  a"-.)"  long,  rather  less 
than  1"  thick,  loosely  few-flowered,  the  npper  com- 
monly ()vert<ip]iing  the  staniin:ite,  the  lower  one 
sotnetiniis  distant;  perigynia  oblong,  ]iointcd  at 
hotli  ends,  3-angled,  i"  long,  Yi"  or  less  thick, 
polished  and  nearly  hlack  when  tnatnre,  very  faintly 
few-nerved,  tapering  into  a  short  entire  lieak;  scales 
ovate,  obtuse  or  the  lower  acute,  thin,  hyaline, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  san<ly  or  rocky  snjl,  prifirrinK  linicstiinc  rocks,  New  llruiiswick  to  tlu    Nnrthwcsl  'Per 
rilory,  soiitli  to  I'cnnsylvaTiia,  Kentucky  and  Nebraska.     May  July. 

121.    Carex  concinna  R.  15r.     Low  Nortli- 
em  Sedge.     (  V'\\r.  -gi.  i 

Care.xcitiii  iiiiiii  K.  lir.  I'rank.  Jouru.  703.      iS2,(. 

Culms  filiform,  smooth,  2'  6'  tall.  Leaves  about 
i"  wide,  flat,  pale  green,  much  shorter  than  the 
culm;  bracts  reduced  to  green  bladeless  sheaths  or 
the  lower  one  with  an  erect  subulate  blade  y  ~i>" 
long;  staniinate  spike  solitary,  sessile;  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  sessile  aiul  clustered  or  the  lower  one 
somewhat  distant  and  short-stalked,  erect,  2"-4" 
long,  about  l"  thick,  compactly  few-flowered;  peri- 
gynia oblong-ovoid,  3-anglcd,  pubescent,  short- 
beaked,  few-nerved,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovale 
obtuse  or  subacute  green  or  purplish  scales;  stigmas  3. 

Ill  rocky  jilaces,  (.Quebec  and  Uiilario  to  Itritisli  Colum- 
bia.    .Summer. 


122.    Carex  Ri;.hards6ni  R.Br.     Richardson  s  .Sedge.     (Fig.  792.) 

('<ni  \   l\iiii<ii (Isoiii  K.  Ilr.  I'rankl.  Jourii.  751.      1823. 

Culms  slender,  rough,  erect,  4' -12''  tall.  Leaves 
flat,  about  i"  wide,  the  basal  shorter  than  or  some- 
times eciualling  the  culms,  those  of  the  culm  very 
short;  bracts  bladeless,  sheathing,  J4 '-i' long,  usually 
brown-purple  with  a  white  hyaline  acute  summit; 
staniinate  spike  solitary,  short-stalked;  pistillate 
.spikes  I  or  2,  erect,  narrowly  cyliiulric,  short-stalked, 
4"-9"  long,  compactly  several-flowered,  close  to- 
gether, their  stalks  partly  or  wholly  enclosed  in  the 
sheaths;  perigynia  obovoid,  pubescent,  about  i"long, 
minutely  beaked;  scales  mostly  longer  than  the  peri- 
gynia, ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  purple,  conspicu- 
ously white-u'.argined;  stigmas  3. 

Ill  <lry  soil,  Ontario  to  the  Xortliwest  Territory  and 
British  Columbia,  simtli  to  western  New  York,  Illinois 
Michigran  and  South  Dakota.     Summer. 


SlvDClv    FAMILY. 

I<(>ng-stalki.'(l  Sc(1k«-'. 


.^33 


'  ^'iK-  793-  ' 


123.    Carex  pedunculata  Muhl. 

r<ii,  I  />i,/iiii,  ii/ii/ii  Mulil  .  Willd  Sli.  IM.  4:  J.'j.  iSii.s. 
Dcnsily  matted,  rather  brij^lil  j^rocn.  culms  very 
slender,  rounliish  above,  dilTiise  or  reclininj^,  \'  m' 
long.  Leaves  flat,  i"-ijj"  wide,  the  basal  com- 
monly longer  than  the  culms;  shciths  green,  the 
ujiper  alnidsl  bladelcss,  the  lower  with  >.hort  leaf-like 
blades;  staminale  s])ike  loiig-stalkcd,  usually  with 
some  iiistillate  llowcrs  at  its  base;  pistillate  spikes  2- 
''.  ,5"-''"  l""g.  few-llowL-red,  lilifr)rmstalkicl  ami 
spreading  or  drooping,  scattered,  connnonly  borne 
at  every  node,  some  of  them  ap])earing  basal;  peri- 
gyiiia  ol)ovoid,  sharply  .^-angled,  pubcrulcut  or  be- 
coming glabrous,  2"  long,  pale  green,  nerveless, 
narrowed  below  into  a  stipe,  tipped  with  a  minute 
and  somewhat  oblitpie  entire  beak;  scales  green  or 
purplish,  ovate,  abruptly  cuspidate  or  the  lower  sub- 
ulateawned,  cciualling  or  the  lower  considerably 
exceeding  the  ])crigynia;  stigmas  ,^. 

In  (by  woiids.  Anticusti  In  M;Miil(i1);i,  mhiIU  tci  \'iijiiiiia,  I'lnn^ylvaiiia  and  Minnesota.    May  July. 

124.  Carex  pedicellata  1  Dcwcy)  Hrittoti.     Fibroits-rootcd  Sedge.     ( l-'ig.  794.  ) 

(itirv  riiii'i!  Dtwey.   .\in.  Journ    Sci.   Ji:  loj.      isji,.     Not 

Muhl    1N15. 
(  ■  riirid  var.  /trc/iii/Zii/ii  I)i\u  y.  Am.  Jcmni,  ,Sei.  11: 162.  I.'^jf). 
I  \i  I  ry  com  III  nil  is  llaiKy.  Mem    Turr.  Clld).  I:  41.      ls8o. 
('iiirx  fiiiliiilldhi  lirillc'in,  M(  ni    Ton    Club,  5:  87.       kSi>|. 

Light  green,  not  stolouifcrous,  librous-rooted,  culms 
slender,  roughish  above,  erect  or  reclining,  O'-Jo'  long. 
Leaves  1 "  2"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culms;  lower  bract 
narrowly  linear  or  subulate,  '4  '2'  long;  staminate  spike 
short-stalked,  4"-i2"  long;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  short- 
oblong,  few  llowered,  sessile  and  usually  .separated,  or 
the  lowest  short-stalked;  perigynia  oval  or  oblong, 
rather  less  than  1"  long  and  a  little  more  than  ,'2"  i" 
diameter,  pale,  pubescent,  slightly  i -ribbed  on  each 
side,  tip])ed  with  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak  one-fourth 
the  length  of  the  body;  scales  green,  ovate,  acute,  about 
ecpialling  the  perigynia;  stignuis  3. 

In  dry  soil.  Nova  .Scotia  to  Mimiisiita.  Cicirtfi.i.  Ohio       d 
.Michijfan.     .Vscinds  to  571"!  ft.  in  \'irn:inia.     May  July. 
Carex  pedicellata  Wheeleri  i  liailiy  1  lirilldu,  Mini.  Torr.  Club.  5:  ss       iSij). 
('(;/<■  I  t  Ilium  II  Ill's  var.   Il'/n  i/<i  i  Uailiy,  Mem.  Ton.  Club.  I:  .41.       iSSc) 

l.'sually  lower  than  the  spiciis.iml  tlu'  leaves  luuili  sliortir  than  the  culm  :  stamiii.iti-  spike  otdy 
2"-,V'  liin^;;  ]>istiUate  spikis  closer  tonether.     Nova  Scotia  to  Couneeticul  aii<l  Micliinan. 

125.    Carex  Pennsylvanica  Lam.     Pennsylvania  Sedge.     ( I*"ig.  795.) 

till  i:v  Pi  iiiisyl:iiiiicii  I,am.  I'Micyel.  3:  ,^8S.       I7S(). 

Dark  or  dull  green,  stoloniferous,  culms  slender,  erect, 
smooth  or  roughish,  6'-  i.s'  tall.  Leaves  '2"  -i  ]i"  wide, 
the  basal  shorter  than  or  somcliines  exceeding  the  culm, 
the  old  sheaths  persistent  and  fdjrillose;  lower  bract  sub- 
ulate or  scale-like,  rarely  over  \i'  long;  staminate  s])ike 
sessile  or  very  short-stalked,  '/i'-\'  long;  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  short-oblong,  fcw-llowered,  sessile,  contigu- 
ous or  the  lower  somewhat  distant;  perigynia  broadly 
oval,  about  i"  long  and  more  than  '2"  in  diatneter,  pu- 
bescent, I -ribbed  on  each  si<le,  narrowed  at  the  ba.sc, 
tipped  with  a  2-toothcd  beak  about  one-fourth  the  length 
of  the  body;  scales  ovate,  purplish,  acute  or  cuspidate, 
cquaiiingor  a  little       igcr  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  soil,  New  iswick  to  Manitoba  and  the  Nurtli- 
west  TeirHory.  south  to  North  Carolina.  Tennessee  and  Kan- 
sas.    Ascends  to  5(01  ft.  in  North  Carolina.     May  June. 


?>M 


CVI'l'UACI'.M' 


126.    Carex  varia  Miilil. 


IviiiiiKHis'  Sf(l);f. 

\Vm1i1 


I  I'iK.  7'/'- ) 

Knll^;l      Vrl       A. Mil      II..IKII 


,11,  >     :;til,l    Mulil 

I  II.  1  i4    IS').        iHnv 

.  /Oiiiiiini^ii  Iliwiy.  'rmi.  Ami.  I.yr.  N.  \'.  3 

.  :;ii  III  \;n  ,ii/iini/,i  liaih  v.  Mini. 'rmrClul), 


(11 
::  |l. 


lh(l' 
i-<s<, 


katlicr  liri^lit  Krii'ii,  sloloiiifcrous,  cuhiis  liliforitl, 
rrci'l  or  soiiicwli.it  sprcailiiij.',  roiijjliish  aliovo,  i'.'  |S' 
loiij.;.  I.favi's  eloiii'atfd,  '.. "  i^"  wide,  nearly  al- 
ways shorter  than  th  .  -iilnis;  lower  lirait  si-ale-likeor 
snhiilale.  rarely  I'lonj,';  staiiiiiiate  spike  2"-.}"  long, 
sessile,  sotnelinics  scarcely  ovcrtopiiiiiK  the  upper  pis- 
lilliite  one,  luil  usually  rather  ])roniiiieiit;  pistillate 
spikes  2  I,  mostly  close  tnj^^elher,  2"~y  loiij;,  few- 
tlowcred;  perijjynia  ohlonn.  pnl>csccnt,  about  1"  loii>; 
'•"  thick,  ii."riowe<l  at  the  hasp,  tipped  will)  a  subu- 
late miinilely  2-tootlied  be.ik  cominonly  one-half  the 
Iciij^lh  of  the  body;  scales  ovate,  jjreen  or  purplish- 
brown,  acute,  about  as  long  as  theperinynia;  stigmas  3. 

Ill  dry  soil.  Nova  Scotia  to  wcsltrii  Ontario  .iiid   Maui 
tuba,  >cnitli  to  (",ior({ia  mid  'I't  xa'-.     May  July 

127.  Carex  Novae-Angliae  Schwciii. 
New  Kiij;laii(l  Seilj^c.  (  Imj^.  -ij-.  1 
C.  ..V(>:'ij(-.(H,i,'//i(c,Scliwciii.  Ann.  I.yc.  N.  V.  i;  67.  iSj.(. 
Rather  dark  K'fceii,  stoloniferous,  culms  fiiliform, 
erect  or  reeliniu),',  .('-.S'  long.  I.e.ivesi  about  ,'." 
wide,  soft,  elongated,  often  exceeding  the  culms; 
staminate  spike  short-stalked,  very  narrow  or  almost 
filiform,  3"  .S"  long;  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  distant, 
subglobose,  fcw-tlowercd,  sessile  or  the  lower  short- 
stalked;  lower  bract  filiform,  sliort  or  sometimes 
overtoj)ping  the  spikes;  perigynia  narrowly  oliovoid 
or  oblong,  i"  long,  '."  thick,  pubescent,  tip])ed  by 
a  subulate  2-toothcd  beak  about  one-fourth  the  length 
of  the  body;  f'.'ales  ovate,  greenish-brown,  acute  or 
cuspidate;  stigmas  2  or  3. 

Ill  wet  sli.idiil  iilaccs,  Niw  Hniiiswick  to  Maine.  Massa- 
cliiisctls  and  iiiirtliirii  New  Sink.     Suiiinui. 

128.    Carex   deflexa  Honiein.     Northern  SL<l>;;e. 

(',ii,\   ,l(lliv,i  Iliiniini.  I'laiilcl.  VA.  .\.  i:'i.V"*        i"*-' 

<  inci   i////<  I ./ var    /^ii;/;* ;  Itailiv.   Mem.   Turr   Club.    I: 

.|a.      is,s,,. 
Ciiirv  /Will  llipwe;  Pick,  Ann.  kip.  N.  V.  Slate  Mas, 

N.it.  Hist.  .(7:  Ml.      \Xt};. 

Aspect  of  smaller  forms  of  the  preceding  species; 
culms  filiform,  erect  or  spreading,  r-12'  long, shorter 
than  or  exceeding  the  narrow  bright  green  leaves. 
Uracts  subidate  or  very  narrowly  linear,  !•'  2'  long; 
staminate  spike  sessile,  i"-,^"  long,  sometimes  oh- 
licpte,  inconspicuous;  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  2"-4'' 
long,  oblong,  few-flowered,  the  upjier  sessile,  the 
lower  slender-stalked  and  somewhat  separated,  com- 
monly also  I  or  2  nearly  basal  filiform-stalked  spikes 
from  the  lowest  sheaths;  perigynia  oblong,  inuch 
narrowed  at  the  base,  pubescent,  i"  or  less  long, 
tipped  with  a  flat  2-toothed  beak  about  one-fourth 
the  length  of  the  body;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, green,  acute  or  cuspidate;  stigmas  3  or  2. 

Ill  olHii  placis.  Nova  Siotia  to  Ontario,  Maine,  Verinonl  and   reiinsylvania,    inostly   at    liin'i 
allitiules.     .Snniiner.     I'aiii  I'ukii  llnwe  1  C.  iill>ii,iiis  Willil..  an  (ilder  name  1  may  l)e  ilistinet. 

Carex  deflexa  Farwellii  lirittoii. 
Oirex  tl)]/l(iti  var.  mrdia  llailey,  Mem.  Tovr.  Cliib,  i.  \\.     i8.H<^.     Not  ( '.  in,  din  K.  l!r.  182,5. 

Densely  tnflid:  culms  stilT,   erect,  i>'    i,s'  tall,  commonly  mueli  loiiKer  than  the   leaves;  slam- 


(  Fig;.  7.JS.  ) 


si;i)c.i':  i'AMir<v. 


.135 


iuiiU  -iiiki-  I  ijiispiiiiniis,  i"  s  '  liiinf,  Hcssilc  uy  slnut  >l,ilktil,  pistilL 
1(H\(  T  sliiidii  >l;ilki  il  ;mil  siihic  tiili  il  by  a  fnliiii  i  iiu'-  lirail  «  liiili  ci 
i;yiii;i  1  '  I'  "  luinf  Nuitlutii  MirliiKMii  In  llritir.li  CiiUiiiilii:i  ami 
MiiiiiUiiiiis  til  Ciilniiulii      I'l  iliaps  a  (li-.tiiut  spiiiis. 


Ill    s 

>i 

kt 

..  .. 

•  ii 

\.  -' 

.ilttn 

Ml 

llu- 

llrll 

1 

>\t 

rti. 

P^ 

th. 

I'lilii 

nil 

(  )ll 

V. 

111 

wmll 

1  111 

llif 

K 

,.k> 

-I" 

the 


lag.   Carex  praecox  Jacq.     Wrnal 

On  I- 1  /'iiiiiin  Jari|    l''l.  Au-itr.  5:  .',(.    />/.  //^k       177^. 

I  )ark  Kfi*'".  sloloiiiffroiis,  culms  very  sK'nder,  erect 
or  rtvliiiinn,  siiiootli,  ,^'-12'  loiiK.  Leaves  '/i"  1  '2" 
wide,  almost  always  much  shorter  tliaii  the  culm; 
lowrr  hract  subulate,  '4'-!'  loiij,';  stamiiiati'  spiki' 
scs>.ile  or  very  short-stalked,  usually  tar^,'e  and  cou- 
spiiiious;  pistillate  spikes  I  ,^,  all  close  toj^a-ther  at 
the  summit,  oblou^,  se\  ••  .l-(lo\<  ired,  3" -6"  loii},', 
about  2 '2"  ill  <liameter,  •■essilc  or  the  lower  short- 
stalked,  sometimes  ])istillatc  at  the  summit;  pcri- 
Kyiiia  ubloujjor  obovoid,  sharply  .vannlcd,  pubescent, 
brown,  about  1"  long;  tippcil  with  a  very  tiiiiiute 
beak;  scales  ovate,  ])urplebr()wn  with  a  lighter  mid- 
veiii,  acute,  cuspidate  or  the  lower  rough-awued, 
about  eiiualliiig  the  perigyiiia;  stigmas  3. 

I';astiiii  Miissacluis(  Its  to  New  Yiii  k.  Naturalized  fmiii 
Ijiropi-      N.itivr  alsd  (if  Asia,     May  Jiiiif 


.Sc-(1kc.      '  I'iK.  7«)9-  ' 


131.    Care 


130.    Carex  nigro-marginata  Schwein. 

Black -cd^fd  vSedKc      (  l'"ijj;.  800.  > 
C.  ;j/X' 1 0  »/r//i,'///r//i(  Scliwciii.  Ann.  I.yc,  N.  ^'.  t.iis.   i,s.>|. 

Hright  green,  strongly  stoloniferous,  culms  fili- 
form, erect  or  spreading,  2'-,S'  long.  Leaves  i"~2" 
wide,  very  much  longer  than  the  culms,  rather  stiff, 
often  12' or  more  long;  bracts  very  short  and  subu- 
late or  wanting;  staminate  spike  sessile,  inconspicu- 
ous, 2"-;/'  long,  purple;  pistillate  spikes  i -,^,  lew- 
flowered,  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  staminate,  about 
y  long;  perigynia  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base  into 
a  short  sti])e,  jjubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  i"-i  'j" 
long,  about  'i"  thick,  i-rihbed  on  each  side,  tipjied 
with  a  cylindrtc-subulate  2-toothed  beak  one-third  to 
oiic-halfas  long  the  body;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  cuspi- 
date, green  with  purple  margins  or  variegated,  rather 
longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Dry  soil,   Ni«  York  to  North  Carciliiia,     .May  July. 

X  umbellata  .Sclik.     Umbel-like  >Scdgc.      (l-'\K-  Soi.  ) 


Ciiii  >  i( ml'iUiilii  Sclik.  Kii-d^r.  Naililr.  7.S.  /!  171.  iSnO. 
I'lDi  \    iiiiihillii/n  var.  riiiiui  iKwev.  .Xni.  jniirii.  Sci.  11 : 

.;i7.   />/.  /'.  /.  /,'.      iS-">. 

Rather  light  green,  closely  tufted  and  matted,  sto- 
loniferous, culms  filiform,  very  nearly  smooth,  i'  6' 
long,  irect  or  reclining.  Leaves  fi''-!  '/i"  wide,  usu- 
ally much  exceeding  the  culm,  sometimes  1°  long, 
the  old  sheaths  fibrillose;  staminate  spike  solitary, 
terminal,  '.'  or  less  long,  commonly  conspicuous; 
pistillate  spikes  1-3,  all  filiform-stalked  from  the  basal 
sheaths  or  1  or  2  of  them  sessile  or  very  nearly  so  at 
the  ba.sc  of  the  staminate,  ovoid-ohlong,  several-llow- 
ered,  2"  4"  long;  perigynia  oval,  finely  pubescent, 
pale,  obtusely  3-angled,  the  bodj-  rather  less  than  1" 
long,  tipped  with  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak  of  nearly 
its  length;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  short- 
awned,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Dry  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  New- 
Jersey,  the  Indian  Territory  aiul  OrcRon.     May  July. 


.1.^ 


C    THRACl-Ai;. 


Carex  pubescens  M  ilil 


riil)fsceiil  Sudse.      i  I'ix;.  802.) 

I'liiit  f>iil>,\iiii^  M11I1I  ,  Willil    Sp    1'!.4.  ?si.       lAis. 

I'uhisreiil  all  ovit,  liriylil  Kiet'ii.  stoloiiifcrDUS, 
inliiis  slcndir,  usually  rccliniiij;,  i^-:;'  loiijj. 
Leaves  Hat,  soft,  cloujfatcil,  shorter  or  louder  than 
ciiliti,  2"  ,i'j"  wide;  lower  hracts  i'-^'  loiij;,  oc- 
casionally ovcrtoppiiij;  the  spikes;  stamiiiate  spiUc 
sessile  or  nearly  so.  sometimes  with  pistillate 
flowers  at  its  base;  pistillate  spikes  2  .\,  ohlonj;- 
cylindric.  rather  loosely  several  many-llowcred. 
crcit,  i"  10"  lonj;,  2"-2'<"  thick,  the  upper  ses- 
sile, tiie  lower  somewhat  sc])arate<l  and  short- 
stalke<l;  ]ieriuynia  sharply  ;  aufjlcd,  ohovoid,  nar- 
rowed to  a  sti])c-like  hase,  densely  puhesceut,  and, 
inchidiux  the  suhulatc  strai),;ht  minutely  j-toothed 
lieak,  about  2"  long;  scales  ovale,  scariousinar- 
gined,  rou.yh-awncd  or  cuspidate,  about  as  lout;  as 
the  perifrynia;  sti>;mas  ,v 

III  \v Isaiid  tliiikil'^.  Nova  Scutia  tn  Nmt!.  !);iki>t:i 

Ni  u  Jer-i  V,  Kentucky  and  Missnuii.     June   Auu 


133.    Carex  Fraseri  Audi 


I'"r;iser's  Sedj;e. 


(  I-'ig.  So;,. 


<■.;/(  r  /■'/(/>(■// Andr.  Hilt.  Kep.    fil.o^o.       i^-ii. 
i'ltiiv  /'i  ini  I  III  iia  Sim^,  Hot.  Majf.   />/.  ij'/i.      i>ii. 

Glabrous,  culms  smooth,  slender,  reclininj;,  in'- 
iS' long.  liasal  leaves  S'- 16' lonj.;,  1 '-j' wide,  per- 
fectly Hat,  Hrni,  spreading,  finely  many-nerved  with 
no  midvein,  obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex,  tluir 
margins  usually  fmely  crumplcil  in  drying;  culm 
leaves  reduced  to  clasping  basal  sheaths;  spike  soli- 
tary, bractless,  terminal,  androgynous,  |4'-i'  long, 
staminatc  above,  pistillate  below,  the  pistillate  por- 
tion den.se,  alwut  '_■'  in  diameter  in  fruit;  pcrigynia 
ovoid,  pale  green,  diverging,  thin  and  somewhat 
swollen,  faintly  many  nerved,  fully  2"  long  and 
rather  juore  than  i"  in  diameter,  tipped  with  a 
short  nearly  truncate  beak;  scales  ovate,  obtuse, 
much  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  rich  woods,  southwestern  Vii|;ini.i.  West  Xirginia, 
eastern  Tennessee,  and  Knrtli  Carolina,  .\scends  to 
.|(««i  ft.  in  North  ijarolina.  Locally  abinidant.  Our 
largest  liaviil  speiiis      May  July. 

134.'  Carex  picta  Steiid.     IJoott'.s  Scd^e.     (  Ki^.  804.  ) 


Jouni     Nat 


Ciiiii    HotilliiiiKi    Iknth.;   Hontt,    Host. 
\/tJf7  Mist.  5:112.     iS|,s.     Not  II.  iS:  A.  it<4i. 

i;Jf/_  Ciii  I  />i</ii  Steiul.  ,Syii.  I'l    Cyj).  iS).       i8.^,s. 
-V/TiV  Dioecious,  foliage  glabrous,  light   green,  culm 

/U'J*/~  /  /  slender,  smooth,  erect   or   reclining,  6'-i2'  long 

'/.^?7    ///  usually  much  shorter   than   the   leaves.     Leave; 

i^  \j         I  !lat,  I  '2"-3"  wide;  spike  solitary  and  terminal  01 


es 
or 


rarely  with  a  small  accessory  one  near  its  base, 
erect,  densely  many-llowcred,  the  staniinate 
about  I '  long,  the  pistillate  cylindric  but  narroweil 
at  the  base,  l'-2)^'  long,  3"-4"  thick,  subtcmleil 
by  a  short  purple  sheatli;  perigynia  obovoid, 
strongly  many-nerved,  pubescent  at  least  toward 
the  obtuse  summit,  about  i,'^"  long,  narrowed  at 
the  base;  scales  purple,  usually  with  green  mar- 
gins and  midvein,  shining,  obovate,  acute  or  cus- 
pidate, longer  and  wider  than  the  periygnia. 

In   w Is,    Indiana    to    .Mahania    and    Louisiana. 

Local      Suinnur. 


si:i)C,i:  i-.\Mii,v. 


,v^7 


N.it 


135.    Carex  scirpoidea  Miclix.     Scirpus- 

Cii'i  I   ^ii I /'I'iiiiti  Miclix.  l'"l.  liiir.  Am    i    171.      i*^is 

Dioecious,  foliar'  (glabrous,  rallicr  tiiijjlit  ).;rfcii, 
ruliiis  iTCCt,  slender  1)Ut  stitV,  6'-i,S'  tall,  sli(,;lilly 
r(iiif;li.  Leaves  '<"  \"  wide,  nearly  erect,  usually 
imieli  shorter  than  the  culm;  spike  solitary  or  rarely 
with  an  additional  and  very  snudl  one  near  its  base, 
lincar-cylindric,  densely  niany-llowered,  .S"-i5" 
lon.u.  I  '.''-2"  in  diameter,  sublendeil  by  a  short  or 
-oinetitnes  subulate  bnict;  jierij^ynia  oval,  few- 
nerved,  densely  pubescent,  l"  loan,  '."  thick,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  tipped  with  a  very  short  l)eak; 
scales  ovate-oval,  dark  piirjile  with  a  narrow  ^reen 
mi<lvein,  acute,  about  as  lontr  as  the  periKynia; 
stigmas  3. 

Ill  lucky  soil,  ('.nciilaiid  tu  Akiska.  -.uiiUi  tu  llir  liiyhi  1 
tiiiiuiitaiiis  of  New  ICiiKlatid,  I.akc  Huron.  I'tali  and  L'ali- 
loriiia.     Also  in  iiurtlurii  luirDpc  and  Asia.     Suiiiiiicr. 

Willdeiiow's  Scd 


136.    Carex  Willdenovii  Schk. 


jc.      (  Fij;.  806.  ) 


'/■; 


(III It    li'illitiiii'-.ii   Sclik.   kiidjrr.   Naclitr.  33.    1'. 

l.Sili. 

Cilabrous  and  pale  j;recn,  culms  very  short,  erect, 
1'  4'  liiKh.  Leaves  much  clonjiated,  nearly  erect, 
rather  sti  IT,  1"  i '."  wide,  often  I'loiif,',  very  much 
overtoppinj;  the  spikes,  lowest  reduced  to  blade- 
less  sheaths;  spikes  1  5,  androfjyiious,  staminate 
above,  pistillate  below  or  sonietinies  completely 
stamii.ate,  about  ,'2'  lonj{,  appearinjj  nearly  basal, 
one  or  more  of  them  on  filiform  stalks  ,,'  -7'  lonj;, 
the  stalks  of  the  others  much  shorter;  body  of  the 
])eri>,'yiiium  oblonj,',  smooth,  i"-i  J^"  lon^;,  rather 
less  than  1"  thick,  narrowed  into  a  llattencd  2- 
edgcil  roujjh  beak  of  about  its  own  length;  scales 
lanceolate,  acute,  acuminate  or  awned,  finely  sev- 
eral-nerved, the  lower  I  or  2  commonly  bract-like, 
foliaccous  and  often  overtoppin;;  the  staminate 
portion  of  the  s))ike;  sti^^nias  3. 


IdOliiii,  Michigan  and   Maiiiluba.  -.oulh  tu   I'lurida, 


iiHiaiia. 


Ill  dry  wouds  and  thickets.  .Massachusetts 
Kentucky  and  Texas,     .\pril  July. 

137.    Car^x  Jamesii  Schwciti.     James'  .Sedge.     (Fig.  807.  ) 

Cm  II  /(/;;/(■»// .Scliwein.  .\nii.  I.yc.  N  V.  i:  i>7.  i^^-'l- 
Ciiiii  Slnidiiii  Kuiitli,  liiiuin.  i:  .(Sv       i-^,>7. 

vSimilar  to  the  preceding  sjiecies,  but  the  leaves 
rather  narrower,  soft,  sjireading  or  ascending,  very 
much  surpassing  the  spikes,  the  lowest  mere 
clasping  sheaths.  Spikes  androgynous,  one  or 
more  of  them  filiform-stalked,  the  terminal  stami- 
nate portion  very  .slender,  the  pistillate  flowers 
only  1-4  and  slightly  separated;  body  of  the  pcri- 
gynium  subglobose,  i"  in  diameter,  contracted  at 
the  base,  abruptly  tipped  by  a  subulate  rough 
beak  of  more  than  its  own  length;  lower  scales 
bract-like,  foliaceous,  commonly  much  ovcrtop- 
jiing  the  staminate  portion  of  the  spike,  the  upper 
shorter  and  sometimes  not  exceeding  the  pcrigynia; 
stigmas  3. 

In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  southern  Ontario  and 
New  York  to  Indiana  and  Michiif^an,  south  to  West 
Virginia  and  Missouri.     .\pril-May. 


338 


CVI'EKACIvAF. 


138.   Carex  durifolia  nailcy.     Hack's  SlcIkc     •  Imk-  X"S.  1 


('iiiii  /A/,///  ItiMitl:  Iliiiik,  l''l.  liiii    Am.  l.  Ji"    />/. -■";. 
iS)ii.     Not  C  Jliukdiiii  Drwry.  is,ii> 

On,  >  i/iii  i/,i/i,i  liailiy,  Hull   Tmr  Cliil>,  20.  (js.    is,,; 

(Ualirous,  culms  scarcely  i'  liij-li.  Leaves  as- 
cending or  spreadiiifj,  6'  12'  Ion),',  1  !^"~j"  wide, 
very  much  overloppiu);  the  spikes;  spikes  i  t„ 
nearly  has.d,  androjjyuous,  1  or  2  of  Ihem  very 
slender-stalked,  the  staininate  llowers  few,  terini- 
nal,  inconspicuous,  the  pistillate  26,  suhtended  by 
leafy  hract-like  elongated  scales  which  nearly  en- 
close the  indoresccnce;  pcrigynia  oval,  smooth, 
jjradually  tajierinj;  into  a  stout  suhulate  heak 
nearly  or  {|uile  as  louf;  as  the  body,  which  is  about 
I  li"  lonjj  and  i"  thick;  stigmas  3. 

Ill  wiMicls  and  tliickits.  Ontario  to  Manitoba.  >oiitli  to 
Massacliusttts.  New  York.  Ohio  and  Michigan.  .\lso 
ill  Colorado  1  accordiiitt  to  liailiy).     May  Juiii' 


139- 


Rock  Sc(l)j;c. 


Sci.  29; 


Carex  rupestris  All. 

( I'ig.  .H09.  ) 

1   I  iifiish  is  .\11.  IM.  IVd.  2:  2<)(.  /)/. ./-'.  /. 
I     />i  iimiiii'iitliiiihi    Dcwiv.  .\iii.  Journ. 

2.S1.         IS,V'. 

Culms  rather  stout,  obtusely  v-'U'rIc'i  erect,  1 '- 
6'  tall.  Leaves  '>"i"  wide,  involute  in  drj-ing, 
often  curved,  shorter  th.in  or  exceeding  the  culm; 
bract  subulate,  erect,  shorter  than  the  terminal  soli- 
tary androgynous  spike  or  wanting;  spike  6"  12" 
long,  the  pistillate  flowers  few,  basal;  perigynia 
erect,  smooth,  obovoid  or  ellijitic,  lirm,  faintly  few- 
nerved,  about  2"  long,  the  beak  stout,  cylindric, 
about  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  purple- 
brown,  ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  wider  and  longer 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

I.abrailor  and  (■riiiilaiid  to  llrilisli  C'nlutiibia,  south 
in  tin  Kocky  .Moiiiitaiiir-  to  Colorado.  .Mso  ill  iiortliirii 
iMiroiK-  aiKi  .\sia.     Suiiiiiiir. 

140.    Carex  supina  Wilhl.     Weak  Arctic  SeilKe.     (  Fig.  Hio.  i 

(\n,\    »»/)/«./  Wilhl  ;  Walil,    Koiij;!.   \it.   .Xcad.    Ilaiidl. 
I  II.  I  24:  15S.       iSo;. 

C.Iabrous,  densely  tufted,  culms  slender  or  nearly 
liliforni  but  erect,  sharply  .vangled,  4'  10'  tall. 
Leaves  about  '."  wide,  rough-margined.  Hat,  shorter 
than  the  culm,  erect  or  reclining;  lower  bnict  short, 
subulate;  staminate  spike  .solitary,  sessile  or  very 
nearly  so,  ,V  6''  long;  pistillate  spikes  i-,v  sessile 
near  the  summit  of  the  culm,  subglobosc  or  oblong, 
few-flowered,  2"-3"  long,  the  ujiper  one  sometimes 
consisting  of  only  1-3  llowers;  perigynia  ovoid, 
smooth,  hard,  nerveless,  about  i"  long,  less  than  '." 
thick,  .vangled,  tipped  with  a  vf^y  short  beak;  scales 
ovate,  brown-purple  or  lighter-margined,  obtuse  or 
subacute,  ei|ualling  or  rather  longer  than  the  peri- 
gynia; stigmas  3. 

Northern  Minnesota  (aecordinif  to  Hailey  1  and  Mani 
toba  tu  arctic  America  and  (Ireetiland.     .Mso  in  iiortliern 
Ivurope  and  .\sia.     Snmiiier. 


SI'DC.IC   I'AMILY.  339 

141.    Carex  leptalea  Wahl.     Hristle-stalkud  vSedKc.      (  Imj^.  Sii.i 

(',ii<  I    /,/i/,i/,;i  Walil     KdUKl.  \\t.  Acad.   Ilaiidl.  ill.) 

24:  1.5c  I.       I>".v 
(III  (I  ftiilyli  iiliiiitlis  Willd.;  Walil.   liu-.  cil.  as  syiici- 

iiyiii        i^ii.v 

I.ij^ht  j;recii  and  kIo'toi's,  culms  filiform,  smooth, 
i-rei't  or  spreading,  6'-iS'  loiijj;.  Leaves  not  over 
'4  "wide,  mostly  shorter  than  the  culm;  spike  soli- 
tary, terminal,  androgynous,  narrowly  linear,  2" 
7"  \o\\\i,  rather  less  than  1"  thick,  staniinate 
above,  pistillate  below;  peri^fyiiia  few,  linerii-oli- 
lonj;,  lij;lit  green,  many-nerved,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  obtuse  and  bcaklessat  the  summit,  about  \yi" 
long  and  slightly  more  than  '2"  thick;  scales 
membranous,  the  upper  obtuse  and  shorter  than 
the  perigynia,  the  lower  acute,  the  lowest  some- 
times attenuateil  into  a  subulate  awn  nearly  as 
long  as  the  spike;  stigmas  2-3. 

In  linKS  and  swanijis.  Ni  wlnundlaiid  to  Uritisli  Co- 
liitnbia,  soulli  In  I'lorida,  I.nuisiaiia.  Tcx.is.  Cnloradci 
and  (Mijjdn.  .\scinds  td  l.^xi  ft.  in  Nnrtli  Carolina. 
Jiiiii    Ann 

142.    Carex   filifolia  Xutl.     Thread-kavL'd  ,St'(l,i;;<-'.      il-'i};.  S12.  1 

i\iii\  lili/'iiliii  Nutt.  Ccn.  2:  .'n).      iSiS. 

1  )t'nsely  tufted,  pale  green  and  glabrous,  culms  very 
slender,  smooth,  erect,  3'  14'  tall,  C(|ualling  or  longer 
than  the  leaves.  Leaves  filiform,  rather  stilT,  about 
'+ "  wide,  their  sheaths  persistent  and  ultimately 
fil)rillose;  spike  solitary,  erect,  bractlcss,  staminate 
above,  pistillate  below,  3""i,s"  long,  the  i)istillale 
l)art  about  2"  in  diameter;  perigynia  obovoid-oval, 
triangular,  fcwnerved  or  nearly  nerveless,  rough  or 
somewhat  pubescent  at  the  summit,  i"li)ng,  rather 
more  than  '."  thick,  abruptly  tijjped  by  a  short  cyl- 
iudric  hyaline  entire  beak;  scales  broadly  oval,  con- 
cave with  wide  scarious  margins,  obtuse  orcuspiilate, 
about  as  long  as  the  perigynia  but  much  broader; 
stigmas  3. 

In  <hy  Soil,  Manitoba  t<i  llritisli  Cohnnbia,  snv  .li  to 
Ntbraska.  Colorado  and  California.     May  July. 

143.    Carex  capitata  I.,.     Capitate  Sedj;;L'. 
(  l-'i^.  Si 3.  ) 

I'iii I  \  ,iif>iliil,i  I,.  .S]).  ri    lid.  J,  1,^711.       171>,V 

Culms  very  slender  or  filiform,  stiff,  strietly  erect, 

2'-  iS'  tall,  smooth  or  very  nearly  so.     Leaves  filiform, 

involute,  erect,  shorter  than  the  culm;  spike  solitary, 

terminal,  ovoid,  bractlcs.s,  2"~\"   high,  about   2"  in 

diameter,  staminate  above,  pistillate  Ik-Iow;  perigynia 

oblong-elliptic,  ascending  or  nearly  erect,  light  brown, 

nerveless  or   very  faintly   few   nerved,   1"  long,    '." 

thick,  tipped  with  a   nearly  entire  dark  brown  beak 

about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  bo<1y;  scales  broadly 

ovate,  membranous,  brown,  obtuse  or  acute,  shorter 

and  rather  broader  than  the  perigynia;  .stigmas  2. 

(■r('enlan<l  and  Labrador  to  the  Northwisl  Territory  and 
on  the  liiKlier  suininits  of  the  While  Mountains  of  New 
Hampshire.     .\lso  in  I-liiroiir.     Suninier. 


340 


CVPKRACHAli. 


144.    Carex  nardina  FriL-^.      Nard  vScilge. 

(Fig.  Si 4.  I 

Ciiii  I   iiiiiiliiiii  I'ric^.  Maul,  2:  5i.       !>■,(',)• 

Culms  filiform,  smooth,  creel,  2'  ,s'  I'lH,  very 
(Iciisclv  tufted.  Leaves  filiform,  erect,  al)oul  as  long 
as  tlie  culms;  spike  solitary,  terminal,  erect,  ovoid- 
otilouK,  i"  -('>"  K'l'K.  less  than  2"  in  dianicter,  hracl- 
less,  staminatc  above,  pistillate  lielow;  periyynia  oh- 
lonjj-elliptic,  yellowish  brown,  nerveless,  nearly  erect, 
narrowed  at  both  ends,  nearly  2"  lon^,  slightly  over 
'_."  wide,  somewhat  hispid  above,  beaklcss,  the  ori- 
fice 2toothed;  scales  ovate,  brown,  thin,  acute  or 
cuspidate  or  the  upper  obtuse,  rather  longer  than  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  2. 


I.aliiailiir  :iii(l  Illlilsnti  Hay  to  l!iiti--li  Cuhitiilii.i 
nu  r. 


Siiiii- 


145.    Carex   Redowskyana  C.  A.  Meyer.      Redow^kys  Sed^e.      (  I'i.i;.  Si  5.) 

Caiix  Kidouxiiaiiii  L'.  A.  Meyer,   M^iii    Acail.  .St    IMii^l). 
I)iv,  Sav.  I:  2f>7.   />/.  /.      iSa.s  ,ti. 

Ciiri'.f  i;jiiii,i,i/(  i  Wiirnisk.;  Drejer.  Ki  v.  Cril  Car.  it>    iS(i. 

Culms  very  slender,  stiff,  erect,  3'-)S'  tall.  Leaves  al- 
most bristle-form,  erect,  shorter  than  or  eipialling  the 
culm;  spike  solitary,  oblong,  terminal,  erect,  2"-.S'' 
long,  staminatc  above,  pistillate  below,  the  pistillate 
part  2"-3"  thick,  or  sometimes  wholly  staniinate  or  pis- 
tillate; perigynia  ovoidcllipsoid,  slipitatc,  dark  brown, 
l"-i'j"  long,  spreading  or  rcllexed  when  mature, 
strongly  several-nerved,  little  compressed,  rough  above, 
narrowed  into  a  very  short  2-toothcd  beak;  scales  ovate, 
light  brown  spreading,  acute  or  cuspidate,  shorter  than 
or  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  bon'i,  I.al)ra<liir  id  tlic  Northwest  Ternl(iry,  soiitli  to 
Vcrmuiil,  IViinsylvaiiia  laccnrdiiin  to  li.iiky  i,  Michij-aii  and 
in  till-  Kocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  .\lso  in  lUiropi-  aiul 
-Asia.     Siiiiiiiui 

146.    Carex  exilis   Dewey.     Coast  .Sedjjje.     (FMi?.  8if). ) 

I  III'  I   i-\ili\  Dcwcy.  .\tii   Joiini.  Sci.  14:, 551.       iS2,s. 

Culms  very  slender  or  filiform,  stilf,  strictly  erect, 
nearly  or  (|uitc  smooth,  iii'-2^'  tall.  Leaves  involute- 
filiform,  eciualling  or  usually  shorter  than  the  culm ; 
spike  solitary,  terminal,  erect,  bractlcss,  ^"-iS" 
long,  staminatc  below  and  pistillate  above  or  .soine- 
tiines  staniinate  above  and  pistillate  below,  occa- 
sionally <iuitc  dioecious,  very  rarely  with  a  small 
auxiliary  spike  at  its  base;  perigynia  ovoid-ellij)- 
soid,  somewhat  impressed  at  the  base,  brown,  about 
lyi"  long,  rather  strongly  several-nerved  on  the 
outer  face,  faintly  few- nerved  on  the  inner,  spread- 
ing or  refle.xed  at  maturity,  narrowed  into  a  slender 
rough  2-toothed  beak  about  one-half  as  long  as  the 
bo<ly;  scales  ovate,  acute,  C(|ualliug  or  shorter  than 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  biiRS,  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  soullurti 
New  Jersey,  mostly  near  the  coast.  Reported  I'roiu 
Minnesota.     May  July 


147.    Carex  chordorhiza  I,,  t'.     CrLcpiiii; 


341 


( 'ill r  t  rliiiiiliii liizti  I,,  r. 


Rootstocks  slfiidcr,  I'lccpiiiji,  culms  slender,  erect 
tir  nearly  so,  S'-i8'  tall.  Leaves  1"  i'_."  wide, 
shorter  than  the  eulni,  somewhat  involute  in  drying;;, 
straif^lit,  the  lower  ones  of  the  culm  reduced  to  short 
sheaths;  spikes  2  -4,  ajrgrej^ated  into  a  terminal  ovoid 
or  ohloii^'  head4''-6"  loiifj;  staminate  flowers  termi- 
nal; i)crijiynia  ellipsoid,  slightly  more  than  i "  lonjf 
and  nearly  1"  wide,  flat  on  the  inner  side,  convex  on 
the  outer,  stronj^ly  niany-nervcd,  abruptly  tipped  by 
a  short  entire  beak;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  ccjualliujj  the  peri,i;fyniaor  alittk- 
lonjjer;  stigmas  2. 


In  bciK'-  and  shallow  water, 
and  llu  Niiillnvist  'I'crriturv .  s 
uortliirn  I'cmisylvania,  llliiini 
riipe.     Siitiitmr. 


Anlicusti  to  Hudson  Hay 
iiith  111  Maim-.  New  York, 
-  and   Idwa.     Al^o  in   \\\\ 


Carex  incurva  Liohtf. 


Curved  Sc(lt;;L'. 

I   iiu  III  ;;i  I,i«htl'.  I'l.  Scnl 


v||.  />/.  -If.  /.     1777- 


Densely  tufted,  culms  rather  stifT,  smooth,  often 
curved,  i'-6'  lonj?.  Leaves  less  than  \"  wide, 
shorter  than  or  equalling;  the  culm,  usually  curved; 
spikes  2-5,  sessile  and  aj^jgregatcd  into  an  ovoid  or 
globose  dense  head  $"-'^"  in  diameter,  appearing 
like  a  solitary  spike;  staminate  flowers  few,  borne 
at  the  tops  of  the  spikes;  ])erij,;ynia  ovate,  slightly 
swollen,  compressed,  1'.'''  long,  i"  wide,  con- 
tracted at  the  base  and  narrowed  above  into  a  short 
conic  entire  beak,  faintly  sevcral-many-nerved, 
scales  ovate,  brown  or  brownish,  acute  or  subacute, 
mend)ranous,  shorter  than  the  peritfynia;  stigmas  2. 


(■ireciilaiiil  and  Iliidson  Hay  li 
siiulh  ill  the  Kdcky  .\roiiiitaiiis  to 
luirniK-  and  Asia.     .Suiiiiiu  1. 


lirilisli  ColuinUia, 
Colorado,     Also  in 


149.    Carex  stenophylla  Wahl.     Iiivo- 

hite-leaved  Sedge.     (  Fig.  8iy.  ) 


Ciiii  i  sliiioplivlla  Walil.  Koiinl,  Wt,  Acad. 
(  II.  I  24:  142.'     1803. 


Haiidl. 


Densely  tufted  and  strongly  stoloniferous,  pale 
green,  culms  smooth,  stiff,  erect,  3'-^'  high. 
Leaves  involute,  about  ]i''  wide,  shorter  than  or 
C(|uallitig  the  culm;  inflorescence  much  as  in  the 
preceding  species;  perigynia  ovate  or  ovate  oval, 
about  1"  long,  faintly  several-nerved,  flat  on  the 
inner  face,  low-convex  on  the  outer,  gradually 
narrowed  into  a  short  entire  beak;  scales  ovate, 
brownish,  mend)ranou8,  acute  or  acuminate,  about 
ecjualling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Ill  dry  soil,  Manil.iba  to  liritisli  Columbia,  south  to 
Iowa,  Nebraska  and  Ci-lorado.  Also  in  ICuropc  and 
Asia.     June-.VuH, 


342 


CYrKRACICAi:. 


150.    Carex  Douglasii  Uoott.      I)()nj;la>'  Scd^t^.     (l'"ijr.  ^2<>.  1 

(fill  I    Jhiiit;lasii   UcKilt:   Monk     I'i.  lim    Am.  2: 

-•//.         lS)n. 


N 


151.    Carex  arenaria  I, 

Sand-star.      ( I'it; 


I.inlit  Kf'-'fii,  rootstock  extensively  crcepiiij;,  culins 
slender,  erect,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  .\'-\2'  tail. 
Leaves  1 "  wide  or  less,  soiiiewliat  involute  in  drying, 
sometimes  lon(.;er  than  the  culm,  tapering  to  a  lont; 
point;  spikes  narrowly  ohlonjj,  acute,  4" -6"  lon>;. 
several  or  numerous  in  a  d(Misc  terminal  ohlonj;  nr 
ovoiil  cluster  \' -2'  long;  staminate  (lowers  terminal 
or  variously  di-ilrihutcd,  whole  si)ikes  occasionally 
staminate  or  tlu-  plants  even  dioecious;  perigyni.t 
ovate  lancocilate.  alxiut  1'."  long,  faintly  seviM.M 
nerved,  on  both  sides,  narrowcil  at  the  hasc,  the 
slender  tapering  beak  more  than  one-half  as  long  as 
the  body;  scales  pale  greenish  brown,  lanccol.ite, 
scarious,  smooth-awned,  2  4  times  longer  than  the 
perigynia  and  completely  concealing  them;  stigmas  _>. 

In  ilry  soil,  Maiiilnlia  to  Nebraska  and  New  Mexicu. 
\vi  si  (ii  lliiti'-h  C'iiliiinbi:i  and  Caliri)ini.i.     June  Ally. 

.Sand  Se'd^o. 

S21. ) 


(iiii  I  iiii  11,11  ill  I,.  S]).  ri.  ii7,v       i75,v 

Rootstock  extensively  creeping,  culms  erect,  slen- 
der, slightly  scabrous  above,  4'-i,s'  high.  Leaves  i" 
or  less  wide,  very  loTig-pointcd,  shorter  than  the  culm; 
lower  bract  subulate,  sometimes  1  '.'  long;  spikes  ob- 
long, ,^"-5"  long,  aggregated  into  a  terminal  ovoid 
cluster  1'  2'  long,  the  terminal  commonly  staminate, 
the  middle  ones  staminate  at  the  top,  the  lower  usu- 
ally wholly  pistillate;  perigynia  lanceolate,  i  '.. "-2" 
long,  strongly  sevcral-ncrve<l  on  both  sides,  the  (lat 
strongly  2-toothed  beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  body 
and  dccurrent  on  its  smnmit;  scales  lanceolate,  light 
brown,  long-acuminate  or  awned.  about  e(|ualling  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

On  sea  beadles  near  Nurfulk,  X'irKinia.  Adventivi-  c.r 
naturalize<l  fniin  i;uriii)e.     June  July. 


y'jr^' 


152.    Carex  conjiincta  Hoott.     Soft  Fox  Sed^je.     (  Fig;.  S2J.  ) 

I'dn.i    tit//>iiiti  Carev.   in   .\,   C.rav.    .Man.    SM- 

Not  I,.  I75,v 
Ciii (■  >  <iiii/ini,  /it  Hiiott.  111.  122.      iShj. 


I  s  ).S. 


Light  green,  culms  smooth  or  roughish  above, 
sharply  wangled  when  fresh,  flat  when  pressed, 
soft,  erect,  i^'i'  ,^"  tall.  I<eaves  shorter  than  tr 
sometimes  e(|ualling  the  culm,  soft,  flat,  rougli- 
margined,  2'."-,v''"  wide;  bracts  small  ami 
bristle-like  or  wanting;  spikes  several  or  numer- 
ous, in  a  terminal  elongated  sometimes  branched 
cluster,  or  the  lower  separated,  the  staminate 
flowers  few,  terniinal;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate 
or  lanceolate,  pale,  I'/i"  long,  thickene<l  at  the 
base,  strongly  several-nerved,  tapering  into  a 
rough'sh  2-tootlied  beak  shorter  than  the  body; 
scales  oblong-lanccolatc,  cuspidate  or  short  awned, 
about  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  nidist  meadows  and  thickets.  New  Jersey  I  aeeord- 
iuKto  Bailey),  sciutheastern  I'emisylvaina  to  KeiUueky. 
Illinois  and  Minnesota.     June  Auk 


SKDC.K    lAMII.V. 


343 


153.    Carex  stipata  Miilil. 

I  till  I    slifiiilii  Mulil  :  Wind    S))    I'l.  4    j^V       i^",i- 

Culms  sinootli.  ratlier  weak,  erect  or  nearly  so, 
sli«r])ly  3-aiij;l<.(l  bcfori'  dryitij;,  I'-^'i"  tall.  Leaves 
fliit,  2  "-4"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  upper 
ones  >oinetiiiies  overtopping  the  s])ikes;  bracts  short, 
liristle-form  or  wantiu).;;  spikes  numerous,  yellowish 
brown,  crowded  into  a  terminal  ohlong  cluster  1  '2'- 
.)'  loiix,  the  lowest  sometimes  branched,  the  stanii- 
nate  flowers  few,  always  terminal;  perigynia  lanceo- 
late, strongly  several-nerved,  2"  2'."  long,  about  i" 
wi<le  at  the  base,  gradually  tapering  into  a  rough 
(laltened  2toothe(l  beak  1  2  times  as  long  as  the 
IkmIv,  giving  the  clusters  a  peculiarly  bristly  aspect; 
scales  ovate  or  lance  jlate,  thin,  hyaline,  acuminate, 
shorter  than  the  perig.,nia;  stigmas  2. 

Ill  s\vaiiii>saiul  wit  iiii  ii(lii«>,  NcwfimiKllanil  t(i<  Hilariu 
aii<l  ISrilish  Cultiiiibia,  snutli  In  I'lnriilii.  Ttiiiii  ssie,  Mis- 
-•iiuri.  New  Mixiio  ami  Lalifniiiia.  .\--ciii(ls  lo  (>i»i  It. 
in   \'i!niiiia.     Ma\    Inly 


:\\vl-t'niit(.(l  Sc'cIkc.       '  iMg.  SJ3.  ) 


Wp^ 


154.    Ca-ex  Crus-Corvi  Sluilllw.     Kavcii's-foot  SedRc.     ( I'i^;;.  S24.  ) 

I'liiix  t'iii\  (<>/:/ Slililthv..  Kiin/c.  Kiidn   Siipiil.  i^s. 

/./.,,_■.       I. Si). 
Ciiiit   /{iilii  Diwiy.  .\iii.  Jmirn.  .Sii.  ill,  i2:2.|.^.     iSji). 

Tale  green  and  glaucous,  culms  stout,  3-angled, 
rough  above,  erect,  2°-.}°  tall.  I.eaves  Hat,  2,'i"- 
()"  wide,  rough-margined,  sometimes  ecjualling  the 
culm,  usually  shorter;  spikes  yellowish  brown, 
stamiuate  above,  very  numerous  in  a  large  com- 
])ound  branching  terminal  cluster  -\'-\2'  long,  1' 
y  thick;  perigynia  elongated-lanceolate,  strongly 
several-nerved,  about  4"  long,  with  a  sliort  hard 
base  and  a  subulate  rough  2-toothed  beak  ^  or  4 
limes  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late, thin,  very  nuich  shorter  than  the  perigynia; 
stignuis  2. 

Ill  swamps,  liuliaiia  to  snullurn  Minnesota,  smith  to 
l'luri<la.  I.dtii-iiaiia  an<l  Texas,     May  July. 


155.    Carex  decomposita  Mtihl. 
paiiicled  Setlj?*.'.      (l''ij,^  ^2>,. 

(ill I  1  i/ii,iiu/>ii.u'/(i  Mulil.  Ciraiii 


Lar^o- 


JO.l. 


Dark  green,  culms  .smooth,  very  obtusely  angled 
or  terete  below,  rather  stout,  erect,  i '.°-3°  tall. 
Leaves  2"-4"  wide,  rough,  ratlier  stiflf,  longer  than 
the  culm,  e(|uitant  at  the  base;  spikes  ytUowi.sh 
brown,  stamiuate  above,  small  and  very  numerous 
in  a  terminal  decompound  cluster  2'-5'  long,  the 
lower  branches  ascending  and  1  '-2'  long;  bracts 
subulate,  ciliate  or  wanting;  perigynia  short-ob- 
ivatc,  less  than  1"  long,  hard,  somewhat  shin- 
ing, faintly  few-nerved,  abruptly  tipped  with  a 
very  sliort  slightly  2-tooihed  beak;  scales  ovate, 
scarious-margined,  about  c(|i;alling  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  2. 

Ill  swamps.  New  York  to  oliio  and  Michigan,  south 
to  IMiirida  and  I.cniisiana,     May  .\n|{. 


: 


1, 


344 


CVI'IvRACI.Ai;. 


4%  156.  Carex  marcida  liooii.     CUi>li.rc(l  Vk- 


hi 


SlhI^i.'.     I  l-'i^ij.  S2().  ) 


f'i/;»i   »/,/;,/./.(  IliMitt,   Hunk    I'l.  ll.ii.  Am   J    -MJ  />/, -■/,•. 

IS,,,. 

I<i^;lit  jjreeii,  culms  slfiulcr,  sharply  viU'Klf"!. 
roiiKli,  at  least  al)ove,  1  '-i  '  tall.  I.i'aves  1"  wide  or 
less,  imuli  shorter  than  the  etiliii;  bracts  short,  subu- 
late from  a  broader  base,  or  wauling;  spikes  several, 
stamiiiate  at  the  sutinnit  or  some  of  tlietn  wholly 
slamiiiate,  clustered  iu  a  termitial  obloiif;  or  obloiiH- 
cvliiiilric  he.ul  about  1  '.'  lou)^,  the  lower  ones  some- 
times compound;  perii^yiiia  ovate,  dark  brown,  about 
l"  louK,  faintly  nerved,  taperinj^  into  a  Hat  serrate 
beak  shorter  than  the  body;  scales  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  brown-  h,  membranous,  acute  or  cuspi- 
date, about  ci|uallinj;  the  perij,'ynia;  stijjmas  2. 


Ill  ilry  siiil,  Manitiibii  tn  liritish  C<iUinil)i.i,  snutli  lo 
Nebraska.  Kansas.  N'l  \v  Mivico  and  Nevada.    June  Sept. 


LiJU 

157.    Carex  teretiuscula  Coodcii.     Lester  raiiickd  .SccIkc 

Caiii  /(■/(■//»  vr  »/,/  CiiMidiii.  Trails.    I.iini.   Sin'.   2;    iii,;. 

/)/.  /7.      17.M 

Kather  liKht  k'"'^'-'".  culms  slender,  erect  or  re- 
cliiiin}(,  very  rouj.!ll,  at  least  above,  r^-2;'2  "  loii),,'. 
I,eavcs  mostly  less  than  i"  wide,  shorter  than  or 
sotnetimes  ciiualling  the  culm;  bracts  very  small  or 
none;  sDikcs  several  or  numerous,  stamiiiate  above, 
in  a  narrowly  oblong  compact  or  interrupted  ter- 
minal cluster  i'~2'  long;  perigynia  ovate-oval, 
stnooth,  dark  brown,  hard,  shining,  few-nerved  on 
the  outer  side,  the  boily  slightly  more  than  '." 
long,  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  short-stalked, 
tapering  into  a  flat  conic  beak  about  its  own  length; 
scales  thin,  ovate,  brownish,  acute  or  shortawncd, 
about  etpialling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  swamps  and  wrl  meadows.  Nova  Sinlia  In  Mud 
son  l!ay  and  liritish  Columbia.  Kliodi-  Island,  IVnnsyl 
vaiiia  and  Nebraska.     Also  in  luimpe.      May  July. 

Carex  teretiuscula  prairea  1  Dewiy  1  lirittnn. 
I'll),  )  fiiiiiidj  1)1  wiy,  Wood's  Classbnnk.  ,S7S.       is.ss. 
Ciiict  liit'liiisiiilii  VAX    i.iiiiosii  linott.  111.  M.S.       I^'i7 

Cluster   of   spikes   compoiiiid.    br.iiulit'd.    tile   lop 
Cnliimbia.  sniitli  to  M.issailiusitls.  I'liiiisylvaiiia.  Kiiitiuky  and  Or.non. 

158.    Carex  alopecoidea  TtickL-riu.     Foxtai'.  Sedge.     (  Fijj.  8jS.  > 

Ctiii  >  iV'/i//(i/r</)//(.'((  var.  mil  1  iiiiii  Dewey,  .\m.  Jotini. 

Sei.43:(>2      iS4i.     Not  C".  ;;/<(  1 /«/<?  Senp.     1772. 
(■(//(•  r  (/A'/iiYii/i/crt  TiK'kerm    ICiiuin.  Metli.  i.S.       iH|,i. 

Light  green,  cidnis  stout  but  soft,  sharply  .^- 
angled,  erect  or  reclining,  2"-x'  long,  roughish 
above.  Leaves  flat,  1  '2  "-3"  wide,  shorter  than  or 
equalling  the  culm;  bracts  almost  filiform,  com- 
monly short;  spikes  several  or  numerous  in  a  com- 
pact or  somewhat  interrupted  cluster  i'-2'  long, 
rarely  also  a  separated  cluster  subtended  by  a  leaf- 
like bract;  stamiiiate  flowers  terminal;  perigynia 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  short-stipitate,  l>^"-2" 
long,  pale  brown,  faintly  few-ncrvcd  on  the  outer 
side,  the  tapering  rough  2-toothed  beak  nearly  as 
long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate  or  oval,  light  brown, 
cuspidate  or  short-awned,  about  as  long  as  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  meadows.  New  ^■ork  and  Pennsylvania  to  Miclli- 
Kan  anil  Manitoba  (according;  to  Maeoun  1.     Local. 


-Not  C.  i,iiiiii\,i  Selik. 
milliniilv    llnddiiiif. 


iSn(>. 
Oiitaric 


tti    Itrilisli 


F.' 


Sl'DC.l';    I'AMII.V. 


345 


.1(1 


iimi    Sii.  I  1 1   I  8    \y 


2 
3 


liiilisli 


Carex  alopecoidea  sparsispicata  luwcy.  Am  J 
SpiUi--  (listimtly  m  |iiiiiiU(l.     Sniilliiiisti  in  MicliiK.iii 

159.    Carex  gravida  liaik) .     Iliav  y  SciIkv. 

call  I  t;iii:iilii  liiiiUy.  Mitti.  Tun.  Clul).  15.       inN). 
C<i)iii;>ii:ii/(i  vat.  hi  li/'uliii  liailiy.  Iiu'.  I'it.  d,       iSSij 

I.ifilit  K"^'".  tiilms  sleiiilcr,  l.'^"-.^"  tall,  sharply 
V'liiKlfd,  ircH-t,  rouj;li  al)ove.  Leaves  flat,  i,!^"^" 
wide,  sprciiiliiij,'  or  asceiitlitiK,  eciualliiij;  or  shorter 
than  the  itiliii;  hracts  tiliforiti,  u^'vlly  very  short; 
spikes  several,  in  an  oblonj,;  or  ovoid  ohloiij^  dense 
heavy  head  i'  i  'j'  Ion),;,  pale,  sul));lobose,  tliestanii- 
iiatc  flowers  terminal;  perijjynia  Hat,  sj)rea<linj{, 
hroadly  ovate  or  snhorhieular,  \%"-2"  lon^,  at  least 
I  "  wide,  ronnded  at  the  hase,  sessile  or  short-stalked, 
iiarri>wed  into  a  j-toothcdheak  ahont  one-third  as  long 
as  the  Ixxly,  several-nerved  on  the  outer  faee  or  nerve- 
less; scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  cuspidate  orshort- 
awned,  ahout  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

lUiiiiii^  til  Scnilli  Dakota  ami  Nthraska.     May  July 

160.    Carex  vulpinoidea   Miclix.     l-'ox  .SedKc*.     <  I'lR. 

(iixi   :ii//>iiii>iifin  yiW\\\.  I'l.  lliir. 


1S|1.. 


^"4>/;w^ 


S,V).  ) 

\m.  2:  i(Bi,  i.'vij. 
Culms  slender,  stiff,  sharply  3-angled,  rough 
above,  i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  i"-2'2"  wide,  elon- 
gated, often  exceeding  the  culm;  bracts  bristle-like, 
short  or  sometimes  2'-3'  l<»ng;  spikes  ovoid-oblong, 
densely  flowered,  2"-4"  long,  very  numerous  in  a 
compactor  somewhat  intcrru])ted  duster,  I'^'s' 
long,  the  lower  ones  sometimes  compound,  stanii- 
nate  flowers  terminal;  perigynia  ovate  or  the  body 
broader  than  long,  less  than  1"  long,  rather  more 
than  '2"  wide,  greenish  brown,  flat,  several-nerved 
on  the  outer  face,  nerveless  or  1-3  nerved  on  the 
inner,  ascending  or  s])reading,  tipped  with  a  lanceo- 
late 2-toothed  beak  about  half  as  long  as  the  body; 
scales  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  awned,  about  as 
long  as  the  perigynia,  but  narrower;  stigmas  2. 

Ill  swamps  and  wit  miaduws,  New  lirunswick  to 
Manitdha,  siiulli  to  I'lorida,  Louisiana.  Nebraska  and 
'IVxas.     .Xscemls  to  J5110  It.  in  \'irninia.     Jinu--.\uK. 

161.    Carex  xanthocarpa  Hickiiell.      VcUow-fniited  vSecljjt;.     (  Imk.  "^.^i. ) 

Call  I    I  iiii/Zinicii />(!  Iticknill.   Hull.  Torr.  Club,  20:  12. 

Culms  rather  stout,  rough  above,  r^-.s"  tall, 
much  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  i '2"  ,3" 
wide;  head  oblong  or  ovoid,  usually  dense,  ^4  '  2'/ 
long;  spikes  numerous,  ovoid,  many-flowered, 
short;  staminate  flowers  terminal;  bracts  mostly 
short  and  incons])icuous;  perigynia  bright  yellow, 
j)Iano-convex.  ovate-elliptic,  about  1  '2"  long,  with 
a  narrowed  or  cuneatc  base  and  a  short  minutely 
2-toothed  beak,  nerveles.s,  or  obscurely  few-nerved 
on  the  outer  face;  scales  acuminate,  short-awnc<l. 

In  fields,  Massachusetts  to  New  York  and  Ohio. 
June  .AuK- 

Carex  xanthocarpa  annectens  liicknell,  Hull.  Turr.  Club, 
23:  22.  1896. 
Lower  and  slender;  leaves  l"-2"  wide;  head  not  over 
I  '_•'  Iour;  bracts  usually  lunnerous  and  liinifer  than  the 
Xlobiise  spikes;  perigynia  ovate  or  suborbicular.  Abun- 
dant in  the  vicinitv  of  New  York. 


CVl'l'RACEAR. 


162.    Carex  setacea   Diwty.      Hristly- 
spikt'd  Si-d^jf.      I  l'■i>,^  S32.  ) 

('till  I    •■r/ihiii  lii\M>.  Am    Jmnti    Sri    g:  »ii        l">is 
Cm,  I    Mii/ui.'i  Sirlw.,   lloiitt.  111   3:  I}-,.       i^i<}. 

Culms  I  '.  '  4"  tall,  crcft,  rniij,;!!  aliove.     I.pavfS 

1  2  l"iiK,  1"-,^"  wide,  sliorlcr  than  the  culm: 
head  iiarmwly  ohlonj;,  I  ' . '-2 '.• '  louj;.  ;,"  .s"thii'k. 
soinftimt'shrauclicdat  the  liase;  hrai'ts  hristlc-like, 
louder  than  the  spikes  or  shorter:  spikes  ovoid  or 
ovoid-oliloiij;,  2  '..  "  4"  lou^;,  usually  close  to^^ethcr; 
peri^ynia  lanceolate  or  ovritelauieohite,  t.iperini; 
from  a  more  or  less  truncate  base  to  a  narrow  rou^li 

2  toothed  heak,  few-nerved,  1  '4  "   '  '-■"  '""K- 


ilisliilmtii 


irk  ami   Ma-.saihusi  lis 
111      Juiit    Auk 


I'liiliahlv  III    wiili  I 


163.   Carex  Sartwellii   IVwiv, 

C'lir,  1  .Sill/:,  (l/ii  Dewiy,  Am  Juiitn.  Sii.  43  i,,..  i>|.' 
Culms  slender,  slid,  erect,  roii)j;h  ahove,  van^led 
l°-3°  tall.  Leaves  1"  2"  wide,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  culm,  lonK-atlenuale  at  the  apex;  bracts 
setaceous,  usually  very  small,  or  i  or  2  of  the  lower 
sometimes  elonj^ated;  spikes  ovoid  or  ohloii),;,  2" 
4"  long,  usually  densely  a^jgrenated  in  a  narrow 
cluster  I  '2'  louj,;,  or  the  lower  somewhat  se|)aratcd; 
staniinate  (lowers  terminal  or  whole  spikes  oc- 
casionally staniiuate;  perijjynia  elliptic- lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  about  1  "  louj;  and  rather  more 
than  '."  wide,  ascending,  strongly  several-nerved 
on  both  faces,  taperiuj;  into  a  short  2-toothed 
beak;  scales  ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  pale  brown, 
scarious-marjj;ined,  about  e(|uallinf,;  the  perif,'vnia; 
stigmas  2. 

In  sw.iiiips,  (intariii  to  liritish  Columhia,  s,uitli  tci 
ceiilial  New  York.  Illinois,  .Michigan,  .Vikaii-.a-  ami 
rtah.     May-July. 

164. 


S;iii\vdl"s  Sl-(1^;c 


Carex  tenella  Schk.     Sotl-ka\c.i 
.Scd^e.      (  l•■iK^  ■'i,^.4-  ' 

(ill,  I   /,ii,//ii  .Sclik.  Kiidnr.  23.  /.  i,</.       iNn. 

Li^ht  green,  rootstocks  very  slender,  culms  al- 
most filiform,  rough,  commonly  reclining,  6'-2" 
long.  lyCaves  soft,  about  '2"  wide,  spreading, 
shorter  than  or  sometimes  equalling  the  culm; 
spikes  very  small,  only  i  5-llowered,  distant  or  the 
upper  close  together,  the  staniinate  Hower  or  flow- 
ers uppermost;  perigynia  ovoid-ellipsoid,  nearly 
terete,  hard,  finely  many-nerved,  about  1 "  long  and 
rather  more  than  yi"  thick,  tipped  with  a  very 
minute  entire  beak;  scales  ovate,  hyaline,  acute, 
shorter  than  or  the  lower  equalling  the  jierigynia; 
stigmas  2. 

Ill  bo({s.  Newfoundland  to  liritish  Columhia.  soulli 
to  New  Jersey,  I'eniisylvania,  Michigan,  Colorado  and 
California.     .\lso  in  liurope.     June-July. 


u-i       .^-"^  ^  ^<5^.-»  \\^yj/j  \.aiiioriii!i.      .aiso  in  jwiitijie.     jiiiie-jiiiy. 

Carex  Eleocharis  liailey.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  1:6,  a  very  slender  erect  species,  with  2  or  3  small 
brown  1-3-noweTed  spikes  ag|fregale<l  in  a  lerniinal  head  i '  •"  -2"  loutf,  ovoid  sliRlilly  swollen  niar- 
Rinless  plano-convex  short  beaked  ])eriKynia,  collected  by  I'rof.  >Iae»un  on  the  Saskatchewan 
Plains,  probably  occurs  within  the  northwestern  limits  of  our  area. 


SKDC.I-;    lAMII.V, 


347 


■<^ 


165.    Carex  rosea  Solik.     .Sullato  Si-ilm.-. 

<  r//,  J    /iM(i(Silik    Kirilitf    N'.ulilt.  15     /    /,-■/        i-M<> 

Katlier  Ijri^lit  urccn,  culiiis  vi-ry  sk'iider  or  liliforin, 
orcct  or  rcclitiiiifj.  roiivjli  almvc,  i"-2'."  long.  Leaves 
lint,  soft,  sprfiidiiin,  1"  or  less  wide,  slmrter  tliaii  the 
culm;  lower  linut  tilifonn  or  liristlf-likc,  'j'-2,''i' 
lon^;  spikes  |  S,  suIihIoIiosi',  2"  ,^"iii  diainetcr,  ,s  i.S- 
tlowered,  the  2  or  ;,  upper  close  to^etlu'r,  the  others 
<liataiit;  stainiiiatc  llowers  few,  leriuilial;  peri(,;ytii,i 
ovate-laiueolate,  flat, hright K^eeii,  stellalel y  diver^iii);, 
nerveless,  sliiiiiiij;,  1"  I'j"  loii>{,  rather  more  than  >i" 
wide,  tajicrin^  into  a  stout  j-toothed  heak  aliout  one- 
fourth  the  len),;tli  of  the  hody;  scales  fivalcoMoiij^, 
white,  hyaline,  half  as  lounas  the  peri^jnia;  sti>,'uias  1. 

In  wimkN  and  tliicki  l^.  N>  w  I'liiiiidlatid  In  ()ntariii  and 
.Mauitiiha.  siputh  to  North  CaruHna.  Nilira-ka  and  Mis 
siiuri.     Asiinds  tip  j.siNi  ft.  in  \iri;iiiia      May  July. 

Carex  rosea  radiata  Diwiy,  Am  Jimrn.  Sri.  lo;  2-U.     iSjtj. 
Cuhn>  rdirmiii,  siPicailiiiK,  Icavr^  alMHit  '  ■"  wide;  spikis  only  2  ii  flcpwcred,  scalti  rid ;  iPiriKvnia 
asn  ndiiiu.  laiuiiplaU-.  alionl  '   "  wiilc.     Unlariip  tip  Mas^ailinsitl?.,  Norlli  Carulina  and  Ktnluiky. 

166.    Carex  retroflexa  Miilil.     ktflfxed  Sc(l>;c.     (Imk-  i^.V).  ' 

I, Hi  I  i,tiiill,\ii  Mnld.;  Wind.  Sp,  I'l.  4:  2,VS.  i^io.s 
( '.  /.'»,;  vai.  /(7;ip//<  I  K  Torr.  Ann.  I,yc.  3:  ,i!^i).  iSii> 
Culms  very  slender,  erect,  rather  stiff,  8'-iS'  tall, 
smooth  or  rouxhish  ahove.  Leaves  about  '2"  in 
width,  mostly  shorter  than  the  culm;  lower  bract 
bristle-form,  sometimes  2'  lonj;,  usually  shorter; 
spikes  .(IS,  subfjlobose,  4-9-llowercd,  the  upper  all 
close  to);ether,  tlie  lowei  2  or  3  separated;  stami- 
uatc  llowers  terminal  ()r  rarely  variously  intermixed 
with  the  pistillate;  i)crij{ynia  obloufj-lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  radiatinjj;  or  reflexcd  at  maturity, 
about  I  ij"  long  and  a  little  more  than  '."  wide, 
smooth,  green-brown,  compressed,  but  not  as  Hat 
as  those  of  the  preceding  species,  somewhat  corky- 
thickened  at  the  base,  tapering  n]pwardly  into  a  2- 
toothed  beak  about  one-third  the  length  of  the 
bod\ ;  scales  ovate,  hyaline,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 
I  (Int.iriii,  Miiliinan,  I'loridii.  and  Texas.     May  July. 


In  w Is  and  lliickels.  Masi'acliusilts  tii 


167.    Carex  Texensis  (Torr.  )  Haiky. 

Ciiii  1    iiisiii  var.  'itXiHiis  Turr. ;  liaiUv.  Mini    Turr. 

Clnl).  I:  57-       "SSij. 
i'itiiv  Ti  iiiisis  Ilailcy,  Mini.  Tnrr.  Club,  5:97.     iSy|. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  culms  \cry 
slender,  erect,  smooth,  h'-iS'tall.  Leaves  spreai'- 
ing  or  ascending,  soft,  about  '2"  wide,  shorter  than 
the  culm;  lower  bract  commonly  filiform,  some- 
times elongated;  spikes  4-7,  4-10-llowered,  all  close 
together  in  a  narrow  head  J2'-  i,fi'  long,  or  the 
lower  ones  separated;  perigynia  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, green,  nerveless,  smooth,  radiating  or  widely 
spreading,  i'2"-2"  long,  ,'^"  wide,  the  tapering 
beak  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales 
lanceolate  or  ovate,  hyaline,  acute  or  acuminate, 
less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stig- 
mas 2, 

Sontliern  Illinois  (according  to  Hailey  1;  Ahd)aniatip 
Texas.     April-May. 


(  FiK.  8.^7. 


34« 


CVI'HRALl'Ai:. 


i68.  Carex  muricata  I,.      lA'-^'t.'r  I'ricklx 

Sc(lj;c.       I  I-'iyr.  ,S_vS.  I 
('•III  I   iniii  iitilii  I.,  Si>    I'l   ci7|        I7,s.i, 

lirij^lit  K"f ".  I'lil"!'*  slctiiU-r,  ert-i-l  or  rci'liiiiiin. 
roii^jliisli,  :il  K'iisl  ahovf,  l  '  .''.  '  \im\i.  I.cavis  l" 
I  '.. "  Nvidi',  sliDitor  lliiin  llic  iiilm,  tracts  vuiy  sliort 
and  sul)iilatc;  sjiiUes  5  10,  .(  Ki-llowfrcd,  all  I'liis- 
tcred  into  an  old<)ii>;  head,  or  the  lower  1  or  j 
soiiifutiat  distant;  iJiriuyida  ovalf  or  ovati'l.iiU'C'"- 
latu.  j"  loni;,  1"  wide,  smootli,  sliinini;,  ncrveli-ss, 
as(  iMnliiif^  uluMi  viinni;.  s])rtMdin>{  or  radiatinj; 
ulu'ii  inatiiri',  not  ri'dexfd,  ta])frinj;  into  a  rounli- 
t*dj{cd  2-tootlicd  lieak  as  loiijj  as  tlie  body;  scales 
ovati"  or  ovatf-ol)lon>;,  jjri'on  or  tirownisli,  aeutc, 
soinewliat  shorter  than  tlic  iicri^ynia;  sli^jnias  2. 

Ill  imaddws  anil  iiclils,  i  a-tt  rii  .M.i~-arliii-.i  tlr.  ti^ 
-niillurii  N'lw  \  nik,  ( )lii(i  and  \'iri!iiiia  \.iliiiali/i  d 
liiiiii  IviiriiiH-      JiitU'   Aiiu 

169.    Carex  sparganioides  Mtilil.      Hiirivcd  ,Si.(lj,a'.      ^  Im^.  >>,;<)•  ' 

("■<(;<!     ^piiixi"iii'i,/,\    Miilil  ,    Wind     Sl>     I'l     4:    .'57. 

Rather  dark  green  with  nearly  white  sheaths, 
cnhns  stont  or  slender,  rough,  sharply  ;,-angled,  j 
,V^  tall.  Leaves  hroad  and  (lat,  2};"  .\'-"  wide, 
shorter  than  or  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm, 
the  lower  very  short;  spikes  612,  ohlong  or  snli- 
glohose,  2}i"-.\''  ill  diameter,  several  manythnv- 
cred,  the  upper  aggregated,  the  lower  2-t  com- 
monly separated,  sometimes  componml  and  suh 
tended  by  bristle-like  bracts;  perigytiia  (lat,  ovate, 
I'i"  long,  1"  wide,  sjireading  or  radiating,  i  ale, 
narrowly  wing-margined,  rounded  at  the  base,  usu- 
ally few- nerved  on  the  outer  face,  the  rough  2- 
toothed  beak  one-fourth  to  one-third  the  length  of 
the  body;  scales  ovate,  hyaline,  acute  or  cuspidate, 
about  one  half  as  long  as  the  jicrigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  woods  and  thickets.  Massacliusitts  to  <  )iitari<i.iiid 
Micliiffaii,  SdUtli  to  Virginia,  Ki  nlucky  and  Missouri. 
Ascends  to  2110  ft.  in  VirRiiiia.     ]uiie-AuK. 

Carex  cephaloidea  Dewey.     Thiii-leuvcil  Scduc 

(tiiri   iiniii<ii/ii\nr.<i/'/iii/<ii(/i<i   Dewiy 

Sci.  II;  .^(iS.      i.-<26. 
(  iiK-f  ii/>/iii/iinli-(>  Dewiy,  kip.  I'l.  Mass.  202        is(i> 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  culms  slender 
or  rather  stout,  erect  but  not  stiff,  rough  above,  2° 
T,°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  2"-4"  wide,  thin  and  lax, 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  bristle- 
form,  usually  short,  sometinies  wanting;  spikes  4  - 
.S,  subglobosc,  aggregated  but  couimonly  distinct, 
in  an  oblong  cluster  9"-i5"  long,  the  staminatc 
flowers  terminal;  perigynia  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, greenish  brown,  nearly  2"  long,  1"  wide,  as- 
cending, nerveless  or  faintly  few-nerved,  tapering 
into  a  rough  2-toothcd  beak  one-fourth  to  one-third 
as  long  as  the  bo<ly;  scales  ovate,  white,  niembrau- 
ous  with  a  green  midvein,  short-cuspidate  or  awued, 
about  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  dry  fields  and  on  hills,  Massachusctt.s  to  Pennsyl- 
vania. Illinois.  Michigan  and  Wyoming.     Slay-July. 


SHIX.I';    1  AMII.Y. 

171.    Carex  cephalbphora   Mulil.     (>val 
headed  Sednc.      (  I'Ir.  '^4''  ' 

I'.ini  ,,f>/i,i/, '/■//■", I  MuM.  \\i\h\  S\<  I'l  4  J.'..  i*<",S. 
I'ali"  Kfi'^'".  '■"'•">*  slemliT,  ori'i't,  rmiuli  aliovf,  in'- 
2  till).  I.eavi's  1"  2"  wicli,  soiiiftiiius  ()viTto|pi)itin 
tlic  ciiltii,  tisuiilly  sluirter;  l)rarts  nf  llio  lowi-r  siiikcs 
s)iort,  lirisllc-foriii;  »iiiki'H  few,  »ut)nl<>l>osc,  ilciiscly 
I'histcri'il  ill  a  tfriniiial  short-oliloii)^  Iii'ail4"-H"  loiiv;, 
till-  slaininatr  IIowits  terminal;  jicrinynia  liroadly 
ovati',  1"  loll),'  iir  1C-.S,  paU-,  iicrvi'Uss  nr  vcrv  faintly 
ffW-iifrvc'il,  tipjii'd  with  a  j-lodtlii'il  l)eak  aliout  oiii'- 
foiirtli  liu'  leiiKtli  "f  tlic  ''"tly;  scales  ovate,  thin, 
lounlicurpidatc  or  awiied,  cMHialliiij;  or  a  little 
shorter  than  the  jierinyiiia;  stij,;iiias  2. 

In  drv  fiiliN  ind  mi  liilN.  Maim   and  ( Ititarii)  tn  Mani 
Inha.  so'iitli  111  I'liiiida.  MisMiiiii  and  Ti  va-*.     Asiindstu 
2Si«i  It    ill  \ii^;iiiia       May  July. 

Carex   Leavenworthii   Ikwcv 


,U'> 


lA'avciiwortli'^  Sedjfc 

//////    Dcwiv,    Am 


(  FiK.  «42.  ) 
mil,   S<  i.   Ill   I  2 


(  .;/(  I  /.I  iiri'ii: 

-•l'".  I><l" 

(dill  iiftliiiliif'liiii ii    var.    iiiii: ii\h/i'/iii    lliiiitt.     111.    12V 

|S<'i2. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  hut  smaller,  culms 
very  slender  or  almost  filiform,  erect,  rouj,'hisli,  6'  15' 
tall.  I,eavcs  iiinch  narrower,  ^'i"  1'."  wide,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  culm;  hracts  of  the  lower  spikes 
short,  hristle-form  or  waiitiii),';  spikes  4-7,  densely 
crowded  ill  an  oMonji  head  4"-.S"  loiij;,  similar  to 
thai  of  r.  (/■/>/i(i/o/>/ioi(i  hut  usually  smaller,  the  lower 
sometimes  compound,  the  staminate  (lowers  terminal; 
peri^vnia  orbicular-ovate,  rather  less  than  1"  lonj^ 
and  about  as  wide,  tipjied  with  a  very  short  2-toothed 
beak;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  cuspidate,  shorter  and 
narrower  than  the  perijfynia;  stigmas  2. 

Ill  iiuadiiws,  Missouri  tn  r.iiuisiatia.  .\rkaiisa-  and 
!"(  xas      May  June. 


Muhlenberg '.s  Sedge 


(Hig.  84;,.) 


173.    Carex  Muhlenbergii  Sehk. 

I'lini    .Ifii/i/i-ti/iiij^ii  Si-hk    Kiidnr.   N'ailitr.  i: 
i.s<i6. 

Li^ht  green,  culms  slender  but  stiff  and  erect, 
sharply  .^-aiiKled,  rou>(h,  at  least  above,  i°-2'-2°  tall. 
I.eaves  i"-2"  wide,  usually  shorter  than  the  culm, 
somewhat  involute  in  drying;  hracts  bristle-form, 
usually  short;  spikes  4-10,  ovoid  or  subglobosc,  dis- 
tinct hut  close  together  in  an  oblong  head  9"-i5" 
long,  the  staminate  flowers  terminal;  pcrigynium 
broadly  ovalc-oval,  1 '»"  long,  i"  wide,  strongly 
nerved  on  both  faces,  asc "•tiding,  tipped  with  a  short 
2-toothed  heak;  scales  hyaline  with  a  green  iiiidveiu, 
ovate- lanceolate,  rough-cuspidate  or  short-awned, 
narrower  and  mostly  longer  than  the  pcrigynia; 
stij^nias  2. 

Ill  dry  fields  and  on  hills,  Massaeliusetts  to  Ontario 
and  Minnesota,  south  to  l-'lorida  and  Texas.     May-July. 

Carex  Muhlenbergii  Xalapensis  (Kuntli.)  lirittoii.  .Mem.  Torr.  LMub,  5:  S6.      1894: 
Cairv  .\'n/a/>i>isis  Kuntli,  Ivnnni.  2:  ,^80.      1.^57. 
C'uir.r  Mn/ilrnbirj^ii  \M.  iiiii  z  is  ]iooU,  III.  124.      1862. 

Perijfynia  nearly  or  (|uite  nerveless;  leaves  broader  and  longer.     Southern  New  York  to  Mis- 
souri, Texas  and  Mexico. 


.VSO 


CVI'HRACEAK. 


Carex  sterilis  Willd.     I.ittlf  l'rickl>  .Sc(1k<--.     i  iMjr.  ,S44.  ) 

t"i//vi   \/<;77/i  Willil    Sp.  I'l    4:  2.kS.       iHi).s, 

( '.  iiliiiiiilii  var.  mil  liisliiiliys  lliiirkl.  I.iiniai'a,  39:  135.     i'*;^. 

tan  I    sliiilis  vai     iiiii; iis/ii/<i   Ilailiv,    Hull    Turr.  Cliili,  JO: 

l'(iii\   \/(777/a  var.  (■  I  m7iv('/  liailoy,  liii'.  oil.  (J).      >^}.\- 

Culms  slender,  stitT,  erect  or  rarely  spreading;,  S'-i.S' 
tall,  ron>{li,  at  least  ahovc.  Leaves  '."  1 "  wide,  shorter 
than  the  ciiliti;  brads  very  short  or  sotiieliincs  hristle- 
forni;  spikes  _;-5,  sul)j,;lol)Ose  or  short-olilolijj,  coiitimi- 
ous  or  separated,  ahout  xji"  thick;  stainiiiatc  flowers 
basal,  usually  numerous  at  the  bottom  of  llie  upper 
spike,  or  whole  spikes  occasionally  staininate,  or  plants 
rarely  (juitc  ihoeoious;  i)eri)j;yuia  pale,  lanceolate,  com- 
prised, spreadiiij;  or  rctlexed  when  old,  1  '2"  lonj;,  ,'2" 
wide,  several-nerved  on  both  faces,  tliickencd  at  the 
base,  tajicring  into  a  sharp-edjjed  2-loothed  rouj{h  beak 
more  than  one-half  .is  lonj;  as  the  l)ody;  scales  ovale, 
hyaline,  shorter  than  the  i)eri).;ynia;  sti);inas  2. 
Ill  niui^l  soil,  Ncwl'iiumllaiiil  t<.  Itritisli  Colmiiliia,  soutli  to  IMnrida,  I.imjsiaiiii.  C  >l«)ra(l(i  ami 

California.     .Vsciinls  to  .(k..  II.  in  \ir(;iiiia      XarialiU       May  July. 

Carex  sterilis  cephalantha  Ilaiky.  Hull   Turr   Club.  20    |.>5       is.iv 

I'liit  I  i;//iii,i.'ii  var.  iiftlialinillni  Ilaiky.  Mini    Tiirr.  Club,  i;  ,s>.       I'^^'i 

Stiiiilir,  suiiu  liiiii  s  2    tall.     .Spikis  (  ■>   i.„i,ii^riinus  oi  m  (laiiiti  il :  llnwrr-^  iiion  iiiiiiirniiis,  jxii 

«yiiia  rather  larger,  spiki  >  \iry  l)ri-.tly    Kaiini  iii.irly  til, it  ul' tin-  s])iiit  >,  iitrliaps  iiuitly  a  --tiiiit  rmiii 

175.    Carex  Atlantica  Uailty.     I-;ast(.ni  vSedj;*-'.     i  I'i^-  •'^4,S-  • 

Ctii:  I    sti  lliiliilii  var    •lui/iiui  Cliapiii    l-'l    S   Stall  >.  s<t 

iM«i       Ncit  (■    ,olll',-)l,l  kiiill, 
Cii>i\    .Mhiiiliiii  liailiy.  bull    'I'urr.  Club.  20:   |2,t,       i^).V 

Similar  to  lar^e  forms  of  the  precedinj;  species  but 
stouter,  culms  very  rou).;l>  above,  i°-2^'2"  tall.  Leaves 
i"-l '."  wide,  stirt',  flat  or  in  drying;  somewhat  invo- 
lute, the  upper  sometimes  overtopping  the  spikes; 
spikes  .)  7,  siireadiii);,  subulobosc  or  short-cylindric, 
nearly  3"  in  diameter,  several  many-flowered,  the 
staininate  flowers  numerous  at  the  base  of  the  terminal 
one,  or  this  rarely  entirely  staminate;  perij^ynia  broadly 
ovate,  llat,  shar])-marj.;incil,  i"  \}i"  lonj.;,  i"  wide, 
cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  strongly  scvcral- 
ncrvcd  on  the  outer  fa -e,  few-nerved  on  the  inner, 
sprcailin>{  or  rcflexed  at  maturity,  abruptly  tipped 
with  a  stout,  rou^;h  2-toothed  licak  about  one-third  as 
lonj;  as  the  body;  scales  shorter  than  the  pcrij.;ynia. 

Ill  swaiuii-.  Niwriiiiiiillancl  ti       '   riila      Jiine  July 

Carex  intv    ^r  Haiky.     Inland  Scil^v.     ' 

I'lin  I  iiiliii,ii  Itaiky.  Hull  Turr.  Club.  20:  |2ii.  iS)? 
Similar  to  I '.  slrrilis,  culms  very  slender,  wiry, 
rather  stiff,  erect,  i"'  2"  tall.  Leaves  only  about 
'."  wide,  shorter  than  tlic  culm;  bract  of  tlic  lower 
sjiike  very  short;  spikes  2  .(,  nearly  globular, 
somewhat  separated,  several-flowered,  2"  in  dia- 
meter, the  terminal  one  staminate  at  the  base; 
peri>{yiiia  ovale  or  ovate-lanceolale,  1"  or  less 
loiifj,  about  'j"  wide,  faintly  few-nerved  on  the 
outer  P:ce,  nearly  nerveless  on  the  inner  tiiickened. 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  sprcadiiif-  or  rc- 
flexed wh  old,  taperinj;  into  a  nearly  smooth 
2-toothed  beak  one-third  to  one-half  as  lonj;  as  the 
body;  scales  ovale,  acute  or  olitiisish,  shorter  than 
the  perinynia;  stigmas  2. 

Wet  soil,  Maine  to  Miiiiiisula,  I'luriila  ami  Kansas 
I )i Hers  from  C.s/rit/i\  in  its  slioitir,  shorter  beaked 
ami  weaker  iiirved  periKViiia.     .May  July. 


SI'DGi:    lAMII.V 


.^51 


iiiid 


Carex  interior  capillacea  U.iiU  y,  lUill.  Tun    Chit).  20:  4j(i.      i^i; 
1,1  :ivi  saliiiiit  ', '    u  iiK-;  )n  iiyyni;i  ovaU-,  ondaic,  strongly  iKrvi<l.     .M:iss;k1iw.lU>  to  IV  nn-ylvani;i 

177.    Carex  canescens  I,.     Silvtry  SliIk*-'. 


(Imk.  S47.  ) 


I  till  I  liiiKMrii^  I,.  S]).  I'l.  C171        175.;. 

\';\\v  j^rctti  :mil  soiiK-\\  liat  .i;l:iiii(>\is.  t'iiliii>  sU'inUr, 

cTc'i't,    niii.nliisll    alioyr,     lo'   jij^    tall.      I.iavi'S     Hat, 

'.'"    1"  \vi(U-,  sliortir  than  tlici'iilin;  bracts  vrry  short 

or  iioiii',  or  till'  loWLSt  (Ki'.isionally  hristk'-fortii  an 

lonj^ir  lli.iii  its  s])ikf;  si)iki's  .)  y,  short -ohloiij^  or  suli- 

jflobose,    Sfssili',    (k-lisfly    iiiaiiy-llowitx-d,     2 '2"-,=;" 

loiijr,  alioiit  2"  in  iliaini'tiT,  soatti-rvcl  or  tin-  upiK-r 

I'losc   toiiiihir;    staniinati'    llowiTs    hasal;    pcrijifyni; 

oyal    or   oyati--oval,  silviry   ).;ri'en    or   nearly    whito, 

laiiilly    riw-ni'r\t.'(l,    asicndiiiji,    hlnnt-eilj;i(l,    ratlier 

less  than    1"    lonjf,  ahont    '.."    wiile,    rouj^li    above, 

tipped    with   a    minnte  entire  beak;    seales    hy.iline, 

ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  sli;;hlly  shorter  than  or  .is  loni; 

as  the  peri^ynia;  slij-inas  j, 

111  s\vaiiii>s  an<l  Units,  Newroiiiidlaiid  to  llrilish  L'oUnii 
Ilia,  snutli  to  \"irttiiiia,  MicliiKau,  Colorado  and  lliej;""-    i: 
.\seends   lo    (jini  It.    in   \irj;iiiia.     .\lso  in    luirotie    and 
.\sia.     May  July.  l- 

178.    Carex  brunnescens  ( IVrs. )  Poii 

(  iiii\  iiiilti  vai.  hi  11 11  III  •.,  I'll  s  I'lrs.  Syn.  2 


.S4S, » 


iiiiiiMriis 
III  niiiitst 


lirowiiish  .S(.-(l};(.'.      (  l"i^ 

yn.  2:  ,s,;y.       1.S07. 

ar   .ilf^iinlii  Walil,  I'l.  I.app.  2^2,       iSr2. 
IS  I'nir.  in  I,ain.  I'jieyel.  Siippl.  3;  jSd.     i->i  ; 

Katlier  dark  ),>reen,  not  ,i;laiu'ous,  eumis  slender,  still, 
eriit,  rouj,jliisli  above,  .S'  iS'  tall.  Leaves  1"  wide  or 
less,  sliorlii  than  the  euliii;  lower  bniet  brislle-forni 
and  lonj,;er  than  its  spike,  or  short,  or  none;  spikes  4  s. 
subj^lobose  or  short -obloiij.;,  few-llowereil,  rarely  over 
2  '•"  loiifj,  seatteretl,  ortlie  upper  close  ti)j,{etlier;  st.itni- 
nate  llowers  basal;  pirinyiiia  asceiidiiiLj  or  spreailinj;, 
lirow  11,  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding;  s|>ei'ies,  less 
than  1"  lonj.;.  lipped  with  a  inanitVsl  iK.ik  about  one- 
fourth  as  lonj.;  as  the  body;  stales  ovate,  ineinbranoiis, 
brownish,  about  e(|ualliu,i;  the  pcri^ynia;  stigmas  2. 

In    wit    plaei'-.   mostly  at    liiuli  allitmUs.    Labrador   to 

r.iitisji  L'olnniliia,   Ni  w    Vo'k  and    New    I'ai^land.  on  iln- 

sontlu  rii  AlliKlunies,  and  ,lu    koeUy  Muinilains      .Msoiii 

I'lnrope.     .\s.'iii(ls  t.i  'Kioo  ft.  in  Nnrtli  Carolina.     .Sniniiu  r 

Cr.rex  brunnescens  gracilior  livitton. 

I'liii  \  iiiiiisii  IIS  \A\-.  -.■iili;iiih  llailey.  Hot.  t;a/.  13:^1..       i^ss.      Not  C.  rii/i;iii  i\  Vr\r-.  rs|j 

Culms  nearly  lililonii,  weak,  often  spreailinn;  spikes  |  '^  lloweied;  luriKynia  spreadinij,  loutji  1- 
liiaked.      K,in^:e  of  type,  mo>tl\  at  lowel  altiUKlis       IN  vliaps  a  di-tiiu't  s])eeies. 

179.    Carex  Norvegica  Willd.     Xor\v;i\ 

vSe'dKV,      (  I'iK,  849.  ) 
(\iii  I    Xoi  :i\i;iiii  Willd.;  .Selik.  kiiilni.  .v'       isoi. 

Ilriyht  j;reen,  culms  slender  but  stilT  and  erect, 
slightly  scabrous  above,  fi'  16'  tall.  I.e.ives  1  "  w  ide 
or  less,  shorter  than  the  culm;  brads  \ery  slum  or 
wanlinj;;  si)ikes  3  h,  brown,  oblon)^  or  subj,;lobose, 
scatUred  or  rather  close  toother,  densely  niaiiy- 
llowered,  3"  ()"  lonjf,  about  2"  in  liiaineler;  staini- 
iiate  llowers  basal,  very  innnennis  at  the  bolloni  of 
the  upjier  spike;  ])eri>{ynia  ascemliiiK.  about  1" 
lon^,  elliptic,  bluiit-idjfed,  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
brownish,  liiiely  many-nerved,  tipped  with  .1  vtry 
Oiort  roui{h  beak;  scab's  ovate  or  o\al.  brown,  ob- 
tuse, rather  shorter  than   the  iierijjynia;  stinnias  2. 

.Moiilf  salt  meadows,  Maine  to  .\ntieosti.  kepoileil 
I'oni  Miiniesnta.     Also  in  ICi-rojie.     .Suiiiiini 


352  CVPI'RACI'Ai:. 

i8o,   Carex  arcta  Hooit.     Xnrtlicrn  Cliistcrcil  Scilj^^t-.     (.^"i^^  850.  ) 

Ciiii  1  .(/(/cvir  <M  viir. /i.i/i  v/(7(7/r</ lluiilt;  Kiiliards.  Aict 

I\xi>.  2:  ,(l(.      I--.S1.      Neil  C.  /'iily-iliiiliui  Sw.  iS.^. 
Oiii  i  ,11,1,1  lliMilt.  111.  155.   /)/,  /v,-.      i^'T- 

Kiillar  li),'lil  ^;ti(.ii  Imt  iKil  j{laiu'(i\is,  tiiliiis  sltii- 
iliT,  usiiiiUy  slrii'tly  i-ruit,  1^-2'..-  lall,  rimjili  abiivi-, 
Imij^fcr  llian  or  soim'liiia-s  iivi'rlii])]K(l  hy  llic  k'avt-s 
wliirli  arc  tlal  anil  al)i)iit  i"  wiik'.  I.owit  liiacl 
liri-lk'-l'onn  and  l<>n),^r  llian  its  spike,  or  sliort,  or 
waiilinj.;;  s|)ikis  oliloiij.;,  inaiiy-llnwiTiMl,  y  .\" 
Iciiiji,  alxpiil  2'_. "  in  ilianuliT,  all  aj;^;rt.'j;aU'il  into  a 
ti-nninal  oxoiil  chisti.'r  alionl  l'  \'n\)^,  the  staniinati' 
llowcrs  liasal;  jjerij^ynia  pak',  ovatu,  niany-ncrveil, 
mostly  si)reailinj{,  tajxrinjj  into  a  rouxli  liiak  aliont 
one-liall  as  lonj{  as  tlu'luxly;  siak-s  nu-nil)rano\is, 
))ale  lirown,  nsnally  acute,  shorter  than  the  ])eri- 
gyiiia;  stijjinas  2. 

In  s\vani)i- .111(1  wet  wimkIs,  '\Iaint'  and  New  lirnns 
wiek  111  Maiiiliilia.  Mimusiita  and  I'.ritisli  Culutnliia. 
June  July. 


i8i.    Carex  tenuiHora  Walil.     S])ars(.--flo\VLrod  ScdKe. 


S51.) 


C,n,  I    I,  iiin>l<,i,i  Walil,    Koiml.  Wt 
24:  117.       is,.;. 


.\ia.l.   llandl.  >  II.  1 


I.i>,'U  ^'reeii,  enhns  very  slendir  or  lilil'cirin,  ereil  or 
reeliniu}.;,  ronjj;h  aliove,  S'  2  lon.i.;.  Leaves  '.."wide 
or  rather  more,  Hat,  usually  nuuh  shorter  than  the 
I'ulni;  sjiikes  only  2  .(,  elustered  at  the  sunnn.t,  snli- 
gloliose,  t'ew-llowered,  ahout  2'."  in  diamiter.  Iiraet- 
less  or  the  lowest  with  1  short  hraet;  perijiyuia  pale, 
elliptie.  very  ohseurely  few-nerved,  narrowed  at  hoth 
inds,  1"  I'.,"  loli.i;,  more  than  '."  wiile,  narrowed 
.11  liiilli  ends,  heakless,  spreaclin,!;;  staminate  (lowers 
liasal;  seales  ne.irly  whili',  hyaline,  acute  or  olitusi'-h, 
aliout  e(|U.dlinK  the  ]ierijiynia;  stiymas  2. 

Ill  1mih>.  New  riiiiu-u  iek  til  Man  ill  ilia.  --ihuIi  to  Maine. 
\'eniuiiH,  n  iitral  Ni  u  York  ami  Mi<  liit;:iii.  I.ncal.  .\Nii 
in   lliiruiH.     Siimnui. 


182.   Carex   Heleonastes  Ivhrh. 


Iliiilson 


("inv  I   /f,/,;iii,i.\/is  IClirli.;   I,,  f.  .Supiil.  |r|.       17M. 

Culms  sleuikr,  stitT,  ereet,  very  rouKh  .iliove,  6'  ■ 
iS'  hinh.  Leaves  ri^id,  erect,  hecominjr  involutt', 
less  than  1"  wide,  shorter  than  the  euliu;  liracts 
very  short  or  none;  sjiikes  .^-,S,  suhgloliose,  several- 
flowi'red,  hrown,  about  2'i''  in  diameter,  clustered 
at  thesunnuit,  tliestainiuale  llowers basal;  i)eri)j;ynia 
broadly  ov.ite  or  ovate-elliptic,  blunt-edf^ed,  faintly 
several-nerved,  about  l"  lonjj;,  more  than  }i"  wicie, 
tipped  with  u  short  sharp  beak;  scales  ovate,  brown 
with  broad  hyaline  mar).;ins,  about  as  lon^  as  the 
jierifiynia;  stiK"""'  2. 

Hudsiiii  H.iy  to  Manitoba  and  the  Canadian  Rocky 
Mciunlains,     Also  in  luimpe.     Summer. 


SEDCK    FAMILY. 


.vi.i 


183.  Carex  lagopina  Walil.    Arctic  Hare's- 
foot  Sedge.     (FiR-  ''^53-  ' 

Ciiii  r /(/(,■ "/'""' Walil.  KciiiKl.  Vit.  Aiml.  ilaiuU.     II    1 
24;  14=;.       iSo!. 

Culms  roiiuli,  slilf,  trfct.  6'  ii"/  t.iU.  I.ia\is  Hal, 
not  invdluti',  1 "  (ir  less  wide,  shorter  than  tile  iiihii, 
liracts  very  short  or  wanliii.i;;  s]>ikes  ^  6,  oUloiii;, 
■  lark  lirowu,  narroweil  .it  the  liase,  ,\"-.\"  lonj;, 
I  >,"  2"  tliiek,  densely  iiiaiiy-llowered,  eluslereil  at 
the  sdimiiit  or  tlu-  lower  soiiieuliat  se])arated,  the 
st.iiniiiate  flowers  hasal;  iierij^yiiia  elliiitie  or  obo- 
\ate,  rather  less  than  1"  lon;^,  firni,  several-nerved, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  rather  alirii]itly  ti]i])ed  hy  the 
hiak;  scales  ovate,  lirow  n,  hyaliiu-niarj^ined,  aeiite, 
slmrter  than  the  perigynia;  stij^inas  2. 

I.aliradi.r  and  (inenlaiiil  In  Ala-ka,  soiilli  in  the 
Riiiky  Mountains  to  I'tali.  Also  in  nortlii.rn  hhirope 
and  .Via.     Snniiiu  r. 


184.    Carex  glareosa  Walil. 


Weak  Clustered  vSeilge.      (  Fig.  854.  ) 

(  III,  \  i_r/, ,,-,,, s„  Walil.  Kcin«l.  \\t.  .\oad.   Ilandl.  i  II.  i 
24:    I  Id.        iSo.^ 

Closely  resembles  the  preeeilinj.;  species,  but  has 
weak  s])readinj;  or  reilininj.;  culms  2'-iS'  lonj;. 
Leaves  narrower,  Hal,  about  '_."  wide;  spiki'S  2 
or  ,3,  oblonj;  or  subglobose,  several-llowered,  2"-.(" 
lonj,',  about  I, "2"  in  iliatneter,  brown,  subtended  by 
very  small  scale-like  brads,  the  staminate  flowers 
basal;  perijjynia  oblonj,'-oval,  strongly  several- 
nerved,  less  than  i"  loii^r,  about  'j"  wide, 
short  beaked;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  oblnsish,  rich 
brown,  about  as  lou).;  as  the  peritjynia;  stijjmas  2. 

("iieinland  and  Hudson  Hay  to  da-pc,  (Jucbic,  west 
tlirnukdi  arctic  .\nurica  to  .\laska.  .Mso  in  ncirtlurii 
ICiuoiif  an<l  .\sia.     Suninur. 

Carex  glareosa  ursina  1  Dewevi  haiU  v,  C.ucx  Cat.  •,. 
iSSl.' 
(  ■<;/(  1   iti^iiiii  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  27:  2(0.       i^.Vi. 

Lower  (Unsely  tufted;  sjiikcs  smaller.  I'crliaiis  a 
mere  lonii  of  tlie  -ixcies.     .\rctic  America. 


(V  - 
lute, 

acts 

■ral- 
lered 
fvnia 

iiitly 
vine, 

•own 
the 

locky 


185.  Carex  trisperma  Dewey,  Three- 
fruited  Sedge.  '  l'"i.H.  '^55.  J 
On,  1  liispiiiiiii  Dewey,  .\in.  Jiairn.  Sci.  9:  ('i.v  i^j.s. 
Ilri)j;ht  K''ei"i  I'ulms  lilil'onn,  weak,  usually  redin- 
iiiK  or  s])readiu.i.;,  very  slij^htly  roUf^hened,  i^-a'j" 
lonj^.  Leaves  llaceid,  flat,  about  'j"  wiile,  shorter 
than  the  ciihiis;  spikes  2  or  ',,  only  2  4-flowered, 
widelv  separated,  the  lowest  subtended  by  a  bristle- 
lorm  bract  'j'  ,i'  lonj.(;  perig\nia  cbloiif;,  asccndinj;, 
j^reen,  1 'i"-2"  lonj;,  rather  more  than  '2"  wide, 
very  finely  many-nerved,  narrowed  at  both  ends  and 
tijiped  with  a  very  short  nearly  entire  beak;  scales 
ovate  or  ovate-lauceolate,  hyaline  with  a  jjreei;  mid- 
vein,  acute,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  2. 

In  swamps  ami  wet  woods,  Xi  wfouiidlaiul  to  Mani- 
toh.i.  snntli  to  Maryland.  Ohio,  MicliiKaii  and  i  accord 
inn  to  Webber  1  to  Nebraska.  Ascends  to  25i«j  It.  in 
VerinoiU.     June  .\uk. 


354 


CVPHRACKAi;. 


i86.   Carex  Deweyana  Scluvcin.    I)c\vc>'.s 

Si.'dK<-'.      (  Fi^-.  s^h.  ) 

Cdiii  /'(',.  ,11///!' Sclnviin  Ann.  I.yc.  N.  V.  \.u>.    iSj}. 

I';ilu  >{iviii,  iiilnis  hk'iiikT,  sprciulint;.  iiiMtly  or 

((uiU'  sniooll;,  1-2'  '""K-     I.i-avfs  1"   I'j"  wiik', 

ll:il.  Mill,  slioiUT  than  llic  I'ultii;  lirai-ls  lirislk'-forni, 

lUi'  lowir  i-(ininu)iily  i'km)j;aUMl;  ^pikfs  yii.  iililoiii; 

or  suli,i;k)1)osc.  few-floweu'il,  about  2 '2"  in  iliani- 

olcr,  Mssili-,  (lislini-tly  M.>|)araU'il  or  tllf  upper  ones 

v,^     oonlij.;uous;  .--laniinaU-  llowi-rs  liasal;  ])i-ri>;\  tiia  lan- 

,^    I'l'olalc  or  o\  atu-lanoc-olalc,  thin,  niMvi'ks^,  2"-  2  '.. " 

loMj;,  rallK'r  k'ss  than   1"  \vi(k',  the  inner  I'ai'e  flat, 

the  taijerinj;  roii^h  strongly  2-toothe(l  heak  at  k'asl 

one-hah"  as  k)ng  as  the  hody;  seak's  nearly  wliite, 

hyahne  witli  a  ureen  niidvein,  inspiilate  or  aente, 

e(|iialHnij;  tile  ]ieri>;ynia,  or  sliorter;  slixnia>  2. 

Ill  dry  woods.  NuvaSeotiii  to  Matiitnha  and  iim-hhii, 
smith  til  Ciiiitieetieut.  IVtiiisylvaiiia,  Miehi^.m,  Ni  w 
Mixieu  and  Ilali.     May  July. 

187.    Carex  bromoides  Schk.     Hroiuc-like  vScdKc.     C1m>;.  S57.  ) 

('.  A/ (■;//. i/i/^  v  Selik.  Kiidnr.  Naelitr.  .>^.    /".  /-6.       i.Sod. 

llrinht  K''-''-'".  I'ulins  slender,  ereit  or  reeliiiinj;, 
roufihish  above,  1^-2'  loiij{.  Leaves  1"  wide  or 
k'SS,  Hat,  soft,  e(|ualliii,i;  or  shorter  tlian  the  eiilin; 
bracts  subulate  or  ljristk.--l'onn,  the  lowest  eoin- 
nionly  elonjfated,  soinetiiiiesovertop|)iii).;  the  spikes; 
s])ikes  .V7.  iwirrowly  oblon,i;-eyliiidrie,  .j'^-.S"  loiiir, 
about  \}i"  Ihiek,  ereel  or  asieiiding,  mostly  el(>.-.e 
toi^ether,  loosely  scveral-iiiany-llowered.  the  stain- 
irate  flowers  either  basal,  basal  and  lerniinal,  or 
forniinj.;  whole  spikes,  the  jilaiil  oeeasionally  (|uite 
tlioeeious;  perigyiiia  liiieardanoeolate,  firin,  pale, 
strongly  several-iierved,  2"-2'j"  loll).;,  '>"  wide, 
the  inner  I'aee  flat,  the  ta])eriiiji  rouj.;li  2-tootlud 
beak  at  least  onedialf  as  Ion,!.;  as  the  body;  seales  ob- 
loiig-laiu'eolate,  j^reeii,  aeiite  or  aeuniinate,  shorter 
than  the  iierii^ynia;  slitjinas  2. 

Ill   buns  and  swaiiips.    Nii\a  .Senlia  in  (inl.iiiii  and 


Mielli^fall.  •-oiitli  tu  I-liirid.i  and  Louisiana, 

188.    Carex  pratensis  DrLJer. 


iiiu-  .\un.  ^  ►    '•      .v\  X 

NorlliLTii  Me-a<l<)\v  Scil.ox'.      (  1'"!.^;.  S5.S.  1 

l'<ii<  I  f'lultiiMs  Divjir.  Ke\-    Urit,  Car    2|        i^|i 

I.i.yht  yreen,  ciilnis  slender,  ereet  when  yoiiiii.;, 

the  suiniiiit  later   noddinji,  nearly    smooth,  i' 

I 'j°  tall.     Leaves  about    1"  wide,  shorter  than 

the  eulm,  but  the  U])per  sometimes  o\erto])piiin 

the    s|>ikes;    lower    braet    bristledorm,    usually 

short;   s])ikes  ,v'>.  oblonvj  or  eliib-shajied,  se|).i- 

ralid  or  the  iip])er  eoutij;iioiis,  sil\  eiydnnwii  and 

shilling,    X."  ,s"  loiijr,  about   2'.."  in  diameter, 

several  How ereil,    the   staminale    (lowers   basal; 

perigyniii  laiueolate,  thin,  ])ale,  lurxelesson  the 

inner  faee,  tew-nerved  on  the  outer,  2'j"loii.i;, 

nearly   1"  wide,  w  inji-niar).;ineil,  laperiiin  into  a 

beak    nearly    as  1      i;  as  the  body;  siales  iiiein- 

branous,  laiiee'olate,  aeiite  or  aeuniinate,  about 

as  lou);  as  the  perijjynia;  stigmas  2. 

Labrador  in  wesUrii  (  Hitarin,  Mieliitcaii.  Miitiitnba 
and  .Ma-ka.  -niitli  ill  the  Kneky  .Mniiiilailis  In  Cnl 
iiiadn.     Smiinier 


SKDGl':    I'AMIKV. 


355 


189.    Carex   xerantica   IJaikx-.      White-scaled  Scd.t^c 


Cm  I  i      1  (  I  III///, 
1X1  iJ. 


I'.aiU 


L'lilllt.     I!i>l.    >',:t/.     17;     LSI. 


Siiuilar  lo  tlu-  prti'icliiij;  s|>c'iit_>  l)iil  llii'  inliiis 
;iri'  slmit,  >lilT,  .itul  slriilly  iruil,  tviii  u  luii  iii.itiiif. 
Iamvcs  ;il)iml  1"  \vi(k',  iiivuhiU-  in  drviiiji,  sluirUr 
tliiin  tlif  I'liliii;  si)iki.s  ;i!«ml  5,  (iMim;^,  (U-iim1\- 
iniiny-fl<>\viri.'il,  clnsi.'  tojjilliur  (ir  tlu'  louiT  vlij^litly 
M']):iniU(l,  .("-6"  Idiiji,  mIiouI  2"  in  ili^inictir,  llio 
Minninalo  flowiTs  hiisiil;  iRiij^yniii  laiu'iDlaU'.  p:iU-, 
2'<"  IdiiK,  '"  wiik',  nirvikss,  i-(inspiiii(>usl\'  winj;- 
iM;iri;im.iI.  tlio  iniu-r  fiKe  ciiiu'iivi-,  tlie  nuij^h  Imjut- 
iujLj  liuak  alxmt  as  lonji  as  tin-  Ixiily;  siaUs  silvt-ry 
wliitt',  laiK'colatf,  aonU-  <<r  aiinninati-,  t(|nallinj;  nr 
a  trifle  longer  tlian  llu-  ]i(rij4:ynia;  sli.niiias  j. 

WiMtrn  Maiiitdlia  and  adjaeint  Noitliut '■t  Tiiii- 
ti.iy.     May  J>dy. 


190.  Carex  siccata  Dewey. 


Drx-spiked  Sed^e.      Hillside  Sedj^e.      (  I'l^-  f^f'o.  ) 

t  ,111  X  .\i,<aUi  Diwiy,  Am.  Jninii    Sci.  10:  27s.      iS2«>. 

K(Hitsl(]»ks  lonjf  and  stont,  culms  sk'nder,  eteit, 
naigli  alH>\e,  l'  2  tall.  Leaves  ereet,  ahont  i" 
wide,  till'  upper  scinietiiues  ()vert(i])pinjf  the  i-ulin, 
the  lower  slinrt;  hraels  short  or  the  lowest  liristk- 
Idrni  and  elouj^ated;  s))ikes  36,  ohloni;  or  snbjjlo- 
hose,  2'j"  4"  lonn,  hrowuish  or  brown,  elnstered 
or  inori'  or  less  separated,  the  statniiiate  flowers 
liasal  or  variously  situated  or  whok-  spikes  slanii- 
nale;  perii^yuia  ovate-lanceolate,  Ann,  alioiit  2'j" 
long  and  nearly  i"  wide,  win).;-niarf;ineil,  slronj^ly 
several-nervid  on  both  sides,  the  inner  face,  eon- 
cave  by  the  iueurveil  niar!.;ins,  the  taperinj;  rough 
bi.ik  nearlv  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovale-lan- 
ceolati'  nii-nibranuus,  acute  or  acuniinalc,  about 
e(|ualling  the  perigyiiia;  stigmas  2. 

In  dry  fu  Ids  and  nn  hills,  ()ntariii  and  Manitoba  to 
I'liitisli  e'ohnnbia.  soutli  t"  Khodi-  Island.  New  York. 
Michigan.  .Vri/iitia  and  California.     M;iy  July. 

191.    Carex  Muskingumensis  Scliweiii.     Miiskinguiii  Scdg;e.     (Fi^.  >>f'i.) 

l',}ii\    ^/n^Ulll;nlll(■ll^l\    .Silnvtin.    .\iui.    I.vi-.   N.   V.   i:   (>6. 

(  III,  I  .;( /(A;  .Sdiwiin.  iS:  Tovv.  .\ini.  I.yc.  N.  V.  I:    \\J.     iS2,s. 

Culm   stout,  slid",  erect,  very   rough   above,  2'^-^"  tall. 

Leaves  flat,  loiig-])ointe(l,  i'."-2'."  wide,  shorter  than 

the  fertile  culms,  those  of  sterile  culms  crowded  near  the 

summit;  bracts  very  short  and  scale-like;  spikes  612,  ob- 

long-cylindric,     ilensely     many-flowered,    6"   12"    long, 

about  2'j"iii  diameter,  erect,  close  together,  jiale  brown, 

narrowed  and  staniinate  at  the  base;  perigynia  narrowly 

lanceolate,  ascending,  about  4"  long  and  rather  less  than 

}i"  wide,  strongly  scveral-tiervcd,  very  Hat,  narrowed  to 

both  ends,  scarious-margiued,  rough-ciliatc,  the  tapering 

2-toothed    beak    at    least    as    long   as   the    l)0(ly;    scales 

lanceolate,  aenininate,  one-third  to  one-half  as   long  as 

the  jierigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  niiii-t  wiMiil-  and  thicket^,  nhin  t.,   Micliit^.in.  Maiiitolia 
and  .Mi-- iiuri      Jiuii-   .\\\K- 


:t 


i 


lA. 


:i3(' 


CVriCRACICAK. 


igj.    Carex  tribuloides  Wahl. 


liliim  Hrooiii  Sl<1.l;x-.     i  Imj;.  sf^2.  t 
,•</,./,/,.,  W.ihl.  K.mihI    \'rt   Ac-iul.   lliindl.  <II. 


cnrt    /(/'■,•</,./,/,.,  W.ilil.   K.mihI,  Wl    Ac-iul.   lliindl.  <II.|J4. 

115.        INi;. 
( 'i;)c  I  /ifj,'.!/.'.//.'/./.-!  Si'lik.  Kii-il«i.  N,u-liti.  :••    f.  ;,--.      i--i/.. 
}    \C.  It  iluil.'id(^\-.\\.  hii  l',il,i  \\a\\\.-\  .  Mem 'I'oir.  dull,  I   55.    i^^'i. 

'/       Hiiylit    gri'tii,    ciiliii^    Usually    slmit,    iTcil,     muylii^li 

aliovc,     S'    •,     tall.        I.i'.ivts    11. it.     1"    ',"    wiik',    sIkivUt 

lliau   ur   Uk-    u|ii)(.-iiii(i>t   nvi  rloppiut;    tlu     milni;    loxwr 

liiait  lirislUronii,  soimaiim-s  ul(iiij;ali'(l;  spikes  6-2m,  uti- 

liiiit;  or  suiiutitiKs  lii])-sliaiHil,  liluul,  <lfiisfl\-  ilustiTi'd  nf 

sdtiii'linK's    si])aiaU'il,    ;,"  d"    Ikiii;,    .iIkmU     J'j"    lliii'k; 

statiiiiiato     llowi'is     hasal;     ]ii'rij;ynia     laiU'i'ulaU-,     lliiii, 

j^ivi'iiisli  liiDwii,   tlat,  asi-fiiilitij;  (ir  iTc'i't,  2"  2'."lim);, 

'.. "   l"  wiilo,  scvctal-iK.rvt.1l  nil  laili  fai'c-,  willi  a  sharply 

j-tcKitliiil,  rnuiili  \ving-tnarij;iiiu(l  IhmU;  si-aU's  laiU'OnlaU', 

uliilisli,  ai'iUr,  al"nil  half  as  loni;  llu-  pi-rii;ynia;  slij;nias  2. 

Ill    im  aclows,    Niw    DiuTiswick    In   Mauitnha.    I'Mnriila  and 
.\ii/.ina.     AsiMids  to  j.vm  It.  ill  X'irniiiia.     July  Stpl. 

Carex  tribuloides  Bebbii  UaiUy,  .^Uttl.  Torr.  Chih.  i:  55      i^--i. 
Mom-  ~K  iidrr,  s]>ikts  I'lvvir,  sm.dUr    aliout    ,'    Iniiiu;,  iiptiiinouly  hrai-tU-s,  mostly  chisli-ix-d  in  a 
ikiiM-  Iliad  1'  loiij;:  jn-rinyiiia  htoadir  ami  -Il.Ui  1.     Kaiim-  of  tlu  tyiu-. 

Carex  tribuloides  moniliformis  1  Tutki  rut.  '  Urittou. 
^'ill  ix  s,o[^iii  iii  \,\\.  >ii:>iii7ifoiiiiii'['\ic\nt\u.  I'hititti.  Mrtli.  17.      i^i;. 


<"i/;v  I   /;//'»/.i/i/,>  var.  t,,/ii</<i  liailiy.  I'rocv  .\iu 
Sliitdi  r.  till-  I'liliii  titmli  vNi'ii'diiii;  tin-  U  avi- 
J' •"    ("  loti^;.  tin  lac'his  siiuu  what /iK/a;.;.      M.niii 
Dakota. 


.\i'ad.  22    lis,       is>,, 

;  spikes  .lil  or  all  Inil  the  p.iiiiirtiiost  sijiaratcd. 

and  Niw  I'.tuiisu  ilk  to  Niu  York,  wist  to  \orth 


193.    Carex  scoparia  Sclik.     Poiiiud  HnMiiii 

<'i;;    I- .iii'/>i7;7i7  Sclik.  Kiiil)ii.  -NailUi.  .'■■.    r  /-■;.       iSm. 
<'i/(t' 1"  .\ro/>(;r/i/ var.  iiiiiun  Itoott.  111.  110.    />/.,/"/.       isoj. 

Ctiliiis  sk'tidcr,  iroct,  roujj;hisli  aliovc.  '■"-2'j^  tall, 
l.iavi's  liss  than  I  'j"  wide;  lower  hrai-t  hristle-forin  or 
w.iiitiiio;  spikes  3-10,  ohloitu,  narrowed  at  holh  eiiils, 
liri).;ht  lirowii,  ;"-S"  loiij;.  2"  ,;"  in  iliaiiieler,  densely 
inatty-nowered,  usually  a^.i^rej^ated  into  an  ovoi<l  hcail 
S"-l.S"  lonj;;  staniinalc  llowcrs  basal;  perij,'vnia  laneeo- 
late.  ascending  or  ercet,  2"  3"  lotij;,  rather  less  than  1" 
wide,  n.irrowly  winiLj-niaryiiied,  several-nerved  on  liotli 
faces,  ta{)eriiiy  inlo  the  ciliatc  2-toollicd  lieak:  scales 
thin,  lirowii,  acuinin.ite  or  cus])idale,  shorter  lli;iii  the 
])erinynia;  slij^tnas  2. 

Ill  moist  si>il.  Nova  Scotia  to  Maiiitolia.    I'lorida  and  (Jol 
orad 


■in 
Fi 


\scciids  to  (1200  ft.  ill  North  L'atoliiia      July  .Si]it. 

/  194.  Carex   leporina  I,. 

.MM. 
(',11 1  1  iif^.iiiiii  I..  S|).  ri.  07;     ir.s.v 

Culms  slender,  creel,  rou).;liish  aliove,  1  1'.  tall. 
Leaves  about  l"  wide,  llat,  shorter  tli;iii  the  ciilni; 
bracts  very  shoit  aiiil  scale-like  or  waiitin.:;;  spikes 
47,  oblong,  blunt  at  the  suiniiiil,  narrowed  ami  slain- 
inate  .at  the  base.  .)''-'>"  loii.i;,  about  y  thick,  dark 
brown,  sliinim;,  clustcreil  but  distinct,  in  a  lerininal 
oblong  In.-ad  alxnit  i'  long;  perigynia  ascending  or  aji- 
pres.sed,  ovale- lanceolate,  2"  long,  nearly  1"  wide, 
r.ither  narrowly  wiiig-inargincd,  scvcral-nerved  on 
both  faces,  the  rough  taiiering  2toollicd  hcak  nearly 
as  long  as  the  body;  scales  lanceolate,  brown,  iiieiii- 
branoiis,  acute,  narrower  .and  .shorter  than  the  peri- 
gynia; stigmas  2. 

I'.astirii  Mass.acliii~clls  .\dvrtitiv  c  fioiu  lanoiie.  N.i- 
\'    ill  ihi-   Rocky  Moiiiu.iin-      June   .\iii;. 


:« 


SEIK;!'.    lAMIIA'. 


357 


Carex  cristatella  Hrilloii. 

Ann.  l.vc.  N.  Y.  i:  uit.      i 


Civslcd  Scd 


t;.n. 

i-u'ui; 

1  sUiUl- 

l.irk 
nniiKil 
t'.r.i].- 
widc, 

nearly 
inrin- 

c-      N.i- 


I  I  i\/ii/ir    IiiiiU\ ,    I'll 


•\Tn 


O"'!    iliilill,!   Sl'llWlill 

Not  Clairv.  1^11, 
('i//v  I     li  ihiitiiiilis   \;\\\ 
Aiiid.  22:  1  (S.      i^Mi, 

Culms   sIlmuKt  or   rallRT  slont,    i '..     2'..      tall 
stilf,  crei't,  rou^liisli  ahiivf,  lonj^i-r  than  tlie  Kavcs 
Leaves  i^"-2"   wide;    lower  bracts  liristle-fonu,    /l:j?\'     /' 
I4' ' -I '.' loti).j;  liead^  (>-!  s.  Kl>i'"»>e    "•'   suliyloliosc,        J^r' 
2"  3"  ill  (lianietcr,  all  densely  a.i;i,'rei;ati-il  into  an 
ulilonj.;  head    1'  Ion).;  <ir  more  or  tlu- lower  slightly 
separated;  staininate  Mowers  liasal;  perijjynia  lan- 
ceolate or  ovate  lanceolate,  spreading  ornscendinjj, 
s()uarrose  when  mature,  Kreen  or  ).;reenish  brown, 
I ';"-2"  long,  less  than    i"  wide,  narrowly  winj;- 
niar;,;iiicd,  several-nerved  on  both    faces,   la]icrin,n 
into  a  ciliale    2-to()llieil    beak;    scales   lanceolate, 
nearly  white,   nuicli   shorter   than    the   i)erij;ynia; 
stigmas  2. 

In  nuiidow-  and  thickets.  New  lirunswick  to  Mani 
lolia,  south  to  Massachusetts.  I'einisylvania,  Illinois  and 
Nebraska,      .\seetids  to  210..  It    in  \'irninia.    July   Sept. 

196.    Carex  adtista   IJooU.      Ufowiicd  Sedov 

(  .;/,   I    ilJll-lil  lloott.  H. 


(  V\)r.  ,sr,6. ) 

I'l.  Itnr.  .\tn.  2:  ?15.      is(,i 


Culms  stotit,  stilt",  erect,  entirely  smooth,  I'.^- 
j'j "  tall,  growing  in  dense  tufts.  Leaves  about  i" 
wide,  long-pointed,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts 
subulate,  ta]ieriiig  from  a  broad  nerved  base,  the 
lower  I  or  2  usually  elongateil,  nearly  erect,  often 
exceeding  the  spikes;  sjiikes  512,  subgloliose  or 
short-oval,  several-llowered;  ilensely  clustered  and 
apjiarently  coulluent,  or  slightly  separated.  bri.ght 
greenish  brown;  staininate  llowers  b.isal;  perigyiiia 
broadly  ovate,  firm,  very  narrowly  wing-margineil 
or  wingless,  rough  above,  plano-convex,  2"-2'." 
long,  i"-iV"  wiile,  tapering  into  a  2-toothed 
be.ik,  scveral-nervcil  on  the  outer  face,  nerveless 
on  the  inner,  ascending;  scales  lanceolate,  acute  or 
cusi)idale,  about  ei|ualling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 


In  div  soil.  New  llruuswiek  to  the  Xortliwe-l  'i'erri- 


loiv.  New   York  and  Miehijr.m 


Carex  foenea  Willd.     Ihiy  Scdj^c. 


197 

(\ii I  I  r'oiiirn  Willd.  I'jiuni.  u>~.       i^>"i. 

('</'/  I"  (//!,' I'V'"/'/'' Tuekeiiii. ;  Wood.  Class  book,  -5;.       jsi,,. 

Rather  light  green,  culm  slender,  smooth,  erect  or  llu> 
summit  nodding,  i"  .>'•"  tall.  Leaves  Hat,  soft,  i"  2" 
wi<le,  shorter  than  the  culm;  brads  very  short  or  wanting, 
or  the  lowest  occasionally  m.inifcsl;  s])ikes  .)  in,  subglo- 
bose  or  short-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  2  '  >  "  -3"  in  tli- 
anieter,  silvery  green,  all  separated  on  a  sometimes  zigzag 
rachis  or  the  upper  contiguous;  stamiiiatc  llowers  basal; 
])erigynia  ovate,  thin,  about  !'•"  long  and  nearly  1" 
wide,  broadly  winginaigined,  strongly  several-nerved  on 
both  faces,  tapering  into  a  short  rough  2-tootlied  beak; 
scales  hyaline,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  e(|Ualling  the 
I)erigyuia;  stigmas  2. 

Ill  (hy  woods,  ortiii  on  tucks.  New  lirunswick  to  ritin-yl 
vania,  Slinne-ota  and  Uiilish  Columhia.     June  July. 

Carex  foenea  perplcxa  U.dli  \    Mem   Torr.  Club,  i:  :'7.      iss,). 
(.'ulnis  stouter.  spikt-~  coiiiinouly  aifRreuated  all''  laiRer.  U 
of  tile  euliu  iiict  or  lu-.irly  so;  periKynia  thicker 


eontnieled  at  the 
Maine  ami  \'iT"i.;inia  to  Miuue- 


base,  the  >uuiiuil 
Ola. 


I 


.158 


CVI'l-KAfliAI';. 


io8.    Carex  straminea  W'illd.     Stiiuv  Stil^f.     i  I'iK-  ■*<''>«•) 

_^-^-.r-«.  ('.;/<  I    >/;.///////.(/  Willil..  Silik     KiiilKr.  .|ci,    /.,,■/.       l^ir. 

Culms  vtTv  sk'iidcr,  roujjliisli  al)i>vi',  I'-i'z"  loiijj,  tin- 
lop  coiiitiionly  iioddiu.u  <>r  rcciirx til.  I.i'uvfs  i  "  wide  or 
less,  IoiiK-))oiiited,  sliorur  than  tlieciiltn;  liracts  short  or 
the  lowiT  hristlc-form  and  exceeding  its  spike;  s])ikes  v 
S,  suh^lohose  or  sli),'htly  ohovoid,  2"  2 '.. "  thick,  yellow- 
ish brow  II  or  greenish,  se]iiirated  on  the  eoininonly  zij^/aji 
rai'his,  or  contifjuous;  staniinatc  flowers  l)asal;  i)erif;ynia 
sprcaditi);  or  asccndinj;,  ovate,  hrown,  about  1'."  lonj;, 
rather  more  tlinii  'j"  wide,  stronj^ly  several-nerved  on 
the  outer  face,  fewer-ucrveil  on  the  inner,  wiuK-inar);incd, 
the  taperinjj  rouj^h  2-toothed  beak  about  as  loii^  as  tlic 
body;  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  about  e(|uallinj;  the  peri- 
Hynia,  but  narrower;  slinmas  2. 

In  (by  liilds.  Niw  lirunswick  to  Maiiilnba.  I'liinsylvaiiia. 
Michigan,  and  probably  fartlitr  MHilh.     Jiuu    July. 

Carex  straminea  mirabilis  1  Dcwtvi  TucUenii.  iMiuni.  Mitli. 

i.s.       |.><|';,. 
('till  I   iiiii(t/n7i\  Dewiy,  Am.  Jmnn.  Sci.  30:  d.^.      !■-((' 

barker,  culm  sUnilcr.  2  ,s  \"\\K.  Uavis  1"  2' ■"  wide;  spikes  larttcr,  ,V'  4"  thick,  ratliir 
>;rciucr;  pcrinynia  ^•prt•albn^^,  narnnvcr.  Iminir  than  the  scales.  Kannc  of  tlic  type,  extending 
south  to  Nortli  Carolina  and  .Missuni.     Perhaps  better  regarded  as  a  distinct  ^ipecies. 

199.    Carex  silicea  Oliicy.     St-a  beach  vSt-dj^c. 

Ciii I  V  si/iiKi  ( llney.  I'roc.  .\m.  Acad.  7:  ,•■,')•■,.      !■-'."-. 

C.  si  III  III  i  III  tj  var.   iih'iiili/'iii  nil's  Tuckerni     l!nuin.  >btli.  17 

i><.l,?.      Not  ( '.  M'o/'iiiiii  var.  iiii'iii/i/'ni  iiii\  Tiickcvm.  iSi;. 
Ciiii  \  I'm  iiiii  var.  siihiilniiiini  .\.  Ciray.  Man.  \\i\.  5.  5S1.      i.so^ 

Not  C.  iii/iii/o.ui  Turc/.  i^',^7. 

Culms  slender,  rather  sti(T,  erect  but  the  summit  re-  1 
curved  or  nodding,  rouj{hish  above,  1°  2)2^  tall.  Leaves 
i"  wide  or  rather  less,  involute  in  drying,  shorter  than 
the  culm;  bracts  always  very  short;  spikes  5-S,  ovoid-conic 
or  f.'oid-oblonj;,  silvery -green,  nearly  white  or  becomin).; 
brownish,  erect,  conspicuously  contracteil  and  staminate 
at  the  base,  4"-6"  long,  about  2',"  thick,  all  separated 
or  the  uppermost  close  together;  jierigynia  ovate-oval, 
short-beaked,  finely  nerved  on  both  faces,  wing-mar- 
gined, ajipresscd,  about  2"  long,  more  than  1"  wide, 
longer  and  broader  than  the  lanceolate  scales;  stigmas  2. 

In  -aiicls  of  the  ■^la  coast,  Nuva  .Scotia  to  Ni  w  Jc  rsi  v.     June  .\UK. 

200.   Carex  tenera   Dewey.     Marsh  Straw  Sed^e.      ( I'i^.  Sjo.  ) 

(iiii  I  Ilium  1)1  wcy.  .\ni,  Journ.  Sci,  8:117.  ./.v.  i>2|, 
( '.  sli  iiiiiiiii  ii  var,  ii/^iilu  liixitt.  111.  120  //, , i''',-; ■  iso.', 
C.  sliiiuiiiiiii  var.  Irinni  ll;iilcy,   Hot,  ("..iz,  io:  ,;si.       i,s,s^. 

Culm  very  slender,  erect  or  the  summit  nodding, 
rougliish  above  i'^  2"^  liigl'-  Leaves  shorter  than  the 
culm,  usually  less  than  i"  wide,  tapering  to  a  very 
long  point;  bracts  usually  short  or  wanting,  some- 
times bristle-form;  spikes  4-6,  oval,  obtuse,  densely 
maiiy-llowercd,  separated  or  the  upper  contiguous, 
greenish-brown,  4"  5"  long,  staminate  and  commonly 
much  contracted  at  the  base;  perigynia  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  ascending,  appressed,  strongly  several- 
nerved  on  both  faces,  wing-niargiiied,  the  tajiering 
rough  beak  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales 
lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  jierigynia,  but  much 
narrower;  stigmas  2. 

In  wit  soil,  coinnioii  aloiii;   brackish  marshes,    Maine 
anil  Untario  to  Virtrinia  .anil  Louisiana,     May-Juuc, 
Carex  tenera  invisa  1  \V.  lluutt  >  Hrillon. 
Cat  I  V  slnniiiiiiii  var.  hr.isii  W.  lioolt.  CouU.  l.ol.  (la/.  9:  So.       tSSi. 

•Spikes  sinalUr.  sub(flobiisi  or  slinrlobliit'  iwil  nmre  than  ,V'  tl  ick.  tlu-  lower  one  usually  snb- 
ti  iiilcil  by  a  filiform  bract  '.•'   3'.'  lon^;.       Maine  to  I)ila\\arc, 


tlic 


si;i)r,i-:  iamii.y. 


,vsy 


Sii.  II 


201.  Carex  festucacea  Willd 

Cini    /(  >/;/,iMV(  Willd.  Sj)    I'l.  4:  21.'.       iniS. 
(  ii) ,  I    \l)ii»iiiiiii  var    liiiiii'i   Iiiwiy.  Am.  Imuii 

l.S.s.       isjd. 
(".  sliiiniiiint  swi.   Ii\lii,iu,ii  Tiuk.   ICii    Milli.  !■<.       iS(v 

Culms  .sk'iiiler  or  rather  stout,  nearly  or  (|uilc 
siiKioth,  sliir,  strictly  crLct,  \''  -X"'  tall.  Leaves  rather 
slilf,  erect,  1"  2"  wiile,  shorter  tliaii  tlie  culm;  spikes 
,^-^>.  Kreeu-hrown  oliloiij;  or  nearly  j^lohular,  chistereil 
at  tlie  summit  hut  not  at  all  conlhieut,  2"  4"  in  diam- 
eter, the  lower  one  sometimes  s\il)teuded  hy  a  short 
fdiform  bract;  ])CriKynia  orbicular  or  very  broadly 
ovate,  broadly  winj^-marjjined,  about  I'j"  in  diam- 
eter, little  if  at  all  longer  than  wide,  spreading  or  as- 
cemliii)^,  several-nerved  on  both  faces,  the  rou^^hisli 
beak  about  one-third  the  leii^jth  of  the  boily;  scales 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtusish,  ,ibout 
as  loni^  as  and  narrower  than  the  perijiyuia;  stii;mas  2. 

Ill  dry  i>r  moist  --nil,  Ni  u  l!nin>wiik  lo  .Miniu-nta, 
Miutli  to  I'luriil.i  aii<l  Kansa''      Ma\   July. 

202.  Carex  alata  Torr.      ni(>a(l-\viiiK«-d  Scdjjc. 


l'i«:.  ^:i.) 


n: 


) 


(.ail 
('in, 


siib- 


I  ii/ii/ii  Torr.  Ann.  I.yc.  X.  V  3:  ,v>'|-      ^^M'- 

I   sli iiiiiiiiiii  var.  iilii'lii  Itailiy,  Carex  Cat.       1SS4. 

Culms  stiir,    rather   stout,   strictly   erect,  rouKhi.sh 

above,  r^-.Vi"^  t.dl.     Leaves  ^rass-like,  but  somewhat 

ik  ^iSr~  ,1  V,\  I  rin'd,  \"  -2"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,  spikes  ob- 

^S^  I  Al  lonj.;    or    oblonjj-conic,    green-brown,    very    densely 

many-llowered,  ."(".S"  louji,  4"  5"  thick,  usually  con- 
spicuously staminate  and  contracted  at  the  base, 
pointed  or  obtuse  at  the  sumnut,  all  distinct  but 
usually  little  se])aratcd,  bractlcss,  or  the  lower  one 
subtended  by  a  short  Idiform  bract;  perijjynia  orbicu- 
lar or  obovate-orbicular,  very  broadly  winged,  2"  -2  '2" 
ill  diameter,  faintly  few-nerve<l  or  almost  nerveless, 
erect  and  appressed,  or  somewhat  curved  upward,  the 
short  beak  not  more  than  one-lourth  as  long  as  the 
body;  scales  lanceolate,  acundnate,  scarcely  over  '4'' 
wide,  a  little  shorter  than  the  perigyiiia;  stigmas  2; 
achcne  distinctly  stipitate. 
Ill  iiii)i>l  --iiil,  .Mas'.acluisitts  to  inorida,  UKislly  near  the  coast.     May  Jiine. 

203.    Carex  albolutescens  Sduvciii.     C.recnish-white  vSedjjfe. 

Ciiii  I  (///i(i//(/r  .M(».v  Scliweiii.  Ann.  I.yc.  N.  V.  i:iVi.     iS2|.  ,- 

Ciiii  I  sliiiniima  \i\x.  /m  iini  Torr.  Ann.  I.yc.  N.  V.  3:  vi,^- 

iS,V>.     Not  ('.  fociuit  Willd.      i.Soi). 
("1//.  I    iilhdlnliSifiis   var.    iiniiiilntii    IJaiky,    bull.    Torr. 

Cliil),  20:  422.      189,?. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  usually  lower, 
culms  I'- 2"  tall,  stout,  strictly  erect,  rough  above. 
Leaves  i"  2"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  br.icts  fili- 
form or  wanting,  the  lower  one  sometimes  exceeding 
its  spike;  spikes  j;-S,  oblong,  usually  narrowed  at 
both  ends,  standnate  below,  silvery  green  when  young 
but  becoming  brownish,  4"-6"  long,  mostly  less  than 
3"  thick,  clustered,  but  distinct,  the  lowest  sometimes 
separated,  and  very  rarely  stalked;  )ierigynia  broailly 
ovate,  not  twice  as  long  as  wiile,  broadly  winged, 
strongly  nerved  on  both  faces,  appressed,  about  2" 
long,  the  ro\ighish  beak  about  one-third  as  long  as  the 
body;  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  as  long  as  the 
perigynia,  but  much  narrower;  achene  nearly  or  i|uite 
sessile;  stigmas  2. 

Ii.  wcl  !.(iil.  mo'-l  abuiidaiit  aloTiR  '^all  nuadows,  Inil  also  occuirir.K  iiilaiul,  New   Iiniii>wick  to 
eastciii  I'l  iiiisvh.iiii  .  .'uid  I'lorida.      Mav  liilv. 


iFiK-  '^r^- 


.^6o 


cvi'i;k.\ci;a1'; 


204.  Carex  Bicknellii  Itiitinti.      ItickiK-H' 


Sell 


I'i.U. 


/>/ 


!>').>,     Not  ( '.  (  ;ii,-.  (7  IH-wiy        iSji. 

Culms  loosi'ly  tuftiMt,  j'  1,1,  liij;li,  iTuit  or  tlii' 
tdji  iiu  lincil,  i()iii;li  aliiivi-,  iiiiuli  longer  tli.iu  llii- 
Icavi's.  I.eavi's  mostly  nearly  basal,  (>'  u'  loiij^, 
I',"  2'.."  wiili-;  bracts  usually  very  sliorl,  spikes 
,^-7,  <)\(iicl,  subuloliosf,  or  somewliat  obovoiil,  (" 
fi"  loiii;,  ilosf  toj^ftlicr  or  the  lowi-r  sf|)arate(l,  sil- 
very j^rceii  or  Ipiiduiiui;  vfllowisli,  staminalc  at 
till'  li.isc;  ])i'ri)4yiiiM  very  liroailly  ovate,  thin,  sev- 
cral-lierveil  oil  the  outer  face,  2"  \"  \ou^,  the 
hroail  memliraiious  winx  'i"  wiile,  the  roujih  _>- 
toothed  beak  one-fourth  to  one-half  as  lonu  as  the 
boily;  acheui-  stalkcil. 

In  dry  siiil.  soutlu-in  Ni  w    Vrnk  in  Miinusnt;!  mid 
Missiiiiri.     June  July. 

205.  Carex  sychnocephala  Can y.      Dense  I,oiij,r-l)oaktil  Si.(lj;v.     (I-'lj;.  S75.  ) 

C  '.  sviliihi,!  f>liiilii  Carey.  .\iii.  Jniini   Sei.  1  1 1.  1  4;  j|.   1^17. 

Cuhns  erect,  rather  stout,  i|uite  smooth,  ,,'  iS' 
hifjh.  Leaves  about  1"  wide,  shorter  than  the 
culm;  lower  liracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  much 
cloii);ated,  3'  12'  loiij;,  about  1"  wide  at  the  base, 
nearly  erect;  spikes  4  10,  j,'reen-brow  11,  oblonj.;, 
densely  tnaiiy-llouercd,  staminate  at  the  base,  a.y- 
j{re>;aled  and  conlhieiit  into  an  oblong  or  ovoid 
head  i'  or  less  lonj;;  perif;ynia  narrowly  linear- 
lanceolate  2'i"  ;,"  Ion),',  about  '2"  wide  at  the 
base,  ta])erinjf  into  a  suliulale  rouKh  J  toothed 
l)cak  23  times  as  lonu  as  the  slijjhtly  marj^dned  and 
few-nerved  body:  scales  linear-lanceolate,  luiin- 
acnminate,  hyaline,  shorter  and  rather  narrower 
than  the  ])eriyynia;  stij;nias  2. 

Ill  tiuadiiws  and  thicket-,  Ontario  and  cciitial  New 
York  tn  Mauitol.a,  Miiimsulii  and  llrili^li  Cnluiiiliia. 
July  Ann. 

1-aiiiily  9.  ARACEAE  .Wck.  Act.  Acail.  Tlicod.  I'alat.  2:  ^Uz.       1770.'^ 

AKIM    I'AMII.V. 

llerh.s  with  ha.s.al  l()ii>(-])cli()lc(l  siiiijUe  or  c(iiii])()iiii(l  leases,  ami  s])atliace<)tts 
itifloreseence,  the  spatlie  eiiclosiiio-  or  siihleiiiliiit;  a  sjiadix.  Koolstook  liilierDiis 
or  a  eoriu,  in  our  species  iiiostl\'  with  an  acrid  or  ]nm.i,|;ent  sap.  .Spadix  \ery 
densel>-  tlowered,  the  staminate  tlowers  al)o\e,  the  pistillate  helow,  or  the  jilants 
wholly  dioeciotis,  or  with  perfect  llowers  in  .some  species.  Perianth  waiitiiii;.  or 
of  4-6  scale-like  sej;iiionts.  vStaiiiens  4-10  in  our  sjiecies;  lilameiils  ver\-  short; 
anthers  2-celled,  commoniv  with  a  thick  tnnicate  c()nnecti\e,  the  sacs  o])enin.s; 
by  dorsal  i)ores  or  slits.  ( )var_y  i -several-celled;  o\iiles  i-se\eral  in  each  cell; 
style  short  or  wanting;;  sli}.;;ma  terminal,  mostl\'  mimite  and  sessile.  I'"rtiit  a 
l)err\'  or  utricle.     vSeeds  \arions.     luidosperm  copiotis,  sparse  or  none. 

Almut  105  tfe'iiera  and  .ii«i  sjiecies.  iimslly  of  trupical  riKi"Us,  a  few  in  tin-  temperate  znius. 

I'lowers  without  a  periaiilli. 

I'ldwers  iiiDnoeciniis  dV  iliijccicius,  bnnie  at  tin-  basL-  nf  t lie  s]  1,11  ii.\.                            i.  .  1/  iMirinn. 

I'Miiwers  nioiinecious.  eoveriiin  the  «  luile  spadix.  j.  I'rllniuli  ,1. 

l''Iiiwers  perfect.  3.  Oil/a. 
I'lowers  with  a  perianth. 

.Spadix  eiU'ldsed  in  a  shell  like  fli  >liy  siiatlie.  .|.  .SptiZ/iiriini. 

Spadix  naked,  leiininatintf  the  scape.  5.  (hoiilniiii. 

.Spadix  naked,  borne  at  the  base  of  a  leaf  like  spalhe  u.  .  \,  m  ii\. 

*Text  contributed  bv  the  late  Ri;\-.  Tiidm.vs  MukMNc. 


1& 


T 


ARtM    I-AMir.V. 


361 


I.    ARISAEMA   Marl.  Mora,  14;  45.;.       is;,i. 

I'lTiiiiiial  licrlis  with  acriil  iciriiis,  sii;i])lc  scale's  ami  1  to  t,  sliMi<lfr-ix?lic)l(cl  divideil 
k-avts  imfoldiii^  with  thf  llowcrs.  Spailix  iiu'liidcd  or  exsurtiTl,  hcarilij,'  the  llowurs  near  its 
liasu.  Spathr  coiivulutc,  ojn'ii  or  nintrailcd  at  tlif  tliroat.  I'Mowers  (liofiious  or  iiionoi- 
cioiis,  without  any  poriaiitli,  the  staniiiiatc  of  |  almo'^t  si'ssilt-  2  .(-cclli'd  ant'iKTS  which  open 
hy  coiilhiciit  slits  at  the  a]>cx,  the  ]iistillate  witli  all  ovoid  or  >;lohosc  i-i-i!!'' I  ovary  contain- 
ing I  or  many  orthotropoiis  ovuli's;  style  very  short  or  none,  tipped  with  a  pcllatc-capitatc 
sti.i;nia.  I'rnit  a  ^lolxise  red  herry,  the  clusters  usually  larj^e  and  cons])icuous  when  ripe. 
Sicils  with  copious  eiidos])crni  and  an  a\ial  etnhryo.  |Circek,iii  reference  to  the  red- 
hlotclicd  leaves  of  some  species.] 

.\t)iillt  .'io  species,  innslly  nalivis  of  iciiipciiitc  and  ~utitMipical  .\>ia  llesidi-.  the  foUnwiiiij, 
anullier  oceurs  in  the  lununlaius  of  NciUli  C.iinliuii. 

.Spallu    liooded,  open  at  llle  tliniat,  cMclosint!  tin-  --padix  J .    .  I.  /(  //>//!  //iiiii 

Sp.illu' cnnvolutc:  sinuinit  nf  the  spadix  cx-crud.  .'.   .1.  />i  iicii/iiini. 


I.    Arisaema  triphyllum  (  I,.  1  Torr.     Jack-in-llR-i)iil|iil.     Indian  Tnriiii) 

(1m;j;.  876.  )  '.    ,. 

.li  mil  /I  i/>/n//iiiii  h.  Sp.  IM.  (165,      I7,s.i. 

.li  isdiiiiii  ii/ioi  ti/ii'ify  UUimv.  kuinphia,  1:07.      i>,i,S. 

Ai  isiicina  lri/>liylliiiii  Torr.  p'l.  N.  V.  J:  2,V)       iS.|,i. 

Leaves  I  or  2,  nearly  erect,  in' -3^  hijih,  usually 
exccedinj;  the  scape,  vfoliolate,  the  sej;nients  ovate, 
entire,  or  sometimes  lohcd,  acute  rounded  or  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  ,^'7'  lonj^,  I'j'-.i'j'  wide, 
sessile  or  very  short-stalked;  flowers  commonly 
<lioecions,  yellow,  home  on  the  hasal  part  of  the 
spadix;  spadix  2'-,^'  lonj;,  its  naked  summit  blunt, 
colored;  spathe  j^reen,  and  jiurple-striped,  curving; 
in  a  broad  llaji  over  the  lo]>  of  the  spadix,  acumi- 
nate; fdaments  very  short  and  thick;  ovaries 
crowiled;  ovules  5  or  6;  berries  smooth,  shining, 
about  ,s"  ill  diameter,  formini;  a  dense  ovoid  heail 
l'-.'/  loiiK- 

III  iiioi-^t  woods  and  thicket-..  Nova  Sculia  to  I'lurida, 
wist  to  Ontario.  Miiuusnta,  Kaiir^as  and  I.nnisiaiia. 
\>ciiids  to  ,v««i  ft.  ill  North  Carolina  .\pril  .|iiiie. 
I'riiit  ripe  June  July  The  acrid  Imlb  madi'  edible  by 
lioiliiiy. 


2.    Arisaema  Dracontium  (  L.  )  Sclinit.     (iicl-ii  Drairon. 

(  FiR.  S77.  ) 


Diai'iiii-niol. 


Aiiiiii  lliiit'tiili II III  I,,  sp.  ri.  ()»';.     i7.i.v 

.1  li.uii'iiiti  III lUoiiliiiiii  Scholi.  ^Ielct.  I:  17.      iS.i:! 

Conns  clustered.  Leaves  usually  solitary,  S'-4'' 
loll),',  pedately  ilivided  into  5-1"  segments,  much 
longer  than  the  scape;  segments  obovate  or  obloiij,', 
;■,'  10'  lonj;,  ij"  _)'  wide,  aliruptly  acute  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  to  a  sessile  or  nearly  sessile  base,  entire  or 
the  lateral  ones  soiiiewhat  lobed;  scape  sheathed  by 
iiiembranous  scales  at  the  base;  sjiathe  j.5rceiiisli  or 
whitish,  narrowly  convolute,  acuminate,  i'-2'  long, 
eiiwraiipiujf  the  spadix,  the  u])per  part  of  which  tapers 
into  a  slender  appenilaj;c  exsertcd  I '-7'  beyond  its 
ajiex;  iiilloresccnce  of  the  staiuinatc  plant  nearly  as 
louj;  as  the  tubular  part  of  the  spathe;  in  the  monoe- 
cious plant  the  pistillate  flowers  arc  borne  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  spadix;  ovary  turbinate,  with  6-8  bottle- 
shaped  ovules ;  stigmas  depressed  ;  berries  reddish- 
orange  in  large  ovoid  heads. 

Mostly  ill  wet  woods  and  alnni;  streams,  but  soiiutiiiKS 
ill  dry  soil.  Maine  to  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to 
l-'lnrida.  Kaii>as  and  Tixa>.     May-Jiiiie. 


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2.    PELTANDRA  Rat".  Joiini.  Phys.  89:  10;,.       1S19. 

liofj  herbs,  with  entire  sagittate  acute  or  acuniinale  leaves,  the  long  petioles  sheathiii},' 
the  shorter  scape  at  the  base.  Spalhc  elongated,  convolute,  or  expanded  above,  riowers 
monoecious,  covering  the  whole  spadix.  Terianlli  none.  .Slaniinate  flowers  uppermost, 
consisting  at  first  of  irregularly  4-si(lcd  oblong  flat-topped  shields,  from  the  edges  of  which 
appear  6-10  imbedded  anthers  opining  by  apical  pores,  the  shields  xdlimatelj-  shrivelling 
and  leaving  the  linear-oblong  anthers  nearly  free.  Ovaries  ovoid,  surrounded  at  base  by  4 
or  5  white  fleshy  scale-like  stamiiiodia,  i -celled;  ovules  solitary  or  few,  amphitrojious;  style 
erect,  short,  thick,  tijiped  with  a  small  stigma.  P'ruit  a  green  or  red  berry,  i-.vseeded,  when 
ripe  forming  large  globose  heails  at  the  extremity  of  the  linallv  recurved  scape,  and  enclosed 
in  the  persistent  leathery  base  of  the  spathe.  Seeds  surrounded  by  a  tenacious  jelly;  en<lo- 
spcrm  none,     [dreek,  referring  to  the  shield-shaped  slaniinate  disks.] 


Tile  genus  cmisists  of  tlie  two  folliiwiiin  species: 

Spatlu-  narrow,  convolute  its  whole  kiinlli.  «:reen. 
.Spathe  with  a  whitish  dilated  suniniit. 


r,  /'.  I'ii'i; iiiicd. 
2.  I'.  .saf;illiu'/i>liii. 


I.    Peltandra  Virginica  (L.)  Kiiiith.     Cireen  Arrow-artiin.     (Fig.  S7S.) 

.Ii/iiii  I  'iixiJiiiinn  I,,  .Sp,  I'l.  ()6().       I7,S,V 
IMIiindia  uuilulala  Raf.  Journ.  IMiys.  89:  10;,.    iSi<). 
rdUiiutia  I'lixiiiiiii  Kunlli.  ICiiuiii.  3:  ),v       1S41. 

Leaves  bright  .green,  somewhat  hastate-sagit- 
tate, 4'-,i<''  long,  3'-S'  wiile,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  firm,  strongly  veined.  Root  a  tuft 
of  thick  fibres;  scape  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
recurving  ..nd  immersing  the  fruiting  spadix  at 
maturity;  spathe  green,  4'-S'  Ions,  long-conic, 
closely  investing  the  spadix  throughout,  the 
strongly  involute  margins  undulate;  spadix 
shorter  than  the  spathe,  the  pistillate  flowers 
covering  about  one-fourth  of  its  length,  the  rest 
occupied  by  staminate  flowers;  ovaries  globose- 
ovoid;  style  nearly  ,'2''  long;  stigma  a  little 
thicker  than  the  style;  berries  green  when  ripe. 

Ill  swiinips,  or  sliallow  water,  Maine  ami  Dn- 
tario  to  :\Iiclii!{an.  soutli  to  IHorida  and  Louisiana. 
May  June. 


2.    Peltandra  sagittaefolia  (Michx.)  Morong 

(Fig.  S79.) 

Ciiilii    •iiiv illiii-fhliii   .Miclix.    I'l.    liof.    .\m.   2:    i'^;. 

ISO,?. 

rrll<xiuli,i  iillhi  Kill'.  Niw  I'l.  N.  A.  i:  sS.     iS^i. 

Xaillliosoniii   Siii;illiu-f'oIiii    Cliapiu.    I'l.    S.   Slates, 
441.     iSfxi.     Not  .Siliott. 

Pillantira  sagiUailolid  Moroiifr,  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 
5:  I02.     i^i94. 

Leaves  sagittate,  sometimes  wider  than  those 
of  the  preceiling  sjiecies,  acuminate  or  acute, 
the  basal  lobes  diverging,  obtuse  or  subacute; 
petioles  8'-2()'  long,  e(|nalling  or  'onger  than 
the  scape;  sjiathe  3'-4'  long,  with  a  whitish  ex- 
p.iniled  acuminate  apex;  spadix  scarcely  more 
than  one-half  as  long  as  the  spathe,  the  stami- 
nate flowers  borne  on  its  upper  half;  ovaries 
ovoid ;  style  scan  ely  any ;  stigma  broad, 
depressed,  lobed;  ripe  berries  red. 

In  uiiirslies  and  siiritiKs,  soutlurn  Virginia  lae- 
cordiiiK  to  dray  I  to  I'lorida.     May  July, 


While  Arrow-arttni. 


ARUM    FAMILY.  363 

3.  CALLA  L.  Sp.  PI.  c/.s.       1753. 

A  IxiK  licrl)  with  skndcr  acrid  rootstocks,  broarlly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular  cordate 
leaves,  and  a  large  white  persiiitent  spathc.  vSpathc  ovate-lanceolate  or  elliptic,  acuminate, 
open.  Spadix  eylindric,  much  shorter  than  the  .spathc,  densely  covered  with  llowers. 
Flowers  perfect  or  the  very  uppermost  staminate;  ])criaiith  none.  Stamens  about  6;  lila- 
ments  linear,  longer  than  the  anthers;  anther-sacs  divaricate,  o])ening  by  slits.  Ovary 
ovoid,  i~celled:  style  very  short;  stigma  small,  flat,  circular.  Ovules  6-9,  anatropous. 
Herries  obconic,  depressed.  Seeds  hard,  smooth,  oblong,  striate  toward  the  micropylc  and 
pitted  at  the  other  end.     I'jidosperm  cojiious.     [An  ancient  name,  taken  from  Pliny.] 

.\   ni(>iiolyi)ic  (fctuis  of  tin-  c(i(iU-r  purtions  uf 
llu-  unrtli  teiiiperale  zone. 

I.   Calla  palustris  L.     Water  Anini. 

(  Fis.  SSo.  ) 

Ciillii  />(i/iis/n'.s  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  <)!'>•'.       l~r•^■ 

Petioles  4'-S'  long,  spreading  or  ascending. 
Blades  thick,  entire,  I'z'^A'  wide,  cuspidate  or 
abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  deeply  cordate  at 
the  base;  scape  as  long  as  the  ])etioles,  sheathed 
at  the  base;  rootstocks  covered  with  sheathing 
scales  and  with  fd)rous  roots  at  the  nodes; 
spathe  i'~2i,'  long  and  about  i'  wide,  with  an 
abruptly  acuminate  involute  apex;  spadi.x 
about  i'  long;  berries  red,  distinct,  few-seeded, 
forming  a  large  head  when  mature. 

In  bnfrs,  Xov.i  .Sciitia  to  MiiiiK-si)ta,  south  to  Vir 
(linia,  Wisconsin  and  Iowa.  .Vlso  in  luiropc  and 
.\sia.     May  Junu.      iMiiit  ripe  July.Vusir. 


4.   SPATHYEMA  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  (II.)  5 
[Symi'i.ocakits  Salisb.;  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  105. 


.S5 
i8kS.] 


A  fetid  herb,  with  large  ovate  cordate  leaves,  thick  straight  rootstocks  and  a  short  erect 
partly  underground  scai)e.  Spathe  swollen,  shell-like,  thick,  pointed,  completely  enclosing 
the  spadix.  Spadix  globose  or  oblong,  short-stalked,  entirely  covered  bv  the  perfect  flowers. 
Perianth  of  4  hooded  sepals.  Filaments  slightly  dilated;  anthers  2-cc'lled,  short,  extrorse, 
opeinng  longitudinally.  Ovary  nearly  buried  in  the  tissue  of  the  spadix,  i-celled  with  a  soli- 
tary suspended  anatropous  ovule.  Style  pyramidal,  4-sided,  thick,  elongated;  stigma  minute, 
licrries  immersed  in  the  spongy  axis  of  the  spadix,  becoming  adnatc  to  the  succulent  peri- 
anth in  ripening,  i -.seeded,  forming  large  heads.  Seeds  large.  Embryo  large,  flesh v;  endo- 
sperm none.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  spathe.] 

.\  monotypic  getuis  of  tastern  Xorlli  .\nierica  and  nortlicastern  Asia. 

I.  Spathyema  foetida  (  L. )  Ral".     vSkiink  Cabl)aKe.     (  ^'ii,^  SSi.) 

/>!  iHiiiiliiiiii  forlitlKiii  I.,  Sp.  IM.  (/)7.      175;,. 
Spallivriini  /o,ii\l,i  Kal'.  Med.  Kip.  1  II.  1  5:  ,^,s2.       iSaS 
S\  iiiftloiOi  fiis  /iHiithis  .Nutt.  (k'U.  I:  i(j6,       iSlS. 

Leaves  numerous,  in  large  crowns,  1°-^°  long,  often 
1°  wide,  strongly  nerved,  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex, 
thin,  entire,  their  petioles  deeply  channeled.  Koot- 
stock  thick,  descending,  terminating  in  whorls  of 
fleshy  fibers;  spathc  ])reccding  the  leaves,  erect,  3'-6' 
high,  i'-3'  in  diameter  at  the  base,  convolute,  firm; 
purple-brown  to  greenish  yellow,  often  mottled,  its 
short  scape  usually  subterranean,  .spadix  about  i'  in 
diameter  in  flower,  greatly  enlarging  and  sometimes 
6'  in  diameter  in  fruit;  mature  seeds  4"-6"  long. 

In  swamps  and  wet  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  ami 
Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and  Iowa.  Feb.-.\pril, 
I'niit  ripj  .\ug.  Sept. 


564 


AKACKAi:. 


5.  ORONTIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  324.       1753. 

A(|uatic  liert).>;,  with  thick  rootstocks  Imried  in  llif  imid,  obloiif^'-elliptic  nerved  leaves 
without  a  (hstincl  niidvein,  and  slender  terete  scapes  terminated  hv  a  cylindric  spadix. 
Spathe  enclosing  the  spadix  when  very  younj.;,  soon  parting  and  remaining  as  a  sheathing 
bract  at  its  base,  or  falling  away.  Mowers  perfect,  bright  yellow,  covering  the  whole 
spadix.  Sepals  (-6,  scale-like,  imbricated  upon  the  ovary  (lower  flowers  commonly  with  6, 
upper  with  4).  vStamens  as  many  as  the  sepals;  fdaments  linear,  wider  than  the  anthers, 
abruptly  narrowed  above;  anthers  small,  with  two  diverging  sacs  opening  by  obli(|ue  slits. 
Ovary  partly  imbedded  in  the  axis  of  tlie  spadix,  de])ressed,  obtusely  angled,  l-celled;  ovule 
solitary,  half-anatropous;  stigma  sessile.  I'rnit  a  green  utricle.  Ivndosperm  none;  embryo 
long-stalked.  [Ancient  name  of  some  water  ])lant,  said  to  be  from  the  Syrian  river 
Orontes.] 

A  munolypic  k'i'ius  of  laslcrn  Nurth  Ainirica, 

1.    Orontium    aquaticum    I^.      Goldcn-clul). 
( Fig.  SS2.  ) 

(>roiiliii)n  (iijiinliiini!  I,,  Sp.  I'l.  ,524.     175,1- 

Leaves  ascending  or  floating,  depending  on  the  depth 
of  water,  deep  dull  green  aljove,  pale  beneath,  the  blade 
,S'-I2'  long,  2'-5'  wide,  entire,  acute  or  ciisjiidate  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  ])etiole  4'-2o'  long. 
>Scape  6'-24'  long,  flattened  near  the  spadix;  spadix  i'-2' 
long,  ^"-A"  '"  diameter,  fre<|neiitly  attenuate  at  the 
summit,  mucli  thickened  in  fruit;  spathe  bract-like,  2'-4' 
long,  2-keeled  on  the  back;  usually  falling  away  early; 
utricle  depressed,  roughened  on  top  with  9  or  10  tubercles. 

In  swamps  an<l  ponds,  Massaclmsutls  to  c<-nlral  I'lnii- 
^ylvania,  sciutli  In  I'hirida  and  I,iiui>>iana,  niustly  near  tlii' 
eiiasl.  .Vscends  In  Jcon  It.  un  llu;  I'ncdiici  jjlaleau  nf  IViinsyl- 
vania.     .\pril   ^^ay. 

6.  ACORUS  I,.  Sp.  ri.  324.       1753. 

Ivrect  herbs,  with  very  long  horizontal  branched  rootstocks,  sword-shaped  leaves,  and  ;,- 
angled  scapes  keeled  on  the  back  and  channeled  in  front,  and  a  seemingly  lateral  cylindric 
spadix,  the  scape  appearing  as  if  extending  long  beyond  it,  but  this  upper  part  is  in  reality 
a  spathe.  Flowers  perfect,  densely  covering  tlie  whole  spadix.  Perianth  of  6  membranous 
concave  .sepals.  Stamens  6;  lilaments  flattened,  nnich  longer  than  the  anthers;  anthers  reni- 
form  or  sagittate,  2-celled,  the  cells  conlluent  at  maturity.  Ovary  oblong,  ;,  -4-celled  with 
2-.S  anatropons  ovules  in  each  cell;  stigma  sessile,  depressed-capitate.  I'Vuit  a  2-3-celled 
gelatinous  berry,  few-seeded,     blndosperm  copious.     [Name  ancient.] 

Two  known  siiecies,  tlie  I'nllnwinK  widely  ilislribiUed  in  the  nnvtli  liniperate  /one,  tlie  olliir 
Japanese, 

I.  Acorus  Calamus  L.     Sweet  Flag. 
Calaimis-roDt.     (Fig.  S,S3.  ) 

.\iiii  Its  Caltiiinis  I.,  vSp.  ri,  ,;j).     175.V 

Leaves  linear,  erect,  2°-6''  tall  and  i'  wide  or  less, 
sharp-pointed  and  sharp  edged,  with  a  ridged  mid- 
vein  running  their  whole  length,  2-ranked,  closely 
sheathing  each  other  and  the  scape  below.  vSpathe 
a  leaf-like  extension  of  the  scape  projecting  S'-,^/ 
beyond  the  spadix;  spadix  spike-like,  2'-^^'  long, 
about  ',2'  in  diameter,  compactly  covered  with 
minute  greenish-yellow  flowers. 

In  swamps  and  ahiUB  streams.  Nova  Scotia  to  On- 
tario and  Minnesota,  south  to  I.otiisiana  and  Kansas, 
.\lso  in  ICiirope  and  .Vsia,  In  our  territory  fruit  is 
rarely,  if  ever,  formed.  The  hard  ovary  is  usually 
found  to  he  imperfect,  with  2  or  t,  abortive  cells  and 
ovules.  The  plant  is  jiropaitaled  by  its  large  rootstocks, 
wliieli  furnish  the  druK  Calamus.  Interior  of  stalk 
sweet.     May  July, 


DrCKWEEl)   l-AMILV. 


365 


I'aniily  10.  LEMNACEAE  niiniort.  Fl.  I!d-,r.  147.  1827/'= 
I)rcK\vi;i:i>  1'amii.v. 
Minute  iiLTcnnial  floating  aciuatic  i)lants,  witliotit  leaves  or  witli  only  very 
rudinienlarv  ones.  The  plant  l)o(l\'  consists  of  a  (iisc-shajied  elon^^ated  or  irreg- 
ular thallus,  which  is  looselx'  cellular,  densely  chl()ro])hyllous  and  sometimes 
hears  one  or  more  rootlets.  The  vegetative  growth  is  by  lateral  hranching,  the 
branches  being  but  slighth'  connected  by  slender  stall.,-,  and  .soon  separating. 
In  the  autunni  these  disconnected  branches  fall  to  the  bottom  of  the  ditch  or 
jjond,  but  rise  and  again  increase  in  si/e  in  the  spring.  The  inflorescence  con- 
si.sts  of  one  or  more  naked  monoecious  flowers  borne  on  a  slight  lateral  promi- 
nence on  the  edge  or  U])]ier  surface  of  the  ])lant.  ICach  flower  connnonl\'  con- 
sists of  but  a  single  stamen  or  a  single  flask-sha])ed  ])istil.  The  anther  is  ])ro- 
\-i(le(l  with  two  to  four  pollen-sacs,  containing  spherical  niiiuitel\'  barbellate 
grains.  The  jiistil  is  gradually  narrowed  to  the  funnel-shajied  scar-like  stigmatic 
apex,  and  produces  1-6 erect  or  in\erted  ovules.    The  fruit  is  a  i-^-seeded  utricle. 

Till-  I'iiinily  Odiiiprist's  Uu'  siiiiilUst  iif  tlio  noucrintr  pliiiits  ;iim1  (.'(iiitaiiis  ;  ^it-iuni,  all  (if  wliioli 
lire  aiivtsuiiUil  ill  Nditli  .Xiiu-iica,  and  about  20  sptcics  of  wide  dislributiiiii. 
Tlialliis  proniiiRiUly  nerved;  wiUi  a  nuinbiancins  spallii-  and  a  cluster  (if  several  nidtlets;  ovules  2 

TlialUis  sli;ilitly  nerved;  with  a  nieinbranous  spatlie  and  a  siuifle  rootlet;  ovtili 
'riiallus  nerveless;  without  spatlie  or  rootlets;  ovule  1. 


I.  Sf>ii(Hiiia. 
1  (I.     2.   I.iiiiiia. 
},.    M'olffui. 


I.   SPIRODELA  Schleid.  Linnaea,  13:  391.       iS.v;. 

Thallus  disc-shaped,  7-i2-nerve(l.     The  hiteral  branches  subteiuled  by  a  single  bipartite 

basilar  rudinientar}' leaf.     Tlie  thinlv-capped  rootlets  as  well  as  tlie  nerves  are  provided 

with  a  single  bundle  of  vascular  tissue.     The  ovary  produces  two  anatropous  ovules.     I'ruit 

unknown.     [Oreek,  in  allusion  to  the  cluster  of  rootlets." 

Two  species,  the  followiiijr.  and  .S'.  i>lii;iirliizii,  a  native 
of  --outhern  .-\sia,  .\ustralia  and  the  I'iji  Islands. 

I.  Spirodela  polyrhiza  { L.  1  Schleid. 
(ireater  Duckweed.     (Fig.  SS4.  i 


l.t  niim  fii<lrrlii:a  I,.  ,Sp.  I'l.  ()"o.     17.XV 
Sfiiind, /ii  f>oI\ilii:ii  Schleid.  IJiniaea,  13:  ;io2. 


IS, ',9. 


Thallus  nmiid-obovate,  2"-^"  lon>(,  thick,  flat  and 
dark  green  above,  slightly  convex  and  pur])le  bencilb, 
palinately  5-11-nerved.  ICach  thallus  bears  a  central 
cluster  of  from  5-1 1  elongated  rootlets.  Rootcaj) 
pointed. 

Ill  rivers,  ixnids,  ])oolsaiid  shallow  lakes,  Xova  Scotia 
to  liritish  L'ohiiiiliia,  south  to  .South  Carolina,  Texas, 
iioitlierii  .Mexicoaud  Nevada  Widely  distriliuti-d  in  the 
( )1(1  World  and  in  tropical  .\iiicriea.  Seldom  collected  in 
flower, 

2,  LEMNA  L.  Sp.  PI. 

Thallus  disc-shaped,  usually  j)rovided  with  a  central  nerve  and  w  ith  or  without  two  or 
four  Literal  nerves.  Kach  thallus  produces  a  single  rootlet,  which  is  devoid  of  vascular  tis- 
sue and  is  coninionly  provided  with  a  thin  blunt  or  pointed  rootcap.  The  ovary  contains 
from  one  to  si.\  orthotropous  aiiiphitropous  or  anatropous  ovules.  Pruit  ovoid,  more  or  less 
ribbed.  Endosperm  in  one  or  three  layers.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  growth  of  these 
small  plants  in  swamps.] 

Seven  species,  in  teiii])erate  and  tropical  rcKions.  liesides  the  foUowiiiK  species,  Lemiia  An- 
i;iilfiiiis  is  a  native  of  Lower  lUtinta  and  J.i  iitiia  f>itiin\i>shi/a  has  been  found  in  .Xsia,  .\frica  and 
South  .\inerica. 

(.Ivule  I,  ampliitriipous  or  orthotropous;  endnspenn  in  three  layers. 
Thalli  of  two  kinds,  ovule  ainiiliitropous. 
Thalli  all  alike, 

Thallus  without  lateral  nerves;  ovule  orthotropous. 
Thallus  witli  lateral  nerves;  ovule  orthotropous. 
Thallus  with  lateral  nerves:  ovule  ani])hitropous. 
Ovules  2-f),  anatropous;  endosperm  in  one  layer. 


1.  /..  Irisiilca. 

2.  /.,  I\il(ii7'iana. 
^.  /.,  pii/>iisi//a. 

4.  /,.  ii/iiior. 

5,  /-.  fiihha. 


I 


*Te.\t  contributed  by  Mr.  Ehmcnii  V.  Suki.dox. 


366 


I.IvM.NACI'AIv. 


Lemna  trisulca  1,. 


Iv\-k'avc(l  Duckwceci.     Star  Duckwfcd. 
(Fig.  ,SS5.  ) 

l.ciiiiia  h  isiiliii  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  970.       17S.V 

Tliallus  lanceolate,  siibiiicrjTed  and  devoid  of  stoniata  in 
the  ])riniary  aciuatic  form,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  6"-9" 
long,  floating  and  provided  with  stoniata  in  the  later  tlowcr- 
ing  stage.  The  later  and  more  common  form  is  narrowed  at 
the  base  to  a  slender  stipe,  thin,  denticnlatc,  with  or  without 
rootlets,  and  slightly  .^-nerved.  vSeveral  individuals  often 
remain  connected,  so  as  to  form  a  chain-like  scries.  Root- 
cap  pointe<l;  fruit  symmetrical;  seed  deeply  i2-i,s-ribbed. 

Ill   (litclK'S.  ^.priiiijrs,   iKiiuls.  shallow   lakrs  and  sliiiii;hs,  Nova 
Scnti.i  Id  tlu-   I'acitic  Ooi-iiii,  smith  to  New  Jiiscy  and  New  Mex 
ici).     .Also  ill   IvuriipL-,  .\sia.  .M'ric.-i  and  Australia.     July-.VuKiist. 


2.    Lemna  Valdiviana  Pliilip]ii 

wcL'd.      (  iMg.  ,S,S6.  ) 


\'al(livia   Diick- 


I.emmi  Wildiinana  V\\\\\\t\>\.  I.innata.  33:  2V).     1S64. 

Tliallus  oblong-elliptical,  r'-i'i"  long,  thin,  subfalcatc 
and  shortly  stalked  at  the  base,  provided  with  numerous 
stoniata,  e.xcept  on  the  borders,  nerveless;  rootcap  short  and 
blunt;  spathe  renifonn;  fruit  ovoid-oblong,  unsynimetrical; 
seed  prominently  ao-ribbed. 

Ill  pools  and  rivers,  soutluTii  New  York  and  New  Jersey  and 
southward,  west  to  Califuriiia.  Arizona  and  New  Me.xico.  .\!si) 
ill  South  America.     June  July. 


3.  Lemna  perpusilla  Torr.     Mimitc  Dtickwood. 

(  Fig.  SSy.  ) 

J.rnnia  f^i  I /^iiM'/la  'I'mv.  I'l.  N.  V.  2:  2(5,      iS)v 

Tliallus  small,  1"- i  '■"  long,  obovate,  often  ])ur])li.sl.  tinged 
beneath,  unsynimetrical  and  abruptly  uairowcil  to  a  very  short 
stalk,  provided  throughout  with  numerous  stoniata,  more  or 
less  3-nerved;  rootcap  pointed;  fruit  ovoid;  seed  40-60-ribbed. 

Ill  ponds,  rivers,  springs  and  lakes.  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to 
Minnesota,  Ni!iniska  aiul  Jlissouri.     Jiiiie-Julv. 


4.   Lemna  minor  L.     Ia-s.-^ct  Duckweed.    (Fig.  SS.S. ) 

I.oniia  iiihioi   I,.  Sp.  I'l.  070.       1753, 

Tliallus  obovate  or  subcircular,  i  "-3"  long,  thickish,  rarely 
reddish  or  purplish  tinged,  short-stalked  when  young,  pro- 
vided throughout  with  .stomata,  obscurely  3-nerved,  very  rarelv 
4-5-nervcd.  Rootcap  obtuse  or  subtrnncate.  l^'ruit  symmelri- 
cal,  subturbinate.  Seed  with  a  prominent  protruding  hilum, 
deeply  and  nncciually  12-15-ribbed. 

In  ponds,  lakes  and  slajfuaul  waters,  tlirouKliout  North  America 
below  .sS^""  N.  lal.  .Vlso  ill  Phirope,  .\sia.  Africa  and  .Yustralia. 
Suininer. 


DrCKWI'M)    I-AM[I,V. 

5.    Lemna  gibba  L.      (',i,,;).)iis  Duckweed. 
(Fix;.  HScj.) 

l.t')iiii(i  ,i;ihha  I,.  S]).  I'l,  '1711.     175,^. 

Tliallus  slij,'litly  unsyiiuiietrical,  obovate  or  slioit-oliovalc, 
I  ',"  3"  loiij,',  tliickisli  or  more  or  less  stron};ly  ).;ibl)ous  he- 
iicalh,  short-stalked  wlieii  youiii,',  soon  separating,  provided 
with  stomata  which  are  sparse  beneath,  obscurelv  3  5-iierved; 
rootcap  mostly  short-pointed,  rarely  long-pointed  or  obtuse; 
fruit  symmetrical;  seed  thick,  deeply  and  uiiefjually  rili1)ed. 

In  jjondsaiiil  rivt'rs,  Xi'braska,  Texas,  Ari/ona  ami  Calil'dniiii. 
Also  m  Mexico,  lundpe,  Asia,  Africa  and  Australia.     June  Jul>. 


3.   WOLFFIA  Horkcl;  Sclilcid.  I.innac: 


■•"^.V). 


13:    ."r'ii)- 

Tliallus  small,  glolwsc,  ovoid-oblong,  suljcyliiulric  or  irregular,  rootless,  nerveles>  and 
leafless.  The  vegetative  growth  is  from  a  cleft  near  one  end  of  the  plant,  the  branch  being 
mostly  sessile  and  soon  detached.  Tlie  ovary  contains  cue  orthotro])ous  ovule.  I" ruit  spher- 
ical or  short  ovate,  smooth.  Ivndosperni  in  a  single  layer.  [Name  in  honor  of  Nath.  Matlh. 
V.  Wolff,  i724-i7,S4,  Polish  physician  and  naturalist.] 

niostlv 


.\   genus  (if 
Mexican  siiecie^ 


I2_specus,  mostly  in  tropical  and   sublnipie.il   renions.     The  rollouin.tr  and   Uvi 
//'.  liiiiiiiltilii  and  ]!'.  L;ltiili\il,i.  comprise  all  the  knuwii  X.iiUi  .VnKrican  l'niiii~. 


I.  Wolffia  Columbiana   K.irsl.     Colunihi:! 
Wolflla.      (  V'vr.  ,S()().  I 

ll'dl/ha  i'oliiiiihiiiiiit  Karst,   I!ot.  TiUers.  I:  in:,.       \iCi=,  (>-. 

Thalhis  sphefical  or  subelliiisoidal  '  ■"--^' /' long,  with 
a  limited  nundjcr  of  stomata  1  i  to  61,  loosely  cellular  and 
clear  green  tlironghout,  not  dotted  nor  gibbous. 

ITiiatiiig  as  minute  alija-like  grains  just  beneath  the  sur- 
face of  llie  water  in  sta),Miant  ponds,  pools  and  shallow  lakes, 
( )ntario  to  Connecticut  .and  Xew  Jersey,  west  to  Minnesota 
and  Missouri,  south  to  Louisiana.  Also  in  Mexico  an<l  .Soutli 
.\meriea.     Juni'  \\\\y. 


2.  Wolffia   Brasiliensis  Wedd.     P.ra/.il 
W'oliTia.      (  I'"ig'.  Sy I.  ) 

irn/f/iii  /,'l,lsi/l,■ll.u.^<\\\■^\l^.  Ann.  ,Sci.  Xat.  1  111.  1  12:  170.     iSj(|. 

Tliallus  oblong,  smaller  than  the  last,  '+"-';"  long, 
llattish,  densely  cellular,  with  numerous  stomata  and 
dark  green  above,  gibbous,  more  loosely  cellular,  with 
fewer  stomata  and  paler  beneath;  brown-dotted  through- 
out with  miiuite  ])igment  cells. 

I'loatiuK  on  the  surface  ol"  stannant  waters,  Ontario,  Con- 
necticut to  Xew  Jersey,  west  to  Minnesota  and  Mi>soini, 
'      til  to  Louisiana.     .Also  ill  lira/il.     Jnue  July. 


■'ill:L^^:/^:,>.. 


I'aiiiily  II.  MAYACACEAE  Walj).  Ann.  ;,:  662.      1S53. 

I\I.\V.\C.\    I'AMII.V. 

vSlciidcr  Imuicliiug;  aiiuatic  nioss-likt-  ht-rlis,  with  linear  sessile  i-iierved  entire 
soft  leaves,  notched  at  tiie  ai)ex.  Flowers  .solitary,  j)eduncled,  while,  jierfect, 
and  regular,  the  peduncles  Imicted  at  the  l)ase.  Perianth  i)^'rsistent,  consisting 
of  3  lancclate  green  herbaceous  sepals  and  3  ohovate  white  spreading  petals. 
.Stamens  3,  hypogynous,  alternate  with  the  petals;  filaments  filiform;  anthers 

24 


3r,s 


MAVACACHAi:. 


()1)lonjif,  soiiiLwhal  4-'^i(li.'il.  2-CL-lk'cl.  Ovary  suiK'rior,  sessik',  i-cvllal  witli  ,^ 
]>arit'lal  jilaocntac;  ovuk-s  several  or  luniR-roiis,  ortliotrojious;  slvlu  filiforin; 
stigmas  terminal,  entire  >ir  with  ;,  short  lohes.  Ca])siile  i -celled,  ;,-valve(l. 
Seeds  ovoid  or  j;lol)ose,  the  testa  reticulated;  enil)r>()  at  the  apex  of  tile  mealy 
entlos]K-rm. 

The  f.-imily  cini-iists  nf  ihv  I'nllowiiis  ^;^■lUls: 


I.    MAYACA  Anbl.  PI.  Ouiaii. 


i: 


1:42.       •/,. 
Cliaracters  of  the  family.     [.Xljoriginal  name  of  these  plants  in  Guiana.] 

.Miiiut  7  spii'iis  .111.'  kiidwii,  all  iiativts  of  warm 
and  tinjiiial  Aimrica.  Oiilv  Uk-  fulldwinu  "ccurs  in 
the  I'nitfd  .Sl.ites. 


I.    Mayaca  Aubleti  Michx.     Mayaca. 

(Fig.  S92. ) 

Jfil\-(!i(i  .\iihliii  Mii'lix.  1"1.  liiir.  .\ni.  ::  36.      iSo.i. 
JfiDiUi!  J/ii/uni  1  //  SchdU  iN:  l-jull.  Melet.  i:  2|.    iS.p. 

Stems  tufted,  3'-i5'  long,  usually  httle 
branched.  Leaves  densely  clothing  the  stem  and 
widely  speading,  linear-lanceolate,  transhicent, 
2" -3"  long,  about  '\"  wide;  peduncles  i"-b" 
long,  very  slender,  recurved  in  fruit;  (lowers  3"- 
4"  broad,  a.Killarj-,  but  borne  near  the  ends  of 
branches,  lateral,  rarely  more  than  one  on  each 
branch;  cajjsule  oblong-oval,  about  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  tipped  until  dehiscence  by  the  subulate 
style. 

Ill  fre^h  water  ivxjlsaiul  streams,  simtheastern  Vir- 
Kiiiiii  lo  I'liiridii  and  'I'exas.     May  July. 


Fcunilv  12. 


?ss. 


IS36. 


XYRIDACEAii:  Lindl.  Xat.  Syst.  Ivl.  2, 
Via.i.owKVKi)  Gk.vss  1'amii.v. 
Perennial  or  aiintial  tufted  herbs  with  basal  narrow  eniiitant  commonl\- 
2-ranked  lea\-es,  and  erect  simple  leafless  scai)es,  I'lowers  ])erfect,  mostly  \el- 
low,  nearly  or  (piite  regidar,  .solitar\-  and  sessile  in  the  axils  of  coriaceous  iml)ri- 
cated  bracts  ( .scales ),  forming  terminal  o\-oid  globose  or  cylindric  heads.  Sepals 
3,  the  two  lateral  ones  small,  keeled,  persistent,  the  other  one  larger,  membran- 
ous (wanting  in  the  South  American  genus  .\bolhoda).  Coix>lla  inferior,  with 
a  narrow  tube  and  3  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  3,  in.serted  on  the  corolla,  tisually 
alteniatin.g  with  as  many  jiUmiose  or  bearded  staminodia.  ( )\-ary  sessile,  i  -celled 
or  incompletely  3-celled;  oxiiles  numerous  or  few,  on  3  ])arietal  ])lacentae,  ortho- 
tropous;  style  terminal  (unappendaged  in  AV/vV,  in  .Iholboda  aiij)endaged  at  the 
ba.se),  3-branched  above;  stigmas  apical.  Fruit  an  oblong  3-valved  capsule. 
Seed-coat  longitudinally  striate.  Fjnbryo  iqiical.  luidosperm  mealy  or  some- 
what fleshy. 

Two  (reiiera,  .\'r/7,v  I,,  and   AhDlbodtx  M.  N:  1!..  comprising  some  60  species,  nmslly  nf  tropical 
(listribuliuii  in  both  the  did  Wnrld  and  the  New. 

I.    XYRIS  L.  vSp.  PI.  42.       1753. 

Characters  of  the  family  a.s  given  above.     [Greek  name  for  some  plant  with  2-edged 
leaves.] 

Iksidcs  the  fdlldwinn  species  there  are  some  9  others  in  the 
Lateral  sepals  wingless,  the  keel  fringed  with  shoil  hairs.  1 

Lateral  sepals  winsed,  tlie  keel  fimbriate  or  lacerate. 

•Scapes  nut  bulbous  thickened  at  the  base;  leaves  flat  or  but  slightly  twisted. 
Lateral  sepals  about  as  long  as  the  bracts,  their  keels  lacerate. 

Head  oblong,  I '."-3"  long;  northern.  2 

Head  oval  or  ovoid,  3"-8"  long:  soutliern. 

Keel  of  lateral  sepals  lacerate  to  below  the  middle.  3.  X.  communis. 

Keel  of  lacerate  sepals  lacerate  only  above  the  middle.  4.  A'.  Carol  in  iana. 

Lateral  sepals  longer  tlian  the  bracts,  their  keels  long-finibriate.  ,s.  .\'.Jiiiil»iala. 

Scapes  consijicuously  bulbous-thickened  at  the  base;  leaves  spirally  twisted.  6.  A',  lorla. 


.outhern  I'nited  States. 


X.  /It  \  nosd. 


X.  »i  on  I  ana. 


vHLLow  i;vi;d  grass  i'amii.v.  3^9 

I.    Xyris  flexuosa  Muhl.     Sleiukr  Vellow-cved  C.rass.     (Fij,rS93) 

Xyris  tU'xiiosti  JIulil.  Cat.  5.      iSi-;. 

vScapes  slender,  straif,'lil  or  soinetiiiies  slijjlilly 
twisted,  4'-i.S'  tall,  2-edj,'fd  above,  bulbous-thickened 
at  the  base.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat  or  beconiinj,' 
twisted  when  old,  i'-6'  long,  ;^"-i  <,"  wide;  head  glo- 
bose, or  short-oblong,  obtuse,  ,^"-4"  high;  bracts 
broadly  oval  or  slightly  obovatc,  entire  or  somewhat 
lacerate  at  the  apex;  lateral  sepals  linear,  about  as  long 
as  the  bracts,  curved,  finely  fringed  with  short  hairs 
on  the  wingless  keel;  expanded  flowers  3"-4"  broad. 

In  swaniiis  and  boss.  Ataiiie  to  Miiiii(.si)tii,  miulli  tci 
(.n.rKia  ;inil  Texas.     July  Stpt. 


Xyris  montana  H.  Rit-.s.      Northern 
VellDw-c-yed  (iras.s.      (Fig.  S94. ) 


//rill, Kill  var.  /}ii.u'//a  A.  Cray 
-Not  .\',  piisilhi  R.  Hr,  i.Sio.  " 


.\jr/.v 

'  I  M'l; 

.\J7  /.(  iiionlana  H.  ki 


.^rau.  ICd. 
Hull.  Torr.  Club,  19:  3S. 


i.  ,S4S. 
1S92. 


Scapes  very  sleiuler,  straight  or  slightly  twisted, 
2edgcd  above,  2'-i2'  tall,  not  bulbous-thickened  at 
the  base.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  i'-6'long,  ji"-i" 
wide,  not  at  all  twisted  or  but  very  slightly  so;  head 
oblong  or  ovoid,  subacute,  i,'<"-3"  long;  bracts  oval 
or  obovatc,  rounded  and  finely  lacerate  at  the  apex; 
lateral  sepals  linear,  irregularly  serrate-fiuibriate  on 
the  winged  keel  above  the  middle,  about  as  long  as 
the  bracts. 

In  bciKS,  Nova  Sccilia  Ici  Ontario  .inil  ^ticliiifan,  south 
to  the  I'ocono  :\rountaiiis  of  I'cnnsvlvania  and  to  Xcw 
Jermy.  Our  only  sptcics  occurring  on  nioutUains.  Tulv- 
Au(f.  •" 


3-    Xyris  communis  Kuntli.     Soutlierii  Vdlow-eyed  Grass.     (Fig.  895.) 


Xvri 


.V  coiiniiiiiiis 


Kuntli,  ICiunn.  4:  12.      iS)  5. 


Xyris  ililforiiiis  Cliapni.  I'M.  .S.  .States, 


500.       1S60. 


Scapes  slender,  slightly  twisted,  2-edged  above, 
I -edged  below,  not  thickened  at  the  base,  6'- 18' 
tall.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  flat,  5'-io' 
long,  i"-4"  wide;  head  ovoid,  or  subglobose,  blunt 
or  subacute,  about  ;;.'  long;  scales  ovate  or  oval, 
mostly  entire;  lateral  sepals  lanceolate,  the  winged 
keel  fimbriate  from  the  apex  to  below  the  middle; 
corolla-lobes  obovate,  2"-^"  long. 

In  bogs,  JFaryland  to  I'lorida  and  Louisiana.  Widely 
distributed  in  tropical  .\nierica.    June  .\ug. 


370  xvrii).\ci:ai:. 

4.    Xyris  Caroliniana   Walt.     Can )lina  VcUow-cycd  Crass.     (  I-i.i;.  S9'). ) 

.\'i  //.^  Ciiioliiiiiiiiii  W.ilt.  I'l   C;ir  i'»).      I7^s. 
.\\i  is  liif^iuai  Miilix.  I"l,  llni.  Am.  I;  2.;.       isn,-,, 
.\i  /;>  i-!ald  C'liiiiiiii,  IM.  ,S,  Sliiti-s,  501.      iSiJo. 

Si'HiK's  iiKisUv  sk'iuk'r,  slraiKlit  or  somewhat 
twisted,  2  imIkiiI  above,  I  '-2  tall,  in  it  tliickciicd  at 
the  base.  Leaves  linear  or  liiiear-laiiceolatc,  llat, 
4'  15'  long,  1"  5"  wide,  head  globose,  ovoid  or 
broadly  oval,  blunt,  4"-.S"  long;  scales  oval  or 
slightly  obovate,  entire  or  somewhat  lacerate;  lat- 
eral sepals  linear,  about  as  long  as  the  bracts,  the 
narrowlv  winged  keel  lacerate  or  iucised-serrate 
onlv  above  the  middle. 

Ill  swamps  and  bog^,  .Massachuselts  to  I'ennsytvania, 
IMoiida  and  Louisiana,  mostly  n.av  tile  coast.  Voun« 
states  of  llii>  iilant  may  lie  nii-lakcn  lor  .\.  inoiilaihi. 
June  .\uu. 


5.    Xyris  fimbriata  I'",n.      ImIuolmI  Yellow- 
eyed  (ii'a^.s.      (  V\^.  Si)7.  ) 

Xyris fiiiihiiala  I'll.  bol.  S.  C.  ^;  t'.a,  i:  .^2.         -i'>. 

Scapes  rather  stout,  roughish,  straight  or  some- 
what twisted,  strongly  2-cdged  above,  2"-.i^  high. 
Leaves  llat,  one-hall"  as  long  as  the  scapes  or  more, 
_:i"-6"wide;  head  oblong-cylindric,  i,'-i'longor 
sometimes  globose-ovoid  and  about  >^ '  in  diameter; 
scales  obovate,  their  margins  entire  or  the  apex 
lacerate;  lateral  scjjals  longer  than  the  bracts,  e\- 
sertcd,  long-fringed  on  the  winged  keel  above  the 
middle. 

In  wet  pine  barrens.  soiillK-rn  New  .lersey  to  I'lorida 
and  Mississippi,  mostly  near  tlie  eoa^t.     Jidy  .Sipl. 


6.    Xyris  torta  J.  1',.  Siiiit 


Twisted  Yellow-eyed  Grass.      ( l''ig'.  Sy."^.) 

.\l 77.1  /,.//./  J.  ]■',.  .Smith  in  Kee-.'  Cyel.       iSio. 

Scapes  stout,  much  spirally  twisted,  i-cdged  be- 
low, or  2edged  at  the  summit,  smooth  or  very 
nearly  so,  the  base  conspicuously  bulbous-thick- 
ened and  with  the  sheathing  leaves  sometimes  i' 
in  diameter.  Leaves  narrowly  linear  from  a  broad 
shining  nearly  black  base,  rigid,  rather  shorter 
than  the  scapes,  .spirally  twisted  i  very  markedly  so 
when  old);  head  oblong  or  oblong-cylindric,  acute 
or  subacute,  'j'  i'  long;  bracts  oblong-obovate, 
7  minutely  laceratc-serrulatc  at  the  ape.x  or  eniire; 
lateral  sepals  linear,  exsertcd,  the  winged  keel 
fringed  with  rather  short  processes  above  the 
middle. 

In  (Irvpine  barrens,  souUieru  New  Jersey  to  I'lurid.i, 
west  lo'Texas,  luoslly  ne.ii  tile  coast.  e.xteiuliiiK  north 
to  .\rkansas  (according  Ui  Watson  and  Coulter  '.  May- 
-Xuij. 


■ 


ririAVORT    I'AMII.V. 


371 


I'aiiiilv  i;v  ERIOCAULACEAE   Lindl.  \\-.  Killed.  122.       1S47. 

I'lri.WDUT  I'amii.s'. 

I'pii.i;  <ir  a(|ii;ilii.-  lierhs,  jifi\niiial  (iv  ])v-rliaiis  soiiiclinics  annual,  with  t'lbnnis 
ni<)~-ll\  knotted  or  >i)on<;\  roots,  luttfd  j,;rass-likc  hasal  l(.a\-<js,  and  monoecious 
(  androi,r\  nous  I  o(.vasionall\'  dioecious  \cr\'  small  llowcrs,  in  terminal  solitar\' 
heads,  on  lon,tj  slender  scapes.  Head  ot"  tlowers  inxolucrate  liv  bracts,  each 
flower  home  in  the  a.xil  of  a  scarious  .scale.  Perianth  of  2  series  of  se;;nients  or 
rarel,*-  of  one  series.  Stamens  in  the  staminate  flowers  as  man\  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  se]ials.  Ovary  :!-,vcelled.  ()\-ules  2  or  t,.  l'"ruil  a  2-;,-celled, 
2-,vseeded  capsule.  locidicidall\'  dehiscent.  Seeds  i)endidous,  orthotropoits; 
endosiK-rm  farinaceous. 

six  KiiUTii  iiiid  al)iiiil  U"  spirits.  wiiU  ly  dir-liibiUid  in  wwriii  iiiid  Uoiiital  Uffidii--,  ii  lew  i\- 
t(  tiding  into  tlii.-  UiiiiKtiiti-  /(iius.     Tin-  taiiiiiy  is  must  at)Uiid;iiUly  rnnisinti'd  in  .Soiitli  .\tni  riiM. 

rnianlli  nf  j  --iriis  uf  sinnu  nts;  -(p.-ds  and  i>it;il-^  .'  i>r  ,v  •^taniiiis  di-linct:  anthers  j  i-illi-d. 

St.inuii--  luicc  a-  many  as  tlu'  inner  liriianUi  seununls  iiutalsl.  i.    /.'i  I'md  i{/oii. 

Stann  ns  a-  m.iny  a-  tin   innir  jn  riaiitli  -(linuiils.  -'.   I>ii/;il],t. 

I'nianlli  -ini]iU'.  dl'  ;  scijiiunls  '  sepals  i;  stamens  ;.  mnnadilplnms  belnw;  antlurs  i  <-(lled. 

;.    I.iit  hiiiHitKlnii. 


I.    ERIOCAULON   I,.  Sp.  I'l.  S7. 


/.s,v 


Acaiik'scunt  or  very  short  stciiniicd  herbs,  the  scapes  erect,  or  when  iiniiKrsed  delicate, 
anmilar,  with  a  lonj^  shcatliiiij;  bract  at  llie  l)ase.  Leaves  mostly  short,  spreadiii;,',  aciiiiiiiiate, 
l).uallcliicrve(l.  Head  of  flowers  woolly,  wliilc,  lead-colored  or  nearly  black.  Staminate 
flowers:  Outer  periaiith-sej,'inents  2  or  ,v  distinct  or  sometimes  connate,  the  inner  united  be- 
low into  a  tube,  alternate  with  the  outer  ones,  each  with  a  minute  sjiol  or  uland  near  its  mid- 
dle or  ajiex;  stamens  mostly  |  6,  one  o])|)(isite  each  ])eriatUh-sc).;ment,  the  filaments  of  those 
iipjiositc  the  inner  sej;mciits  the  lonj^er;  jiistil  small,  rudimentary  or  none.  I'istillatc  flowers: 
( Inter  perianth-seijnicnts  as  in  tlie  staminate  flowers,  the  iiuier  indistinct,  n.irrow;  stamens 
w.'intinx:  ovary  sessile  or  stalked;  style  columnar  or  filiform,  stigmas  2  or  ,^  filifortn.  I'ruil 
a  thin-walled  capsule.  .Seeds  oval,  covered  with  mintitc  processes.  Itlreek,  in  allusion  to 
the  wool  at  the  base  uf  the  scape  in  some  species.] 

.\l)iput  1  ici  s]n  ciis.  (if  viry  wide  iteoiirapliie  distriliutinn  in  tmpieal  and  warm  n  ^;ii>ns.  besides 
tlie  I'lilluwinK.  ,;  iillurs  neeur  in  tlie  Sdnlliern  Inited  States,  and  ^  in  Mevien. 

I.eaf  bh'dis  as  Inn^r  as  tlie  slieatlis,  eoar-tly  ;  s  I'l-nestrate  nerved:  si-apis  7  anj;led:  In, ids  2"  \'  in 
diame  er.  1.   /■'.  <i/</iiiiL;ii/iiif. 

I. eat  blades  slmrlir  than  llie  ^heaths,  fbu  ly  ii  jo-leneslrate  nerved:  scapes  in  i^ani^led,  heads 
i"   (>"    n  diameter.  j.    /■'..,  mil fii<'ssi(lil. 

Leaf  bla  les  nuu'h  Iminer  than  the  --lieath-.  Ilnely  Im  511  nerved;  scapes  in  il-an(;led:  heads  .|"  S" 
in  diameter.  ;.   /•;.  ilrniiitiiiliirr. 


1.  ) 


I.    Eriocaulon  septangulare  With. 

With,  licit.  .\rr.  rail.  I'l. 


I'.l  iihlllllilll   ,Sr  /t/tliti;  lllill 

177(1. 

.\'a.siii\//iiii  III  /ii  ii/ii/ii  lliids.  I'l.  .\n^l.  ICil.  .'.  (15.    177s. 
/Ci  iih<ni!i>ii  III  Ii,  iiliilKiii  .Mnnms;,  linll.  Tnrr.  Clnh.  iS: 
,vs,v       is,,i. 

Stem  a  mere  crown.  I.eaf-blades  pellucid.  ,1-*''- 
feiKstrate-ncrved,  /i'-.i'  lonjr,  usually  iis  Ioujl;  as 
the  sheaths;  scapes  weak,  twisted,  about  7an,i.;Ieil, 
smootli,  I'-S'  tall,  or  when  submersed  sometimes 
4'"-iri''  long;  itivolucral  bracts  glabrous,  or  the 
innermost  bearded  at  the  apex,  oblong,  usually 
shorter  than  the  flowers;  marginal  flowers  usually 
staminate;  scales  of  the  receptacle  spatulatc  or  ob- 
ov.ite,  abrnpllj-  piiintcd,  brown  above,  vvhite-wooUv; 
staminate  flowers  about  1  3*  "high;  pistillate  flowers 
scarcely  more  than  half  as  large;  perianth-segments 
of  both  kinds  of  flowers  white-bearded. 


vSeveii-anj. 


led  Pijiewort.      (  I'"ii;'.  '^'iM. 


In  still  water  1 
and  Minnesiila, 
western  I-Uirnpe. 


i\-  on  shdiis.  Xewl'iiiiiidland  tci  Out.irio 
-oulli  to  I'Icirida  and  Texas,     .\lsii  in 
Julv-Oet. 


Text  contributed  bv  the  late  Rev.  Tuomas  Mokonh 


:  I'RIOCAri.ACI'AI'. 

2.    Eriocaulon  compressum  I/mi.      l-laUciKil  ripLUori. 


/■.'l  iili  illl/'ill    (I'lllfil  (WSIIIII     I, Mill 

17"-'). 


(  Imj;-.  (/jo.  ) 
ICiuyil    3    . 


/■;;  /. 

2: 


hitiilmi  L,'ii<i/>//ii/<i</i'.\  Mit'lix.    I'l.    Ilni. 
11)5-       t^'lV 


Am. 


I,c:i  fill  Allies  6  2<i-fciR'SlraU'-tKTvecl,  usually 
shorter  than  the  sheaths  and  tapcrinj^  to  a 
Idiij,'  sharp  point,  rinid,  or  when  submersed 
thin  and  i)elluciil.  Stem  a  mere  crown; 
seajjes  6'-,^°  tall;  smooth,  llatteiud  when 
dry.  I II- 1 2-a Hilled:  iuvoliiiMal  brat-ts  rounded, 
obtuse,  searious,  shining,  smooth,  imbric.ited 
in  3  or  4  series;  heads  i"-6"  in  dianietei, 
rre(iueiitly  dioecious;  receptacle  ^liibrous; 
dowers  I 'i""2"  high,  otherwise  similar  to 
those  of  the  precediii^^  S])ecies. 

In  >lill  sliallow  water,  sdutlurii  New  Jersey  tn 
I'lnrida  and  Tln.is.  .\  Is.  i  in  Cuba.  .\l  llnwi  liny 
tiiiu  tlu'  slyk-^  and  stiyluas  .ire  liuu'li  ix-iitL-d, 
^taiidiiinabiive  tile  heads  liki'  ]ir(ijieliliK  llnead>. 
Jlav  I  let. 


3.    Eriocaulon  decangulare  I,.     Tcii-;i 


ipcwort.     (  I'ii^ 


jCi  ioiuiiioii  (fiiiiiij^  ii/iii  <  I,,  .sj).  ri. 


ir.Vv 


Stems  sliort  and  thick,  i'-2'lon<^.  Leaf  blades 
finely  many-nerved,  taperinj.;  to  a  blunt  point, 
6'-2o'  long,  2" -S"  wide,  usually  much  longer 
than  the  sheaths;  scapes  stout,  rigid,  glabrous, 
lo-14-angled,  1°-;,^  tall;  heads  .|"-.S"  in  diam- 
eter; involucral  bracts  ovate,  often  eroded, 
denticulate  at  the  ajjex  and  pubescent  below, 
imbricated  in  4  or,s  series;  receptacle  puliesceiit 
with  many-celled  hairs;  liowers  2"  high,  densely 
woolly  at  the  base;  scales  longer  than  the 
flowers,  acute,  whitc-bcardcd;  as  are  the  spatu- 
latc  perianth-segments. 


In   swamps,  sniillKru    N'lw  Jersey  and   I'eiiii^yl- 
vania  to  I'lnrida  and  Texas.     .Msu  in  Cuba.     June 
Oct. 


2.    DUPATYA  Veil.  Fl.  Fluni.  35.       1S25. 

[I'.\i;i'.\i.ANTiius  iSIart.  Nov.  Act.  Lcoj).  17:  Part  i,  10.       i\V'] 

rerennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs,  our  species  with  the  habit  of  /■'iio(itii/i»i.  Stems  very 
short.  Leaves  awl-shaped,  tufted.  Scapes  slender,  several-angled,  erect,  twisted  in  growth, 
sheathed  at  the  base  by  a  long  acute  bract.  I'lowers  androgynous,  in  globular  or  hemi- 
spheric heads,  each  in  the  a.xil  of  a  scale  or  the  scales  sometimes  obsolete.  Involucral 
bracts  imbricated  in  3  or  4  scries.  Perianth  of  2  .series,  each  of  2  or  3  segments  in  the  stami- 
nate  flowers,  the  outer  segments  distinct,  the  inner  connate;  stamens  2  o;-  3,  inserted  on  the 
inner  perianth  and  opposite  its  lobes.  Pistillate  flowers  with  the  outer  segments  distinct, 
the  inner  often  connate  al)ove  the  2-cclled,  2-3-ovuled  ovary;  style  cleft  into  2  or  3  entire  or 
2-cleft  stigmas.  Pruit  a  2-3-celled,  2-3-seeded  capsule,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  [Name  in 
honor  of  Diipaty.'] 

About  21, s  species,  mostly  natives  of  tropical  .\iiierica.  Only  the  folliiwiuH:  is  known  in  llic 
t'nited  .States. 


) 

Am. 

uallv 

to  a 

eised 

rnwu; 

whrll 

idcd. 

catfcl 

k-Ilt, 

)rous; 

ai-  to 

Sl-Vln 

, 

■iriiiy 

rilM'.WORT    I'AMII.V. 


373 


I.    Dupatya  flavidula  (  Miclix.  )  Kinit/.L-.     I)u])alya.      rpiir.  ')i>^. ) 

i'.i  iihiiiilnH  lla^'idiilniii  I'l.  Hoi.  Am.  i;  lOi..      i.Sii,^, 
J\iif>alaiilhiis  itaridiitiis  Kuiilli,  linuiii.  3;  5.^2.      i~|i 
lhif<:il\ii  thti-idiihi  Kmilzc.  Ki-v.  (iiii.  I'l.  7.(1.     i.sc^i. 

Leaves 3-,s-m.rvLil,  1 '  2'  loiiK.  awl-shaiiL'd,  woolly 
at  the  base,  {{labroiis  or  S])aiiiij;ly  j)iil)tsfciit  above. 
vScapes  iiuiiieroiis,  ^-aiij^lcil,  pubescent,  4'  12'  lii.uli; 
sluatlis  loii)4er  than  the  leaves,  slij^htly  inflated 
above,  pubcseeiit;  involucral  bracts  straw-colored, 
glabrous,  obtuse,  oval,  shining,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent at  the  base;  rccejitaelcs  glabrous  or  slightly 
pubi'scciit;  scales  very  thin,  scarious-white,  linear, 
slightly  pubescent,  about  as  long  as  the  (lowers; 
llowers  about  1  '4  "  high;  perianth  (i-parted;  outer 
perianth  of  the  staniinate  llowers  stalked,  woolly, 
the  inner  a  canipanulate  tube  with  _^  stamens;  ])is- 
tillate  llowers  with  both  sets  of  perianth-segments 
distinct,  the  inner  nuich  narrower  than  the  outer; 
style  3-parted;  stigmas  ;,. 

Ill  ninist  piiU'  barrens,  sciullurii  Virginia  to  I''li>ii(l,i. 
JIaivli  July. 

3.    LACHNOCAULON   KuiUli,  luimii.  3:  4,;;.       i,S4i. 

Tufted  herljs  with  the  hal)it  of  I'.riocauhni.  the  leaves  linear.  ,Scape  several-angled, 
sheathed  at  tlie  base  by  an  entire  bract  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  heads  globose.  Rece])- 
tacle  pilose.  I'lowers  androgynous.  Perianth  of  3  segments.  .Staniinate  llowers  with  3 
stamens  united  below  into  a  thickened  lube  which  is  coalcsccnt  with  a  bod)-,  variously  re- 
garded as  a  corolla  or  as  a  rudimentary  pistil,  bearing  at  its  ajiex  3  fimbriate  or  entire  loberi 
alternate  with  the  filaments;  anthers  i-celled,  minute.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  sessile  3- 
cellcd,  3-ovule(l  ovary  surrounded  by  copious  woolly  hairs  at  the  base;  styles  united  below , 
spreading  above  into  3  divisions  which  are  2-))arted,  there  being  thus  6  stigmas,  [(ireek, 
referring  to  the  woolly  scapes  of  some  species.] 

I'uur  kiuiwii  ^.pecies,  natives  ol'  the  suutlieni  liiiti-d  .Stiiles. 

I.    Lachnocaulon  anceps  (Walt.)   Moron^-.     Hairy  PipLWorl.     (  Im.^'.  903.) 

/•li  ioiaiiliiii  niicif>.<  \\'i\\\..  PI.  Car.  83.      17SS. 
I. II I  Inn  nil  1(1  on  Milium  \  11  Kuiitli,  ICnum.  3;  \'t-. 

IS41. 
/.Ill  lii/i'iiui/ii/i  iiiiiifis  Moroiii;,  hull.  Tnvr.  Club, 

18:  36U.       iSiji. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  sparingly  inibescent, 
i'-3'  long,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  callous 
point.  vScapes  slender,  2'-2o'  tall,  2-4- 
angled,  clothed  with  long  soft  appressed  u]>- 
wardly  pointed  hairs;  sheaths  e(|ualling  or 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  heads  globose,  i"- 
3"  in  diameter;  involucral  bracts  ovate  or 
oblong,  shorter  than  the  llowers,  usually 
lirowii;  llowers  about  i"  high;  scales  brown, 
spatulate,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  yel- 
lowish  silky  hairs  of  the  receptacle  and 
wliite-hearded  at  the  apex;  perianth  of  the 
stamiuate  flowers  short-stalked,  pubescent  at 
the  base,  woolly  and  fimbriate  at  the  summit; 
segments  of  the  pistillate  perianth  white, 
glabrous,  oljtuse;  ovary  densely  villous 
around  the  base;  seeds  strongly  ribbed. 
In  moist  pine  barrens,  ViiKitiia  to  Plorida.  The  white  pistillate  llowers  mingled  with  the  Iirown 
stamiuate  ones  itnpail  a  mi.\ed  gray  and  dark  appearance  to  the  heads.     Jlureli  June. 


.v4 


r.RoMi'.i.iAci-Ai'; 


l>;miily  14.  BROMELIACEAE  j.  St.  Mil.  ICxpos.  l-am.  i:  122.       1S05. 

riM:-Ai'i'Li-:  1'amii.v. 

Mpilihytic  herbs  (some  tropical  species  terrestrial),  mostly  scurfy,  with 
elongated  entire  or  spimtlose-serrate  lea\es.  l-'lowers  spiked,  paiiicled,  or  soli- 
tary, regular  and  perfect,  usuall\'  coiisjticuoiisly  bracled.  Perianth  of  ,;  thin 
distinct  or  somewhat  united  sepals,  and  ,^  clawed  distinct  or  united  petals. 
Stamens  G,  usu.alh'  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Ovar>-  inferior  or 
superior,  ,^-celled:  o\ules  numerous  in  each  cell,  anatropous;  style  short  or 
elon.«;;Ued:  stij;nias  ,^.  Capsule  ^-^-Na'xed  in  our  species.  vSeeds  numerous,  the 
testa  membranous.     I'imbrxo  small,  situated  at  the  base  of  the  co|)ious  endosperm. 

Aliiiiil  VS  yt  tu  r;i  and  if  »>  siji-ciis.  all  nalivi  s  of  lidpical  and  sul>liii|iiua'.  Aimrii-a. 

I.    TILLANDSIA  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  jsr,.       1753. 

Kpipliytif  plants  of  various  habit,  with  iiarniw  entire  leaves  and  white,  yellow  or  pnrjile 
llowcrs.  Sepals  distinct  and  separate  or  very  nearly  so.  Tetals  distinct.  vStaniens  hypi\i.;y- 
tiou>  or  the  three  inner  ones  inserted  on  the  bases  of  llie  jietals;  Idanients  filiforni;  anthers 
linear  or  linear- oblonj^.  Ovary  sn])eri(>r;  style  subnl.ite;  stijiin;is  short.  Capsule  scpticidally 
vvalved.  .Seeds  erect,  narrow,  supported  on  a  lonj;  funiculus  which  splits  up  into  fine  threads. 
[Dedicated  to  Elias  Tillaiuls,  Swedish  (?)  botanist  of  the  seventeeiUh  century.  ] 

About  350  species,  natives  of  w.irui  aril  trnpieal  Ann  ilea.  lie^iile>.  the  rulliiwiiit;'  souk'  ii  cilhers 
I  eeur  in  the  southern  I'nited  Stales, 

I.    Tillandsia    usneoides  L.      Lon^ 
Moss,      h'lorida  Moss.     1  Fi.u:.  904.) 


A'<  iiia/iiiia  iisiiinii/i  v  I,.  .S]>.  I'l.  jS-, 
ri./ii luhiii  llSIU'ititllS  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  IM. 


-111. 


1762 


.S'cnis  very  slender,  thread-like,  llexuous, 
llan!.;inn  clustered  in  festoons  from  the  branches 
of  trees,  .V"-^-'"^  lo'i.i.;.  ,U''ay  and,  like  the  filiform 
leaves,  dc  isely  silvery-scurfy  all  over.  Leaves 
scattered,  I '  ;/  long,  scarcely  '.;"  thick,  their 
bases  sonnivhat  dilated;  flowers  sessile  and 
solitar',  or  r.arily  2  to)j;ether  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves;  sepals  about  },"  long,  pale  green;  petals 
yellow,  tlic  blade  about  2"  long;  stamens  about 
as  long  as  tlic  calyx;  capsule  linear,  9"- 1,5" 
long,  at  length  splitting  into  ,^  linear  valves. 

l%astein  \'irj;ini.i  to  I'lorida.  ui-t  to  Ti  x;i>  .md 
^h  xito.  Wry  widely  distriliuled  in  troiiieal 
-\nierie,i. 


I-aniih-  15.     COMMELINACEAE   Rciclicnl).  Cousp.  57.       1S2S. 

SpnniKwiiK'r    1'amii.n". 

Perennial  or  annual  leaf\-  herbs  with  re.t;tilar  or  irreg;ular  i)erfect  and  often 
showv'  flowers  in  cymes,  conunonly  subtended  b\'  s])athe-like  or  leafy  bracts. 
PeriaiUh  of  2  series;  a  calyx  of  mostly  ,^  per.sisteiU  .sepals,  and  a  corolla  of 
mostly  3  membranous  and  deciduous  or  fujj;acious  petals.  vStamens  mo.-^tlv  6, 
h\  poir\nous,  rarely  fewer,  all  similar  and  perfect  or  2  or  3  of  them  different 
from  the  others  and  sterile:  fdaments  filiform  or  somewhat  flattened;  anthers 
2-celled,  mostlx'  lon<;itudinall\'  dehiscent.  ()\-ary  superior,  .sessile  or  ver_\- 
uearlv  .so,  2-3-celle(l;  oxtiles  1  or  .several  in  each  cell,  anatro])ous  or  half  ana- 
tropous; st\le  simple;  stigmas  terminal,  entire  or  ob.scureh'  2-,vlobed.  vSeeds 
solitary  or  several  in  each  cell  of  the  capsule.  Capsule  2-3-celled,  locidicidally 
2-3-valved.     lunbrvo  small.      l'".ndosperm  copious. 

.\bout  25  sfeneraand  ,i,so  species,  mostly  natives  of  tropical  reninns.  a  few  in  the  letn))erate  /ones. 

I'lrfect  stannii-i  ,^,  rarely  2;  petaU  une<|ual:  bracts  spathe-like.  i.   Cuiiniii  /iiiii. 

I'erfeet  st.iniens  ii.  rarely  ,S'  petals  all  alike;  braels  le.ify.  2.    'I'l luU stiiii/in  . 


SriDF.RW  ORT  FAMILY. 


375 


I.    COMMELINA  L.  Sp.  PI.  40.       175;,. 

I'^rect  :isctMi(liii,u  or  procumbent,  soiiiewliat  succulent,  braucliiiif;  herbs,  with  short-peti" 
<ikil  or  sessile  leaves,  and  irregular  mostly  blue  flowers  in  sessile  cymes  subtended  by 
spathe-like  bracts.  vSep.ils  somewhat  une(|ual,  the  larger  ones  sometimes  slightly  united. 
I'clals  blue,  UMe(|ual,  2  of  them  larger  than  the  third.  Perfect  stamens  3,  rarely  2,  one  of 
them  incurved  and  its  anther  commonly  larger.  Sterile  stamens  usually  3,  smaller,  their 
anthers  various.  I'ilaments  all  glabrous.  Cajxule  ^-celled.  Seeds  i  or  2  in  each  cavity, 
the  testa  rirni,  rongheiitd,  smooth  or  reticulated.  [Dedicated  to  Kaspar  Commelin,  1667- 
17;,!,  Dutcii  botanifl/l 

Aliciit  05  species  <  1  widc'  dislriliuliiin  in  warm  and  teinpcraU-  nsfii'iis.     liesidi  >;  tlu-   I'ciUciwiiijf, 
'^(inu-  ;  .illu-rs  nocur  in  th(   soutlurn  riiili  c!  .St.ites, 
\'i  iitral  cavities  nf  thi-  ii\.iry  2ci\u1i(l.  tlu-  dorsal  lovulcd. 

Capsule  vcelU'd,  connnni'.'v  5  seediil. 

Ureipitiji,  glabrnns  ur  ntarly  sci;  margins  >>(  tin-  spatlu-  nut  united.  i.   < 

.Stout,  irect,  tile  slieallis  iH-ardid;  niarfjins  of  the  '-pallie  vuiitiil.  2.   (' 

Capsid'.  2-celUil.   |-seeded.  3.    C 

.All   i  cavities  of  the  ovary  only  i-o\iik(l. 

Cavities  of  tlu- cap'.tde  all  (Uliisci  lit.  \.   ( 

Iiorsal  ea\ity  of  the  c.nisiilc   iiidilii'.eiiU.  5.   ( 

I.  Commelina  nudiflora  L.     Creep- 
iiiji^  I)a_\-fli)\vcT.      I  I''i.n'.  905.  J 


C'xniiit Una  iiiiilillnia  I.,  Sp.  I'l.   ;i.       175.1. 
( \iinni(ii na  iniiniiuiiis  Walt.  I'l.  Car.  (js.     17SS. 

.\ot  I..       1755. 
I'lin/iiii  liiii!  iii;i\n  ill  Kuiitli.  luiiiin,  4:  ;~>.     i^l.i. 


iiKililliir,!. 
hi  I  III  la. 
iiinninniis. 

I  I  11  la. 

I  'ii"  ill  it  a. 


Glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  throughout, 
stems  procumbent  or  creeping,  rooting  at 
the  nodes,  i'  2',°  long.  Leaves  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  1'  3' long,  4''-S"  wide, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  their  sheaths 
sometimes  eiliate;  sp.ithc  acute  or  acumi- 
nate. S"-i2"  long,  pednncled,  the  2  bracts 
not  united  by  their  margins;  flowers  few  in 
each  spathe,  3"-6''  broad;  ventral  cell.?  of 
the  ovary  2-ovuled,  the  dorsal  i-ovulcd; 
ea])snlc  commonly  5-scedcd  1  2  seeds  in  each 
of  the  ventral  cells,  1  in  the  ilorsalj;  st  hIs 
oblong,  reticulated,  about  1"  long. 

AloUK  streinis  and  in  waste  pl.iei  s,  New  Jii- 
S(  y  to  Indiana  .iiul  Missouri,  south  lo  I'lorida, 
TiNas  and  tlirouyli  tropical  .\iiuriia  to  I'ara- 
(.'uav.  Widelv  dislribulid  ill  .\sia  and  .Mrica. 
July  (Kt. 

2.   Commelina  hirtella  \'ahl.      Ikanlcd  Dav-nowcr. 


(Fig.  9116.) 

I"l.    l!or.   .\in. 


Com  nil  Una    liiin^ii'nliii    Miclix. 

iSo^.      Xol  Lain.  I7c)i. 
('iiiiihicliiiii  liiiltila  \'alil.  ICiuiin.  2:  lOO.     iSoo. 
i'l'iiiiiiiiiiia  I  n\la  .\.  Ciifiv.   Man.   Ivl.   2.  )S(i. 

Not  I..       1751. 


1  ><s6. 


Stem  stoul,  erect  or  ascending,  2"~.\°  high. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  roughish,  4'-7' 
long,  i'  I','  wide,  their  sheaths  '.'1'  long, 
fringed  with  rather  stilf  and  long  brownish  hairs 
and  sometimes  ])ubescent;  spathes  sessile  or  short- 
peduncled,  often  clustereil  at  the  summit.^  of  the 
stem  and  branches,  the  2  bracts  acute,  united  by 
their  margins,  rather  strongly  cross-veined;  ven- 
tral cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled,  the  other  i- 
ovuled;  capsule  5seeded;  seeds  ellipsoid,  brown, 
somewhat  more  than  i"  long,  smooth,  minutely 
I)ubernleut. 

Ill  moist  soil,  soutlurn  New  Jersey  lo  Missouri, 
south  to  I'lorida  and  Teva'..     .\iijr.   Del. 


37^' 


COMMHI<INACE.\i:. 


3.  Commelina  communis  L 


Asiatic  Day-fltnvcr.      (  Fij;'.  907.) 


i'<iiiiiiii  li  inr  (I 'III  lit  mi /■i  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  .(n.     175,1. 
Coiiniiiiiiia  ll'ilhlciii>-,ii  Kuiitli.  ICiniiii.  4:, 


IN.- 


f'rlabrous  or  nearly  so,  stems  asceiuliiig  or  de- 
cuinl)eiit,  rather  slender,  sonieliuies  rooting  at  tlie 
nodes,  i°-3°  long.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  3'-5'  long,  I'-i  '2'  wide,  acnniinate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at-thc  base,  smooth; 
sheath  white-mctnbranous  with  green  veins,  some- 
times ciliate,  S"-i2"  long;  spathus  few,  pedunclcd, 
their  2  bracts  acute  or  acuminate,  nearly  i'  long, 
glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent,  distinct;  flowers 
deep  blue,  ,'<'  or  more  broad;  ventral  cells  of  the 
ovary  2-ovulecl,  the  dorsal  i-ovuled;  capsule  2- 
cellcd,  each  cell  2-seeded;  seeds  compressed,  dark 
brown,  roughened. 

.SdiitluTU  Niw  York  and  eastern  l'ctinsylvaiii:i. 
.\(lvi  iili\c  (ir  naUnali/i-d  frnin  .\sia.     July  Ucl. 


4.  Commelina  erecta  I,.     vSkiidLr  Day- 
flower.     cKij^.  908.) 

C'lHiniiiiiiia  I  iri/ii  I,.  Sp.  I'l.   11.       175,;. 

Somewhat  pubescent  or  glal)rous,  stems  com- 
monly tufted,  erect  or  ascending,  i°-2°  tall,  the 
roots  somewhat  thickened.  Leaves  linearlanceo- 
l;ite,  ^'-5'  long,  ^"-i'  wide,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base;  sheaths  'z'-i'  long,  often 
pubescent;  spathes  peduiicled  or  sessile,  the  2 
bracts  more  or  less  pubescent,  acute  or  acuminate, 
distinct,  [o"-2o"  long;  (lowers  >2'or  more  broad; 
ovary  3-celled,  each  cell  r-ovuled;  cajisule  pa])ery, 
all  its  cells  dehiscent,  each  iseeded;  seeds  ash- 
colored,  nearly  or  (piile  smooth,  pu' -:riiicnt. 

In  niiiist  soil,  snutlurii  rennsylv.iiiia  ( aeoiinlin^r  tci 
Watson  I.  soiilli  to  l''lorida,  Texas  and  in  tropical 
America,     .\iiii.-l  )cl. 


5.  Commelina  Virginica  I^.      X'ii-^rjiiia  Day-flower.      (  Fig.  909.  ) 


Oniiiiuii iiit  l'iii;/iiuii  I,.  Sp.  ri.  Va\.  2,  61.      iyi)2. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  somewhat  pu- 
bescent or  glabrous,  stems  (litTiiselj'brancheil,  rather 
stouter,  I  J2°-o"  high.  I<eaves  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lauceolatc,  3'-5'  long,  ,s"-i2"  wide,  acuminate  at 
the  apex;  sheaths  iuflated,  often  pubescent,  the 
orifice  sometimes  fringed;  spathes  several,  usually 
peduncled,  the  2  bracts  acute  or  acuminate,  .S"-i2" 
long,  distinct;  llowers  1'  broad  or  less,  showy;  cap- 
sule 3-celled,  each  cell  i-secded,  the  dorsal  one  in- 
dehiscent  and  roughened. 

In  moist  soil,  soulluiii  New  York  to  Illinois  and 
Michigan,  south  to  I'lovida.  Nebraska,  Tixas  and 
lluouyli  tropical  .\nierica  to  Paraguay.     Jniu-  SL-pl. 


.SPIDKRWORT  FAMILY. 


377 


a 


I 


2.    TRADESCANTIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  2S8.       175;,. 

rercimial,  somewhat  imicilagiiious  herbs,  with  simple  or  branched  stems,  mostly  nar- 
row and  elongated  leaves,  and  sliowy  regnlar  flowers  in  terminal  or  ternn  lal  and  axillary 
umbels  subtended  by  Itaf-like  or  scarious  bracts.  Sepals  3,  distinct,  herbaceous.  Petals 
3,  obovate,  ovate  <ir  orbicular,  sessile.  Stamens  6,  all  alike  and  fertile,  or  those  opposite  the 
l)etals  shorter;  lilaments  bearded  or  glabrous.  Ovary  3-celled,  the  cells  2-ovuled.  Capsule 
3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved,  3-12-seeded.  [In  honor  of  John  'fradescant,  gardener  to 
Charles  I,  died  i63S.i 

.\bo\il  35  spioiis.  natives  of  tropical  ami  Uini)crato  .Vmirioa.  Iksidis  llii'  I'dllciwiiiK.  some  6 
others  (icc'ur  in  tin-  southern  fnited  States, 

tnibel  iir  umbels  sessile,  subtiiulid  by  lotijf  leaf-like  liracls. 
l'ml)els  solilaiy  -ir  2   |;  stem  straiKlH:  leaves  narrow. 
.Sliui  ulabnius  nr  uutvly  pubescent.  S'    2' .'"  tall. 

Sepals  (ililiiiifj-laneedlate,  .|"ki"  IdtiK;  llowers  i'   2'  biciad.  i.    '/'.   I 'iixiiiitiini. 

•Sepals  laiR'eiilate.  3"    |"  IniiK;  fliiwers  less  lliau  1'  broad.  2.    '/'.  iiitoiliniii. 

Whole  plant  Ujutr  villous;  ue.irly  or  (iiiite  acauUscLiiL  3.    '/'.  /n  1  riKiii/i's. 

I'mlKls3  •-,  ;ixillary  and  terminal;  stem  mostly  (lexuous;  leaves  b  oad.  |.    7'.  f>ili'Sti. 

fuihel  ]ie(lunele(l,  sid)ten(le(l  by  small  searions  bracts;  leaves  narrow.  5.    /-.  iiku\i. 

I.  Tradescantia  Virginiana  I,.     Spiderwort.     (rij;.  910.) 

V'l tidixciin/iii  I'inihiiiiiiii  I,.  Sj).  I'l.  2S,s.     1753. 

Cdabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  succulent, 
glaucous  or  green,  stems  stout,  .S'-3°  tall. 
Leaves  more  or  less  channeled,  or  in  sonic 
forms  nearly  flat,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
long-acuminate,  often  more  than  1°  long,  4"-i' 
wide;  bracts  foliaccous,  commonly  rather  wider 
and  shorter  than  the  leaves;  umbels  solitary 
and  terminal  or  rarely  2-4,  loosely  sevcral- 
many -flowered;  pedicels  glabrous  or  ])ubcscent, 
slender;  flowers  blue  or  purplish,  rarely  white, 
I '-2'  broad,  very  showy;  sepals  oblong  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, acute  or  obtuse,  glabrous  or 
pubescent,  4"-in"  long,  much  longer  than  the 
capsule. 

In  rich  soil,  mostly  in  woods  and  lliiekets,  soulli 
eni  New  York  lo  Ohio  and  .South  D.ikota,  south  to 
X'iri^iniii,  Kentucky  and  .\rkansas.     .\sceiid>  to  4000 
ft.   in  Virniuia;  Nariable,  piihiii)s  incliuks  several 
species;  >Iay   .\u^;. 

Tradescantia  Virginiana  occidentalis  liriliou. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear.  2"   3"  wide;  flowers  eouiiuouly  smallei.     Wisconsin  to  Mis>oiiii.  Texas 
and  New  Mexico.     May  be  a  distinct  si)ecies. 


2.   Tradescantia  montana  Sluitthv. 
Mountain  Spiderwort.     (  V\^^.  <ji  i.  ) 

'I'nidrsifJiilid    iiitDihiiiii    vSluiltlw.    in    Iiislriii.    I'l. 
KuKil. 

Creen  and  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent, 
stems  slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched, 
i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, 4'-io'  long,  2"-6"  wide,  mostly  distant, 
their  sheaths  enlarged;  bracts  similar  to  the 
leaves  but  shorter;  umbels  mostly  solitary  and 
terminal,  sessile  in  the  bracts,  rather  densely 
flowered;  pedicels  an<l  calyx  glabrous  or  pubes- 
cent; flowers  less  than  1' broad;  sepals  lanceo- 
late, acute,  about  3"  long. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  moiuit.iins  of  southwest- 
ern X'irKiuia  to  Kentucky  and  Cieorgia.     June  .\UK. 


37'^  COM  M  I'll, ix.\ci:.\E. 

3.    Tradescantia  brevicaulis  Rat".     vSliort-stL'iiiiiK'd  vSpickiwrnl.     1  I'i^.  91  j.  } 

Ti  ihli-Sitiiilid  hi  i':'i,iii(/is  Kill'.  All.  Jimni.  isn-       iS^2. 

Tiiuii Miiii/iii    I'ii  1; "'iK'  v;ir.    rvV/c.w/   S.    Wats,    in   A. 
Ciiay,  Man.  Ivd.  6.  .s.Vi.       t^')i<. 

\"illous  with  long  spreading  hairs,  stems  only  i'- 
6'  high,  the  plant  often  appearing  nearlj-  acaulcs- 
ccnt;  leaves  mostly  basal,  6'-l2'  long,  4"  S"  wide, 
grass-like,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  ciliate,  at 
least  at  the  base,  glabrous  or  villous  toward  the 
apex;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  but  usually  more 
elongated;  umbel  4-i2llo\vcred,  sessile  in  the 
bracts,  tl'.e  pedicels  slender,  1'  2'  long,  villous;  se- 
pals oblong;  corolla  about  i'  broad,  blue  or 
rose-purple. 


Ill  dvv  -^nil.  MliiKii'; 
May. 


KelUiU'ky  and  Missdiivi.      .\pril 


4.  Tradescantia  pilosa  IaIiiu.     Ziir/a.n  Spidcrwort.      (Fiji.  913.) 

Ti iitlisiiiiilia  III  \  KKSii  Kai'.  .\tl.  .Jntirn.  iS". 


More  or  less  pubcnilent  or  short  ])ilo.sc,  stem 
stout,  i'^-,i°  high,  commonly  llcxuous,  often 
branched.  Leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,  f)'-T5' 
long,  ','-2'  wide,  dark  .green  above,  paler  beneath; 
bracts  usuallj'  narrower  and  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
umbels  3-.S,  terminal  and  axillary  or  on  short  axil- 
lary branches,  densely  many-llowercd;  ])edicels 
aiul  calyx  pubescent  and  more  or  less  glandular, 
rarely  nearly  glabrous;  corolla  lilac-blue,  y"-i5" 
broad. 

Scuuhcrii  Pennsylvania  to  Illinciis  and  Missdiiri, 
^mitli  t(p  I'londa.  lildimis  later  llian  T.  I  'I'l  i;i)ii,niii, 
wlure  tlic  twdocciir  In^riilu-r.     June  Aii.u. 


5.  Tradescantia  rosea   Wiit.      Roseate 


v'^pidcrwort.     (Im.s;'.  914.  ) 

'I'l lilt,  ^iiiiifia  losiii  \'<nl.  I'l.  Xonv.  Jard.  Cels. 
.7.        IS,,,. 


//. 


Cdabrous,  stem  very  slender,  erect,  mostly 
quite  simple,  6'-i2'  tall.  Leaves  very  narrowly 
linear,  grass-like,  nearly  erect,  channeled,  4'-;' 
long,  i"  I';."  wide,  clasping  at  the  base;  bracts 
very  short  and  scarious;  umbel  terminal,  lon,g- 
pedunclcd,  few-llowercd,  subtended  liy  small 
pointed  bracts;  pedicels  slender,  short;  sepals 
lanceolate,  acute,  2"-V'  long,  shorter  than  the 
petals;  corolla  rose-color,  6"~S"  broad;  fila- 
ments hairy;  style  sleiuler,  long-exsertcd. 


In  iby  wiKids.    Maryland    to    Missiinri, 
I'll irida  and  Ti'.\as.     .April  .\uk. 


iciUtll    111 


I'ICKERRI.-\\"i:i:i)  I'AMII.V. 


,v9 


5'J- 


I  S29. 


I-aiiiily  16.     PONTEDERIACEAE  Dunioil.  Anal.  I^mi. 

rn.'Ki:Ki;i.-\vi;i:i)  Familn . 

Perennial  a(iuatif  or  l)().ii;  ])lanls,  the  lea\-cs  petioled,  witli  lliick  l)la(ks,  or 
lonjr  and  j;rass-likf.  Mowers  perfect,  more  or  less  irrej^nlar,  solitar.v  or  spiked, 
suhtendeci  by  leaf-like  si)allies.  Perianth  free  from  llie  ovary,  corolla-like,  f>- 
])arted.  vStamens  t,  or  6,  inserted  on  the  tube  or  the  base  of  tlie  perianth:  fila- 
ments filiform,  dilated  at  ihe  base  or  thickened  at  tlie  middle:  anthers  2-celled, 
linear-oblong  or  rarel>' o\-ate.  ()var>-  .^-celled  with  axile  i)lacentae,  or  i-celled 
with  .-,  parietal  placentae:  st\Ie  filiform  or  c(ilnmnar:  stigma  terniin;il,  entire  or 
minntel>-  toothed:  o\-nles  anatroixms,  nnnierous,  sometimes  only  i  of  them  jier- 
i'ecling.  Frnit  a  many-seeded  capsule,  or  a  i-cclled,  i-secded  utricle,  luido- 
s])erni  of  the  seed  copious,  mealy:  embryo  central,  cylindric. 

Al)(iut  5  jfcncra  iind  25  spi-oiis,  iiihahitiiiK  Ircsli  waUr  in  tin-  uiuiii  aiicl  ttiii]Kr,itf  iv(;i<iii>  'if 
.\iiKiica,  .\sia  and  Al'iica, 

I'ldwirs  2  lippi-d,  staiiutis  6:  fruil  a  i-siidcd  utrick-.  i.   I'milriliiia. 

I■lllu■(.■l^- iiKular;  staiiuii^  ;,;  fruit  a  inaiiy-serdcd  capsuU-.  2.   I Itifi anilii  1  a. 

I.    PONTEDERIA  I,.  Sp.  PI.  sss.       1753. 

I.eavL's  thick  with  many  parallel  vcin.s,  the  petioles  long,  sheathing,  arising  from  a  hori- 
zontal rootstock.  Stem  erect,  i -leaved,  with  several  sheathing  hract-like  leaves  at  tlu-  base. 
I'lDWers  blue,  e])hemeral,  numerous,  spiked,  the  spike  (or  spadix)  peduncled  and  subtended 
by  a  thin  bract-like  S])alhc.  rcrianth  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  of  3  ovate  lobes,  the  midille 
lobe  longest,  the  lower  lip  of  3  linear-oblong  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  6,  borne  at  uneipuii 
distances  upon  the  perianth-tube,  3  of  them  opposite  the  lower  lip,  the  others  opimsite  the 
upper  lip;  anthers  oljlong,  suljversatile,  introrse.  Ovary  .^celled,  2  of  the  cells  abortive  and 
empty.  I''rnit  a  i-scedcd  utricle,  enclosed  in  the  thickened  tubcrcnlate-ribbed  base  of  the 
I)erianth.     [In  honor  of  Giulio  I'ontedera,  16SS-1757,  professor  of  botany  in  I'adua.] 

.Seven  or  i-iKlH  si)ceits,  iialivis  nl'  .Xnii-rica. 

I.    Pontederia  cordata  \..     Pickerel-weed.      (  l''i.n.  915.  ) 

I'lnilidiiia  toidiila  I,.  ,S|i.  I'l.  2^^.       17,sv 

Stem  rather  stout,  1^-4-  tall.  Leaves  ovate, 
cordate-sagittate,  4'-S'  long,  I'-W  wide  at  the 
base,  the  ajiex  and  basal  lobes  obtuse;  basal  lobes 
often  with  long  narrow  stipule-like  appendages  on 
the  sheathing  petiole;  spadix  and  inflorescence 
glandular-pubescent;  perianth  about  .)"  long,  it 
and  tlie  filaments,  anthers,  and  style  bright  blue, 
its  tube  curved,  slightly  longer  than  the  lobes, 
middle  lobe  of  the  upper  lip  with  2  yellow  spots  at 
the  biise  within;  ovary  oblong,  tapering  into  the 
slender  style:  stigma  minutely  3-6-toothed. 

liordcrs  111'  pnnd>  and  streams,  Nova  .Scotia  In  Miii- 
lusotii,  siiu'ili  to  l'"liiri<la  and  Texas.  .M'ter  llmviiinH 
IIk-  1o)hs  and  upper  jiarl  of  the  perianlli  tulie  willui 
.ihove,  while  the  persistent  base  hardens  around  the 
Iruit.     The  flowers  are  triniorphous.     June  (let. 

Pontederia  cordata  lancifolia  1  Mnlil.  1  .Morom;,  .Mem. 
Ton.  Club,  5;  io,s.      iSi)|. 
Pi'iilidiiiii  hiinifiilia  Miihl.  Cat.  \\.      IM,;. 
J'oiiliilii  ill  iiiiiliilii  var.  din;  tis/i/'n/iti  Ton.   I'l.   N    \' 
S.  i:  34,1        iS2|, 

Leaves  lanceolate,  nmnded  or  narmwed  at  tin-  basi . 
2'- 10'  louK.  X'  ^"  wide.     Ontario  to  .\ew  Jersey.  Ciiliaand  'I'lxas. 

2.    HETERANTHERA  R.  .V  P.  Pro<lr.  I'i.  Per.  y).       i7>)4. 
[ScHoi.l.iCR.v  Schreb.  (ien.  7S,s.       1789.     Xol  Roth.       17S.S.] 

Herbs  with  creeping,  ascending  or  lloating  stems,  the  leaves  petiolcd,  with  cordate,  ovate, 
oval  or  renifonn  blaiies,  or  grass-like.  .Spatlies  illowered  or  scveral-llowercd.  I'lowers 
small,  white,  blue  or  yellow.  Lol)es  of  the  i)eriantli  nearly  or  (piite  etpial.  hnear.  Stamens 
3,  etpial  or  nneciUHl,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth.  Ovary  fusiform,  entirely  or  in- 
completely 3-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  placentae:  ovules  numerous;  stigma  3-lobed. 
L'ruit  an  ovoid  many-seeded  capsule,  enclosed  in  the  withered  perianth-tube.  .Seeds  ovoid, 
many-ribbed,  [(^.reek,  referring  to  the  une(|nal  anthers  of  some  s])ccies.] 
.Xboutij  species,  2  in  tropical  .\fiica.  the  others  .Vnuiiean:  only  the  following  in  the  fiiiled  .State.-.. 

*Text  contributed  bv  the  late  Kcv.  TnoM.vs  Mordnc. 


.VSO 


PONTEDERIACEAK. 


I.fiiVLS  iiiDslly  rfiiifonii,  soimtimi-s  coidiiU- ovate. 
1,1'iivcs  iivatc-  or  oval,  sonictinus  sliKlitly  vordalt. 
Leaves  li.  ^'ar,  jirass-like,  floatiiiK. 


//.  !<■  Ill  fur  1)1  is. 
U.  liiimsa. 
II.  diihia. 


1.    Heteranthera  reniformis  R.  &  P.     Mud 

Plantain.     (Fig.  916. ) 

Ildnaiillnrci  rciii/oi mis  R.  iV  I'.  \'\.  I'L-r.  i:  jj.       179S. 
I.t'l^laiitliiis  iciiifoi mis  Miclix.  I'M.  lior.  Am.  i:  J5.       iSo;;, 

Stems  creeping  in  the  nuid,  rooting  at  the  nooes.  I.,eaves 
cordate  or  rcniforni,  rarely  cordate-ovate  a  1  acute,  the 
blades  6"~i5"  long,  S"-i6"  wide;  petioles  sheathing,  i'-4' 
long;  spathe  2-5-flo\vered;  tube  of  [he  perianth  straight  or 
slightlj-  curved,  slender,  about  4"  long,  its  lobes  shorter; 
flowers  white  or  pale  blue;  anthers  basifi\ed,  the  2  upper 
oval,  the  other  on  a  longer  filament  and  linear. 

Ill  11111(1  or  shallow  water,  Coiuiectieut  to  New  Jersey,  Illinois 
and  Kansas,  south  to  Louisiana,  and  in  South  and  Central 
.\iiierica. 


2.    Heteranthera  limosa  (S\v.  )  Willd. 
Smaller  Mud  Plantain.     (Fig.  917.) 

I'liiilidi  I  ill  liiiiosii  Sw.  I'rodr,  s~-       \~^^. 

Ilclemiillii  ra  liniosii  Willd.  Xeue  .Sclirift.   des,  Nat. 
I"r.  Herlin.  3:  .\}f).      iSoi. 

l.t-plaiillnis  ovalis'S\K\\y..  V\.  lior.  .\iii.  I:2,S.       iSo.^. 

Stems  connnonly  much  branched  from  the  base, 
6'-i5'lrng.  Leaves  numerous,  oval  or  ovate,  ob- 
tuse at  the  apex,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the 
base,  i'  long  or  less;  petioles  2'-^'  long;  spathes 
i-flowered,  often  on  peduncles  \'  long  or  more; 
flowers  white  or  blue,  usually  lar,ger  than  those  of 
the  preceding  species;  filaments  etiual  or  nearly 
so;  anthers  linear,  often  sagittate. 

In  mud  or  shallow  water,  ViiKinia  to  Kentucky  and 
Missouri,  south  to  I'lorida,  Louisiana  and  tliroughout 
tropical  .\iiieriea. 

3.    Heteranthera  dubia  (Jacq.)  Mac>[.     Water  vStar-gra.ss,     (Fig.  91S.) 

Coiniiiiliiia  iliihia  Jacii.  Obs.  Hot.  3:  9.   />/.  iv.       176S. 
/.(■/>/(iii///iis  i;i(iiiiiiii  us  yiichx.  I'l.  lior.  .\iii.  i:  2,s.      1^03. 
Jii Ici iiiilliira fiiaiiiiiii-a  Valil.  ICiium.  2:  4,s.       1S06. 
StIiiiHi  III  i; I aiiiiiii-a  \.  (iray,  Man.  ,sii.       1848. 
Ifiliiiiii/lKia  i/ii/iiii  MacM.  Met.  Minn.  i.-^S.      1892. 

Aquatic,  stem  .slender,  forked,  often  rooting  at  the 
nodes,  2°~3°  long.  Leaves  linear,  flat,  elongated,  acut- 
ish,  finely  parallel-nerved,  their  sheaths  thin,  furnished 
at  the  top  with  small  acute  stipule-like  appendages; 
flowers  light  yellow,  the  perianth-segments  narrow; 
stamens  nearly  equal;  tube  of  the  perianth  l"-i,!j'"  long; 
.spathe  i-2flowered;  filaments  dilated  below;  anthers 
linear,  2"  long,  sagittate;  style  shorter  than  the  stamens; 
stigma  several-lobed;  capsule  l-ccUcd  with  3  parietal 
placentae,  many-seeded. 

'r  still  water,  Ontario  to  Oregon,  south  to  I'lorida  and 
Mexico.  Also  in  Cuba.  Occasionally  occurs  in  a  small 
form  on  muddy  shores.    July-Oct. 


RT'SH   FAMIIA'. 


381 


Family  17.     JUNCACEAE  Vent.  Tabl.  2:   150.       1799.* 

KiSIl    I".\M1I.\'. 

Perennial  or  .sometimes  amuial,  grass-like,  usually  tufted  herbs,  commonly 
j,fro\vin}j;  in  moist  jilaces.  Inflorescence  usually  compound  or  decompound,  pani- 
culate, coryniI)ose,  or  umhellnid,  rarely  reduced  to  a  sinj^le  flower,  hearing  its 
flowers  singl_\-,  or  loosely  clustered,  f)r  aggregated  into  spikes  or  heads.  FUnvcrs 
small,  regular,  with  or  without  bractlets  (]>rophylIa).  Perianth  6-])arted,  the 
parts  glumaceous.  Stamens  3  or  6,  rarely  4  or  5,  the  anthers  ailnate,  introrse, 
2-celled,  dehiscing  by  a  slit.  Pistil  snjK-rior,  tvicari)ous,  i -celled  or  ^-celled, 
with  ,s-many  ascending  anatropous  ovules,  and  t,  fdiform  stigmas.  Fruit  a  locu- 
licidal  capsule.  Seeds  3-tnany,  small,  cylindric  to  subglobose,  with  loo.se  or 
close  .seed-coat,  with  or  without  caruncular  or  tail-like  appendages. 

Kfvi'ii  liiiiiTa  :iii<l  about  21*)  spt-rit-s,  widely  dislrilulcd. 
I.caf  sluiillis  iipiii;  ca])suk-  i-  or  ,ia''"i'd,  many  sc-fdi-d;  plaeentaL-  parietal  or  axial.      i     /minis. 
I.taf  sheaths  dosi-d;  capsuli-  1  celled,  vseedeii.  its  i)laceiita  basal.  2.   /iiiuohlis. 

I.  JUNCUS  I..  Sp.  PI.  :,25  (I7.S3)- 
rsiially  pereiitiiiil  plants,  principally  of  swatnp  habitat,  with  j{labr<nis  Iicrbage,  stems 
leaf-bearing  or  scapose,  Icaf-slicatlis  witli  free  margins,  and  leaf  blades  terete,  gladiate,  grass- 
li1;e,  or  channeled.  Inflorescence  Jjanicnlate  or  corymbose,  often  unilateral,  sometimes  con- 
gested, bearing  its  (lowers  either  singly  and  with  2  bractlets  1  proj)hylla  1,  or  in  heads  and  with- 
out bractlets,  but  each  in  the  axil  of  a  bract;  bractle'  -  almost  always  entire;  stamens  6  to  y, 
ovary  l -celled  or  by  the  intrusion  of  the  ])lacentae  ^-celled,  the  placentae  correspondingly 
parietal  or  axial;  seeds  several-many,  usually  distinctly  reticidated  or  ribbed,  often  tailed. 

.\!iolit  l,so  species,  most  alnnidaiit  in  the  ni.rtli  temperate  zone'.  The  species  bloom  in  sunnner. 
[Latin,  from  /;m/i,'i/.  t<i  bind,  in  allusion  to  the  use  of  lluse  jilants  for  withes.] 

A.  Lowest  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  terete,  not  conspicuously  channeled,  erect,  appearing  like  a  con- 
tii-'iation  of  the  stem,  the  inflorescence  therefore  appearing  lateral;  stem  leaves  none. 

1.  I'lowers  bracteolate,  inserted  singly  on  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence.     ClcsriM. 

rerianth-parts  Kreen,  or  in  asre  straw  colored. 

rerianlh-i)arts  ec|uallinK  or  exeiedin(j  the  capsule,  all  acute. 

.Stamens  5;  leaf  of  the  inlloreseence  nnu'li  shorter  than  the  stem. 
Capsule  without  a  distinct  .apical  ])iipilla. 
Capsule  with  a  distinct  ajjical  papilla. 
Stamens!);  leaf  of  inlloreseence  about  eciiiallinj; the  stem,  or  longer, 
rerianlh-parts  reachins"-  only  the  middle  of  the  caps\ile,  iinier  obtuse, 
I'eri.inlh  parts  with  a  chestnut  brown  stripe  down  either  side  of  the  midrib 

2.  I'lowers  not  bracteolate,  inserted  in  heads  cju  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence.     Tll.\l..\ssici. 

I'erianlli  parts  pale  lirown:  seed  t.iilless.  o.   /.  Ritrinrritiiiiii. 

I'erianlh  parts  tireen,  or  in  at!"e  straw-colored;  sei-d  tailed,  7.   /.  murilimus. 

B.  Lowest  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  not  appearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  stem,  or  if  so,  con- 
spicuously channeled  along  the  upper  side,  the  inflorescence  usually  appearing  terminal. 

|.  I,i:.\K  iii..\i>i';  rK.\.\svKKSi;i.v  i'i,.\TrKNi;i)  ( iNSiouriU)  with  its  1  i..\r  sikk.vci;  iacinc.  tiii-; 
sti;m  I,  OR  Ti;KKri':  .wn  cn.\.\xKi.i;i).  .sot  i'Rovn)]:i)  with  sici't.x. 

■.•:  I'lowers  bracteolate,  inserted  singly  on  the  branches  of  the  innoreseence,  sometimes  clustered  or 
eonmsted,  but  never  in  true  luads.     I'oiol'iivr.i.l. 
.\nnual;  inlloreseence,  exclusive  of  its  leaves,  more  than  one -third  the  height  of  the  plant. 

S.   /.  hiifoiiiiis. 
Perennial;  inflorescence,  exeludinR  leaves,  not  one  third  the  lieiKht  of  the  i)lant. 
l.eafblade  Hat,  but  sometimes  involute  in  dryinsf. 

Inlloreseence  i    vflowered;  leaves  with  fimbriate  auricles,  .1.   /.  Iiifuhis. 

Inflorescence,  except  in  depauperate  specimens,  several  inanyllowered;  leaves  with 
entire  auricles. 
Cauline  leaves  i  or  2,  rarely  wantinn;  perianth-parts  obtuse.  10,  /.  Ctraidi. 

Cauline  leaves  none:  perianth  parts  .leute  or  acuminate, 

Inlloreseence  usually  much  exceeded  by  its  lowest  leaf;  flowers  seldcmi  plainly 
seeund;  perianth  i  ',"-2,"  Iouk.  usually  e.xeeediiiK  the  capsule;  capsule  ob 
ovoid,  broadly  rounded  at  the  apex,  the  placentae  intruded  half  way  to  the 
axis.  II.  /.  Irituis. 

Inflorescence  rarely  exceeded  by  its  lowest  leaf;  flowers  plainly  seeund  on  the 
branches;    perianth   i',"-2"   lonji,   e<|uallin({  the  capsule;   caiisule   oblonK, 
Vsided,  truncate  at  the  apex;  placentae  meeliiiK  in  the  axis,   12,   /.  srcii mills. 
Leaf  blade  terete,  channeled  alonj;  the  upper  side. 

Lowest  leaf  of  inflorescence  not  four  lengths  of  the  panicle;  capsule  oblong  to  obovoid, 
.Seed  tailed,  ',?•./•   I't'K'l- 

Seed  not  tailed. 

Perianth  1  '4  "i  '•"  long,  plainly  exceeded  by  the  capsule.      14.   /.  O'liriiri. 
Perianth  l  ',"-2"  long,  not  exceeded  by  the  capsule,  tS-  ./■  dhlii>ti>»iiis. 

Lowest  leaf  of  the   inflorescence  rarely  less  than  four  times  as  long  as  the  panicle; 
capsule  globose-ovoid.  16.  ./.  siiaceiis. 

*Text  contributed  by  Mr.  l'Ki:ni;RiCK  V.  Covii.i.}':. 


I.    /.  rffiisiis. 

I .  cmii^loiuiiahis. 

I .  filifi'iiiih. 
.(.    /.  i^yiinuHiirpus. 
5.   /.  liallii  IIS. 


3^2 


JlNCACl.AI': 


17.    /,  ma  It;  ilia  til  s. 
i"<.   /.  /inii; ii/i/i\. 
1.)    /.  irprii^. 

iiiii.iiiw,    ri<i)VM)i;i' 


■'.'■'A-  I'liiwcrs  licit  lirai'ti  iil;iU',  in  Inii'  Iliads  on  liram-lu>  <<(  llu-  iiillipiv>ittn.'r.     CiHamini  1  1  ii.ii 
Sli'tii  iTic't;  iai)siiU'  (itilonn  in  ulinvdid,  ulitusc  at  tlic  n\n  \ 

SlaiiR'tis  ,<.  witli  nil  luciwii  anlll^•l^;  tapMiU-  imt  iiuiiniii.iU- 
Staiiiiiis  6,  H  itli  yiUciw  aiitlur^;  lapMili  iiiiu-ronalc 
Slim  iiTii)iiiK,  lloatiiin.  "i' asiiiidini;;  caiiMiU  Milmlali 
2.  I,i;.\i-iii,.\i)i,   N<ii-  TK.wsvi.nsia  ^    1  i.ati'iakii,  icim.miim,\    II. mil, 
Willi  si;i'T.\. 

;i:  l.ial'-bladf  usually  cliaiiiukd  aluiiy  tin-  uppir  sidi  ;  m  pta  u-'Ually  iiupi  iriil.  iiul  i-\Uiiially  ivi 
dent;  iutliiiisi-iiiii' (if  1    |  luads:  iilaiil-- nf  antii- d"  alpilK-   launi'.      Al.l'lM. 
licidy  iif  tile  sii-d  '  ■"  ill  li-unlh  or  iikhc, 

I.i'af-sluatli  licit  aurii'Ulati-.  -".   /   1  .i.^laiini\. 

I.iafsliiatli  auiii'ulati'.  2\.  J.  sly/iiiis. 

licidy  cif  the  Slid  less  than   '."  in  li  ukUi 

I.dwrst  liaf  cif  inlldrisi-iiii'c  fciliosi-.  iTicI:  i-apsnlf  diiply  rrtUM  at  apt-x.  22.   /.  fiii;/iiiiii.\. 
l.ciwisl  liaf  cif  inniirisri-uii-  uunihiaiiciu;!.  spicadiiin;  laiisuli-  cihtusi'  and  imicicniatc  at  the 
api-.\.  j;,.   /.  /I  i[i/it>iii\. 

■';•'■'>■  l.iaf  Made  iicil  I'liauiii-U-d  aUni);  tin-  npprr  sidi-  uxi'i-pt  in   /.  h  11 1  this  11  a),  tlii'  si'pta  piilVct  •  cv- 
fipt  ill   /.  f<iilviif>tnitiis\,  and  usually  ixtirnally  ividi-nl;  iiilliirtsi-iui'L'.  I'xivpt  in  dipaupiT- 
ati-  spiTinuns,  cif  siviial  tn  many  lii-ads;  iilanls  ucit  iif  ari-tii-  alpiiii-  raiinv.     Si.i'l.Mi. 
I   Stainiiis  ii,  OIK-  oppii-.iti'  lai-li  ])iiiaiitli-pait 
Ik-ads  iicliK'i'd  to  one.  or  raiily  two  llouiis,  3|.   /.  prtihai pus 

Iliads  J  many  llciwincl. 

p;pidiriiiis  not  muuluni  cl. 

Plants  with  two  kinds  of  liavrs.  oiu-  iiormal.  tlu-  othii  l.i^al,  Milmu  i>iil,  and  capillaiy. 
I'lant  low.  U-.S  than  m'  liiuh.  -'.^   ./•  I'littfi^iis. 

riant  tall,  nioix'  than  10'  hiyli.  2U,  /.  mititai  is. 

Plants  without  siibnuisiil  i-aiiiUary  liavo. 

Capsuli-  oliloui;.  lillii  T  alnuptly  aiMiminali-  or  lilnntly  ai-nti- 

liraiii'liis  widily  >pnaclin.u;  ciiisuU'    sliariily  ai'iili  .  tape  rintv  into   a   cimspiouous 

point.  _'7.   /.  ai  liciilaliis. 

Piiaiulir?.  Usually  strii'l:  i-ap--uU'  liroadly  ariiti-.  or  ohlusi .  with  a  sliort  point. 

2S.   /.  I\'iiliai lisoiiiaiiiis. 
Capsule  -nliiilali 

Leaf  liladi-  eieil:  inner  ])eriaillh-part>  loiijier  than  the  outer.  2ci.    /.  inntuMis 

'  Leaf  lilailes  ahriiptly  clivei^'enl  flciiii  the  -tciu.  outer  iieriantli  pari-  loHKi'i"  than  llie 

iiiiiei.  \n,    I .    'J'ltri  ,■]  i. 

p^liidermis  of  the  leaver  rou.uheiled  with  ininnti   lulieviiis.  ^!.    /    I'arsai  iriisi\. 

i  i    Stamens  ,i.  nolle  opposite  llu-  imn  1  iieiiaiilh  |iail>. 
C'apsuU-  less  than  tliiee  fciurth>  as  Iouk  as  tlu-  peviantli.  ,^2.   /.  t'l  ai  /lu  iii  piis. 

Capsule  more  than  tliiee  fourths  a>  loiiu  a--  tlu-  ))i  riaiUli. 
Capsule  tapi  riiijx  evenly  into  a  iircuniiunl  Milmlati   lu-aU 

I.eaf  lilade  xeitieally  llatleiied  and  with  iiK-onipl'-te  M-pl,i.  only  rarely  eciiiipres--ed  aiicl  with 
eomplete  septa.  ,Vv  ./.  p'ltld'/'thiius. 

I.eaf  hlade  terete  iir  marly  '•o.  the  si-pta  eonipU-le. 

riipi-rniost  eaulim-  leaf  with  a  well-developed  lilade.  5|.    /.  s,  i  1  puitli^. 

riiiienuost  eauliue  leaf  with  a  nidiuientary  lilaili  rarely  exeeedinu  i'  in  length. 

.VS.   /   iih'L;a,  I pliatiis. 
Capsuli-  obtuse  to  aente  at  the  ajiix.  sciinetiilu-s  miU'iouali-,  but   not  ]irciloui;ed  into  a  beaU. 
Sc-ed  ' ."    i"  Iciiin. 

reriaiith  about  1"  loUH.  Uie  fruitint;-  head  not  nioie  than  2"  liich.  ,',11.   /.  tinii  /naptiatti^. 
Perianth  1  '   "    2"  loufr.  or  if  slmrter.  the  fruitiuyhead  2"  hiKli  or  nicin-.  '■,;.   /.  l\iiitii/iitus. 
Si-cd  ! ''-'."  '""U- 

I'eriautli  ami  mature  eajisule  1"   3"  liiii(f. 

I'eriaiitli  1 ',  "    2"  loiiji.  or  if  less  llu-  whole  iilaiit  not  jo'  liii;h.    ;^.   /.  ai  iniiiihiliis. 
I'eriautli  1"    1',"  lout;,  the  whole  plant  nion-  than  Jo'  hii;h.        .^o.   /.  inluisliis. 
rerianlh  and  lualure  eapsules  2"   ,;"  loui;.  (o.   /.  liill'iisissiiiiiis. 

I.   Juncus  effusus  L.     Coinnion  Rusli.     lino  Rush.    Soft  Rusli.    i  Im.i;.  919. ) 

Inn,  IIS  ,1)11  ^11  \  I,.  Si>.  I'l.  ,;2'i.       17.^,5. 

Plant  i>^°-4°  hixli,  densely  tuftcil,  creit.  Root- 
stock  stout,  hrancliinj;.  proliferous;  stem  .soft. 
merely  striate beiiiatli  the  iiillurcscence;  basal  Icaf- 
blades  reduced  to  filiform  nidimeiits;  iiillorescciice 
many-llowercd,  \'-Y  liigli,  in  one  form  coti^-ested 
into  a  still  smaller  compact  cluster;  lowest  bract  .>f 
tile  inlloresceiice  2'-ii/lon,!.;,  iiiucli  shorter  than  the 
stem;  perianth  i"-i'2"  louj;,  its  parts  green,  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate;  stamens  ;,,  the  anthers  sliorter 
than  the  filaments;  capsule  ohovoid,  3-celled,  iiiuti- 
cous,  regularly  dehiscent;  seed  \"~U"  iu  length. 
obli(|uely  oblong,  reticulate  in  about  16  longitudi- 
nal rows,  the  reticulations  smooth  ami  two  or  three 
times  broader  than  long. 

In  swamps  and  nioisl  places,  nearly  thrcuinhciul 
North  .\nierica,  exeejil  the  arid  and  hinh  noitheru  pcir- 
ticiii>.  .\>cends  to  .v»Hi  ft.  in  \'ir(finia.  Also  in  l-lurope 
and  .\si,i. 


■^iK    A 


•llllt.\ 


Rool- 

11     Sllfl. 

;il  IcaC- 

■sceiu'c 

;fsteil 

IVM-X    of 

;l;ui  Ihe 
11,  laii- 
Kirler 
imiti- 

LMlglll. 

igitiiili- 
>r  three 


KrSH   FAMILY. 
2.  Juncus  conglomeratiis  L.     Glomerate  Rush.     (Fiir. 

/innns  lOugloninalKX  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  ,126.      175^. 

/Kill  IIS  /.ri'iiii  Mara.  I'l.  Neu-Vurpdin.  (si.      1V19. 

I'lant  i°-2'/i°  llv.h,  densely  tufted,  erect.  Root- 
stock  .stout,  with  proliferous  branches;  stem  dis- 
tinctly ribbed  just  beneath  the  inlloresceiicc;  Icaf- 
bladcs  wanting  or  reduced  to  niiiuite  filiform  rudi- 
ments; iiillorescence  congested,  seldom  more  than 
10"  high;  lowest  bract  of  the  inlloresceiicc  2'-6' 
long,  much  shorter  than  the  stem;  perianth  1  '4  "-2" 
long,  its  parts  green,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  stamens 
3,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth;  anthers 
shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  nearly  as  long 
as  the  perianth,  obovoid,  obtuse  or  retuse  at  apex, 
tipped  with  the  base  of  the  style;  seed  !, "-'4'"  in 
length,  obliquely  oblong,  acute  or  abruptly  apiculate 
at  both  ends,  reticulate  in  about  16  longitudinal  rows, 
the  reticulations  smooth  and  two  or  three  times 
broader  than  long. 

In  llif  spliaKiuiiii  bogs  cif  N\\vf()iiii(llaii(I.     Ki-siiublinjr  in 
willi  ciiiigcsUil  ititlDriscince.    Also  in  ticirllieni  Ivurujie  and  .\ 


383 


ippi.- 
sia. 


iiaiici.'  s)KciiiK'M^  of   /.  r/Hisiis 


921.; 


Juncus  filiformis  L.     Thread  Rush.     (Fij?. 

/iimiis  fili/iii  mis  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  ,^2b.      i7,Sv 

Perennial,  steins  4'-25'tall,  erect,  about  ';"  in  dia- 
nielcr,  arising  from  a  creeping  rootstock;  basal  leaves 
reduced  to  bladeless  sheaths;  involucral  leaf  usually 
longer  than  the  stem;  inllorescence  rarely  with  more 
than  20  flowers  or  more  than  i'  high,  commonly  with 
less  than  8  flowers  and  less  than  10"  high;  perianth 
I  '4"-!  '4"  lo'ig.  it^  parts  nearly  ccjual,  green  with 
hyaline  margins,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  or  the 
inner  obtuse;  stamens  6,  about  half  as  long  as  the 
perianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments,  style 
very  short;  capsule  obovoid,  green,  barely  pointed, 
about  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  perianth,  3-celled; 
seed  obliquely  oblong,  about  ^4"  long,  ])oiiited  at 
either  end,  with  an  irregularly  wrinkled  coat,  seldom 
developing  reticulations. 

Labrador  to  Hritish  Coluinbia.  south  to  the  iiioutitniiis 
of  I'ciiiisylvaiiia,  to  Michigan,  anil  in  tlu-  Kocky  .Mouii- 
laiiis  to  rtah  and  Colorado.     .\lso  in  luiropu  and  .\>ia. 

4.   Juncus  gymnocarpus  Coville.     Pennsylvania  Rtish. 

/uncus  Siiiilliii  I'jijfilin.  Trans.  St.   I.ouis  .\cad.  2;  .))|. 

iS6t).      Not  Kunlli,  1.S41. 
f.  i;viiiiuiiiiipiisCi>\'\\W,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  kjd.    iS()|. 

.Stems  erect,  i°-2'>°  high,  about  i"  thick,  arising 
at  intervals  from  a  creeping  jjroliferous  rootstock 
about  I  '2"  in  diameter;  basal  leaves  reduced  to  blade- 
less  clasping  sheaths;  panicle  commonly  7"-i5"high, 
spreading,  its  subtending  leaf  usually  4'-io'  long; 
perianth  i"  in  length  or  a  little  less,  its  parts  with  a 
green  midrib,  equal,  lanceolate,  the  outer  acute,  the 
inner  obtuse;  stamens  6,  nearly  as  long  as  the  peri- 
anth, the  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule 
almost  twice  as  long  as  the  perianth,  broadly  ovoid, 
conspicuously  mucronate,  brown  and  shining,  barely 
dehiscent,  3-celled;  seed  obliciuely  obovoid  or  oblong, 
somewhat  misshapen  by  compression  in  the  capsule, 
about  '  /'  long,  none  with  perfect  markings  seen. 

In  swamps,  inouiitaius  of  .Schuylkill  and  I.fbanoii 
counties,  I'ciinsylvaiiia. 

25 


Fitr. 


jrNCACI'AI- 


( I'iR. 


5.  Juncus  Balticus  Willd.     Baltic  Kiisli. 

(  FiK.  yj.v  ) 
/Hiiiii\  Halliiiis  Willd.  IliTlin  Miitr.  3:  2ijS.      1809. 

SU'ius  erect,  S'-v'  I'lgli,  ^'2"-!  V"  thick,  arisiii},' 
at  iiitiTvals  from  a  stout  crcepinj^rootstDck  i''-i  '2" 
thick;  hiisal  leaves  reduced  to  liladeless  sheaths; 
panicle CDUiiuouly  l'  2ji' hijjh;  ])erianth  i  'i"-2'4'" 
lonj;,  its  parts  lanceolate,  acute,  or  the  inner  some- 
times obtuse,  nearly  efjual,  Iirown  with  a  green  mid- 
rihand  hyaline  margins;  style  'j"i"  long;  stigmas 
a  little  shorter;  stamens  6,  about  two-thirds  the 
length  of  the  jierianth;  anthers  about  '4  ''  in  length, 
mucli  longer  than  the  filaments;  capsule  about  as 
long  as  the  ])erianth,  pale  to  dark  brown,  narrowly 
ovoid,  conspicuously  mucronate,  3-celled;  seeds 
usually  with  a  loose  coat,  nearly  Yz"  long,  oblong 
to  narrowly  obovoid,  oblirpie,  about  40-striate. 

On  slKiris.  l.alMailiir  to  Alaska,  soutlurn  Niw  Vnik. 
^>t~fh£l^^^^^P^-~^        ^W"     ^  \        niiii)  anil  Nibraska:    I'ar  suiitli  in  tlu-  western   niouii 

—  •'<-0"'~         '.'  >        lain-.     Also  in  ICiiroin- and  .\sia.     \'arial>le. 

6.   Juncus   Roemerianus  Schtclc.      RocniLi's  Rush. 

/iiii(iisA'iiiiniiit!iii/sSL\u.Lh\  I.iiniaia,  22:  ,^.)S.      iSj,). 

Stems  20'  4°  tall,  erect,  arising  singly  from  a 
tough  scaly  horizontal  rootstock  2]2"-~$"  thick; 
inner  sheaths  bearing  erect  blades  of  about  the 
same  length  as  the  stem;  inflorescence  j'^'-f)' 
high,  difTusely  spreading,  its  leaf  .('  10'  long; 
heads  2  6-flowered;  perianth  pale  brown,  i"-i'4" 
long,  the  parts  linear-oblong,  the  outer  acuminate, 
the  inner  shorter  and  bluntly  acute;  flowers  imper- 
fectly dioecious;  stamens  6,  on  fertile  ])lants  re- 
duced to  sterile  stannuodia;  capsule  brown,  about 
as  long  as  the  perianth,  narrowly  obovoid,  obtuse 
or  truncate,  mucronate,  _^-celled;  placenta  very 
thick  and  spongy,  about  one-third  as  broad  as  the 
valve;  seed  dark  brown,  '4"-\s"  long,  obovoid, 
abruptly  apiculate,  indistinctly  rctictdate  or  dis- 
tinctly 20-26-ribbed  and  the  intervening  spaces  im- 
perfectly cross-lined. 

In  brackish  niarslus.  New  Jersey  to  Texas.  I.unt; 
confuse'',  by  .\nierie.'Ui  authors  with  the  I'olUiwint;  siiteitr 

7.    Juncus  maritimus  Lam.     vSta  Rtish.      (  V'\^. 

/innii'.  iiiiii  i/iiuiii  l.Ani.  i',ncyi:\.  3: 

Stems  20'  40' high,  i "-2"  thick,  erect  from  a  stout 
horizontal  rootstcjck.  Outer  basal  leaves  reduced  to 
bladelcss  sheaths,  the  innermost  foliose,  with  a  long 
terete  stout  blade  about  equalling  the  stem;  leaf  of  the 
inflorescence  erect,  sometimes  i''  long,  sometimes 
barely  exceeding  the  jianicle;  panicle  3'-S'  high,  its 
branches  stilT,  erect;  heads  2-6-flowered;  perianth 
ij'i"-i  '4"  long, its  parts  green,  lanceolate,  with  hya- 
line margins,  the  outer  acuminate,  the  inner  a  little 
shorter;  flowers  perfect;  stamens  6,  two-thirds  as  long 
as  the|)erianth;  fdaments  about  as  long  as  the  anthers; 
capsule  I 'j"-i '4  "  long,  narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  mu- 
cronate, brown  al)ove,  3-eelled,  with  thin  placentae; 
-seed  brown,  about   >4"  long,  the  liody  narrowly  and 

I  1     » v/     \      2        U    !#^  1/        obliquely  oblong,  about  is"  in  length,  20-30-ribbed, 

!      W  \  "^     ^<:f^  -r-*\r^-        indistinctly  reticulate,  tailed  at  either  end. 

■^        !l  vv      ^^     ^^i??  Aa^LV//         Coney   Island,  New  York.     Coninion  on  tlie  coasts  of 

tlu-  eastern  lieniispliere. 


9^5- ) 
264. 


1 78.1. 


KtSH    I'AMII.V. 

Toail  Rush. 


385 


(KiK.  9^f->-) 


'^ 


8.  Juncus  bufonius  I,. 

/nil,  ii\  hii/'oiiiiis  I„  S]).  I'l.  ,^j8.       I7,S,v 

I'laiit  lirancliiiifj  from  tlif  1)asc,  annual,  tTtct,  scl- 
iloni  cxccfdiiiK  i^'  in  licijjlit,  tlie  stems  in  lar^'i'  jjlants 
with  I  or  2  leaves  holow  the  inllorescenre;  leaf-lilade 
flat,  '4  "-  'i"  wide,  in  low  plants  often  imich  narrower 
and  fdifiirni-iiivolutc;  iiidorcscence  alxint  one-half  as 
hij^li  as  the  plant,  with  hlade-hcarin^  leaves  at  the 
lower  nodes;  flowers  inserted  sinj,'ly  on  its  branches, 
in  one  form  fasciculate;  perianth-parts  2"  3',"  louj^, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  e(|ual;  stamens  usually  6, 
sometimes  3,  seldom  half  as  lonj^  as  the  perianth; 
anthers  shorter  than  the  fdaments;  capsule  about  two- 
thirds  as  lf)nj;  as  the  perianth;  narrowly  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, mucronate,  vcellcd;  seed  broadly  oblong,  with 
straight  tips,  ,'o"  '+"  1""K>  minutely  reticulate  in 
30 -40  longitudinal  rows,  the  areolae  broader  than  long. 

A  cosniii])(ilitiin  ^|)l■ci^  s,  ncciininjf  tliroUKlmut  North 
Anierica.ixcipt  tliccxlrcinc  luirlli,  and  fii'<|\iiiiting<lri(:(l- 
uj)  piidis,  biirdirs  (if  streams  an  '  iHiulsicU  s  in  clayey  soil. 

9.    Juncus  trifidus  L.     Ili^dilaiid  Rtish.     ( I'i;. 

Iiiiliiis  hifuliis  I,.  Si).  I'l.  ,v-''i.       ir.Sv 

Densely  tufted,  4'-i2'high;  stems  closely  set  on  a 
stout  rootstock,  erect,  about  V"  thick;  basal  leaves 
reduced  to  almost  bladeless  sheaths,  the  uppermost 
with  a  rudimentary  blade  and  fimbriate  auricles;  stem 
leaf  I,  inserted  near  the  inflorescence,  with  a  narrower 
slender.  Hat  or  involute  blade;  inlloresccnce  a  cluster 
of  1-3  flowers,  the  lowest  subtending  bract  similar  to 
the  stem  leaf,  the  succeeding  one  much  smaller  or 
wanting;  perianth  dark  brown,  i'4"-iV"  long;  sta- 
mens 6;  anthers  about  as  long  as  the  fdaments;  capsule 
eciualling  the  perianth,  coriaceous,  3-celled,  obovoid 
with  a  conspicuously  mucronate-aristate  top;  seeds 
few,  narrowly  obovoid,  acute  at  the  base,  irregularly 
angled,  minutely  striate  both  longitudinally  and  trans- 
versely. 

Ciicinlaiul  aii<l  I.abratliir,  south  nil  llu-  hiylur  ninun- 
taiiis  ijf  New  luiKlaud  and  New  Vurk  tn  Sam's  I'oinl. 
N.  V.     .Mso  in  Udrtlieni  lUinipe  and  .\sia. 


927, 


10.   Juncus  Gerardi  I/)is 

Jiiiitii.s  (it  riiiiii  I,(jis.  Jdurn.  ilc  Hot.  2:  2S4.      \^t*). 

Tufted,  S'-2S''  high,  with  creeping  rootstocks. 
Hasal  leaves  with  rather  loosely  clasping  auriculate 
sheaths,  the  long  bla<les  flat,  or  when  dry  involute;  1 
or  2  eauline  leaves  usually  present,  similar  to  the 
basal;  inflorescence  paniculate,  sometimes  exceeded 
by  its  lowest  bract;  panicle  erect,  strict  or  slightly 
spreading;  perianth  i"-\li"  long,  its  parts  oblong, 
obtuse,  with  green  midrib  and  broad  dark  brown 
margins,  straw-colored  in  age;  stamens  6,  barely  ex- 
ceeded by  the  perianth;  anthers  much  longer  than 
the  filaments;  capsule  one-fourth  to  one-half  longer 
than  the  perianth,  obovoid,  mucronate,  dark  brown, 
shining,  3-celled;  seed  dark  brown,  obovate,  acute  at 
base,  broadly  obtuse  and  often  depressed  at  the  sum- 
mit, marked  by  12-16  conspicuous  ribs,  the  interven- 
ing spaces  cross-lined. 

On  salt  nuadows,  Ciulf  of  .St.  Lawrence  to  Klorida:  rare 
in  western  New  York  and  the  vicinity  of  the  Cireat  I.aki  s. 
Occurs  also  on  the  northwest  cnast.  and  in  ICumijc. 


Hlack-i^rass.     (Fig-.  928.  ) 


3Hr> 


II.    Juncus  tenuis  Willd. 


jrNCACI'AI'. 

Slender  Rii.-^li.     Yard  Kii>li.     (  Fii;.  921^) 

/iiiu  II  \  /iiniii  \\'\\\i\.  Sp.  I'l.  2:2i\        171/). 

Tufted,  fS'-.V)'  liiKli;  basal  leaves  with  tilailcs  '4'"- 
\"  \vi<k-.  soitietiiiit's  iuvoliiti'  in  ilr\iiij;,  abi)Ut  half 
tliL'licinht  of  thi;  stiMii;  stem  leaves  none;  inllorescoiice 
usually  much  excecilcil  hy  its  lowest  K-af,  4'  high  or 
less,  the  flowers  rarely  secund;  jieriaulli  i'4"-2'." 
limj;,  its  jiarts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  exceeding  the 
cajisule,  widely  divcr^^cnt,  touchinj^  the  capsule  for 
about  half  their  Ictij-th;  stamens  6,  about  half  as  luiij^ 
as  the  iierianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments; 
capsule  oblouK  'o  obovoid,  rounded  at  the  top,  imper- 
fectly 3-celled;  seed  \"~X"  lf>"K'  narrowly  oblong 
to  obovoid,  wi'li  oblifjuc  ends,  reticulated  in  about  16 
rows,  the  areolae  tvvo  or  three  times  broader  than  lonj;. 

In  dry  111  liinist  snil,  e-pii-ially  nii  i):itli>,  aliiiiisl  tlUMinjli. 
mil  Nmlli  A'lurica,  now  iiiiKialiiig  In  all  parts  (if  llie  wmUl. 
\';iriabU'. 


12.  Juncus  secundus  Ikauv.     Seciind  Rush 


/iiiiiiis.\iciiiii/ii':]hM\v.   piiii.  I'jii'ycl.  Sup.  3:  Hi  '       l^-i; 
/mil  IK   liiiiiis  var.   sriiiiiiliis  Ijiniliii.  Tran>.    St.   I.oiii^ 
.Acad.  2:    ),i'>.       iMii,. 

Tufted,  6'-i6'  hi;.jlr,  leaves  usually  less  than  one- 
third  the  height  of  the  i)lant;  inflorescence  Ioii);er 
than  its  lowest  leaf  or  only  slightly  exceeded  by  it, 
io"-4'  Mgh,  the  flowers  secuml  on  the  usually  some- 
what iii'.'urved  branches;  perianth-parts  i'4"-i^4" 
long,  'ifiuallinK  or  barely  exceeding  the  capsule  ami 
appressed  to  it  for  about  two-thirds  their  length,  often 
reddish  above;  stamens  6,  about  one-half  as  long  as 
the  perianth;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid,  3-sided  above 
the  middle  with  straight  sides  and  a  truncate  apex, 
completely  3-cclled,  the  placentae  meeting  in  the  axis; 
seed  \"-\"  long,  narrowly  oblong  to  ovoid,  obliquely 
tipped,  with  12-16  longitudinal  rows  of  areolae  two  or 
three  times  broader  than  long. 

Ill  dry  soil,  New  Jersey  and  I'lniisylvaiiia  to  Noilli  Caro- 
lina.    Occasional  in  llic  iiiiildle  Missis>ip|)i  X'alky. 


13- 


Juncus  Vaseyi  Ivnojc-lin.     \';isl->'>  Rush. 

/mil  IIS  I'liuii    luiijelin.    Trans 
i.sry'i. 

Steins  erect,  tufted,   1^-2% 


(Fig.  y:,i.  ) 

.    St.    I.ouis  .Vead.   2 


hh. 


high. 


in  diameter 


or  less;  basal  leaves  with  minutely  auriculate  sheaths, 
the  uppermost  bearing  a  terete  channeled  blade  half 
to  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  stem;  stem  leaves  none; 
inflorescence  l-;'  in  height  or  less,  4-4o-flowercd,  the 
lowest  bract  usually  not  exceeding  the  inflorescence; 
perianth  l,'>"-2"  long,  the  parts  subulate-lanceolate, 
with  hyaline  margins,  the  inner  slightly  shorter; 
stamens  6,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth; 
anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  style  almost  want- 
ing; stigmas  short;  ca])sule  slightly  exceeding  the 
perianth,  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse  or  truncate,  with  a 
short  tip,  3-celled;  seed  long-tailed,  with  a  linear-ob- 
long oblique  hotly  about  li"  long,  20-24-ribbed,  the 
intervening  spaces  with  faint  transverse  jiiarkings. 
M.iiiK-  and  Ontario  to  Mieliip;aii.  Illinois  and  Iowa. 


KISII    I'AMILY. 
14.   Juncus  Greenei  Oako  vV  Tiickcrin.     ('.rtcin.' 

JuHt  II \  1,1,,  II,  I  ( );ikis  iV  TiKkiiiii.  Am.  j,  Sc-i.  45:  \-.  i^n. 
Stems  iTfct,  ilcnscly  tiifteil,  S'-a',"  I'iglii  I'iiS'il 
leavfs  with  sleiiiU'r  terete  chaiiiiekMl  blades  one-half  or 
rarely  two-thirds  the  length  "f  the  stem;  stem  leaves 
none,  or  a  siii^de  one  hclnv  the  iiifloresoence;  panicle 
l(/'-2o''  liiKh,  ratlier  compai't,  somewhat  uml)elloid, 
miicli  exceedrd  by  its  lowest  bract;  i)criantli  1  \"-\  '." 
\i>nn,  its  parts  stiff,  lanceolate,  sharply  acute,  with 
brownish  red  strijjes  and  apex,  the  inner  shorter;  sta- 
mens 6,  lialf  to  two-thirds  as  lonj;  as  the  perianth;  an- 
thers about  as  lonj,'  as  the  lllaments;  style  and  stij^'uias 
very  short;  capsule  one-fourth  to  <ine-lialf  longer  than 
the  perianth,  ovate-lauciiplate  in  outline,  truncate  at  the 
summit,  ;,-celled;  seed  obliquely  oblonj^r,  !"  1^"  lonj;, 
slightly  reticulated  in  about  20-24  rows,  the  areolae 
nearly  s(|uare. 

ir  lllr  iii:i-.l;   Miiiiijiaii. 


■vs? 


Riisli.     (  IM),^  i>3J.  J 


New  Ilniii-^wick  In  New  Jev^iy,  ti 
\Visi(]n~iii,  Minni  scita  and  (inlaiin. 


■         Iff 


Juncus  dichotomus  h'.U. 

/nil,  II 


Forked  Rii>h.      (  FiJ,^  y;,^.  ) 

liihiiloiinis  VAX.  licit.  S.  (J.  iV  (la.  i:  ,|u6.  iSi;. 
Closely  tufted,  1^-3''  hinh;  leaves  all  basal  cx- 
ce]il  those  of  the  inflorescence;  sheaths  usuallv  red- 
dish, the  blades  terete,  channeled  along  the  upper 
side,  about  one-half  the  height  of  the  stem;  inflor- 
escence paniculate,  subsecund,  i|i'-3"4'  high,  usu- 
ally exceeded  by  its  lowest  bract;  perianth  about 
2''  long,  its  parts  subulate-lanceolate,  gieen  when 
young,  straw-colored  when  old;  stamens  6,  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  perianth,  the  anthers  shorter 
than  the  fdanients;  capsule  slightly  shorter  than 
the  perianth,  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  i-celled, 
the  placentae  intruded  half  way  to  the  center;  seed 
oblong,  dark  brown,  obliquely  apiculate,  less  than 
'+ "  lung,  reticulate  in  about  14  longitudinal  rows, 
the  smooth  areolae  about  as  long  as  broad. 

dry  "^oil,   Maine  to  I'lorid.i  and  Texas,  ncai   the 


In 

oast. 


Ro.slk.     Awl-leavL'd  Rush 

1/ 


16.   Juncus  setaceus 

Inn,  IIS  s,l,u,  lis  Kostk.  MdiiciK.  June.  i,^.  />/.  1.  f.  j.    i.sm. 

Dei'sely  tufted  from  stout  branching  rootstocks. 
Stems  terete,  spreading  and  recurved  above,  i '3^-3° 
long;  leaves  all  basal  except  those  of  the  inflores- 
cence, the  uppermost  sheath  usually  bearing  a  long 
terete  blade  similar  to  the  stem,  but  channeled;  the 
other  sheaths  with  filiform  blades  less  than  '2'  in 
length;  iuvolucral  leaf  appearing  like  a  continua- 
tion of  the  stem,  4'-i^  long;  inflorescence  a])pcaring 
lateral,  2'  long  or  less;  perianth  i"-2;^"  long,  its 
parts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rigid,  widely  divergent  in 
fruit;  stamens  6;  anthers  usually  longer  tlian  the  fila- 
ments; capsule  globose,  shining,  mucronate,  i-celled, 
with  intruded  placentae,  barely  dehiscent;  seed  sub- 
globose,  '+"-1,"  long,  reticulate  in  about  12  longi- 
tudinal rows,  the  areolae  large. 

In  luarslies,  Delaware  tn  I'lorida  and  Texas,  near  the 
coast,  extending  uortli  in  tlie  Mississippi  Valley  to  >Iis- 


(Fis.  0.1-I-; 


3SS 


jrXCACI'AI'. 


Juncus  marginatus  Rostk.     (irass-lcaved  Rush.     ( Ki>,^  9;i5.) 

Jinuiis  iiituxinciliis  K(»tk.  Muiidk.  Juiic.  ,iS./>/  .'./', 
Jiiiniis  ii/<i)!;iiin/ns  var.  f>iiiiriiaf>ihilns  liiifCfliii. 
St.  I.Duis  Acad.  2;   (55.       iMiii. 


Ttaii.s. 


Stems  erect,  tuflcil,  6'-^o'  liin'i  from  branching 
rootstocks,  somewhat  bulbous  at  the  base,  compressed, 
2-4-leave(l.  I.eaf-sheaths  auriculatc:  blades  ^2"-!,  2" 
broad,  2-4  conspicuous  veins  in  addition  to  the  mid- 
rib; inllorescenre  4'  liiKli  or  less,  the  panicle  com- 
posed of  2-21)  turbinate  to  subsphcrical  5-io-tlo\vcred 
heads;  perianth  i  '+"-'?+"  long,  the  outer  parts  ovate, 
acute,  the  inner  slightly  longer,  obovate,  obtuse,  ,ith 
hyaline  margins;  stamei".  3,  nearly  as  long  as  the  peri- 
anth; anthers  ovate,  reddish  brown  when  dry,  much 
shorter  than  the  fdaments;  ca])sule  e(iualling  the  peri- 
anth, obovoid,  truncate  or  retuse,  almost  ,^-celled,  the 
placentae  deeply  intruded;  seed  oblong,  \"-%"  long, 
pointed  at  either  end,  12   i6-ribbed. 

C.rassy  places,  Maine  to  Ontario,  IHorida  and  Nebraska. 

Juncus  marginatus  aristulatus  iMiclix.'l  Covillc,  I'roc.  Hiol.  Soc.  Wash.  8:  123.      iJ^fj.i 
/mil  IIS  ID  is/ii!iiliis  Micli.x.  I'l.  Hor.  Am.  i'  ii)2.       i.'^o^. 
/iiiuiis  null  i;i  Hill  IIS  var.  hifliuiis  WoikI.  Classbook.  ICd.  2,  725.      l.'^6I. 

Taller,  sometimes  3'.-     liiijli;  leaf  blades   i"   2'  ■"  broad;  lieads  usually  20  ii»i.  mostly  2  .s-llow 
ered.     New  York  to  I'Morida  and  Mexico,  mostly  near  tl'.e  coast:  Jlississip])!  Valley  to  Michigan. 
Juncus  marginatus  setosus  Coville.  I'roe   liiol.  Soc.  Wash.  8:  124,      i.Si)^. 
Inner  perianth-parts  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate:  seeds  smaller.      Kans.is  to  Jlexico. 

18.  Juncus  longistylis  Torr.     Lony^-styletl 
Rush.     (  ?'is.  936- ) 

/iniiiis  Imi^i;  is/y/is  Torr.  liot.  Mex.  Hound.  22.V       iS,S(). 

Stems  erect,  loosely  tufted,  S'  ,vi'  high,  r.-ither  still", 
slender,  compressed,  1  3-leaved,  the  leaves  mostly  below 
the  middle.  I^eaf  blades  *♦"-!, 'j"  wide,  acute,  striate, 
the  midrib  well  defined;  inflorescence  2'  high  or  less, 
usually  of  2-10  irregular  3-S-flowercd  head.s,  or  reduced 
to  a  single  larger  one;  ])erianth  2,'i"-3"  long,  the  parts 
equal,  brown,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  hyaline  mar- 
gins; stamens  6,  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  peri- 
anth, the  yellow  linear  anthers  longer  than  the  filaments ; 
style  about  U"  long;  stigmas  i"-i,'i"  long;  cajisule 
shorter  than  the  perianth,  oblong,  brown,  angled  above, 
obtuse  or  depressed  at  the  summit,  mucronate,  3-cclled; 
seed  oblong,  white-tipped,  about  ,'+ "  long,  14  2o-ribbc(l. 

Western  Nebraska  and  the  Rocky  Mountain  region. 

19.  Juncus  repens  Michx.     Creeping  Rush.      (Fig.  (.)t,'j.  ) 
/iiiiiiis  refinis  Michx.  I'l.  Hor.  .\m.  i:  101.      iNi;,. 

Perennial  by  prostrate  rooting  branches;  stems  tufted, 
compressed,  ascending,  floating  or  ;)rostrate,  2'-2o' long. 
Leaves  with  compressed  sheaths  10"  in  length,  auricu- 
latc.  the  blades  i'-3,'2'  long,  '2"-!"  broad,  filiform-acu- 
minate; inflorescence  of  i-S  heads,  one  or  more  lieads 
often  occurring  also  at  the  lower  nodes;  heads  5-10- 
flowcred;  flowers  3"-s"  long,  the  outermost  slightly 
recurved;  perianth-parts  subulate-lanceolate,  the  outer 
keeled,  about  one-third  shorter  than  the  inner;  stamens 
3,  half  to  one  third  the  length  of  the  perianth;  filaments 
longer  than  the  yellow  anthers;  capsule  subulate,  beak- 
less,  about  as  long  as  the  outer  perianth-parts,  3-celled, 
the  valves  membranous,  breaking  away  from  the  axis  in 
dehiscence;  seed  oblong,  acute  at  either  end,  \"-\" 
long,  finely  reticulate  in  2,5-40  longitudinal  rows. 

In  swamps  and  streams.  Delaware  to  I'lorida.  Cuba  and 
Texa:^,  and  in  I.owe!  Calilornia. 


' 


Kl'SH    I'.AMILV. 

20.   Juncus  castaneus  vSniith.     Cliestmit  Rush 

(Fig.  938.) 

JuHdis  iiishiiu'iis  Siiiilli,  I'M.  lirit.  i:  ,5^,5.      i8i«j. 

Stems  erect,  4''-2o'  Iiigli,  terete,  leafless,  or  with  a 
single  leaf,  arising  singly  from  a  slender  rootstock. 
liasal  leaves  35,  the  outer  sheaths  short,  loose,  the 
inner  clasping,  sometimes  4'  long,  not  auriculate, 
their  blades  tapering  from  an  involute-tubular  base  to 
a  slender  channeled  acutish  apex;  inllorescence  strict, 
usually  exceeded  by  its  lowest  l)ract,  the  other  bracts 
memljranous  and  mostly  equalling  the  flowers;  heads 
1-3,  3-l2-llo\vered;  pedicels  |2"-i,!4"  long;  perianth 
brown  or  l)lack,  2"-3'.'''  long,  its  parts  lanceolate, 
acute;  stamens  nearly  as  long  as  the  jierianth;  anthers 
about  Iz"  long;  capsule  brown,  paler  toward  the  base, 
I  '22  times  as  long  as  the  perianth,  narrowlj'  oblong, 
tapering  to  an  acute  summit,  imperfectlj'  3celled; 
seed  i}i"-2"  long,  contracted  into  long  slender  tails, 
the  body  about  H"  long. 

Xewfouiullaiid  tn  .\liihka,  south  iilim^f  llu-  Kcicky  Mountains  h 


3«9 


Clii.stcred  Alpine  Rush. 


Colorado.     In  Ivuropf  and  Asia. 


22.    Jv 


[uncus 

/iiiu  IIS  hii^tinnis  I,.  Sp.  I'l 


21,  Juncus  stygius  L.     Moor  Rush.     (Fig.  939.) 

/iiiitiis  slygius  r,.  Sy.st.  Nat.  VA.  10,  2:  9S7.      175c). 

/.  s/\xiiis  var.  .\iiiri  icniins  Huch.  in  luiKler,  liot.  Jalirb.  12: 

Rootstock  none,  stems  3'-!°  high,  single,  or  few 
together,  erect,  1-3-leaved  below,  leafless  above;  leaf- 
sheaths  s"-u/'  long,  clasping,  nerved,  auriculate; 
blades  erect  or  nearly  so,  io"-4'  long,  slightly  com- 
pressed, channeled  on  the  upper  side,  tapering  to  a 
blunt  point;  inflorescence  of  i-4lieads;  heads  1-4-flow- 
ered;  lowest  biact  usually  exceeding  the  flowers;  peri- 
anth 1  '<  "-2',  "long,  pale,  its  parts  lauceolate,3-nerved, 
equal,  with  membranous  margins,  obtuse  or  acute; 
stamens  half  as  long  as  the  perianth  or  more;  anthers 
oblong,  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  3"-4" 
long,  pale  browu,  spindle-shaped,  acute,  mucronate, 
3-celled  below,  few-seeded;  seed  spindle-shaped,  i^^"- 
I  'i"  long,  with  a  loose  coat,  the  bo<ly  about  yi"  long, 
narrowed  into  thick  tails. 

Xcwfouiullaiul  to  Maiuf.  nortliirii  Nfw  York,  .Miclii)r:iii 
and  MiiHR'sota;  also  in  Hrilisli  Columbia  and  ICuropt-. 

biglumis  L.     Two-flowered  Rtt.sh.      (Fig.  940. ) 

^2^■     i7,s,v 


.stems  I'-S'  high,  loosely  tufted  on  a  branched  root- 
stock,  erect,  nearly  terete.  Leaves  i-s,  all  basal,  the 
outermost  sheath  usually  4"  long  or  less,  the  inner- 
most sometimes  much  longer,  inconspicuously  or  not 
at  all  auriculate,  the  blades  nearly  terete;  inflores- 
cence a  capitate  cluster  of  1-4  flowers,  its  lowest 
bract  erect,  foliose,  green  with  browu  membranous 
margins  below;  perianth  i,'j"-i  '4  "  long,  dark  brown, 
its  parts  membranous,  oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  equal; 
stamens  equalling  the  perianth;  anthers  linear-oblong; 
capsule  longer  than  the  perianth,  cylindric-oblong, 
3-sidcd,  retuse  at  the  summit,  with  3  kucled 
.shoulders,  purplish  black,  or  with  purple-mar- 
gined valves,  imperfectly  3-celled;  seed  '/i"--\"  long, 
fusiform,  the  body  narrowed  into  short  stout  tails. 

liatfin  Hay  to  Alaska  and  llritisli  Columbia.  .\lso  in 
ICurope  and  Asia. 


3VO 


jrNCACEAE. 


23.  Juncus  triglumis  L.     Three-flowered  Rusli.     (Fig.  941.) 

/iniiiis  tiifilidiiis  I,.  Hp.  I'!.  ,128,      i75,v 

Stems  ^'-''  liigli,  loosely  tufted  on  a  branched  root- 
stock,  erect,  terete.  Leaves  1-5,  all  basal,  with  sheaths 
clasping  and  conspicuously  auriculate,  the  blades  sub- 
terete,  blunt,  3*  "  in  diameter,  usually  less  than  half 
the  height  of  the  plant;  inflorescence  a  capitate  clus- 
ter of  1-5  (usually  3)  flowers,  the  lowest  2  or  3  bracts 
nearly  equal,  divergent,  about  as  long  as  the  flowers, 
usually  brown,  obtuse  and  membranous;  perianth 
I  ji"-2"  long,  its  parts  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse;  sta- 
mens nearly  as  long  as  the  perianth;  anthers  linear, 
short;  capsule  about  equalling  the  perianth,  oblong, 
obtuse,  mucronatc,  3-anglcd,  imperfectly  3-celled;  seed 
about  i"  loug,  its  body  oblong,  r.bruptly  contracted 
into  long  slender  tails. 

r,:ibriuliir  and  Ncwrinuullaiul  to  Alaska,  soiitli  in  tlie 
Kofky  Mimnlains  to  Coloradci,     .Msu  in  Munipe  and  Asia. 

24.    Juncus  pelocarpus  Iv.  Meyer.     Urowiiisli-fniited  Rush.     (Fig.  942.  ) 

/iiiu  Ks  ptiihiirpiis  v..  Miyer,  ,Syn.  l,u/.  30.       1S23. 

Rootstock  slender;  stems  3'-2o'  high,  1-5-leavcd; 
basal  leaves  2-4,  with  loose  auriculate  sheaths,  mostly 
with  slender  terete  blades  seldom  exceeding  5'  in 
length;  stem  leaves  1-3,  similar  to  the  basal;  inflores- 
cence 4'  in  height  or  less;  secondary  panicles  rarely 
])roduccd  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves;  panicle 
loose,  with  distant  heads  of  i  or  sonielimcs  2 
flowers;  perianth  ■-^"-1^2"  long,  the  ])arts  linear- 
oblong,  green  to  reddish-green,  obtuse  or  the  inner 
sometimes  acute,  the  outer  usually  the  shorter, 
all  of  them  frequently  modified  into  rudimentary 
leaves;  stamens  6,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
perianth;  anthers  slightly  exceeding  the  filaments; 
style  commonly  ':;'"  and  stigmas  i"  long;  capsule 
.subulate-linear,  its  slender  beak  exceeding  the  jieri- 
anth,  i-cellcd;  seed  oblong  to  obovoid,  '"-'4''  long, 
reticulate  in  about  24  rows,  the  areolae  smooth. 

NfwfiiuncUancl  in  Ni-w  Jersey  and  ^tinnesdla. 

Juncus  pelocarpus  subtihs  1  H.  Skycri  ICngclin.  Trans.  .St.  I.duis  .Vcad.  2:  ),si).      iS')6. 
/iiiii  :is  s/(h/i/is  ]•;.  JkyiT,  Syn.  I.ii/..  31.     1S23. 

Mucli  snialkr,  dipicsscd,  i  -few -fluwcRd.     Xnrtla-rn  Maim-  and  adjacent  Canaibi. 

25.   Juncus  bulbosus  L.     Hiilhou.s  Rush.     (Fig.  943.) 

/iii/iiis  hiilhiisiis  I,.  .Sp.  I'l.  327.       17,^3. 

Tufted,  2'-8'  high;  stems  erect,  or  procumbent  and 
rooting  at  the  joints,  usually  bulbous.  Leaves  of  two 
kinds,  the  basal  mostly  submersed,  fdiform,  the  canl- 
ine  stouter,  all  with  auriculate  sheaths  10"  long  or  less. 
the  septa  of  the  blades  inconspicuous;  panicle  of  i-io 
heads;  heads  top-shaped  to  hemispheric,  .4-15-flowered, 
some  of  the  flowers  often  transformed  into  tufts  of  small 
leaves;  perianth  i '  /'-I'l'Mong,  its  parts  ncarh-  e(jual, 
linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  brown,  or  with  a  green  mid- 
rib; stamens  3,  shorter  than  the  perianth;  anthers  a 
little  shorter  than  the  fdaments;  capsule  narrowly  f)b- 
long,  obtuse,  mucronate,  slightly  exceeding  the  peri- 
anth, brown  above,  i-celled;  seed  narrowly  oblong, 
about  '4"  lo'ig.  acute  at  base,  obtuse  and  apiculate 
above,  25-30-ribbed. 

I.,ibra(l(ir  and  Newfoundland.     Connnon  in  ICnrope. 


RfSH    FAMILY. 


391 


26.  Juncus  militaris  Bigel.     Bayonet  Rusli. 

fun,  IIS  iililihiiis  IliKil.  1*1.  Host.  I{il.  2.  1,^9.       1824, 

vStenis  2o'-4°  high,  erect,  stout,  i  li"-:-,''  tliick  below, 
arising  from  a  stout  rootstock.  Leaves  of  two  kinds, 
the  submersed  borne  in  dense  fascicles  on  the  root- 
stock  and  developing  fdiform,  nodose  blades  some- 
times 20'  long;  basal  leaves  reduced  to  loose  bladeless 
sheaths,  sometimes  10'  long;  stem  leaves  i  or  2,  the 
lower  with  a  long  stout  terete  blade  i"-2"  thick  at 
the  base,  the  upper,  when  present,  reduced  to  a  blade- 
less  sheath;  inllorcscence  3'-6'  high,  its  bracts  with 
obsolete  blades;  heads  top-shaped  to  semiglobose,  6- 
i2-flowercd;  perianth  i'2'"-i;V"  lo"Ki  'ts  parts  nar- 
rowly linear-subulate,  the  inner  longer  than  the  outer; 
stamens  6,  nearly  as  long:  anthers  slightly  exceeding 
the  filaments;  capsule  ovoid,  acuminate,  beaked,  i- 
celled,  few-seeded,  about  equalling  jjerianth;  seed 
obnvoid,  about  '+ "  long,  reticulated  in  about  24  rows. 

Slialliiw  Inar^riMS  of  hikis.  ponds  or  streams,  Nova 
St'niia  t.i  iiortlKrn  Ntw  Vcirk  and  Maryland. 


(fJR-  944-  ) 


27. 


Jointed  Rush. 


I 

On 

1,10 


Juncus  articulatus  L. 

(Fig.  945. j 

Jiniiiis  iir/ii  iiltiliis  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  ,;27.      175.?. 

Rootstock  branching;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  S'- 
2"  high,  tufted,  somewhat  compressed,  2-4-leaved; 
basal  blade-bearing  leaves  only  r  or  2,  usually  dying 
early;  stem  leaves  with  rather  loose  sheaths  and  con- 
spicuouslv  septate  blades;  inflorescence  rarely  exceed- 
ing 4'  in  height,  its  branches  spreading;  heads  hemi- 
S])heric  to  top-shaped,  6- 12- (lowered;  perianth  i"-i  '2" 
long,  the  parts  nearly  ecjual,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
reddish  brown  with  a  green  midrib  or  green  through- 
out; stamens  6,  one-half  to  three-fourths  as  long  as  the 
perianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  fdaments;  capsule 
longer  than  the  perianth,  brown,  ,va"gled,  sharply 
acute,  tapering  into  a  conspicuous  tip,  i-celled;  seed 
oblong-obovoid,  about  '+ "  lo'i.cT.  reticulate  in  about 
16-20  rows,  the  areolae  finely  cross-lined. 

.alinidor  til  Massaoliusttts,  New  York,  Michigan  and  lirilisli  Cohinibia.     Also  in  I'airope  and  .\sia. 

liallasl  ground  about  I'liiladelpliia  and  C'atiukn  a  form  occurs  with  obtuse  ptriantli-parts  and 

ully  acute  capsuUs.  appaiiiilly  iiUrodiiced. 


28.  Juncus  Richardsonianus  Schult 

/.  A'i(/i(ir,/.Ki<iiiiiiiii.<  .Scliult.  in  K.  iS:  ,S.  Sy.st.  7:  201.      1S21). 
J II lu  IIS  ,i//>iiiiis  van   i>isi<;iiis  I'rics;  Ivntielni.  Trans.  St. 
I.oiiis  Acad.  2:  ),iS.       i^U). 

Stems  erect,  6'-2o'  high  in  loose  tufts,  from  creeping 
rootstocks,  i-2-lcaved;  stem  leaf  or  leaves  usually  borne 
below  the  middle;  panicle  2'2''-'^'  high,  sparse,  its 
branches  strict  or  slightly  spreading;  heads  3-12-flow- 
ered;  perianth  i"-\}^"  long,  the  inner  parts  shorter 
than  the  outer,  obtuse,  usually  purplish  toward  the 
apex,  the  three  outer  ])aler,  obtuse,  mucronate  or  acute; 
stamens  6,  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth; 
anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  ovoid- 
oblong,  slightly  exceeding  the  perianth,  straw-color  or 
brown,  bruailly  acute  or  obtuse,  with  a  short  tip;  seed 
about  '4"  i"  length,  narrowly  obovoid  to  oblong, 
apiculate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  base,  lightly  reti- 
culate in  about  20  rows,  the  areolae  finely  cross-lined. 

Nova  Scotia  to  liritish  Columbia,  south  to  IVnnsylvania, 
Nebraska  and  Washington. 


Richardson ',s  Rn.^li 


3y2 


jrNCACKAK. 


29. 


Juncus  nodosus  L.     Knotted  Rush.     {  Fii^.  947. ) 

/lllllllS  IKldo.SIIS    I,.    Sj).    I'l.    ICll.    2,    41')').  17111, 

Stems  6'-2='  high,  erect,  arising  singly  fromtulicr- 
like  thickenings  of  a  sleniler,  nearly  scaleless  root- 
stock;  stem  leaves  24,  and  like  tin-  basal  ones 
with  long  erect  blades,  the  upper  overtopping  the 
inflorescence;  panicle  shorter  than  its  lowest  bract, 
seldom  exceeding  2 '4',  hearing  1-30  heads;  heads 
spherical,  several-many- flowered,  3'i"-6"  in  di- 
ameter; perianth  ii;"-i-'4"  long,  its  parts  lanceo- 
late-subulate, usually  reddish  brown  above,  the 
inner  longer  than  tl">  outer;  stamens  6,  about  one- 
half  as  long  as  tnc  perianth;  anthers  equalling  the 
filaments;  capsule  lanceolate-subulate,  3-sided,  i- 
ccllcd,  exceeding  the  perianth;  seed  oblong,  acute 
below,  apicidate  above,  rarely  more  than  \"  long, 
reticulate  in  20-30  rows,  the  areolae  finely  cross- 
lined. 

Nova  Scotia  to  Virginia,  N'tbraskaaiul  lirilish  Cciluin 
bi;i.     Also  in  Nevada. 


30.   Juncus  Torreyi  Covillc     Torre; 

/lllllllS  '/'()/ ;(;i/ Coville,  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  303.    1895. 
/.  iiiiiiiisiisviXT.  )iu\i;(iiif>/i<i/iis 'I'ltrr.  V\.  S.  V.  2:  326.      1S43. 
/lllllllS  iiiii;iur/>/iti/iis  Wood,  Hot.  V,<\.  2.  72).       \S(ji.      Not 
/.  iiifi;ii(f/>/iii/iis  M.  A.  Curtis,  i!>3,s. 

Stems  S'-4o'  high;  rootstock  slender,  with  tuberi- 
form  thickenings  at  intervals  of  a  few  centimeters, 
each  supporting  a  single  stem;  stem  stout,  1-4-leaved; 
blade  stout,  terete,  ,s"-i'  thick,  abruj)tly  divergent 
from  the  stem;  inflorescence  congested,  consisting  of 
l~2i)  heads,  exceeded  by  its  lowest  bract;  heads  ,s"-'S" 
in  diameter;  perianth  2"-2'i"  long,  its  parts  subulate, 
the  outer  longer  than  the  inner;  stamens  6,  about 
half  as  long  as  the  perianth;  capsule  subulate,  3-sided, 
i-cellcd,  its  beak  }i"-}^"  long,  exceeding  the  peri- 
auth  and  holiling  the  valves  together  throughout  de- 
hiscence; seed  l"-}i"  in  length,  oblong,  acute  at 
both  ends,  reticulate  iu  about  20  longitudinal  rows,  the 
areolae  finely  cross-lined. 

Wi'stcni  New  York  to  Texas  and  the  Pacific  Coast. 


Juncus  Caesariensis  Coville.     Xew  Jersey  Rush.     (Fig.  949.) 


5:  i.>ri. 
.\ca(l. 


1894. 
2;  478. 


/.  Oirsiii  iriisis  CovilU',  Mi'in.  Torr.  CUib, 
/mil  IIS  iisprr  ImikcIiu.   Trans.    ,St.    I.ouis 
|S6,S.      Not  Sau/.c,  1S64. 

vStems  2o'-4o'  high,  stout,  erect,  i.U"  i"  thickness, 
slightly  roughened;  basal  leaves  few,  the  uppermost, 
like  the  cauline,  with  inconspicuously  articidate 
sheaths  and  long  erect  terete  roughened  blades;  inflor- 
escence I '-4'  high,  with  spreading  branches,  its  low- 
est bract  with  a  small  blade  sometimes  lyi'  long; 
heads  2  5-flowered;  perianth  2"-2'j"  long,  the  parts 
lanceolate-acuminate,  stiff,  green,  striate,  the  inner 
longer  than  the  outer;  stamens  6,  about  half  as  long 
as  the  perianth;  filaments  about  equalling  the  an- 
thers; style  and  stigmas  long;  capsule  lanceolate-ob- 
long, 3-sided,  mucrouate-acuminate,  incompletely 
3-celled;  seed  tailed  at  both  ends,  altogether  about  i" 
long,  the  body  about  i"  long,  closely  striate,  almost 
devoid  of  transverse  lines. 


Sandy  swamps  of  soutlirni  New  Jtisiy. 


RrSH    I-AMILV. 


393 


32.  Juncus  brachycarpus  luigelin.     Short-f 

/iiiiiiis  hiailiyc.li fins  ICiiKcliii.  Tnitis.  St.  I.ouis  Acad.  2: 

167.       iSfjS. 

Rootstocks  bearing  1-6  stems;  stems  erect,  S'-,^6' 
high,  terete,  i-4-leave(l;  blades  terete,  i"  thick  or 
less,  seldom  exceediiig  6'  in  length,  the  upper  much 
shorter;  inflorescence  sometimes  4'  high  and  with  20 
spherical  heads,  or  smaller  and  even  reduced  to  a 
single  head;  {xirianth  i  ^'2"-2"  long,  its  parts  subulate, 
the  inner  about  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  outer; 
stamens  3,  about  half  as  long  as  the  perianth;  capsule 
one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth,  oblong, 
acute,  mucronate,  i-celled,  dehiscent  through  the  tip; 
seed  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  about  I"  long,  reticu- 
late in  about  iS  longitudinal  rows,  the  areolae  smooth 
and  nearly  square. 

SiiUtlicrii  Ontario,  llinnijfli  tlic  Mississii)])!  Valley  to 
<  )klali(Hiia.  Tixas  and  Mississipi)!:  also  from  North  Caro 
lina  1(1  Maryland. 

33.  Juncus  polycephalus  Michx.     Many-headed  Rush. 

/mil  ii.\  /to/fti'/'/iti/ns  llicli.x.  Fl.  Hor.  Am.  1:  i<)2.    l8o,v 
/tiiiiii.i  S(irf>oiiirs  vav.  />«/fic/>/ia/iis  HngfUn.  Trans. 

,Sl.  I.ouis  Acad.  2:  ./)S.      i.sds. 
finiiiis  JuigiiiinDiiii  liucli.  Krit.  Verz.  June.  U-.    iSSo. 

Stem  stout,  about  3°  high,  compressed,  2-4- 
leaved.  Leaves  20'  in  length  or  less,  the  upper 
shorter;  blades  vertically  flattened,  1^2  "-4"  broad, 
the  septa  incomplete,  or  the  blades  rarely  narrower, 
merely  compressed,  and  with  complete  septa;  in- 
florescence 3,'/2'-i2'  high,  its  leaves  with  nearly 
obsolete  lilades;  heads  globose,  3,'2"-5"  in  diam- 
eter; perianth  lj4"-2"  long,  its  parts  subulate; 
stamens  3,  one-half  to  three-fourths  as  long  as  the 
perianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  cap- 
sule subulate,  i -celled,  exceeding  the  perianth, 
the  valves  remaining  united  bj-  the  slender  beak, 
their  margins  finally  involute;  seed  narrowly  ob- 
long, about  V"  lo'iK.  acute  at  each  end,  with 
nearly  straight  tips,  reticulate  in  about  12  rows, 
the  areolae  smooth. 

In  swamps.  Virginia?  to  Vlorida  and  Texas. 

34.    Juncus  scirpoides  Lam.     vScirpus-like  Rush. 

/nil,  IIS  Siii  f>oidt's  I.ani.  ICncycl.  Mctli.  Hot.  3:  207.      1781). 
/mil  IIS  St  ii/inidrs  var.  iiinci  ush'nioii  IvUKolni.  Trans.  St. 
I.ouis  .\cad.  2:  \(y-.      iS()8. 

Stems  S'-j5°  high,  erect,  terete,  in  clusters  from 
short,  horizontal  rootstocks.  vStem  leaves  13;  blades 
terete,  i"  thick  or  less,  usually  less  than  4'  long,  the 
septa  perfect;  basal  leaves  similar,  but  with  longer 
blades;  inflorescence  strict  or  slightly  spreading, 
sometimes  6'  in  length;  heads  2-30,  either  simple, 
globose,  3"-4"  in  diameter  in  flower,  and  4"  S'j"  in 
fruit,  or  lobed,  and  of  slightly  greater  diameter;  peri- 
anth i,'4"-i,U'"  loiKi  its  parts  subulate,  the  inner 
somewhat  shorter;  stamens  etiualling  the  inner  peri- 
anth-parts, the  short  anthers  exserted  at  the  mouth  of 
the  perianth;  capsule  subulate,  i -celled,  its  long  beak 
exceeding  the  perianth;  seed  oblong,  abruptly  apicu- 


late  at  either  end,  !, "-'+'"  long,  reticulate  in 
longitudinal  rows,  the  areolae  smooth. 
Niw  York  to  Florida  and  Louisiana 


14-20 


394 


JUNCACEAK. 


Carolina  Rusli. 
A.  Curtis,  11(1 


35.  Juncus  megacephalus  M.  A,  Curtis 

fiiiitiis  i)iif;(Ht'f>liiiliis  M 

l:  1,^2.     '1S35. 
/iiiii'iis  Si  ii  />iiidrs  var.  idiiiuiliis  ICiiKiliii 

Acad.  2:  46S.      1S6S. 

Stems 


I.  Jduni.  Nat.  Hiht. 
'I'laiis.  Si   r.ouis 


1^-3°  hiKli,  tufted  from  a  branching  root- 
stock,  stout,  2-3-lcaveil.  Leaves  with  auriclcd  sheatlis, 
the  blades  of  the  basal  S'  long  or  less,  those  of  the 
stem  with  successively  shorter  blades,  the  uppermost 
rarely  10"  in  length;  inflorescence  6'  high  or  less,  its 
lowest  leaf  almost  bladeless,  the  others  scarious;  pan- 
icle of  1-40  heads;  heads  spherical,  .\"~b"  in  diameter; 
perianth  i,'-"-!  '4"  'o'lKi  ■'*'  parts  subulate,  the  outer 
longer  than  the  inner;  stamens  ,^,  half  to  two-thirds 
the  length  of  the  inner  periauth-parts;  anthers  in- 
cluded, shorter  than  the  fdanients;  capside  subulate, 
beaked,  e(|ualling  the  perianth,  vsided,  i-celleil;  seed 
oblong,  !/'-'4  "  h"iKi  acute  at  either  end,  reticulate  in 
12  14  rows,  the  areolae  smooth. 
Virginia?  Xortli  Carolina  to  Klurida. 

36.  Juncus  brachycephalus  (Iviii^clin. )  Huch.  SiiKill-hfade;!  Ritsli.  (Fi.u;.  1)54.  » 


,filuih(s  liucli.  in   ICinrlir,    lint.  Jalirb.   12: 

Trans. 


/it Hi  US   /'rt7i//]\ 

26S.       189(1.' 
/nil,  US  Oiinit/iiisis  var.  Itnuhrctpliiihis  ICiiKilni. 

St.  I.ouis  Acad.  2:  474.      i.'>ii.s. 

Stems  l°-2l2°  high,  tufted  from  a  branching  root- 
stock,  erect  or  occasionally  reclining  and  rooting  at 
the  nodes,  2-4-leaved;  leaves  all  with  well  developed 
blades,  the  lower  commonly  4'-^'  long;  inflorescence 
commonly  2'i'-6'  high,  with  spreading  branches,  its 
lowest  bract  foliose;  heads  top-shaped,  2-,s-fiowercd; 
perianth  i"-i'+"  long,  its  parts  green,  or  reddish 
brown  above,  with  hyaline  margins,  lanceolate,  ol)tuse 
or  sometimes  acute,  the  outer  shorter  thau  the  inner; 
stamens  3;  antliers  much  shorter  than  tiie  filaments; 
capsule  reddish  brown,  about  one-half  longer  than  the 
perianth,  ovoid-oblong,  acute  to  obtuse,  tipped,  ,^-sided, 
i-celled;  seed  '("-':;"  long,  with  narrowly  oblong 
body,  short-tailed  at  either  end,  20-30  ribbed,  somewhat 
cross-barred,  the  intervening  spaces  finely  cross-lined. 

New  Viirk  1(1  IViiMsylvauia,  Illinois  and  Wiscdiisiii. 

Canada  Rush 


37.  Juncus  Canadensis  J.  (iay 


9,S5-) 

/.  Ciiinuit  list's  ].  (iay;  I.aliarpe,  MniKin.  Jonc.  131.      i><25. 
/iiiiiiis    Ciiiiatlciisis  /oiii;i((iiic/ii/its    I^njfclni.    Trans.    St. 
I.iinis  .\cad.  2:  474.      i.S(),S. 

Stems  1--4'  high,  erect,  stout,  2-4-lcaved,  few  in  a 
tuft,  from  a  branched  rootstock.  15asal  leaves  usually 
decayed  at  flowering-time;  stem  leaves  with  large  loose 
auriculate  sheaths  commonly  2 '-4'  long,  and  a  stout 
erect  blade  usually  4'- 10'  long;  panicle  3'- 10'  in 
height,  the  branches  moderately  spreading;  heads 
usually  crowded,  top-shaped  to  hemispheric  or  sub- 
spheric,  ,=;-4o-flowered;  periantli  iJ;"-2"  long,  the 
parts  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  the  inner  longer 
than  the  outer;  stamens  3,  one-half  to  two-thirds  as 
long  as  tlie  perianth,  anthers  much  shorter  than  the 
filaments;  capsule  lanceolate,  acute,  nmcronatc,  3- 
sided,  i-celled,  reddish-brown,  cxcce<ling  the  perianth 
by  ,'2"  jr  less;  seed  '2"  to  nearly  1"  long,  tailed  at 
cither  end,  the  body  with  a  smooth  shining  coat, 
about  40-striate. 

New  llniiiswick  to  Minncsiita,  (leorKia  and  Louisiana. 


RUSH   I'AMILY. 


,v;5 


Juncus  Canadensis  subcaudatus  liiisclin.  Traii>.  Si.  I,uui-<  Acad.  2;  474.      1S6S. 
Sti-ms  i,s'-,?u'  IiikIi.  sk-iuk-r,  ftv<iin.-nlly  wi-ak  aiKl  ivcliiiiiiu :    luad^  feu.  >caUcruiI;   >eccl  with 
Vfly  sliorl  tails.     Kluxk'  Islaiul  to  IV-iinsylvaiiia  and  (iiciijjia. 

Juncus  Canadensis  brevicaudatus  IviijfLltii.  Trans.  St.  I.iiiiis  Acad.  2:  4/).      i>66. 
/inn  IIS  C'liiiiu/iitsis  var.  nhiiLloliis  ICn«:clni.  Trans.  SI.  I.uuis  Acad.  2:  474.       isi,,s. 

Stems  erect,  .S'-;,o'  tall.  skMKkr,  okisely  tul'ted;  panick'  contracted:    heads  ^o-llowered;  seed 
V"-J"  in  kiiKlh.  h)ng.lailed.     Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota  and  New  Jersey. 

38.   Juncus  acuminatus  Miclix.     Shari)-fruiteil  Rush.      (  Fio;.  956) 

/iiiuiis  lu  II  mi  mil  IIS   Micli.x.  I'l.    lior.  Am.   i-   I(|2. 
180;,. 

riant  io'-3°  high;  rootstock  short  and  incon- 
spicuous. Stems  few  or  several  in  a  tuft,  erect, 
1  -3-leaved ;  blades  of  the  lower  leaves  4'-8'  long, 
)z"-\"  thick,  the  upper  shorter;  inflorescence 
2'-6'  high,  and  with  5-50  heads,  rarely  larger, 
or  reduced  even  to  a  single  head,  its  branches 
usually  spreading;  heads  top-shaped,  hemi- 
spheric or  subspheric,  j-ao-flowered;  perianth 
i/+"-i'4"  long,  its  parts  lanceolate-subulate, 
nearly  eiiual;  stamens  3,  about  one-half  as  long 
as  the  perianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  fila- 
ments; capsule  ovatt-lanceolatc,  broadly  acute, 
mucronatc,  i-celled,  e(|ualling  the  ])crianth, 
light  brown  at  maturity,  the  valves  separating 
through  the  apex;  seed  oblong,  about  '4 "  in 
length,  tipped  at  cither  end,  reticulate  in  16-20 
longitudinal  rows,  the  areolae  transverselv 
many-lined. 

^^,line  to  southern  Ontario  and  Jlinnesota.  south 
to  Ceortfia  and  .\k'.\ico.  .\1m)  on  the  norlliwest 
coast.     Heads  often  proliferous. 

Juncus  acuminatus  debilis  lA.  Crayi  I'lngvlm.  Tians.  St.  I.oiiis  .\cad.  2:  \u\,.      1S6S, 
/iiiuiis  di'hilis  A.  dray,  Man.  5(]6,      iS.(.^. 

Smaller,  densely  tufted.  io'-2o'  hi)ih,  the  stems  ofti-n  weak  and  i)rocumbent;  perianth 
1  I  ', '  Iour;  ca])snk-  linear-oblong,  i>btuse.  about  one  tliird  longer  than  tlie  perianlli,  sliort 
New  Jersey  to  .Soutli  Carolina. 


shorter, 
lipped. 


39.    Juncus  robustus  ( luiojdin.  )  Coxillc.     Sloui  Ru.sh,     (Ki^ 


95/ 


Jiiiiiii^  a,  niiiiiiiiliis  \;\\.  lohiis/us  ICiiKclm.   Tnins. 
,Sl.  I.oiiis  .\cad.  2:  40,?.       |S6S. 

Plant  about  3°  high.  Stems  single  or  few  in 
a  tuft,  stout,  nearly  terete,  commonly  i'.."-2" 
thick  below,  1-2-leavcd;  blades  erect,  terete,  con- 
spicuously many-septate,  }>'-2°  long,  i"-iV" 
thick,  usually  reaching  or  exceeding  the  infiorcs- 
cence;  inllorescence4'-i<)'  high, with  moderately 
spreading  branches  and  innumerable  (com- 
monly 300-5011)  heads,  the  blade  of  its  lowest  leaf 
sometimes  half  as  long  as  the  inflorescence;  heads 
2-io-nowered;  perianth  i"-lj+"  long,  its  parts 
nearly  C(iual,  lanceolate-subulate;  stamens 3, ouc- 
half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth;  capsule 
efjualling  or  one-third  exceeding  the  perianth, 
straw-colored  at  maturity,  narrowly  to  broadly 
'  ''long,  obtuse  with  a  short  tip,  3-sided  when 
.  I -celled,  the  valves  separate  and  invclute 
.  icr  dehiscence;  seed  nearly  as  in  /.  iiciiiiiinalus. 

Southern   Illinois  lo  soutlieastern   Kansas,  Okla- 
homa, Louisiana  and  Texas. 


1 


3'/' 


JUNCAClvAIC. 


40.  Juncus  diffusissimus  Huckk-y.     DitTusc  Kusli.      (  Imj;.  95.S.  ) 

/mil  IIS  ililjf'iisisiniiiis  litK-khv,  I'rm-.  Atad.  I'IijIm   1862: 

1).       1S62. 

rlaiil  I"  2'  liiKli.  Sttiiis  few  ill  a  tuft,  from  a 
short-briinched  iiuoiispicuous  rootstock,  erect,  slen- 
der, terete  or  slightly  compressed,  2-4-lcavcd;  blades 
4'  S'  long,  ,'."-'+"  thick;  inlloresceiice  dilfiiscly 
branched,  widely  spreading,  4'  -S'  high  and  broad, 
its  lowest  bract  with  a  blade  either  obsolete  or  some- 
litiics  nearly  as  long  as  the  paincle;  heads  3-12-llow- 
crcd;  perianth  i  '+  "  i  '4  "  long,  its  parts  subulate, 
equal;  stamens  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
perianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  fdameuts;  cap- 
sule narrowly  linear-lanceolate  in  outline.  2"~2:'4  " 
long,  acute  to  obtuse  at  the  apex,  with  a  short  tip, 
3-sidcd,  light  brown,  i-cellcd;  seed  oblong  to  ob- 
ovoid,  ■"-/!(."  long,  acute  at  the  base,  abruptly 
tipped,  reticidate  in  about  16  rows,  finely  cross-lined. 

Sciiilhcasti  in  Kansas  tii  Mississippi  and  'IVxas. 

2.  JUNCOIDES  Adaus.  1-aiii.  PI.  2:47.  >7^V 
LI,tv.ri..\  DC.  I'l.  I'r.  3:  i.sS.  iSo.s.] 
I'erennial  plants,  with  herbage  either  glabrous  or  s|)ariMgly  webbed,  stems  leaf-bearing, 
Icaf-sheaths  with  united  margins,  and  Uaf-bladcs  grass-like.  Intlorescence  uinbelloid,  pan- 
iculate, or  corymbose,  often  congested;  llowers  always  bracteolate,  the  bractlets  usually 
lacerate  or  denticulate;  stamens  6  in  our  species;  ovarv  i-cclled,  its  ,^  ovules  with  basal  in- 
sertion; seeds  ,^,  indistinctly  reticulate,  sometimes  carunculatc  at  base  or  apex,  but  not 
distinctly  tailed.     [Greek,  meaning  like  /««f«.v. ] 

-Mxiiil  40  speciis,  widely  <listribiitcil.  nuislly  fluwerinK  in  spring. 
Infloresciiice  unibellniil.  i  or  2  llnui  rs  on  eacli  nl'  it-,  liiaiiclus.  1.   /.  fiilnsiiiii. 

InflorcscciKf  tlRnrcliciUy  i>aniculalt-.  tlu-  llowirs  ol'tiu  croucU-d  in  si>ikilikc  ilustirs. 

( )uti  T  pcrianlli-pails  ^liortiv  than  Ihf  iiinir;  iiilrodiuiil  species.  2.   /.  iiiiiit'iiisinii. 

I'lriaiUli  parts  icnial  or  nearly  so:  native  s)Hcies. 

I'lowcrs  I    ?  tomtlur.  on  the  hranclu-s  ol' an  open  panicle.  ;.   /.  fxii  -.'iflm  inn. 

l'"lowirs  crowded  into  one  or  more  lliiek  ^jiikesor  spikt-  like  cluster'^. 

Innori-eeiiee  noddins;.  |.   /.  sf>i,iilinii. 

Inflore-ict  nee  ereil  or  spreading,  or  it>  individual  branches  ranly  noddiiiMT. 

Infloreset  nee  of  1    i  spike-like  or  capil.ite  llower  clusters,  or  the  leaf  blades  .sliarp 
pointed. 
Inllorescenee  crowded  into  a  sini;le  cluster;  leaves  Hat,  usually  with  a  blunt 

apex.  .S.  ./.  iii:-ii/t\ 

Inflorescenee  in  I    |  clu-ters;  leaves  narrowed  above,  involute  channeled.  ape\ 
very  sharp.  li.   /.  /iipii/nn rii in. 

Infloreseenee  of  212  spike  like  or  capitate  clusters;  leaf  blades  with  blunt  points. 

7.   /.  iiiiiipis/rr. 

I.  Juncoides  pilosum  (I.,.  )  Kiiiit/e-.     Hairy  Wood-nisli. 

hi  III  IIS  f'iliisiis  I..  S)).  I'l.  Vo.      i7,=;,i. 

/.ii-.nlii  fii/iisii  Wind.  lunini.  I'l.   ^o^.       iStni. 

/ii iiii'iifis  pilosum  Kuut/.e,  Kev.  I'.en.  I'l.  7.'5.       l~"oi. 

Tufted,  often  somewhat  stolonifcrous.  Stems  erect, 
2-4-leaved,  ,'2°-i°  high;  leaf-blades  i,';"-4"  \vide, 
flat,  slightly  webbed,  especially  when  young,  acumin- 
ate into  a  blunt  almost  glaiul-like  point;  stetii  leaves 
with  similar  but  successively  shorter  blades;  inllores- 
cenee an  umbelloid  llower-chister,  with  a  bract  5"  12" 
high,  the  filiform  pedicels  etpial  or  nearly  so,  1- 
flowered  or  sometimes  2- flowered;  perianth  r  '4"-i,'2" 
long,  its  parts  triangular-ovate,  acinninale,  brown 
with  hyaline  margins,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
toothed  bractlets;  cajjsnle  about  one-fourth  excee<ling 
the  perianth,  its  valves  ovate,  acuminate;  seed  about 
\''  long,  its  body  about  1"  in  length,  provided  at  the 
summit  with  a  conspicuous  hooked  caruncle. 

New  lirunswick  to  .\laska.  south  to  New  York,  .Mich- 
ipan  ami  OreKon.  and  in  the  .\UeKhauies  to  North  Caro- 
lina.    .\lso  in  ICnrope  and  .\sia. 


<l''i«:-  959-) 


RISII    I'AMILV. 
2.  Juncoides  nemorosum  (Poll.  )  Kiintzc. 

fiiiiciis  iiiiiiiiiosiis  I'dU.  Hi^t.  ri.  Till.  I:,?,S2.       1776. 
/idUdii/t's  ii(iit(ii,is/ni/  Kiiiilzi-,  Kcv.  (".I'll.  I'l.  72(,    iSqi. 

Iviiosely  tufted  or  soiiiewliat  stoloniferous.  Stcuis 
slender,  1=  2'."  hifjli,  i  6-leaved  below  tlie  iiiflor- 
escciice;  Icaf-hlades  l,'i"~3"  wide,  ciliatc,  flat,  ta- 
periii);  to  a  slender  sharp  ti]);  inllorcscencc  difTusely 
jianiculate  or  corymbose,  llie  few  lower  l)racts  foli- 
ose,  anil  the  lowermost  branch  often  inserted  4'  be- 
low the  next  or  more;  llowers  in  clusters  of  ^-S,  the 
bractlets  ovate,  entire  or  spariuKly  denticulate 
aliove,  about  one-third  as  lonj;  as  the  perianth; 
perianth  about  1 '4  "  in  length,  its  parts  from  red- 
dish brown  with  pale  margins  to  dirty  white 
throughout,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  the  outer  about 
one-fifth  shorter  than  the  inner;  capsule  ovoid, 
acuminate,  barely  ecpialling  the  perianth;  seed 
oblitpiely  ovoid  about  V'  long. 

A  I-;iinppi.;iii  sjn'cit-s,  iiaUirali/i<l  at  Kivcrdalc,  .N.  \'. 

3.    Juncoides  parviflorum  (I';iir]i.  )  Coville. 

(  KiJ,^  ./.I.) 


vSinall-nowLTcd  W'ood-nish. 


4.  Juncoides  spicatum  ( I,. 

Jidiiiis  \pii(i/iis  I,.  Sp.  ri.  ;,,vi.      175.,. 

Iiiiiitiidti  sf>i,,i/iiiii  Kunt/i',  Kiv.  (Un.  I'l.  7.',=;.       iSi)i. 

/.»;/(/(/ a/)/,(//i;  I)C.  l''l.  l''r.  3:  161.       iSo.s. 

Closely  tufted,  without  rootstocks.  Stems  erect,  4'- 
16'  high,  distantly  1-3-leaved,  tapering  to  a  filiform 
summit;  leaf-blades  |^ "-!'."  l)road,  often  involute, 
especially  above,  tapering  to  a  sharp  apev,  sparingly 
webby,  especially  at  the  base;  inflorescence  a  nodding, 
spike-like,  often  interrupted  panicle,  commonly  >i'- 
i'  in  length,  usually  exceeded  by  its  lowest  iuvolute- 
foliose  bract;  bractlets  ovate-lanceolate,  acundnate, 
equalling  the  perianth,  sparingly  lacerate;  perianth 


/kiuiis f>,ir:'i/liiriisV,\w\\.  lU-itr.  6:   1  ^c).       1791. 
/.iir.iild  fiiii  :ifl(ira  iK-sv.  Jouni.  <lc  lUit.  i:  1)4.       iSoS. 
./.  t"""-''.t!"i  II"'  Ciivilk-.  Ciiiitr.  .Nat.  Herl).  4:  209.     KSrj^. 

Stems  single  or  few  in  a  tuft,  stoloniferous,  erect 
io'-,V)'  high,  2-5-leaved;  leaves  glabrous,  their 
blades  ijz" -5"  wide,  tapering  to  a  sharp  or  blunt 
ajjex;  inflorescence  a  nodding  decompound  pan- 
icle, commonly  i,!j'-4'  liigli,  its  lowest  bract 
foliose,  seldom  more  than  one-fourth  the  length  of 
tlic  panicle;  flowers  borne  singly,  or  sometimes  2 
or  3  together,  on  tlic  branches  of  the  inflorescence, 
on  sleniler  pedicels;  bractlets  ovate,  entire  or 
rarely  somewhat  lacerate,  perianth  34'"-]  ,'4"  in 
length,  its  parts  ovate,  acuminate,  slightly  exceeded 
by  the  green  to  brown  ovoid  capsule;  seed  nar- 
rowly oblong,  ;.'i"~-'^"  in  length,  attached  to  its 
placenta  by  slender  implexed  fibers. 

I.abmilcir  to  lirilisli  Cnhmibia,  New  Haiiipsliire,  New 
Vcirk  ami  MiiiiiL-sola;  in  tlie  UKiuiilains  lo  .\ri/ona  and 
Califiirnia.     .M.so  in  ICurope  and  .\si.i. 

Kuiit/.e.     vSpiked  Wood-rusli.      (  Fi^.  962.) 


brown,  with  hyaline  margins, 


J4     long,  Its  parts 


lanceolate,  aristatc-acuminate;  capsule  broadly  ovoid, 
bluntly  acute,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  peri- 
anth; seed  narrowly  and  obliquely  obovoid,  about 
I);"  long. 

Labrador  to  .Alaska,  nunuitains  of  New  luiglaiid,  Colo- 
radiiand  Cilifnniia.      .Mso  in  ICiircipe  :iiiil  ."v^ia. 


3VS 


jrNCACFvMv. 


Juncoides  nivale  (  Lai;>l.  )  Covilli.-.     Arctic  W'odd-niNli.     (Fi^;.  96^) 


l.ii-.Khi  iiiiiifit^lii'.  viir,  )ii:\i//.\  I.iu-sl.  Kouk'..  \\l  Ak;iil. 

Ilalllll.  X\\-        l>32. 
/ini,,>iitrs  II ivii I,  Ci'vWV-.  Ml-iii.  Tun.  Clul),  5:1"^.      iS,,). 
I.ir:iil,i  tiii.'idi  lilytt,  Niiijr.  I'l.  I:  2ii'i        I>')1. 

Stems  turteil,  2'-4'  Iiit,'l>.  erect,  i  or  a-Ieaved. 
Leaves  with  sheaths  j,'lal)r(ms  at  the  moutli,  their 
l>hules  I "-2"  broad,  selilom  exceediii}^  i  '.'  iti  leii.ijtii, 
\ery  niimitcly  roughened  011  the  l)ack,  at  least  to- 
ward the  apex,  tlat  and  taperiii),'  to  a  usually  blunt 
and  callous  tip;  inllorcsccnccan  erect  oblong  to  ovate, 
spike-like  cluster,  '.'  in  height  or  less,  excee<liiig  its 
lowest  setnifoliaccDUS  bract;  bractlet  and  i)erianlli 
dark  purple,  the  fonner  ovate  and  sparingly  lacerate 
at  the  hyaline  apex;  perianth-parts  ^4  "-i  "  in  length, 
narrowly  oblong,  more  or  less  broadly  acute  at  the 
paler  apex,  sometimes  denticulate  above;  capsule 
subspheric,  obtuse  or  broadly  acute,  exceeding  the 
perianth;  seed  narrowly  oblong,  about  '2"  long. 

lliillin  liay  to  Ala-^ka.  Also  in  luetic  am!  iiliiinc 
Imuci])!-  and  Asia. 


6.   Juncoides  hyperboreum  (R.  r?r.  )  Slieldoii. 

(  Im.li:.  i)f'>4.  ) 

l.ii~iilii  Inpt-ihoica   K.    lir.   Suii))!.   .Vp]).   I'arryV  \'oy. 

[iiiKKiict    livfifrhomnii    ,Sln-ldoii.    lUdl.    ('.to!.    Siiiv. 
.Miini.  9:  ("v,.       i><94. 

Steins  tufted,  commonly  4'-'^'  high,  erect,  12- 
leaved  above  the  base.  Leaves  with  sheaths  spar- 
ingly ciliate  at  the  mouth,  the  blades  erect,  'j"-i  '  z" 
wide  at  the  base,  commonly  2'; '-7'  long,  usiudly 
involute  in  age,  not  roughened  on  the  back,  taper- 
ing into  a  very  sharp  point;  inflorescence  erect,  ex- 
ceeding its  lowest  foliose  bract,  consisting  of  a  single 
oblong  cluster  l-z'  in  length  or  less,  or  its  one  or 
two  lower  divisions  on  peduncles  ji'-^'A'  long; 
bracts  and  bractlets  membranous,  fimbriate;  peri- 
anth-parts brown,  paler  above,  about  i'^"  long, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  denticulate,  or  slightly 
lacerate  at  the  apex;  capsule  about  three-fourths  as 
long  as  the  perianth,  ovoid,  obtuse;  seed  rather 
narrowly  oblong,  about  -;"  long. 

Arctic  .\nicrica,  Labrador  and  tlic  hiiilur  mountains 


Xortlit-ni  Wond-ni^li, 


)f  Ni 


I-ni; 


1»- 


'/)5.) 


iiul  .\sia 

Juncoides  campestre  (  L.  )   Kunlzf.     Coiniiioii  Wood-rush.     (Fig. 

/iniiiis  Kiiiififsliis  L.  Sp.  PI.  32c).       175,1. 
l.iiziila  iainfii'slris  DC.  I'l.  l"r.  3:  161.      1N.J5. 
Iiiiui'idcs  iiiiiifii-strr  KutU/t-.  Kuv.  t".cil.  I'l.  722.       IN)I, 

Stems  densely  tufted,  erect,  4'-2o'  high,  2-4-lcaved. 
Leaf-blades  Hat,  l"-3>i"  broad,  tapering  at  the  apex 
to  a  blunt  almost  gland-like  point,  sparingly  webbed 
when  young;  inflorescence  umbelloid;  lower  bracts 
foliose,  the  lowest  often  exceeiliug  the  inflorescence, 
Hs  several  branches  straight,  unequal,  each  bearing  an 
obloug  to  shorlcylindric  dense  spike;  floral  bracts 
ovate,  acuminate;  bractlets  similar  but  smaller,  fimbri- 
ate at  the  apex;  perianth  i "-!,'•"  long,  browu,  its 
parts  lanceolate-ovate,  acuminate;  capsule  obovoid  or 
broadly  oblong;  seeil  with  an  oblong  bod)'  about  I2" 
in  length,  supported  on  a  narrower  white  loosely 
cellular,  strophiole  like  base  about  one-half  as  long. 

Ill  woodlands,  almost  tlirouKhout  the  I'liited  States  aiul 
liritisli  AniLTica.  Also  in  Ivuropc  and  Asia.  Variable. 
OiiL-  of  our  earlii.-st  flowering  plants. 


H 


ihncii-i'i,()Wi;r  i-.\mii,v. 


:•>')') 


I';iiiiil\    IS.     MELANTHACEAE  K.  I!r.  I'nxlr.  i:  272,      iSio. 

Ill  NCII-l  l.iiWl.k    1''amii.v. 

lA-:ir>-sU'iiiiiic-il  lieil)N  ( >(>iiiL'  exotic  >;i-nfr;i  sc;iin>->c ),  with  mot-lock-,  of 
rart-h  with  litilli>,  tlic  k-a\<.'s  broad  or  j;ras>-likf,  parfllcl-vciiiLil,  tlic  \t.-iirs  otlu-u 
idiuK-ctcd  !)>■  traii>\(.'rs(.'  \ciiikt-.  l''lo\vt.-r>  pcrtVct,  ])oI\  jiaiiioits,  or  diofcioii-, 
rcj^ular,  racemose,  patiiclcd  or  soliiarv .  IVri  iiitli  of  ''  separate  or  nearly  separ- 
ate, usually  persistent  sejjnieiits.  Stniiieiis  6,  horiie  on  the  ba.ses  ot'  the  per- 
ianth-segments. Anthers  small,  2-celled,  oliloni.;  or  ovate,  or  contluentl>- 
i-celleil  and  cordate  or  renil'orni,  inostl>'  \ersatile  and  exlrorseh'  dehiscent  1  in- 
trorse  in  Tofidiiitt  and  .l/uiiutn.  ()\-ary  3-eelled,  superior  or  rarel\'  ])artly  in- 
ferior; oxides  few  or  niiineroiis  in  each  ca\il\ ,  anatroiMHis  or  am])hitropon-. 
Stvles  3,  distinct,  or  more  or  less  vniiled.  Hriiit  a  capsule  willi  septicidal 
deluscence  ( loculicidal  in  .Uuiiiin  and  I  'iiihiria  ).  Seeds  connuonh'  tailed  or 
a]ipendaj.(ed.     ICiubrxo  small,  in  usuallx' copious  endosperm. 

AImhU  .;"  tjiiui.i  iiiiil  1  |i)  ^|)l  rirs.  widi-ly  ili>tiil)uti(l. 
1''l.iu(  r>  iiiiiiiciipii>  in  liitiiiiial  lUi'l  riu'iiiKs  or  paiiifli-. 
Aiului—  cilildiiy  iir  ci\aU-,  .'  I'clUcl. 
\iitlnts  iiitrinMly  (Uliisi'iiU 

C;i|)Mili   >L'i)tii'iiliil.  lln\Mi>-  iiivoliKTiiti   liy  ,?  br.Hllil-. 
C':il)siili-  liKulitidal;  llowi  is  ii(>t  iiiMiUui.iti  , 
Aiillii  IS  ixtmrM-ly  (U-liiM-cnt. 
I'lciwc  I-  iKifi  ll. 

I.(:ivi>  liiisiil,  (i1)I:iiK-tMilaU-:  si  r(l>  iiiiiiunius 
.Stiiii  viiy  lual'y;  U-.ivis  liiual :  siids  IVw. 
I'ldwirs  (tiu< villus;  sUiii  Uafy. 
Aiitlu  IS  i-i)i(l,iu-  iir  rinil'nini.  cdiilliuntly  [  I'llUil. 
rUiiits  Klulimtis 

I'lriaiilli  siyiiu  iits  iidl  j;l:iiiil  Ik  iiiin^;. 

I'liAMTs  pirlVrt;  piriaiitli  si-vrnuuls  uhtuM-.  6. 

I'luuiTs  iicilyuiinicius;  piriantli  si-yiiuiits  ai'iiiniiiati-.  7. 

I'l  rianlli  mkhuiiIs  lnariiiK  1  'M  j  i;laii(ls,  m  a  spul.  !-. 

Slim  anil  inllnusciiui-  piiliisiinl. 

rrvianlh  si^;ininls  rlawtd.  I'lir  fmni  tlii'  nvary. 
IViiantli  siuininls  mil  clawiil.  adnalc  lo  tin-  li  ist-  nl'  tin   dvar; 
l-liiwi  IS  solitary.  UTininal  nr  niJiiusiti-  Uic'  leaves,  (lrini])ini;. 


.1 '',11)1,1. 


X,  I  ,if>li\  Hiiiii. 
Clhiiihuin  iitiii. 


<  111  .'sfifl  111,1 . 

Slrii.iulhiinn. 
/Vii,uli-iiiis. 


i|.   Mrhjiilliiiiiii . 
10.    I  ri  ,11 1 II  III . 
W.I  'rii/,11 1,1. 


I.   TOFIELDIA  Huds.  Fl.  Antrl.  Ed.  2.  i 


.1/  ■ 


i: 


rs. 


rcremiial  IktIis,  witli  short  erccl  or  horizoiilal  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots,  sleiiiler  oreit 
stems  lealk'ss  above  or  nearly  so,  linear  somewhat  2-rankc(l  anil  (.'(luitant  leaves  chislcreil  at 
the  base,  and  small  perfect  while  or  !.;rcen  (lowers  in  a  terminal  raceme.  IVilicels  bracled  at 
the  base,  solitary  or  clustered.  I'lowers  usually  iiivolucrate  by  ,^  scarious  somewhat  united 
l)ractlel;3  below  the  calyx,  reriauth-se^nieiits  obloiij.;  or  obovale,  subecjuid,  persistent,  j;laiid- 
k'ss.  Stamens  6;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  ovale,  sometimes  cordate,  introrse.  Ovary  ses- 
sile, .globed  at  the  summit;  styles  3,  short,  recurved.  Cajjsuk'  3-lobed,  vhcaked,  se])ticid- 
ally  dehiscent  to  tlic  base,  many-seeded.  Seeds  tailed  or  appendagcd  in  most  sjjecies. 
[Dedicated  to  Tofield,  an  Ivnglish  correspondent  of  Hudson.] 

.\bnnt  15  speeiis,  natives  of  tlie  iiortli  temperate  /oiu-.  i  iir  _'  in  the  .Xncles  of  SmUli  .\meriea, 
llrsides  tile  rollowiiiK  aiiotlier  oeeurs  in  the  sciiitlieaslern  .Stati  s  anil  two  in  nnilliwislern  .\iiieriea. 
Stem  ffliibroiis;  seeds  unappeiula«ed.  1.    7'.  f^,il iisli  i.<. 

Stem  \iseid-pillieseeiit ;  seeds  apiKiidaned. 

L'ai)siile  (iblimn,  ,i  '  liiK'i;  perianth  seKiiieiils  tliin.  2.    7'.  i;/li/iiiii.\,i. 

C'apsiiU   civniil,  I  I   "   2"  Iiitli;  periantli-senmeiits  rijfid  in  I'mit. 

I.   Tofieldia  palustris  Htids.     Scottish 
Asphodel.      (I'i^.  y^if>.  ' 

I'l'fiihii,!  /iLiliishi.,  Huds,  fl.  Angl.  ICd.  2,  157.       177s. 

Glabrous,  stem  slender,  scape-like,  leafiess  or  bearing 
a  few  leaves  near  the  base,  a'-io'  tall.     I,caves  tufted, 

'2'  4'  long,  '2"-2"  wide;  raceme  oblong  or  subglobose  in 
flower,  dense,  elongating  to  an  inch  or  less  in  fruit,  the 
lower  fiowers  first  expanding;  jiedicels  usually  solitary, 
minutely  iiivolucrate,  '.-"-i"  long  in  fruit;  fiowers 
greenish  white,  i"  broad;  perianth-segnients  obovate. 
ol)tuse,  much  shorter  than  the  oblong-globose  minutely 
beaked  c.ipsnle;  seeds  oblong,  iinappeiulaged. 

('■reenlaiul  and  Labrador  to  .\laska,  soulli  to  Onebee.  the 
shores  of  I.ake  Superior,  anil  llie  Canadian  Koeky  .Moun- 
tains.    .\lso  in  luirope  and  .\sia.     .Summer. 

26 


Mi;i,ANTii.\ci:.\i;. 


ViN.     ( iliuiiioiis  Tiitkliliii.      (  Imk.  '(''7. ) 
.\'iii //ill  iiiiii  i;/ii/iii'i\iiiii  Miilix.    I'l.   11(11.   Am    I, 


/\>/i)/i/iii  i;/ii/iiliiui  I'lt-i.  Syii    I:   (mii 


1>^M,V 


SU'iil  visci(l-pul)csi'ciit  with  Mack  jjliiiuls,  6' 
ill'  tnll,  l)L'Hriiin  .'  (  leaves  near  tlle  l)ase.  Ilasal 
U'aves  tufted,  2'--'  Iniij;,  1"  t,"  wiilc;  raciMiii' 
uIjIihi)^  and  ^'-i'  I  '.•'  li'ii);  in  llnwcr,  longer  in 
fruit,  tile  U))]H'r  lldwers  first  cNpaiidiiij;;  ])cdii'fl> 
i-(iiiiiiiiiiily  ilustcrod  in  V*-  '  I's  4's),  asii'iidiii;;, 
visiidpuliescciU,  tn'coiuiiin  2"-6"  Imi}^  in  fruit; 
iiivohicral  bracts  niimitc,  united  nearly  or  (|uitc 
to  tlifir  ai)iccs,  !)orne  just  hi-neatli  tlic  llowcr; 
llowcrs  ,^"  .)"  Iiroatl;  perianth  --ej^iuentsolildn).', 
iiuistly  olitiisc,  nuiiiliranons;  capsule  oMoiii;, 
alidiit  ;■,"  hijjh,  !'_•"  in  diameter,  thiu-walled, 
twice  as  loiiK  as  tlie  iierianth,  the  beaks  '.. " 
lon^  or  less;  seeds  tailed  at  each  end. 

-.  Ill  liciKs.  Ncwi'diiiiillimiltd  Alaska,  Miutli  to  Maiiu  . 

v1      ( iliin.  Miiliiwaii.  Wyniiiiiiir  ,in(l  ( ireumi,  and  in  llu 
*       sipiitlu  111  .MlrulKiiii— .     May  June. 

3.    Tofieldia  racemosa  t  Walt.  )  li.S,!'.      X'isrid 'I'dlkhlia.      1  I'i,t,^  (/..s.  i 

.J/i  11I11I//1/11U  1  iiii  iiiiiMi III  Wall.  I'l.  Car.  i.v,.       17-s 
.\iii llnciii III  ftiihiiii   MicliN.    I'l.    Il'ir.    .\iii.    i:   jmi. 
IN.;, 

Tiifi</i/i<i  /m/ii-iiriis  I'ers.  ,Syii.  I:  ,;i|i.i.       iSn.s, 
7':'/ii/,/ia  riuiii/nsii  W.S.V.  I'rel.  Cat.  X.  V.  ,=;,s.    iSSS. 

."similar  to  the  precediii),;  species  but  rather 
stouter  and  taller,  stem  1  3  hif^h,  the  glutin- 
ous pubescence  rouj.;her.  Leaves  very  narrowly 
linear,  6'-i.S'  lonj,',  i 'j"-,^"  wide;  raceme  1' 
4'  long  in  flower,  often  loose,  somewhat  longer 
ill  fruit,  the  up])erniost  tlowcrs  tirst  expanding; 
pedicels  mostly  clustered  in  ,Vs,  ascending,  2"- 
y  long  in  fruit;  involucral  bractlets  about  Ji" 
long,  united  to  above  the  middle,  borne  just  be- 
neath the  flower;  periaiilh-segincnts  narrowly 
obovate,  obtuse,  rigid;  capsule  ovoid,  i',''long, 
little  longer  than  the  calyx,  its  beaks  Jj"  long; 
seeds  tailed  at  each  end. 

In  swamps,  snutliern  New  Jersey  to  I'lorida  and 
.Mabnnia.  This  and  the  Iwn  preei-diiij;  species  are 
alsii  klinwn  as  I-'alse  Asijluxlii.     JiiiU'   Sept. 


2.    ABAMA  Adans.  I'aiii.  I'l.  2:  47.      1763. 

[N.\RTincciUM  Juss.  (ieii.  47.     17S9.] 

Perennial  herbs,  with  creeping  or  horizontal  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots,  erect  simple 
steins  and  linear  grass-like  basal  leaves,  those  of  the  stem  short  and  distant.  I'lowers  small, 
greenish-yellow,  perfect,  borne  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Pedicels  bracted  at  base  and  usually 
bearing  a  small  bractlet.  Perianth  segments  persistent,  linear  or  linear  lanceolate,  obscurely 
;,-5-nerved,  glandless.  Stamens  6;  filaments  subulate,  woolly;  anthers  linear-oblong,  erect, 
introrse.  Ovary  sessile;  style  very  short  or  none;  stigma  slightly  3-lobed.  Capsule  oblon.g, 
loculicidally  dehiscent,  many-seeded,  the  linear  seeds  tailed  at  each  end.  [(Vreek,  signify- 
ing without  step,  the  plants  reputed  to  cause  lameness  in  cattle.] 

I'oiir  known  species,  natives  of  the  northern  lieniisphere.  Hesidts  the  following,  another 
occurs  in  norlliwestern  Anieriea, 


lUNCII   ll.iiWl'.k    lAMII.V, 


401 


I.     Abama    Americana      Kci.  1    Mipimi);. 

Aniiricaii  Ho^-axiilmdil.     (  1m>;.  (jfu).  i 

All  I  ///I  I  mill  .liiir  I  iiiiiiiiiii  Kir.  Ilul.  Maif. />/.  /•ii'-i.     i^i-'. 
Xii  nil,  I  ill  III  ii\.\i/'i'i.i;iiiii  viir.  .lull  I  iKiiiiiiii  A.  t'iriiy,  Mini. 

,\l',i)iiii    .lull  III  iiini    Miiiuini,    Ml  111.    'I'lOi,   L'liili.   5:    h'»). 

1><||. 

Ciliilirous,  slL'iils  wiry,  still",  iTcct,  in'  is'tiill.  I'.,iv.il 
leaves  y  fS'  loiin,  1"  wiilc  or  less,  tiialy  7  ij-iierveil; 
lower  stem  leaves  ,'j'-2'  ImiK.  "'e  upper  imicli  siualler; 
raciiiie  i'  2'  loii)|,  ilriise;  ]iiTlimth-si'^tm-iits  iiMrrowly 
linear,  2"  ■,"  loii',',  slif^lUly  exi'i'i  (.liiii;  the  stiiinciis; 
lilaiiiLiils  wliilf  «<ii)ll>;  peiliitls  astcililinj.;,  ',"  (" 
hiii^,'  in  frui' ,  capsule  aliout  ,s"  lonj,',  1 "  in  diauieler  at 
the  nii'idle,  ereet,  nearly  twiee  as  Ihhk  as  the  periaiith- 
sejiuieiits,  ta])eriuf;  toa  sutiulate  beak;  seeds,  incliiiliu;^ 
tile  appcn(la).;es,  ;,''    t"  l'i"«. 

In  iiiiu-  liiirrcii  swaiuii--.  -■ontluiii  Niw  Jirsiv.  Jiuu  - 
S.i.l. 

3.    XEROPHYLLUM   Mirlix.  I'l.  lior.  Am.  i:   210.      i.s,,;,. 

Tall  ]icreiiiii.il  licrlw,  with  tliiek  sliorl  wnoily  inotstoeks.  siui])Ie  erect  leafy  stems,  the 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  ri)U>,'hniarj,'iiic(l.  the  u|iper  ones  shorter  than  the  lower.  l'U)wers 
very  numerous,  niedinin-si/eil,  white,  in  a  lar}.;e  dense  terminal  raceme,  the  lower  ones  lirst 
expaiidinj;.  rerianth  w  itherinj;-persistciil,  its  sej^mciits  oliloiij.;  or  ovate,  .s-7-nerved,  spread- 
ing, ^landless.  .Stamens  6,  rather  shorter  than  the  perianth  segments;  rdameiits  suhulatc, 
t;Ial)roiis;  anthers  olilon^;.  Ovary  .sessile,  VKf""^'^'''  styles  ;,,  Uliforin,  relle\e<l  or  recurved, 
stijjmatic  aloii^  the  inner  side;  ovules  only  2-4  in  each  cell.  Capsule  ovoid,  3-Krooved,  loe- 
ulicidally  iind  soiiietinies  also  septicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  5,  ol)loii).j,  not  at  all  .'ippcnd.ined, 
or  only  miiuUeh'  s<i.     |(ireek,  sij,'iiifyiiij,'  a  ilry  leaf.  ] 

Tlilcc  >]»ai<s.  Ilu    roll.>uiiiK  ol'  tile  sciiitlu  ;isiii  n  I'liiU  il  States,  tile  nllicrs  iil' wi-lcrii  .\liurica. 


I.    Xerophyllum  asphodeloides  ( I,.  ) 

Xiitl.     Tttrkcv -lie;inl.     <  l'"i<4.  1)7".  » 


'7'i-- 
.\in.   i:  211. 

lS|S. 

5'   tall,  deiisel)- 


lliliiiiiiis  as/>li,Hl(li<i,U-s  I..  Sp.  I'l.  Ivd.  3.  (.s 
.\,  I, '/•/n//iiiii  sr///h/iiiiii  M\i.U\    I'l.   I!or. 

iNi;. 
.\ii,i/>/n//iiiii  ,isphiHl,-h<iili  s  Null.  ('.in.  I:  2\ 

,Stein  stout,  hecotniii),'  stiff, 
leafy  helow  and  at  the  base,  sparselj-  leafy  above. 
Leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  slij;htly  dilated  at  the 
base,  the  lower  6'-iS'  lonj;,  \"  wide  or  less,  except 
at  the  broader  base,  the  upper  successively  shorter 
and  narrower;  llowcriii!.;  raceme  3'  6'  lonj.;,  2'  t,' 
in  diameter,  its  summit  conic;  llowerini;  pedicels 
spre.idinj,',  filiform,  i/'-iS"  Iodk,  in  fruit  erect; 
perianlli-scj;meiits  ovate-oblonjj,  obtuse,  about  3'- 
lon).j:  styles  rather  lontjer  than  the  ovary;  ca])sulc 
ellipsoid,  obtuse,  2"  loiiK.  \"-\'i"  in  diameter; 
seeds  mostly  2  in  each  cell. 

In  dry  pine  barrens,  soutliern  Xew  Jersey  to  eastern 
'reiinessee  anil  ('Kni(";ia.  May  July.  Ascends  to  ,S'>x> 
11.  in  Nniili  Ciivnliiia. 


4.    HELONIAS  L.  vSp.  PI.  m- 


'753- 


.\  perennial  j^labrous  bog  herb,  with  a  stout  rootstock,  thick  fibrous  roots,  basal  ob- 
lanceolatc  persistent  leaves  and  rather  large  perfect  purple  flowers,  raccmeil  at  the  summit 
of  an  erect  hollow  bracted  scape,  rerianth-scgments  spreading,  spatulate,  persistent. 
.Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  longer  than  the  perianth-segments;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  ovate. 
Ovary  ovoid,  3-grooved,  3-celled,  slightly  3-lobed,  many-ovuled;  styles  3,  stigmatic  along 
the  inner  side,  deciduous.  Capsule  obovoid,  deeply  3-lobed,  the  lobes  divergent,  ventrally 
dehiscent  above.  Seeds  numerous,  linear,  white-appendaged  at  each  end.  [Name  from  the 
("■reek,  in  allusion  to  its  growth  in  swatnps.] 

.V  iiionntyi)ie  tfenus  of  eastern  North  .\nierica. 


Mia.ANTHACI-AI':. 

I.   Helonias  buUata  L.     Swamp  I'ink. 
(I'i'A-  >;7i.  ) 

ll.loiii.is  />ii!l,thi  I,.  .Sl>.  I'l.  ;,|J.       r:,;;. 

Leaves  several  or  luiincrous,  dark  jjrucn,  tliiii, 
clustired  at  the  base  of  the  scape,  6'  i.s'  long. 
';.'-2'  wide,  ]ioiiitcd  or  hliiiit,  finely  parallel- 
nervi'd.  Si"'.]it'  stout,  bracted  below,  the  bracts 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  iMenil)ranous; 
raceme  dense,  I'-^'louj;  in  flower,  becoming 
.\'-~'  long  in  fruit:  pcriantli-seginents  about  ;," 
long,  equalling  or  rather  longer  than  the  stout 
pedicels;  capsules  about  ,^"  long,  the  valves 
papery;  seeds  i  '_.  "-2"  long. 

In  bdij-,  nurlliirn  Niw  Jtvsiy,  smillurM  Xiw 
York  anil  lasUrn  rinn>ylvania  1  '  tn  \'irKiMia. 
I.dcal.  Tlu-  scapi-  .-ntniliini-  ln.iU'-  a  liw  U-.isr^ 
at  il^  lia^f,     Ai>rilMay. 


5.    CHAMAELIRIUM   WiUd.  Ma.i;.  Xal.  V\.  licrl.  2:    is.      i.SoS. 

An  erect  glabrous  slightly  llesliy  herb,  with  a  bitter  tuberous  rootstoi  k.  Hasal  leaves 
spatulate,  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate.  I'lowers  small,  white,  dioecious,  in  a  long  narrow 
liractless  spike-like  raceme,  rerianth  of  (1  linear-spatulate  1 -nerved  segments.  Slamiiuite 
(lowers  with  6  stamens,  the  fdanieiits  fdiforni,  the  anthers  subglobose,  2-celled;  pistillate 
llowers  with  a  vcelled  oblong  ovary,  3  short  styles,  stiginatic  along  the  inner  side,  and  'isu- 
ally  with  6  staminodia.  Capsule  oblong,  slightly  ,;-lobed,  loculicidally  vvalved.  Seeds  (i- 
12  in  each  cavity,  broadlv  winged  at  both  ends,  narrowly  winged  on  the  sides.  |(ireek, 
signifying  a  low  lily.] 

.\  niniiiilyiiii  ^;i  nil- i.r  iM>tsiM  .Noitli  .\nuvic.i. 

I.    Chamaelirium  liiteum  1  L.  )  A. 
Cira>'.      Hla/iiiK-^tar.      (  l-'ig.  1)72.  ) 

I'll  iili  II  HI  lull  inn  I..  Sji.  I'l    i"!!         175, 

(  Ihiiiiiit  II I  ill  III  i'li  I  I'l  I II  III  II II  III  Wind.  .Man    Nat,  I'r. 

Ikli,  2:  m,       iSiS 
i'liiiiiiiit  III  iinii  liiliinii  .\.  Cray.  Man.  ,sii;,       is|^. 

Stamiuate  plant   i'2°-2'2    tall,  the  pistillate 

often  taller,  sometimes  4°  high  and  more  leafy. 

Hasal   leaves   2'-S'  long,    '_.'i ','  wide,  mostly 

obtuse,  tapering  into  a  long  petiole;  stem  leaves 

lanceol.ite,  the  or  ui)per  linear,  acute  or  ac-um- 

inate,  sessile  or  the  lower  short-, Htioled;  stam- 

inale  raceme  or  nodding  finally  t  eel,  .V  9'  long, 

the  pedicels  spre.'iding,    1"   ,;"  long;    ]nstillaie 

raceme  erect;  flowers  nearly  ;,"  broad;  capsule 

oblong    or    somewhat    obovoid,    .\''  7"    long. 

2"  ;,"  in  diameter. 

In  iiiiiist  iniaildws  aiu'  lliiiktt-.  .Mas>ailiusitl>  tn 
sdiilhrni  1  intario  ami  Mirliinan.  soiilli  tn  l^'luvida 
and  ,\rkansa>.  Called  alsn  Devils  bit,  riiiconi  lout 
and  I)nMi|iiii;;  Slarwoil,     May  July, 

6.    CHROSPERMA   Rat.  N\(.g.   v      1S25. 
[.V.MiANTiliiM  A.  Cray,  Ann.  I.yc.  N.  V.  4:  121.     iS.',7.] 

\n  erect  glabrous  herb,  with  an  ovoid-oblong  coated  bulb,  and  numerous  long  blunt 
I  ,-isal  leaves,  a  few  short  ones  on  the  stem,  blowers  perfect,  white,  in  a  den.>c  leiniinal 
-  u-eiiie.  the  lower  ones  first  expanding.  I'erianth  of  6  distinct  glandless  persistent  obtuse 
segments.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases  <if  the  sepals;  anthers  small,  reniform.  Ov.irv 
ovoid,  vlobed,  ,^  celleil.  Capsule  vcelled.  dehiscent  aliove  the  middle,  the  cavities  1-2- 
st  .;ded,  its  ,^  .'■vergcut  lobes  tijipeil  with  the  subulate  styles.  Seeds  ovoid,  redilish  brown. 
[Greek,  refer-  ng  to  the  c(dored  seeils.  | 

.\  niniiiiiypic  ifiiui  -  nl  i;!sti,rn  Noitli  ,\Murii,i 


lUNcn  ih)wi:r  family. 
I.    Chrosperma  muscaetoxicum  (Walt.)  Kum/.c.     Fly-jioisc 


)11.    <I 


403 

'iK-  973-  ) 


A/i  I  (I  II I  hi  II  III   iiiiisliIi  1,1  i  ii  Hill  W'nll.    I'l.   Car.    I2,s. 


Aiiiiinilliiuiii  iiliistiii  Ik  \  ii'inii  A.  <'.r:iv,  Ann.  I.vc. 
N.  V.  4:  \22.       iS^-. 

Climspii  iiiit    iiiiisiiir/ii  I  i,  Hill   Kiiii/i-,    Kiv.    (kh. 

I'l.   7(18.  iSl)!. 

I'lill)  i':.'-2'  long,  really  i'  in  ilianiett-r. 
Stem  i,'j"-4'"  tall.  li.isal  leaves  2"  15"  wide, 
shorter  than  the  stem,  the  upper  few  anil  dis- 
tant, hract-like;  raceme  at  first  ovoid-conic,  he- 
cominj.;  cylhidric,  j'-.s'  lonj^;  pedicels  a.scend- 
inj,'.  4"  10"  lon^';  hractlets  ovate,  l"-2"lonf;; 
sepals  ovate-oblon.i;,  obtuse,  2"  ,V'  lonj;;  fila- 
ments filiform,  about  e(|Uallin).;  the  sc])als; 
capsule  2"-3"  in  diameter  aliove  tlie  iiiidillo. 
scarcely  as  lonj;;  seeds  about  I, '2"  loufj. 

In  dry  sandy  wcKids.  I.im^;  Inland  .and  la-lirr 
I'lnnsylvania  til  Idorida.  'I'lnncssi  c  and  .Arkan'.i--. 
.X^ciniK  til  .|i»iii  It.  in  \"irninia  and  In  jhhj  It.  in 
I'l  nn-ylvania.      May  Jldy. 


7.    STENANTHIUM    Kunth,  Ivimiii.  4:    iSg.      1S42. 

Ivrcct  .vilabrous  bidbmis  lu-rlis,  with  kaly  slem.s  and  small  white  nr  },M-eenisli,  ])lllv.^'am^us 
flowers  in  an  ami)le  terminal  jianicle.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  keeled.  I'erianth-sejjments 
narrowly  lanceidate,  acuminate,  ),danilless,  spreadiuj.,'.  ])crsislenl,  .aduatc  to  tin.  base  of  the 
ovary.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  lierianth-se.umcnls,  iuserted  011  their  bases;  antliers  Muall, 
cordate  or  renifiirni.  Ovary  nvoid.  Capside  iivciid-obliin,i;,  ,vlobed,  fin.illv  dehiscent  to  the 
base,  the  lobes  with  short  slij;htly  diverxeut  beaks.  Seeds  about  4  in  each  cavitv,  oblimj;. 
an.irleil.  somewhat  (lattened.      [Creek,  iu  allusiun  tu  the  narniw  ]ieriantli-se,i,Miieiits.  ] 

The  sjiiuis  ciini|iri-i  s  ,,nly  tin  tun  Inllnwin^  -pieii...: 
J.i.iM'.  .•"    >,"  wide;  cipsulr  nllixiii. 
I.eavt  s  ;'     111"  wide:  cip^nle  i n  1 1. 


1 .  .S'.   i;  I II III! Ill  Hill. 

2.  .S.  I Dhiishnii. 


I.    Stenanthium  gramineum  1  Ker)  Morono 


(irass-leiued  Slcnanthimii. 


lliloiiiiis  !;  1,1  mill,,!    Ker,   lint.   May.     />/.    i^./(/. 

l^l;. 

I'l  lull  Hill  iiiit;H\lif'iiliiiiii  I'nrsli,  I'l,  .\iii.  ,Sii)t. 

J)-'.         |S||. 

Sliiiiiiilliiiiiii  iiiixHsli/'i'/iHiii   Kunlli,   Ivnmn.  4; 

Slriiaiilln'iiiii  i;i lUiiiiiiH III  MnrniiK,   Mem.  Tnrr. 
Clidi,  5:  I  111.       is,||. 

Stem  slender,  ;,^  .('"  tall.  Leaves  ,L;rass- 
like,  some  of  them  often  I  '  Ion};  or  more, 
2"  ;/'  wide,  the  up|)er,  reduced  to  stn.dl 
linear  lanceolate  br.acts  subtendin.i;  the 
brain'hes  of  ihe  jianicle;  panicle  open,  sim- 
])le  or  somewhat  coniiHimid,  1"  2"  long,  its 
brandies  nearly  filiform,  often  fiexnous, 
sjireadiii).;  or  drooiiiiijr;  bracts  'a"-!''  long, 
ecpialling  or  longer  than  the  pedicels;  flowers 
4"-6"  broad;  i)erianth-segnients  linear  lau- 
A  /"fy-7.  ceolate;  capsule  ovoid-oblong,  with  a  to])- 
\  /  y  .■^    shapi'il  base,  ;i"-4"  long,  refiexed. 

In  dry  soil.  Virjrinia  and  Kentucky  tn  I'lnrida 
and  .\labaiua,  chieny  in  the  iniunUains  .\> 
lends  tn  («iiKi  11.  iii  Nnrtli  Carolina.  I'ruit 
aiiiiarently  siarcc.     \\\\i  Sept. 


404 


MRI.ANTHACI'AE. 


2.  Stenanthium  robustum  S.  Wats. 

vStoiU  Stcnantliiiim.      [I'v^.  f'75.  i 

S/fihiii/liiidii    I'lhiisliiiu    S.    \Val>.     I'mc.    Am. 
Acini.  14:  J7.'^.       l^-'). 

Stotii  sldiit,  ;,^-5^  ImII.  usually  very  liMly. 
LcavLS  ol'lcn  1°  lonjj  or  nioiv,  tile  lower  4"- 
K)"  wick-,  till'  up]K'r  re(liice<l  to  bracts;  pan- 
icle ilciiscr  than  that  of  the  jirecedinn  specio, 
comuiouly  lnu}.;er,  usually  conipouml,  ils 
branches  spreadinj;  or  aM'eiiilintf;  (lowers 
greenish  or  white,  6"-.S"  broad;  capsule 
ovoid-; iblonji',  4"-6"  long,  erect,  longer  than 
its  pedicel,  the  very  short  beaks  recurved- 
spreading. 

In  niipi.-l  -nil.  xnitlurn  IVnii-ylvani;i  and  <  )liio 
to  .S.iulh  Cariiliiia  aiul  '1\  nne-sie.     Jn'.y  Sipl. 


8.    ZYGADENUS   Miclix.  V\.  Hor.  Am.  i: 


I. So: 


I.  /.  t;liil'ii  I  iiiiKs. 
?.  /..  I /il;  lilts. 


(dalirous  erect  jierennial  herbs,  I'roni  Imlbs  or  rootslocks,  with  leafy  stems.  Leaves 
n.irrow  ly  linear.  I'lowers  jjerfect  or  jiolyganious,  greenish,  yellow  ish  or  white,  in  a  terminal 
panicle  or  raceme.  Perianth  withering-])ersistent,  its  se.uments  lanceolate  or  ovate,  separate 
or  united  below,  sometimes  adnate  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary,  bearing  1  or  2  gland>  or  a 
sjjot  just  above  the  narrowed  base.  Stamens  free  from  the  i)erianth  segments  and  about 
e(|ualling  them  in  length;  anthers  cordate  or  reniform.  Capsule  3-lobed,  _^-celled,  the  cavi- 
ties not  diverging,  dehiscent  to  the  base.  Seeds  several  or  numerous  in  each  cavity,  oblonj; 
or  linear,  angled,      [(ircek,  referring  to  the  two  glands  of  some  species.  ] 

.\biiiil  In  species,  natives  nf  Nortli  .\niirica  and  .Me.xien,  i  in  .Siliiria. 
Plant  with  a  tliick  niolstipck;  Kknuls  nf  tin-  i)erianth  seijinents  -2,  nrbicular. 
rlants  l>\illinMs:  n'and  niily  i,  snuutinies  r.iiiU  nr  a  nuie  s|,nt. 
('•land  (listinelly  nlicnrdaU  ;  periantli  s(|;nunt>  \"   5'    Inin; 
Ciland  not  nlionrdate:  ))eriaiUli-stHnienls  _>"    ("  Inni;. 

Ciland  with  a  pnnrly  deliiied  nr  irrejtidar  niarjtin;  ]Hriaiilli   free  frnni  the  nv.iry;  western 
s|)eei(.  ■>, 
I.e.ives  ,V'   ^"  wide:  flnu  er- innstly  perfect.  ;,.   X.  .\itl/iillii. 

Leaves:'"    ;'  wide;  MnH  I'rs  pnlyKaninns.  |.   /.  :;-iiriiii.siri. 

tiland  a  uu  re  yellow  spnt;  perianth  adnate  to  tlie  ovary;  ea.-lern  cn.isl  species. 

,i.  y.  lriiiiiiitllioiifr\, 

I.    Zygadenus  glaberrimus    Mielix. 
Larj^t-nowcre'il  Zyo;a(k-mis.     (Kit;.  976. ) 

/yiiailiinis  i;Iii'hi  1  iiiiiis   Miclix.    I'l.    linr.    .\ni.    I; 
214.       i.Siv 

Rather  dark  green,  slightly  glaucous,  stem 
stout,  2°-4^  tall,  from  a  thick  rootstock.  Leaves 
y'-ft''  wide,  long-acuminate,  channelled,  often 
l^  h>ng  or  more,  the  upper  gradually  smaller, 
appressed,  passing  into  the  short  ovate  bracts  of 
the  panicle;  panicle  6'-i2'  long,  its  branches 
rather  stout,  stiff,  ascending;  ])anicle  6'  12' 
long,  its  branches  rather  stout,  stilT,  ascending; 
pedicels  stout,  longer  than  the  bractlets;  llowers 
white,  mostly  perfect,  I'-i'.'  broail,  perianth- 
segments  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  nar- 
rowed into  a  short  claw,  bearing  2  orbicidar 
glands;  styles  subulate;  cajisule  narrowly  ovoid, 
shorter  than  the  perianth. 

In  swamps,  \'irKinia  to  I'lorida,  mar  the  ciM--t. 
July  Sept. 


HlXCH-l'I.OWI-R    FAMILY. 


4t>5 


2.    Zygadenus  elegans  Pursh.     Glaucous  Zyt^adeiius.     ( Fi 


/^lX'(;r/('»;M  w/f;i,'(/y;\  I'ursli,  I'M.  Am.  Si-])l.  2|i.     1S14. 
. lAc/i/ //////»»/ .i,'/i/«(»;//  Null.  (".111.  I:  2\2.       iSiS, 
/\i;atli-iiiis  i^laiii  IIS  Null.  Joiini.  .\c  ul.  I'liila.  7,  ,V>. 

I'laiit  very  glaucous,  bv.lb  (noid,  about  i' 
lonj;,  its  coats  iiicnibrauous  Stem  slender, 
6'-:-,°  tall;  leaves  2"--"  wide,  keeled,  the  lower 
.I'-I2'  lonj^f,  tile  upper  imicli  shorter;  bracts 
lanceolate,  rather  lartje,  .i;reeii  or  purplish;  in- 
florescence a  simple  raceme  or  a  large  panicle, 
sometimes  i^  long,  o])en,  its  branches  slender, 
ascending;  flowers  greenish,  ,S"-i()"  broad;  ])er- 
ianth-s"gments  oval  or  ob()\ate,  obtuse,  united 
below  at;d  aduate  to  the  base  of  the  ovarv,  bear- 
ing a  single  large  obcordate  gland  just  above  the 
sl'.iirt  claw;  capsule  ol)long,  nearly  i'  long,  ex- 
cee<ling  the  ])erianlh. 

In  nmisl  pliioes.  New  lirun^wick  to  Alaska,  smuli 
111  X'trniunl.  New  York.  Missouri,  .ind  in  the  Rocky 
.MnUMlains  to  New   Mc.\ici).     June-.Xut;.     .\scen(I> 


lilack   Hills. 


3.    Zygadenus  Nuttallii  (  A.   C.ray ) 
S.  Wats.     Nuttall's  Zvti;atlL-nus. 
(Fig.  97«.)^ 


.\.  Cray.   .\nn.   I.yc    N    \'    4: 
\Val>.    I'riio.    .\m.    .\o:uI.    14: 


Amiaiilhiinn    Xiilhillii 

I2,i.     i^^r- 

X\[i;ii(/iiiii.\    .\ii/t,!//ii    S. 
27<).      1S7CI. 

Light  green,  scarcely  glaucous,  stem  i°-2^  high. 
Bulb  large,  coated;  leaves  ;,  '-S"  wide,  shorter 
than  the  stein,  strongly  conduplicate,  the  upi)er 
very  short;  inflorescence  iaceino.se  or  paniculate 
bracts  membranous,  scarious,  shorter  than  the 
slender  pedicels;  flowers  mostly  perfect,  about  6" 
broad;  perianth-segments  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse, 
free  from  the  ovary,  thin,  .short-clawed,  bearing  a 
roundish  spot-like  gland;  capsule  .\" -ii"  long. 


On 
June. 


iirairii's,  Kansas  and  Cnlorailo  In  Texas      Mav- 


/Vi 


Zygadenus  venenosus  S.  Wats.     Poi 
sonous  Zygadfiuis.      (Fig.  979.) 

.S.   Wats.    I'roc.  Am.  Acad 


aii(iiii\  :rii(/ii 
-.).        lS-i(. 


'4: 


I 'ale  green,  stem  .slender,  6'-2''  tall,  from  a  small 
coated  bulb.  Leaves  conduplicate,  roughish,  2" 
3"  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem,  the  upper  small  fi< 
and  distant;  inflorescence  a  simple  or  somewhat 
branched  raceme,  2'  4'  long  in  flower,  elongating 
in  fruit,  the  slender  jjedicels  longer  than  the  scar- 
ions  lanceolate  bracts;  flowers  yellow  or  yellowish, 
polygamous,  about  4"  wide;  ])erianth-segments 
ovate  or  elliptic,  obtuse  or  acutish,  short-clawed, 
free  from  the  ovary,  bearing  a  roundish  gland 
with  an  irregular  margin;  fruiting  pedicels  erect; 
capsule  longer  than  the  periantii. 

.Snutli  Dakota  and  Montana  to  Hrilish  Columbia, 
somh  to  Nebraska.  Ctali  and  California.     May  Jmic 


Mi 

4 


4(16 


Mi:i,ANTn.\ci:.\i'; 


5.    Zygadenus  leimanthoides  (A.  (in 


ly  )  vS.  Wats.     I*iii(.-l)arreii  Zygadc-mis. 
(  Fi^.  tjSo. ) 

.\)iiiii iilliiiiiii  /(iiiiiDillioiilis  A.  Cniy,  Ann.  I.yc. 
N.  W  4:  125.       i'<.i7. 

/\X (III I  litis  Iciiiiiiiilliniili s  S.   Wilts.    I'riic.   .Am. 
Acad.  14:  2S<i.       l•"^7l^ 

Stum  slfiukT,  i^^  -4°  liij^li,  fnuii  a  narrowly 
ovoid  fibrous-coalfd  bullj,  its  bast-  shealhcd 
by  short  leaves  which  soon  become  fibrous. 
I,eaves  2"-4"  wide,  jfreeii  on  boll\  sides, 
often  i^  loiifj,  blnnl,  or  the  npper  acuminate 
and  nnich  shorter;  ])anicle  4'-i2'  lonj^,  its 
branches  densely  many-flowered,  spreading; 
i\r  a.scendinj^;  bracllets  much  shorter  than 
the  slender  ])edicels;  flowers  mostly  ])ert'ect, 
white  or  greenish,  alxnit  4"  broad;  perianth- 
segments  oblong,  obtuse  sessile,  not  clawed, 
adnale  to  the  very  base  of'  the  ovary,  bearing 
a  basal  yellowisli  spot;  cajisnle  ovoid,  -i" 
high,  nnich  longer  than  the  perianth. 

In  swamps  or  wet  soil,  especially  in  i)ine  bar- 
ri  lis,  SDUllievn  New  Jersey  tn  Ceoinia.  .\sceii(l- 
tn  pKioft.  in  North  Carolina.     July  Xwa 


9.    MELANTHIUM   L.  Sp.  I'l.  ;,,vj.      175;,. 

Tall  leafy  herbs,  perennial  )iy  thick  rootstocks,  the  stem,  at  least  its  up])er  part,  and  llu- 
inlloresceiice,  pubescent.  Leaves  oval,  oblauceolale  or  linear,  sheathing  or  the  upper  sliealh- 
less.  I'lowers  greenish,  white  or  cream -colored,  ilarker  in  withering,  monoecious  or  poU  - 
ganunis,  slender  pe(licelle<l  in  a  large  terminal  jianicle.  Perianth  of  6  S))rea<ling  separate 
persistent  clawed  segments,  free  from  the  ovary.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  segments  and 
adnate  to  them;  anthers  cordate  or  reniform,  their  sacs  confluent.  Ovary  ovoid;  .styles  3, 
subulate,  spreading.  Ca])sule  3-lobeil,  .vcellecl,  the  cavities  several-seeded,  ti])peil  by  the 
styles.  Seeds  very  flat  and  broadh'  wingeil,  si'vi'ral  in  each  cavilx'.  [(heek,  signif\ing 
black  flower.] 

The  jjeiuis  eominises  only  the  rnlldwin^;  spiiics: 
Periaiithse^jnients  with  2  trlaiuls  at  tile  base  nf  tin-  blade. 

Wade  of  the  peviaiilli  seKiueiits  oliKiii^'.  entire;  leaves  linear.  1     M.  i'ii  i;iii  ii  mil. 

r.lade  III'  the  ]Hriaiitli  seniiuiils 


marly  (irbieiilar,  lliiihllale:  lea\es  iiblanci 
I'eriaiitli  se^rmeiit- iilil.iiicenlate.  ^;laiulli.ss;  leaves  oval. 


•  late 

.'.   M.  lali/'uliinii. 

\.  .1/.  parz'illin mil. 


I.  Melanthium  Virginicum  1.,. 

flower.     (  Fig.  i>Si.  ) 


lUiiicli- 


Mtlanlliiinn  I'i  1  i;iiiiiiiiii  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  ;i'i-       17.^. i- 

Stems  rather  stout,  2'i°-5=  high-  Leaves 
linear,  acuminate,  often  i"  long,  4" -12"  wide, 
the  lower  sheathing,  the  tipper  smaller,  .sessile, 
the  ujipermost  very  sni.iii;  panicle  6'-i.S'  long, 
tisually  dense,  its  branches  ascending;  ])edicels 
much  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong  bracts; 
flowers  6"- 10"  broad,  greenish  yellow,  turning 
brown;  perianth-segments  obtuse,  the  blade  ob- 
long, Hal,  entire,  sometimes  obcordate,  at  least 
twice  as  long  as  the  claw,  hearing  2  dark  glands 
at  its  base;  capsule  5"--""  long,  the  persistent 
styles  erect,  l"-l'2"long;  .seeds  .S-ki  in  each 
cavity,  2"-;,"  long. 

In  meadows,  wet  woods  and  marshes.  Kliode 
Inland  to  .New  York  and  Miiim  sola,  snutli  to  l''liir 
ida  ,-iii<i  'I'l  .vai-.     Jniii-  \\\v.. 


r.rNCii  1'I.()\vi:k  iamii.v. 
2.    Melanthium  latifolium  Desr.     CrisiK-d  l{tiiich-fl()\v(.r 

Ml liiiilliiiiDi  livhiiilinii  Wall.  I'l.  Car.  1^5.      I7>S? 
Ml  Uuilliiiiiii  liililitliiiiii   I)i-si.  ill  I.aiii.  Iviicvt-l.  4: 
-".>       1797- 

Stfin  sloiit  or  slt'iKler,  2^-4°  tall.  leaves  dIi- 
laiuL'olatf,  acute,  6"-2'  wide,  tla-  lower  elas])- 
inj,',  the  iipjier  ses.sile  and  imiih  smaller;  ]>aii- 
iele  usually  1°  long  or  more,  its  braiiclies 
asiending  or  spreadiiijj;  flowers  6"-.S"  broad, 
greenish  white,  turning  darker;  blade  of  the 
])eriantli-segments  orbicular  or  ovate,  undulate 
and  crisped,  longer  than  the  claw  or  about 
equalling  it,  bearing  2  glands  at  the  base;  caj)- 
sule  6"-S"  long,  its  cavities  4  -S  seeded;  seeds 
rather  larger  than  those  of  the  preceding 
sjiecies;   (hnvers  fragrant. 


407 


111  dry  wonds  and  mi  liills, 
'-vhaiiiaand  Snulli  Cartjliiia, 
.Xcirlli  Carolina.     I'l'dicels  V 


CnlllUCtUllt  to  I'lllll- 

.Vscetids  til  2c«K)  ft.  ill 
'  >>"  long.    Jiily-.ViiK. 


Melanthium  latifolium  longipedicellatum  .\.  liniwii, 
Hull.  'l'(irr.  LMul),  23:  152.     i,Si/., 
I.<i\VL-i   Uavis  6"  - 10"  wide,  and  ui)l)er  pidii'ds 
I :"   liiiiK.     West  Virginia. 


3.    Melanthium  parviflorum  (  Michx. ) 

.S.  Wat.s.     Small -fldutred  Melan- 
lliiiini.      (Ki.t?.  yS^.  ) 

I '1  iii/niii/   /hij  rif/iii  iiiii    Micli.x.    I'l.    liur.    .\iii.    2: 
2,SO.        I  Si  n. 

Miidiilliiinii  fill  'itlm mil  S.  Wats.  I'nic.  .\iii.  .\cad. 
14;  .76.       |S-,). 

Stem  slender,  2°  5-  tall.  I. ower  leaves  broadl}' 
oval  or  oblanceolatc,  acute,  4'-.S'  long,  \-z'-\' 
wide,  with  narrow  .sheathing  bases,  the  upper 
narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate;  panicle 
i°-2^  long,  loose  and  o])en,  its  very  slender 
branches  divergent  or  a.scending;  pedicels  fili- 
form, much  longer  than  the  bracts,  somewhat 
longer  than  the  perianth-segments;  flowers  4"- 
6"  broail,  greenish;  perianth-segments  oblance- 
olatc, glandless,  short-clawed  or  sessile;  cajisule 
,S"-6"  long,  the  cavities  4-6-seeded;  seeds  3"  4" 
long. 


Ill  dry  wcKids,  iiiounlaiiis  of   Viifjinia  tii 
Caiuliiia.     June  .\iiu'. 


.South 


10.    VERATRUM   L.  Sp.  I'l.  1044. 


/.■"J- 


Tall  ])erenuial  herbs,  with  thick  short  poisouiuis  rootstocks,  the  le.-ives  mostly  broad, 
clasping,  strongly  veined  and  plaited,  the  stem  and  inflorescence  ])ubescent.  IHowers  green- 
ish or  yellowish  or  purjile,  rather  large,  polygamous  or  moi..)eci(nis,  on  short  stout  pedicels 
in  large  terminal  panicles.  I'eriantli-segments  6,  glandle.ss  or  nearly  so,  not  clawed,  adnate 
to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  opposite  the  periantll-segineiits  and  free  from  them, 
short,  mostly  curved,  .\nthers  cordate,  their  sacs  confluent.  Ovary  ovoid;  styles;^,  persi.st- 
ent.  Ca])sule  globed,  ^-celled,  the  cavities  several-seeded.  Seeds  very  flat,  broadly  winged. 
[.Vncient  name  of  the  Hellebore.] 

.Miout  ill  species,  natives  of  iiiirtli  leiupir.ili'  zmie.  lUsiiUs  the  fi)llii\viiiu:  aimtlur  occurs  in 
the  sdutlierii  Iiiitiil  .States  and  2  on  the  I'acilk'  coast 


I'ldwers  yellowish  jfreen;  perianth  seKiiunts  puhesceiit.  ciliate. 
l"liiwers  purple;  periantliscjtment'^  ulahnnis  or  nearly  so. 


1.  / '.  •iridr. 

2.  /'.  W'oodii 


4oS 


MI'LANTUAd'AI;, 


I.    Veratrum  viride  Ait. 


Aniericaii  White  HL-lichoiL-.     Indian  Poke. 
i  KiK.  yS4. ) 

I'd  nil  nil!  z'iiiiliX'W.  Hurl.  Ktw.  3:  )23.       iT^w. 


nunu'rous  librous-flesliy  roots, 
tall,  very  leafy;  leaves  acute, 
oval  or  elliplie,  6' -12'  loiijr,  3'- 


l'-2'  thick,  willi 
Stem  slout,  2^~S" 
the  lower  hroailly 
6'  wide,  shorl-peti- 


oleil  or  ses.sile,  slieatliinj;,  the  u])per  successively 
narrower,  those  of  the  iiilloresceuce  small;  panicle 
S' -2°  long,  densely  many-flowered,  its  lower 
branches  spreading  or  somewhat  drooping;  pedi- 
cels l"-y  long,  mostl)-  shorter  than  the  bracts; 
(lowers  yellowish  green,  S"-I2"  broad;  perianth- 
segments  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  ciliate-serrnlate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  stamens;  ovary  glabrous;  cap- 
sule Iii"~l2"  long,  4"- 6"  thick,  many-seeded; 
seed  4"-5"  long. 

Ill  swami)s  and  wet  wmxls,  (Quebec  to  .\laska,  south 
to  Ceorgia,  Tennessee,  Miiiiiesola  ami  Hritish  (Jcihiiu 
bia.  Ascends  to  -)(««  ft.  in  tlie  Adirondacks.  M.iv- 
July. 


2.  Veratrum  Woodii  R()l)I)ins.    Wood'.s 

False  HellclKire.      (  Fig-.  ()S5.  ) 

ill    Wdiid,    Classbook, 


I 'fill /III  III  ll'( 
lul.  (1,  557. 


(iifii  Kobliins 
iS.s.S. 


Rootstock  short,  erect.  vSteni  slender,  2°-5° 
tall;  leaves  mostly  basal,  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
often  1°  long,  2'-4'  wide,  narrowed  into 
sheathing  jjetioles  about  as  long  as  the  blade; 
upper  leaves  small  and  linear-lanceolate;  panicle 
oi)en,  i°-2°  long,  its  branches  ascending;  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  the  perianth, about  as  long  as  the 
bracts;  flowers  6"-H"  broad,  jnn-ple;  perianth- 
segments  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  nearly  or  quite 
glabrous,  entire,  little  longer  than  the  .stamens; 
ovary  p\ibescent  when  young,  becoming  gla- 
brous; capsule  6"-S"  long,  few-seeded. 

In  <Iry  wniids  and  on  liills.  southern  Indiana  to 
Missouri.     June  July. 


II.    UVULARIA  L.  Sp.  I'l.  304.      1753. 

ICrect  forked  herbs,  perennial  by  rootstocks.  Stem  leafy  above,  scale-bearing  below,  the 
leaves  alternate,  sessile  or  jierfoliate.  I'"lowers  large,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  or 
rarelv  2  together,  peduncled,  drooping,  rerianth  bell-shai)ed  or  narrower;  se.giiients  dis- 
tinct, <leciduous,  each  bearing  a  nectary  at  the  base.  Stamens  6,  free,  or  adiiate  to  the  very 
bases  of  the  perianth-segments;  filaments  fdifonn;  anthers  linear,  the  sacs  longitudinally 
dehiscent.  t)vary  ^-lobed,  ,^-celled,  short-stalked  or  sessile;  styles  united  to  about  the  mid- 
dle, stigmatic  along  the  inner  side  above;  ovules  several  in  each  cell.  Capsule  ovoid  or  ob- 
ovoid,  wangled  or  ;,-winged,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  glol)ose,  i-,^  in  each  cavity. 
[Name  Latin,  from  uvii/a,  a  palate,  in  allusion  to  the  hanging  llowers.] 

I'ive  or  six  species,  natives  of  eastern  Nortli  .\inerica. 

Capsule  obtusely  3  angled,  truncate  or  rounded;  leaves  perfoliate 

(ilabrous,  Klaucous;  perianth  segments  papillose  within. 

Leaves  pu1)escent  beneath;  perianth  segments  smooth. 
Capsule  acutely  ^antfled  or  ,^  wiiiKed.  acute  at  each  end:  leaves  sessile. 

Leaves  thill.  sliKhtlv  rough  niaiKined,  narrowed  at  both  ends.  3.  I',  sfssi/i/n/iii. 

Leaves  linn,  manifestly  roughtiiargined,  soiuetiines  sul)coidate.  |.  / '.  /iiifii'iii/ii. 


I'.  pt-if,<li,il,i. 
I '.  ifi  ainlitlji  ii. 


lU'NCII-I'I.OWI-R    I  AMII.V. 


4'>9 


I.    Uvularia  perfoliata  L.     IVrfoliatc 

I  'iiiliii  ill  /ti  I  lolitilii  I..  S]).  I'l.   \i\\.       I7,s,i. 

(ilabrous  ;iii(l  j^lmu'DUs  or  pulo  j^reuii.  SU'ins  6' 
2ii'  Iuk''.  sIcikUt,  forki-d  ubovo  tlic  midillu,  iisiuilly 
with  I  ^  k'avL'S  liflow  tliv  fork;  le.ivfs  oval,  ohlonj^ 
or  o\ati.'-laiU'L'olali-,  lU'Uti'  at  llif  ajiex,  rouii(li'<l  or 
soiiu-liiiii.-s  narrowfil  at  llu-  base,  smooth-niarj^iiKMl, 
2'  5'  loii^j;  wlu'ii  inaturi',  small  at  (lowcTinj^  liiiic; 
flowers  III"  16'' loiiK,  ])ali.' villow;  ])f(luiKli' hccoin- 
iiiii  '2'  1'  li>iiK  ill  fruit;  periaiitli-segtiifiits  >;ranu- 
lar-]>a])illosi'  within,  soilietinies  but  slifjlitly  so;  sta- 
iiiflis  sliorttr  than  the  styles  or  e(|ualliiig  tlieiii,  the 
eoniu-etivi'  sharp-tipjiecl;  eajisule  obovoiil,  truneate,  ^ 
thicker  than  loiij^,  4"  -5"  loii};,  obtusely  ^-aiif^led, 
with  concave  sides  ;inil  grooved  anj^les,  its  lobes 
dehiscent  above. 

Ill  iiiciisl  wiiiids  and  lliiekets,  Uuebee  anil  (tnlario  to 
l''liiri(la  and  Mississippi.  .Asoends  to  ,;.=;■»>  ft.  in  \'ir 
yiiiia.     I'Uiwers  rragranl.     May-June. 


Ikllwort. 


Fig.  9sr,.  ) 


2.     Uvularia    grandiflora   J.    \\.    Smith. 
Lart^c-llowcrcd  Hclhvort.     (  Fi,n.  (jSj,  ) 

triihii  in  ,i;i(nii!il!i'iii  J.   IC.  Sinitli.  V.s..  Hot.  1:9').    />/. 
i/.        I.So_|    5. 

Stems  rather  stouter  than  that  of  the  ])recediii,i; 
.sjiecies,  naked  or  with  i  or  2  leaves  below  the  fork, 
Leaves  perfidiate,  oblong,  oval  or  ovale,  pubescent 
beneath,  at  least  when  younj.;,  glabrous  above,  be- 
coming 2'-,=;'  long;  flowers  leiuon-yellow,  I'-i  'j' 
long;  perianth-segments  sUKioth  on  both  sides  or 
very  slightly  granular  within;  stamens  exceeding 
the  styles,  the  connective  blunt;  ca])sule  obtusely 
,Vii"glcd,  truncate,  4"  -5"  long,  the  lobes  dehiscent 
above. 

Ill  rich  Woods.  (Jiie1nctii  Miiiiiesiita.  Moulh  to  C.ecir- 
\i\a.  TeiilRssee  and  Iowa.     April  June. 


3.    Uvularia  sessilifolia  L. 


rnilariii  srssi/i/it/i,i  I,.  Sj).  I'l.  ,v>.S.       I7,=i.v 
(hikcsia  si'ssili/'olia  ,S.  Wats.   rnic.  Am.  .U'ad.  14;  269. 
1S7,,. 

(dabrous,  stem  .slender,  naked  or  bearing  r  or  2 
leaves  below  the  fork.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  jyi'y  long  when  mature,  thin,  sessile, 
acute  at  each  end,  roughish-margineil,  jiale  or 
glaucous  beneath;  flowers  greenish  yellow,  S"  i-;" 
long;  perianth-segments  smooth;  styles  exceeding 
stamens;  anthers  blunt;  peduncle  'j'-i'  long  in 
fruit;  capsule  sharply  3-angled,  narrowed  at  both 
ends,  short-stipitate,  about  1'  long,  6"-.S"  thick. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets.  New  lirunswick  and 
Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south  to  tieorsfia  and  Arkansas. 
May  June. 

Uvularia  sessilifolia  nitida  1  Rritton  1  MoroiiK.  Mem. 
Torr.  Club.  5:  111.       1894. 

()aifu'<!  srxsi/i/d/in  var.  (?)  iiiliiin  Itritton,  Trans.  N. 

Y.  Acad.  Sei.  9:  it,.      1880. 

Leaves  smaller.  hriKht  jtreen  on  both  sides:  flowers 
linlil  yellow;  capsule  scarcely  stipitale.  I'iiie  barrens 
of  New  '1  rsey.  I'eiiiaps  referable  to  the  following 
species. 


Se.ssilc-k'avcd  Ik-lhvorl.      (  Kiir.  t)SS. 


4IO 


:\ii;i,.\NTH.\ci':.\i-:. 


Uvularia  puberula  Michx. 
Ik'lhvort.      (  Fi^.  >>><')•  ) 


.Mountain 


I-'aniily  K). 


I  ':iiliii  ill  fmhci  nil]  Midix.  I"l.  Ili)r.  Am.  i:  igti.     if'ov 
Oiiiisi'ii  fiii/ii'i  ii/ii  .S.  Wats.  I'lor.  .\m.  .Xcad.  14:  269.     1S79. 

Stum  nitliLr  stout,  spariiijj;ly  nmjjli-ptiln'sofiit  with 
slidil  hairs,  at  h'ast  on  thf  forks.  Leaves  ohlonj^,  oval 
or  ovate;  roiij^h-iiiarjiiiied,  firiii  and  i  'j'  -,^'  lonj^  when 
ni.'itnre.  sessile,  acute  at  tile  apex,  obtuse,  suheonlate 
or  sonietiuies  iiarroweil  at  the  base,  shiniiij;,  jfreeti  on 
Ixith  sides,  the  midvein  sometimes  pubescent;  flower.s^ 
lij;ht  yellow,  about  1'  lonj;;  styles  exceedinff  the 
stamens;  capsule  sharply  .^-anjfled,  acute  at  both  ends, 
sessile  or  very  nearly  so  on  the  short  Jiednncle,  10" 
12"  lonj;. 

In   tnniuUain   woods,    \'ir^iiiiii  and    Wist   X'irjjinia   to 
Siiulli  C'anilina.     Ascends  tn  S'"'  K-  '"  N'irffiniii.     May 
June. 


.J2.  I  763. 


LILIACEAE  .\(lans.  1-ani.  IM. 
IjiA'  1'amii.v. 

Scapuse  or  k-afv-steniniL'd  herbs  from  Ijiilh.s  or  conns,  or  r.irely  witli  root- 
stocks  or  a  \voo{l>-  caudex  (./i,'(N-(  ),  tlic  leaves  \arioiis.  Mowers  solitary  or 
clustered,  reotilar,  niosth'  perfect.  Perianth  parted  int(j  6  distinct  or  nearly  dis- 
tinct segments,  or  these  more  or  le.ss  imited  into  a  tiil)e,  inferior  or  partly 
siijierior  ( .  Ui iris  ).  Stamens  6.  h\pog\iious  or  l)()rne  on  the  jierianth  or  at  the 
l)ases  of  its  segments:  anthers  2-celled,  moslh'  intror.se,  sometimes  extror.se. 
Ovary  3-celled:  ovules  few  or  nnnierotis  in  eachcavit>',  anatroi«)iis  or  amphitro- 
]ioiis:  st\les  iniited:  stigma  ^-lobed  or  capitate.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule 
(sejiticidal  in  (.'n/oi/ioiiiis),  or  in  .l,i;<i:'i  .sometimes  flesh\-  and  indehisceiit. 
Jseeds  various,  winged  or  wingless.      lMnl)ryo  in  copious  endos])erm. 

Ahiinl  I25(;encra  and  i  V"' s])i  cits,  widely  distiiliuUil. 

••!;  rianls  liulbous,  cir  witli  ront.-tdck';,  nr  libniusncshy  mcts. 
( Ivary  smurior,  lUil  adnalc  to  llic  periantli. 

kodis  libmus  lU-sliy;  sc,ii)e  tall;  flowers  orange  or  yellow. 
I.nw  lU  sliy  lierl)  with  a  sliiirt  nnitslnck;  flowers  white. 
I'l.-inls  with  ImDw  or  conns. 
I'lowers  iMnlielled, 
rcrianth  ii  parted. 

( idiir  characteristically  onion  like:  ovulis  i  or  2  in  each  cavity. 
( idiir  not  onion  like;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity. 
I'eriaMth  runncU'nrni.  the  tulie  aboiU  as  loiisr  a<  the  lobes. 
I'hiwer-  solitary,  rncenied,  corynibed  or  panicled. 
.\ntliers  not  intmrse. 

I'erianlh-seKinents  all  alike  or  nearly  so;  capsule  loculicidal. 
.\nthers  ver'^atili-;  tall  herbs. 
Anthers  not  virsalile;  low  herbs. 

Stem  leafy;  flower'-  leafy-bractcd. 
Leaves  oidy  -'.  ap|)earin>;  basal;  flowers  bractU'-';. 
<  HUer  seKnients  narrower  tlian  the  inner;  capsule  >(.  ptici<lal. 
.Outliers  iiitrorse. 

I'erianth  of  6  sei>arati-  sinments. 
I'ilanunts  liliform. 
l-'ilamenls  flattened. 
I'erianth  vtlobosi-,  oblonK  or  urn  shaped. 
()\aryhalf  infcri(pr;  roots  fdiions;  flowers  racemed. 

•;=•';■  Stem  a  woody  caude.x;  leaves  ri^'id,  mostly  liearinj;  marjrinal  fibres. 


/fi'iiiirniallis. 
I. cm  Hi  rill  II  III. 


.  Ml i mil. 

.\olllOSit>l\iltUl . 

.  liiiiiKs/rf^liiii  III . 


/.Hi  Kill. 

Fi  i/i//iii  ill. 
Ji  I  villi  on  ill  III. 
Cillih  hurl  lis. 


Oimiiiii.siii. 

Oi  iiilliiii;iiliiiii. 

^fll.^|•lll  i. 

All-Iris. 

I  ill  I  a. 


I.    HEMEROCALLIS  L.  Sp.  I'l. 


I7.S4- 


Tall  jjlabrous  lierbs,  with  llbnnis  fleshy  roots,  basal  linear  leaves  and  lar>;e  mostly  oraiij,je 
or  yellow  flowers  clustereil  at  the  ends  of  leafless  scaj)es.  rerianth  funnelform,  its  lobes  ob- 
loiifj  or  spatulate,  much  longer  than  the  eylindric  tid)e.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  tlie  summit 
ol"  the  perianth-tube,  shorter  than  the  lobes,  declined;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  linear- 
oblong,  the  sacs  introrsely  dehiscent.  Ovary  oblong,  3-celled;  ovtdes  inimerous  in  each  cav- 
ity ;  style  slender,  decline<l,  tipped  with  a  sv'dl  capitate  stij;ma.  Cajisnle  oblonfj;  or  ovoid, 
thick-walled,  ^-angled,  transversely  wrinkled,  loculicidally  3-valved.  [dreek,  signifying 
beautiful  for  a  ilay.  ] 

.•\bont  ,s  sptcies,  natives  of  ICniope  and  .\'-ia. 


1,1 1. V   I'AMII.V. 


411 

I);iv  I.ilv. 


I.  Hemerocallis  fiilva  U 

(  Fi^.  990.  ) 
//iin,iiic,t//i.-i/ii/fct  I„  S|).  IM,  ]-.<\.  .'.  I'lj.     1762. 

Sca]H-s  ,^°-6'  liij(li,  stout,  iiidsIIv  loiijjer 
tliau  lliu  liMves.  Iamvi-s  4"  6"  wide,  I'lian- 
liflfil,  tiipfriii.t;  to  an  ainite  tip;  M'a])e  l)L'ariiii; 
sfvt-ral  short  hraits  above;  llowers  6-i,s, 
slioil-iifdii'i'lu'd,  tawny  oranjjc,  ]ianii:lfil,  4'- 
5'  lonj;,  opiMiinj!;  for  a  ilay;  lubo  ol  the  peri- 
anth I'-i'.'  lonj;,  tile  lobes  ohlonj^.  siinie- 
wliat  spreading,  netted-veiiied;  the  three 
outer  nearly  Hal,  aeutish;  the  ;,  inner  undu- 
late and  blunt. 

Ill  iiieailiius  anil  alonn  :-tuiMiiN.  New  Unni- 
wiek  and  ()ntariii  Ici  Virginia  and  Tennessee. 
I'Seaped  frnni  euUivatiim.  Native  oC  ICiilnpi- 
and   Asia.     June  .Vnu. 

Hemerocallis  flava  I,.,  tin-  Nillmv  Day  I.ily, 
willi  liritilU  yillnw  llnwers,  lluir  lubes  )>ar;Ul(l- 
veiiied,  is  oeeasinnally  found  near  old  Kardun.i. 


2.    LEUCOCRINUM  Xutl.;   A.  Cray,  Ann.  Lye.  X.  V.  4:    110.      i.S;,;. 

.\  low  aeauleseenl  rather  llesliy  herb,  from  a  short  rootstoek,  the  roots  Ihiek,  llbidu>. 
Outer  leaves  iiienibranoiis,  aeute,  short;  inner  leaves  linear,  elongated,  the  innermost  re- 
duced to  liraets.  I'lowers  larj^e,  white,  mnbellale  from  the  subterranean  axils.  I'edieels  lili- 
forni.  I'eriauth  with  a  very  narrow  tube  and  a  salverform  limb,  persistent,  the  6  line,ir-ob- 
\in\\i  lobes  >]ireadiui.;,  nerved,  shorter  than  the  tube.  Stamens  borne  near  the  to])  of  the 
])erianth-tnbe.  shorter  than  the  lobes;  fdaments  filiform;  anthers  linear,  their  saes  introrsely 
dehiseeiit.  Ovary  ovoid.  ;,-eelled;  style  rdifonn 
sliniiia  small.  Capsule  oval  or  obovoid,  ^-an^kMl, 
sessile,  obtuse,  loeulieidal.  Seeds  several  in  eaeh 
eavitN ,  .luj^led.      jCireek.  meauinj.(  white  lily.] 

.\  inoiiiilypie  ninn-- (if  iioilliwistirn  .North  .\iinrica 

I.    Leucocrinum  montanum  Xutt. 

Leiicocrimun.      1  Fii;-.  ((91.  1' 

J.I  Kicui  iinnii   iiiiiii/diiuiii   Niitt.:  .A.    Civav.    .\nii.    l.ve. 
N.  V.  4:  110.       iS;^. 

Root-tibres  very  thiek,  nnnierous.  Inner  leaves 
j'-io' long,  i"y  wide;  flowers  3  S;  pedicels  ',' 
2'  loll).;;  jierianth-limb  about  ','  bro.ad,  the  lobes 
ai'iile;  ])eriaiitli-tube  1'  2'  lonir,  less  than  1"  in  di- 
ameter; lilaments  ;/'  4"  loiij^;  anthers  eoile<l,  at 
least  when  dry;  capsule  y—\"  lonijf,  erect,  leath- 
ery; .seeds  .|-6  in  each  cavity,  black. 

In  sandy  soil.  .Smitli  Dakota  and  western  Nebraska 
to  Calironiiii.  .Vseeiids  to  5500  I't.  in  the  lilaek  Hills. 
.\pril  June. 


3.    ALLIUM  L.  Sp. 


294. 


1/00- 


lUilbous  herbs,  characteristically  oiloroiis  (alliaceous),  the  bulbs  solitary,  or  clustered  on 
short  roolstocks.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  or  rarely  lance<date  or  oblong,  sheathino;,  basal,  or 
sometimes  also  on  the  stem.  Stem  (  usually  a  scape  I  simple,  erect.  Idowers  white,  jiurple, 
pink  or  green,  in  a  terminal  simple  umbel,  subtended  by  2  or  3  membranous  separate  or 
united  bracts.  I'edieels  slender,  not  jointed,  reriauth  per.sislent,  the  6  segments  separate, 
or  iiniled  by  their  very  ba.ses.  Stamens  in.serted  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments;  tila- 
ments  filiform  or  dilated,  sometimes  toothed;  anther-sacs  introrsely  dehiscent.  Ovary  ses- 
sile or  nearly  so,  completeh'  or  incompletely  3-cellcil;  style  filiform,  jointeil,  usually  deci(iu- 
ous;  stigmas  small;  ovules  1-6  in  each  cavity.     Capsule  loeulieidal.     [ I, atin  for  garlic] 

.Miout  27,1  species  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the  f<illowiii.t;.  some  40  others  ocnr.  i!i  tlie 
western  I'liitiil  .Stales. 


412 


i,ii.iAci;.\i-; 


.  I.  Ii  iiiHiiini. 


\.    .Si  IhHIIiipl  ilslllll. 

I.  II I II  nil  III. 


I.fiivis  nlilcm;;  laiU't  iilatc.  ali-i  111  at  llciuiiiiiy  tiiiii'. 
I.ra\(  •-  lim  ai.  im  -i  in  at  llciwi  lini;  tiiiU', 

llulliriial~  iiu  nilptatinii--.  nui  lilirnii?-  rrli(iilat<(l. 

1  mill  1  ia])ilaU  ;  ptiliri  !■-  "-ImiU  r  tliaii  tlu    llnuir-i. 
IiiiIh  1  liiii-c;  pt  (licil>  illiuli  liiiii;!  1  tliati  tlu    llnui  r 
Mnuiriiij;  iinibil  iioilditii;. 
I'Miiuivin^;  luiiln-l  iin't. 

I.i.ivis  Mat  111  I'lianmli  i1.  all  in  ally  lia'-al,  |.   .1.  \lilliiliiiii. 

I,ia\is  Itviti,  hnlliiu',  MVital  mi  tlu-  stilli;   llciuils  nl'U'ii  niil;u\il  by  litlll)lrt~. 

5.   .(.  -.iiiiitlr. 
lililli  cnat^  lililniis  iitiilllalnl. 
Cap-Ilk'  lint  in  -ti(l. 

I'liiui  1- iiiii'-tly  ri -plariil  liy  Imllilils;  si-api'  i      j    tall.  6.   ./.  (  iiiimli  iisr. 

I'loui  r-  i.mly  n  jilaiiil  l>y  ImlUkts. 

Si'api-  1      J    tall;  pnliccls  ^"    i  _>"  loiiK;  pi  i  ialilli  si  yiiinits  thin.- 

7.    .1.  iiiiiliihili  . 
Si'api    1'    s'  tall;  pi  iliii  I-  1"  (."  lulls;;  l>ili:iiitli  siyiiuiit- 1  iKiil  i"  fl'tlit. 

-i.    .1.  Xiilhillii. 
C;ip-uU-  v;il\i-  uitli  .'-Inn',  •.■ii-t-.  u.  .1.  1  liiniliiliiiii. 

I.    Allium  tricoccum  Ait.      Wild  lAek.      i  Imi;-.  iji^j.  i 

All iiiiii  li  inHi  mil  .\it.  Hurt.  Kfw.  I;  |2-.       i^Sq. 

lUillis  iivoid,  I'liLsti'ivil,  1'  2'  liixb,  si-atiil  uii 
\\  slidit  rout-lock,  tln.-iv  I'oats  filiiotis-ivtii'iilati'il. 
I.L-avi'.-  oliloii.t;-Iaiici.'ol;iti.-  or  i-Uiptii-,  appuariiij^ 
early  in  tlu-  -prinj;,  lint  witlirniij;;  and  disappear- 
ing lii'lori.'  lloui'rinj.j  liiiiL-,  6'  12'  lonj^-,  j'-2' 
uidi',  narrowid  at  liotli  ends,  lM]n-iiiii;  into  a 
lon.i,' ]n-tioK';  si'a])c  .('  15'tiill;  lirai'ls  of  thr  nni- 
lii-l  nsnally  2.  at  first  I'lU'losiiii,'  tlic  llowirs, 
iiK'nibranoiis,  ai'tnninati',  di'iidtioiis;  mnbi'l 
inany-tlowcivd,  orfcl;  pi-dii-i'ls  sU'iidcr,  Ijoi-om- 
inj.;  rij.;id,  6"  10"  lont;;  no\vi.'rs  «  liitf;  jiLrianth- 
si-j.;inunls  ulilunn,  obtnsf,  2"  ;,"  lontr;  rdanu-nts 
laiu'oolalc-snbiilati',  about  :is  lonj;  as  tlu-  jieri- 
aiith;  oynk-  1  in  i-aili  layity  of  tlu- oyar\  ;  oa])- 
snlt-  ik-oply  ,;-lolK'd,  abmil  3"  broad,  i'_."-2" 
lii.i;li,  its  y.-iht-s  not  i-ri-sti-d;  st-cds  ,!.,dobosi-, 
blai-k,  sinootli. 

Ill  rirli  woods,  N'lw  l!iiiiis\vii-k  to  :\Iiiiiusiil.\. 
siuitli  tn  Norlli  Carolina  .mil  'riiiiiissii .  ( il'tiii 
tirows  ill  laiu'i-  bills.  .\sniiils  to  |5i«i  ft.  ill  Noitli 
Carolina.     Jtiiu-  July. 

2.    Allium  Schoenoprasum  L.     Chives.     Ciiivt- (i;.  lie.     (Fij.;.  993.) 

Alii  II  III  Sihiu  iii'pi  asuiii  I..  Sp.  I'l.   v".       ir.\v  fi" 

r.iilbs  narrowly  i-,yoid,  rlusli.-ri-d,  i'  liiij;li  or 
It-ss,  tlicir  nu-iiibranoits  i-oats  not  lihrons-n-ticii- 
latfd.  Scapu  ratlit-r  stout,  H'-2°  lii!.;li,  bi-arinn 
bulow  the  middle  1  or  2  elongated  linear  terete 
hollow  leayesabont  'j'"  in  diameter,  or  the  leaves 
all  basal;  liracts  of  tlie  ninbel  2,  broadly  ovate, 
veiny;  nmbel  iiiany-nowered,  capitate,  the  pedi- 
cels 1"  3"  long;  flowers  rose-color,  longer  than 
the  pedicels;  perianth -segments  4"-6"  long, 
lanceolate,  acninimite;  stamens  iiinch  shorter 
than  the  perianth;  fil.'inients  subulate,  half- 
terete;  ovules  2  ill  each  cavity  of  the  ovary; 
capsule  obtusely  3-lobed,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  perianth. 

Ill  moist  or  wet  soil,  New  Ilniiiswick  to  .Maska, 
siiiith  t(i  Miiine.  iKirlliern  New  York.  Michigan. 
Wyomiiisr  and  Wasliinjfton.  Al-n  in  1-airope  and 
Asia.     Jniie  July. 


MI.V   lAMII.V. 
3.    Allium  cernuum   Roth.      Noddiii;^  Wild  ( )iii(jn.     i  Im^. 

.1    .iiiiiiinii  Knlli:   Kotin.  Au'li.  l:   I'art  i,   |.i.      171,^. 

l'.iill)s  \isiiiill\  I'lu^Uruil  <pii  a  slidi'l  iiMilsldi'k,  luir- 

iciuly  (iMiiil,   uilli   a   Imij;  lU'ck,    1'  2','   lii),'li,  tlii' 

coals  iiiit  rihnnis-nliciilaUil.    Sca]ii-sUMiili.'r, slij^'litlv 

riilj^'iil,  r'    j'liij;li;  li-avi-sliiicar,  I'liaiiiieU  ilof  iR'arlv 

llal,    i"   2"   uidf,   iiKislly  shdiU'i-  than   tin-   scape, 

lihinlish,  iiiiilicl  iiiaiiN -tlciwcicil,  iiiMldiii),'  in  flower, 

sul)lcii(lcil  liy  2  sliiirl  (k'cidudiis  hracls;  jicdiccls  I'di- 

forni,  S"   15"  lonn;  flowers  white,  rose  or  ]nir])le; 

Iperiaiitli-seginents  uvate-oblonj;,  aciili-  or  ohliisisli, 

2"   \"  loiij,';  stamens  lon.y;er  than  tlie  periantli;  tila- 

nunts   marly  liliforni;  o\ules   2  in   each   cavity  of 

tile  ovary;   capsule    ^lolied,  rather  shorter  than  the 

]ierianth,  eacli  vaht-  hearing;  j  short  pnu'esses  near 

the  snniniil. 

( >ii  lianks  and  liillsides,  Niw  N'urk  to  Minnesota  and 
llritish  L'ohnnliia,  South  Carolina.  Soutli  l>aUota,  an<l  in 
till  Rocky  Mountains  to  New  Me\;ie<i.  \'arialili-.  As. 
cends  1(1  |,><,  n,  iu  .Notth  Carolina.     Jidy   .\UK- 


■^l^ 


rrairie  Wild 


I'iR-  9'/-'-  > 


4.    Allium  stellatum   Ker. 

( )iiicni.      I  Im^-.  i)i)~,.  I 

.l//iinii  \/,  //ii/inii  Ker,  Hot.  Ma«.  /'/.  /,-,-A.  1M(. 
I'ullis  solitary  or  several  lojifether,  narrowly 
ovoid,  i'  2'  lonj;,  their  coats  nieinhranous.  Scajie 
slender,  S'-i.S'  tall,  somewhat  ridded  above;  leaves 
inear,  ■•^"-\'_^"  wide,  nearly  ll.it;  uinhel  several- 
many-llowired,  erect,  sulitended  bv  2  lanceolate  or 
o\ate  acuminate  bracts;  pedicels  liliform,  6"  lo" 
lonj<;  flowers  rose-color;  periantli-si'j,'nients  oyate- 
oblonj,',  acute,  2"-y  lon.tf,  equalling  or  rather 
shorter  than  the  stamens;  fll.anienls  tllit'orm,  sli.t,ditlv 
widened  at  the  base;  capsule  shorter  than  the  peri- 
anth, ,vl<>bed,  about  6-seeiled,  each  valve  bearinj.;  2 
erect  processes  or  crests  below  the  ajjcx. 

Ill  roeky  banks.  Illinois  and  Minnesota  to  Missouri 
and  Kansas.     July  .VuK. 

5.  Allium  vineale  I,.     Wild  (bailie.     Kidd  C.arlic.     Crow  C.aiiic, 

.\IIiiiiii  liiualc  I,.  S]).  I'l.  -'iio.       i^.s.^ 

I'lUlb  ovoid,  r  hi^h  or  less,  its  coats  nunibran- 
ons.  Stem  l'^-,^'^  tall,  bearinj.;  2-\  narrowly  linear 
terete  hollow  somewhat  channeled  leaves  below  the 
middle  at  flowering  time,  the  early  basal  leaves 
similar,  numerous,  4'  lo'long;  brads  of  the  umbel 
2,  lauceol.ite,  acuminate,  deciduous;  umbel  few 
mauy-llowered,  erect,  the  flowers  often  wlndly  or 
in  part  rejilaced  by  small  oyoid  bulblets  which  are 
tipped  with  a  long  cajiillary  apjiendage;  pedicels 
;,"-l2"  long,  lilifonn,  the  lower  spreading  or 
ilrooping;  flowers  green  or  purple,  about  2"  long; 
lierianth-segments  oyate  lanceidate,  stamens  in- 
cluded or  slightly  exserted  ;  tilanients  flattened, 
bro.id,  the  ,^  interior  ones  bearing  a  tooth  on  each 
side  just  below  the  anther;  ea])Siile  globed,  shorter 
than  the  perianth. 

Ill  fields  and  meadows.  Connecticut  to  Ohio.  Missouri 
and  Virginia.  Naturalized  from  luimpe.  .\  tnaible 
some  weed  in  the  Mi<ldle  .States,  infesting  pastures, 
and  taintiiiK  the  (layor  of  sprinjr  butter.     June  Julv. 


414 


i.ii.iaci.ap: 


6.    Allium    Canadense   I,.       Meadow 
(larlii-.      (  Imv;.   <)i>7.  ) 


Atliiiiii  ('iniiuliii\,   I,,  S|i.  I'l,  II 


175.) 


Mull)  iivdiil,  siililMiv,  u-.iiiilly  li--s  tli.m  l'  liiyh, 
llic  cniUT  i-();it>  lilircius-ii'tii'iiliitrcl,  SimJ)!-  ItnU-, 
S'  2  I, ill;  U'Mvi's  l);is;il  ill"  iKMil\  -.ii.  iiMrmwh'  lin- 
ear, II.il  111-  llaltish  ahdVf,  slivjlilly  iniuis  Ihih-mIIi, 
i"  i'.."  wide,  ii-ually  sliiirti.-r  than  tin-  -^iMpt'; 
lirait>  111  llif  iiiiibil  J  or  ^,  wliito.  ImKullv  uvat  •, 
acmiiinaU';  (lowiT-i  iis\iall\-  or  ofUii  rfplacuii  t)y 
o\oi:l  liiilhU'ls;  pi'dii'i'ls,  «lu-ii  iiu'si'iil,  aboul  '_.' 
loiijr;  tlowiTs  i)iiik  or  uliiU',  tin-  iicriaiitli--<e;<liuiil-. 
ohloiijf-laiU'colaU',  aiiite.  alioiit  a>  Ion;;  .i--  llii- 
^taiiU'ii-.;  lilaliU'iUs  uiiloiicd  al  tin.-  Iia>r,  iioiu>  of 
lluiii  lootlu-il;  i-a]iMik'  valvi'S  lint  i'ri'>liMl. 

Ill  iiioi-.l  iiuailci«  ~  ami  lliirk<  1-,  Maim  !■>  Miniii-.i)ta 
xiiilli  1(1  I'lorida,  Louisiana  and  Aikaii-as,  A-ciiid-  t.i 
?5i»'l't.  ill  \'irKiiiia.     May  JuiH' 


7.    Allium   mutabile    Miclix.      Wild 

(  )llii>n.        I  l'"i,:^,    c;(;S.  ) 

.[llniiii  itniliihilr  Miclix.  I'l    I'mr,  Am.  i;  Mi.s.    i^"v 

lUillis  ovoid,  siditary  or  st-vural  loj^illu'r,  1' 
lii),(h  or  less,  tliidr  coats  proniiiu'iuly  lilinms- 
rclii'ulati-d.  SiMjii.'  tiTitc,  i  1-  tall  ;  Iraws 
basal,  I'liaiimdi-d.  1"  i"  widi-,  sliortir  than  the 
sCiil)i';  lirai'ts  of  tlir  uinliid  .?  or  ;,,  lonji-acunii- 
natc;  nnibi-d  iM\-it,  niany-llowurt-d,  ran  ly  luilldi't- 
la'aring;  ])tMliixds  lilil'orni,  S"-i2"  lon.y;  llowcrs 
jiink,  rosf  or  white.  2',"  4"  ioii.t;;  ]icriMiith- 
sef^tneiils  laneeolate  or  nvale-Ianceolate,  aente, 
afutliinate,  or  ohtusish,  thin.  lon.ijer  than  the 
staniflis;  lllaiiieiits  sonu'wliat  widened  below; 
eapsnle  rather  shorter  than  the  perianth,  its 
v.dves  not  iTesteil. 

Ill  niiiist  soil.  Niirtli  Carolina  to  Nehr.iska,  simtli 
to  l'"l(iri(la  and  Texas,     .\pril  Juiu, 


8.    Allium   Nuttallii  S.  Wats.     \nllair> 
Willi  Onion.     (  Kitj.  ^ijij. ) 

Alliiiiil  Xiill'illii  S.  Wats.  I'roe.  .\iii.  .\ead.  14:  227.      i^-u. 

I'lulbs  usually  solitary,  ovoid,  'j  '  I '  hij.jli,  their  eoals 
fibrous-retieulated.  Culm  slender,  terete  or  iie.irlyso, 
4'-,S'  tall;  leaves  basal,  ','""l"  wide,  shorter  than  the 
scai)e  or  sonieliines  e(|Uallinf;  it;  braets  of  the  uinliel 
3  or  2,  ovate  or  ovale-laneeidale,  aeute  or  aeuminale; 
umbel  several-flowered;  no  bulblets  seen;  pedicels 
slender,  4"-6"  lonj;;  (lowers  rose  or  while,  about  3" 
lon,i(;  ])eriant!i-segments  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
firm,  becoming;  rigid  in  fruit;  stamens  shorter  than  the 
perianth;  capsule  shorter  than  the  perianth,  its  valves 
not  crested. 

(Ill  jirairies.  Nebraska  and  Colni.idii  to  'IVxiis  and  .Ari- 
zona.    .\pril-Juiie. 


-^^-^ 


hi 


I.II.V    1  AMII.V 
9.    Allium  reticulatum   Dmi.     I'imsci's 

Willi  <  lllinll.        (  \'"\'^.    Mi.().  ) 
Alliiiiii  iilii  iiliiliiiii   Null.  I'l.i'-ii'^  Cat       Nairn-  mil 
Alliutii    1 1  III  iiliiliiiii    Iidu,    M(  111     ^\llll     So,      6     \i. 

IH.Vi     \1, 

Similar  In  tlif  |)ivix'iliii),'  spei'ies,  the  liulli  lallur 
larj,'(.r,  its  coiil-i  proiiiiiR'Htly  rilirous-ritiiiil.itfil. 
S(Mi)i-  i'  111' tall,  sIciicltT  ;  leaves  usually  k'ss  lliau 
1"  wide;  lir,'iitB  <if  the  several-floweriil  uiiiliel 
tniistly  2,  aiuiuiuate;  ]ie<licels  slender,  V'  '1"  l"";,': 
flowers  white  or  pink,  2'j"-3"  I'Hik:  perianth- 
sediments  lon^'er  than  the  stamens,  thin;  e;i])sule 
shorter  than  the  jicriantli,  each  of  its  valves  liearinj; 
2  short  crests  just  lielow  the  summit, 

Assinilicii.i  and  Smith  Dakni.i  1,,  N,  u  >[c  vice,  ami 
Ari/iiiia.     May  Jidy 

4.    NOTHOSCORDUM    Kiimli,  I'.miiu.  4:  457.       is.(,v 

.SeM|)Ose  herl)S,  similar  to  the  ouiinis.  Imt  without  iilliai  eous  odor,  with  metnhranoiis- 
<-o,ilrd  hulhs,  narrowly  linear  hasal  leavis  and  small  ycUoW  or  vcllowish-yreeu  (lowers  in  an 
ercet  terminal  simple  i-hraetcd  uinl)cl.  Terianth  ')partcd  to  the  hase,  withcriui^'-jier'-i^tent, 
its  scj^'inenls  1 -nerved,  Stamens  <>,  inserte<l  on  the  li.ases  of  the  ]ieri,inth-se);ments;  lila- 
tnenls  liliform  t)r  suhulate;  anther--  -s  iulrorsoly  dehiscent.  <  tvary  sessile,  3-1'elled;  ovules 
several  in  each  cavity;  style  liliforv  .j  inted  near  the  base,  Imt  commonly  persistent;  stij.;m.i 
small,  ca])itatc.  Capsule  j-lohed,  locidicidal.  .Seeds  angled  or  llattish,  hlack.  [Greek, 
si.unifyinj;  false  (,'Hflic,] 

lUiuv  iiit;  in  llu   -.miuIk  in  I  uilcl  .^^1,111  -  aiicl  Mrxici),  >  i,r  'i  in  tnijiicil  and 


.\1iimU  io  spiciis,  tin    r 
Soulli  ,\iiurii',i,  1  CIniu -r 


1.  Nothoscordum  bivalve  .  L.  1  I!iiu<iii. 

\'ell<i\v  I'alsL- (larlic.    'V'vj^.  kku.) 

( >i  iii//iiii;,i/iiiii  hi:;il:,    I,.  Sp.  I'l,  .v'l.       I7,f,v 
.{lliiiiii  ,'i  iiilhii,K'il"i'li'^  Wall,  I'l.  Car.  121.      17s,-;. 
Alliiiiii  stiialuiii  Jac(i.  Coll.  Suppl.  .il.       1711''. 
.\i>llh>s,<<i  iliini  Ml  iaiiiiii  Kuiilli.  Ivunui.  4: -|.><i.    l"-).'!. 

Hull)  ylohose,  less  than  i'  in  diameter,  its 
coats  memliranous.  Leaves  '•"-2'2"  wide. 
Ilat,  hluut  or  acutish,  shorter  than  the  scape 
or  ccpiallini;  it;  hracts  of  the  umhel  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  menihianous,  persistent;  imihel  6- 
12-tlowered;  pedicels  liliform,  usually  nnei|ual, 
lieconiini,'  rather  riyid  and  1'  2'  Ion;,'  in  fruit: 
tlowers  5"-'i"  loiit;:  iicrianth-seynients  thin, 
ohlonglanceolate,  acute.  Ionj;er  than  the  sta- 
mens; capsule  oliovoid  or  somewhat  depressed, 
obtusely  .vlohed,  2"-;"  hij,di,  the  style  as  loiijj; 
or  slightly  longer. 

In    saiidv   <i>il.     \'il"yiiiia    In   'IV  uiu— ^1  <    ,iiul    \i 
lir,i-|.:,i.  -,111111  1,1    I'Inrida,  Ti\,i-.  and    Mexico,     A>- 
ciiiiK  Ic,  i,v«,  It    in  ( ',iiiri;ia      Mauli  July. 

5.    ANDROSTEPHIUM   Torr.  I'.ut.  Mcx.  Ilotiiul.  Surv.  2i,s.       lS^q. 

Scajiose  herbs  from  a  small  mend>r.inous-coated  conn.  Leaves  basal,  narrowly  linear. 
iMowers  r.ither  large,  blue,  in  a  terminal  erect  sever.il-bracted  umbel,  rerianth  funnelform, 
withering-persistent,  the  tube  about  as  long  as  the  ')  oblong  lobes.  Stamens  6.  inserted  on 
the  throat  of  the  perianth;  lilaments  dilated,  united  to  the  middle  or  above  into  an  erect 
crown-like'tube  with  toothed  lobes  alternating  with  the  linear-oblong  anthers.  ( )vary  ses- 
sile, .^celled;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity;  style  liliform;  stigma  v.i^rooved.  Capside  mein- 
br.inous,  3-an.gled,  loculicidal.    Seeds  few,  large,  oval,  black.    [Creek,  referring  to  the  crown.] 

'rwo"s|)(,cies,  natives  of  the  siiutliwestern  Inited  States. 


MUACKAE. 

I.    Androstephium    coeruleum  (Sclieclo) 

Greene.     Aiulro.stephiuin.      (l'"ij^.  1002.  ) 

Milla  toiiiiliii  Kilu(.k'.  I.iiiiiiiia,  25;  2(ki.       1S52. 

And) iis/c/'liiiiin  :'iiiliiiiiiiii  Tnrr.  liol.  Mix.  liniind.  Surv. 

2i().       i^i.S'i. 
.Iii(/i  iis/ip/iiiiiii  idii  kIciiiii  CirLiiK-,  rittiinia.  2:  ,^7.       iS(K). 

Conn  subglobose,  less  than  1'  in  diameter.  Scape 
2'-,S'  tall,  simple;  leaves  i"-2"  w'uXe,  half  terete, 
equallinji  the  scape,  or  sometimes  longer;  l)racts()f  the 
umbel  2"4,  scarious,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  persistent, 
shorter  than  the  pedicels;  umbel  2-7-tlowcred;  pedi- 
cels rather  stout,  '4''-r'.'  long;  perianth  io"-i4" 
long,  the  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  filament- 
tube  about  5"  long,  its  lobes  exceeding  the  anthers; 
style  about  as  long  as  the  filamciit-tube;  capsule  4"- 
6"  high;  seeds  nearly  3"  long,  very  thin,  narrowly 
winged. 

I'niiriis.  Kansas  to  Texas.     Marcli   .\pril. 

6.  LILIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  302.  1753. 
Tall  bulbous  herbs,  with  simple  leafy  stems,  and  large  erect  or  drooping  showy 
flowers.  I*erianth  funnelform  or  campanulate,  diciduous,  of  6  separate  .spreading  or  re- 
curved segments,  each  \,i'li  a  nectar-bearing  groove  at  its  base  within.  Stamens  6,  m<>stly 
shorter  than  the  periaiUl.  aypogynous,  slightly  attached  to  the  segments;  filaments  filiform 
or  subulate;  anthers  linear,  versatile,  their  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  3-celled; 
ovules  numerous;  style  long,  somewhat  club-shaped  above;  stigma  globed.  Capsule  oblong 
or  obovoid,  loculici<lally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  flat,  horizontal,  packed  in  2  rows  in 
each  cavity.     [Latin,  from  the  Greek  tiame  of  the  Lily,  said  to  be  from  the  Celtic  //,  white.] 

.Vbout  4,s  spicies,  nativtsnf  llu-  Udrtli  tciupiralL- zmu-.     licsiiks  tin-  InllDwinK,  sonic  ^  iilliers 
occur  in  wcsleni  NurUi  .Amtiica. 

I'Mowir  iir  Ibiwirs  erect;  piriaiUli  si)>nunls  nairciwcd  inlci  Umn  claws. 
I'lriantli  sinuu  nt^  UKirly  aiulc. 

I.iavcs  lancciilati .  ni  arly  all  vi  rticillati-. 
I.iavis  nannwlv  liiuar,  lu  arly  all  allcitiatc. 
I'ciiaiUli  scKiiHtits  iiiiij.;  acniniiiatc;  kavo  all  altiniale.  aiipnsM-d. 
I'luwcrs  (lnMi])iTij;  nr  siinadiiiK;  inriantli  sij;inints  nut  clawed. 

I.iavcs  cir  mnsl  of  lluin  vcrlioillaU-.  tluir  axils  not  bulliifcnjiis;  native 
I,ea\is  finely  iciu^;lieni(l  on  the  veins  henealli 

I'eri.mtli  Munients  recurved  nr  r-preailinn.  4. 

I'eriantli  sennients  nut  recurved,  nuiuntain  vpeeies. 
Leaves  perl'eitly  sniimth;  perianth  seKUU  nts  ricurved. 
Leaves  lanceolate;  stem  ,V    10'   tall;  flowers  1-40. 
Leaves  (iblaneeiilate;  stem  3'    3'  tall;  flowers  i-v 
Leaves  all  alternate,  erowdeil.  the  upi)er  axils  b\ilb  bearing;  escaped  fri>ui  gardens 

s.    /, .  //;,•;  i  nil  III. 

I.     Lilium    Philadelphicum    1,.       Red 

Lily.     Wood  Lily.     Philadelpliia 
Lil\'.     '  l'"i,y;.  k^j.v  ) 

I.iliinii  I'hihidil l^liiiiiiii  L  .Sp.  I'l.  ICd.  2.  |.^,s.     17*12. 

Hull)  1 '  in  diameter  or  less,  composed  of  nar- 
row jointed  llesiiy  scales.  Stem  I  -3"  tall,  with 
a  few  distant  scales  l)elow,  leafy  above;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute  at  both  eiuls  or  the  lower  some- 
times obtuse,  I '-4'  long,  '•"-'"  wide,  all  vcrti- 
cill.itc  in  3's-S's,  or  a  few  ui  them  alternate,  thin, 
the  margins  finely  roughened;  (lowers  i  ,s,  erect, 
2'j'  4'  high;  perianth  re<ldish  orange,  its  seg- 
ments spalulale,  somewhat  spicading,  acute  or 
obtusish,  the  blade  N  '-l '  wide,  rather  gradually 
iiarrowc<l  into  the  claw,  purple  spotted  below; 
capsule  obovoid-oval,  i  '4 '  -2  '  high;  seeds  3"-4" 
long,  narrowly  winged. 

Ill  (Irv  u  Clods  and  thieket--.  Maine  to  Ontario, 
south  to  \drlh  Carolina  ami  We-t  V'iiniiiia  .V'- 
ceiiils  to  jiKjoft.  ill  Virginia.     June  July. 


A.  riiihi<iiif>liiiiiiii. 
I.,  iiiilhiiliiliiiii. 
I..  ( \i/rs/iii,i. 


-peeler 


/,.  (  (iiidi/iiisr. 
I.,  liiiivi. 

/..  siif'iihiiiii. 

I..  I  III Dliiiiiiiiinii. 


m 

.-M^ 


I.II.V    I'AMILV. 


417 


2.    Lilium  umbellatum  Ptirsh.     Western 
Red  Lily.      (  I''ij;.  hk)^.  ) 


/.i/iiini  1/ III/ 1 II II III  Null.  I'm 
iS,;,. 

/.i/iiiiii  Hiiihilliiliiiii  I'lirsli. 


..  Ciit.     Witliciul  lUM'ripliiiii. 
I'l.  Am   Sept.  2:!i).      iM  |. 


Hull)  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding  species,  the 
stem  usually  more  slender,  l°-2°  tall.  Leaves  linear, 
hUiut  or  the  upper  acute,  asccndiuji,  or  sometimes 
appressed,  I'-.s'  loii^,  i"-2'j"  wile,  all  alternate  or 
the  uppermost  verticillate,  their  m  irj^ins  finely  rough- 
ened; (lowers  1-3,  erect,  2'-^'  'ii}{h;  pcrianth-sc)^- 
ments  red,  orange  or  yellow,  narrowed  into  the  claw, 
acute,  s])otled  below,  the  claw  shoiter  than  the  blade; 
capsule  oblon.u,  ^'--l'  lonj^,  about  S"  thick;  seeds  like 
those  of  A.  /'/li/adrlphiiitiit. 

Ill  (Irv  sdil,  Oliiii  til  Miiiiusotiiaiid  tin-  XiMtliwist  Ti  r 


ritnry, 
iiiuN  t( 


until  111  MisMiiin.  AtkMiiSi 
)i«»i  ft.  ill  tin-  liluck  Hills 


and  Ciiliiradi 
Jniu-  July. 


As 


AlaliMiua. 

/>l-W^ 

4.    Lilium  Canadense  L.     Wild  Yellow 

l.iliuiu  iaiiiniiiiic  I..  Sp.  I'l,  in;.      17^;. 

Bulbs  subglobosc,  l'-2'  in  diameter,  borne  011 
a  stout  rootstock,  comiwsed  of  numerous  thick 
white  scales.  Stem  2^  5  tall,  slender  or  stout; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblouj.f-laiuc(ilatc,  verticil- 
late  in  4's-io's  or  some  of  them  alternate,  acu- 
minate, 2'-!)'  lonjr,  3"-i.s"  wide,  finely  rouj!h- 
encd  on  the  marijins  and  on  the  veins  bciu'ath; 
flowers  I  ifi,  noddiiij.;  on  lony  peduncles;  pedun- 
cles sometimes  beariiij^  a  small  leaf-like  bract; 
pcriauth-scj.;ments  2'  3'  Iouk,  yellow  or  red, 
usually  thickly  siiotted  below,  recurved  or 
8i)readinj;,  not  clawed;  capsule  oblong,  erect, 
I  'j'  2'  long. 

In  swamps,  imailnws  and  fu  Ids.  Nnva  Scntia  tii 
I  Mitariii  and  Miniusnta,  sniitli  In  (ii  niniii,  .\l;il)ama 
aiul  Missniiri.  .\scriiils  In  Nnhi  It.  in  Nnrtli  Cam. 
liiia.  Kill  llnwirtd  I'nniis  ailli  sli^rlltly  spnadiiin 
p'Viaiitli  si'^iiiriils  iisrmlilc  tlif  rnjlnwiiin  spci-iis, 
and  liiinis  with  --tiniinly  ricurvid  stgnunts,  /., 
siifiii  hum.    June  July. 


3.    Lilium  Catesbaei  Walt.     .Southern 
Red  I,il\'.      (  l-'ij;.  1005.  i 

l.iliinii  (  (//('.v/ii/iv  Wall.  l-'l.  Car.  I2,i.       17;*.'^. 

Bulb  Yi'-\'  high,  composed  of  narrow  leaf-bear- 
ing scales,  their  leaves  narrowly  linear,  2'-:^'  long, 
often  falling  away  before  the  plant  (lowers.  Stem 
slender,  i°-2°high;  stem  leaves  all  alternate,  nar- 
rowly linear  or  linear  lanceolate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, erect  or  appressed,  i '-3'  long,  I  "-3'^  wide; 
flower  (always?!  solitary,  erect;  perianth-segments 
scarlet  with  a  yellow  purple-spotted  base  and  a 
slender  claw,  .spreading  or  somewhat  recurved,  3'- 
.S'  long,  'i'-i'  wide,  long-acnminate,  wavy-mar- 
gined; capsule  i'  high  or  less;  seeds  2"-3"  long. 

Ill  mnist  pine  barieiis,  Nortli  Ciirnliiia  tn  l"lorida  and 


Kiiinited    from    Kentucky   anil    Missouri. 


I.II.IACI'AI'. 
5 


Lilium  Grayi  vS.  Wals. 
I.ilv.      (  I'"i>j.   Km: 


Asa  dray's 

) 


l.iii 


(,'i,:i/  S-  W.it-.  I'l^io,  Am.  .\c.i<\.  14: 


RoolslDik  l)i'arinj;  siiiiiU  siil)j;lol)ose  biillis  witll 
lliick  ovate  slmU-s.  Stem  slcnik-r,  2°-^°  IiIkIi; 
k'iivcs  oliloiij; -lanceolate,  acute  or  acuiiiinate  at  the 
a])ex,  narrowed  at  the  base.  2'-4'  Ion;,',  ,'2'  i'  wiile, 
verticill.'ile  in  ,Vs-.^'s  or  the  lowest  cointnonly 
smaller  anil  sialtcrcd,  .all  tlnely  roiii;hcneil  on  the 
veiTis  honcatli;  ilowers  i-\,  lon^;-])eilnncle<l,  sjtread- 
i'ljj;  or  slij^hlly  ilroopin)^,  2'-,'/  lonj,',  red  or  tin,i;eil 
with  yellow  at  the  liasc;  periiintli-sc^;inents  olilon^;- 
s|ialulale,  not  ol.iwed,  acnte,  spotted;  capsule  fi.n- 
shajjcd,  ali.)Ul  i  '.'  lii.i;li. 


l'iak<  cif  I  lUcr.  X'irnini.i,  ami 
t.iiii  summits  in  North  Carolina. 


>n  llu    liinliir  innuu- 
Jiily   .Vii.i;. 


6.    Lilium  superbum  I, 

/  iliinii  sii^i  I  luini   I..  S|i    I'l    l-.il.  -'    \\\        \ 


Turk's-ca]i  I.ilv.      (  Im.^'.  nviS.) 


Hnlhs  j-lohose,  l'-2'  in  dianietcr.  home  on 
short  rootstoiks,  their  scales  white,  thick,  ovate. 
Stem  stout  or  slender,  V'  !^  hi^;li;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  liTiearlanceolate,  smooth  on  l);)tll 
sides,  acuminate  at  hoth  enits,  2' -t,'  loni;,  '4  '- 
I  '.. '  wide,  verlicillatc  in  ^'s-S's  or  tlie  upper  al- 
ternate, the  veinlets  not  prominently  anastomo- 
sing; Ilowers  oran>;e,  oranye-yillow  or  rarely 
red,  ^  Yk  or  rarely  solitarx,  noddinj.;,  loM}.;-l)e- 
dnnclcd,  forming,  when  numerous,  a  l.irgc  i)an- 
icle;  perianth-segments  2 'a'-.)'  long,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  jiurplesjiotted,  at  length  usually 
strongly  recurved  iVoni  liilow  the  middli';  c.ip- 
snle  obovoid.  i  'z'-i'  high. 

"^  In  nu  adnw- and  m.ir-lu-,  M.iiin  In  <  liu.ii ii.  .nul 
MiuncMila.  soiuli  to  Nnrlli  Camliua  and  'I'l mu  ~^n- 
Ascinds  t.' 5'»"i  It.  in  Virjiiuia.     July  .\iit; 


Lilium   Carolinianum  Miclix. 

I-ilw        '   I'"ig.     Ii  lOi;.  I 


Carolina 


l.iliinii  (ill •i/nii'iii'iiii/  'S\'\i.-\\\.  \'\.  Iliir.  .\m.  i:  1117.      I^n,; 

/.iliiiiii   sii  fill  I'll  I'l    var.    (.11  "liiiiiiiiiiiii   Lliapm.    I'l.   S. 
States,  .)S|.       imhi. 

l!ull)s  lioriie  on  short  roolslocks,  globose,  l'-.!'in 
diameter,  composed  of  u\imerons  Meshy  scales.  Stem 
2  ^  high,  slender;  leaves  oblai.ceolate  or  obovate, 
sniootli,  verticillate  or  the  ujipcr  and  lower  alternate, 
acute,  obtuse  or  short-acnminate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  the  veinlets  prominently  anasto- 
mosing; Mowers  i--,,  orange-red,  ,^'-l'  long,  long- 
]ieduncled,  nodding;  ])eri.intli-segments  lanceolate, 
acumiM.ite,  i)nrple-s])iitted  below,  strongly  arched 
backward  with  their  li]is  sometimes  connivent. 


In  dr> 

■ml-  to 


id-.  \'iiuiiiia  til  I'liiriil.i  and  l,ipiii>iana.     .\s 
It    in  \nv;iiu,i.     .\iin. 


II.V    FAMILY.  419 


8.   Lilium  tigrinum  Aiulr.     Tii;er  Lily. 

I  I'"i^'.   ic  III.  ) 

I.Hiinii  li'^i  iiiiini  Amir.  Dot.  Ktji.  9;  irral.i.      iSch). 

I'.uUi  soliliiry,  nlnliose,  ahoul  1  '.'  in  <liaiiiLtfr, 
loinp  iseil  of  iiuincrous  olil<)iij,'-laiu  (.olale,  ap- 
l)rcssetl  scales.  Stem  slout,  purpU-  or  iiearlv 
black,  wliiteiiiibt'sceiil  almvc,  2°-,s'  tall,  Icnfy 
nearly  to  the  base;  leaves  lanceolate,  all  alter- 
nate, ylabrons  or  slightly  pubescent,  4'  6'  long, 
,s"-l<i"  wide,  the  ui<per  bearin.tj  blackish  bnlb- 
lets,  ()l\;  or  \  scales,  in  tlieir  a.\ils,  which  soni  - 
times  etnit  roots  while  altacluil  to  the  ])lant; 
llowcrs  5-J,T,  oran,i;c-rc(l,  nod'lin^i;,  ^'-i'-'  lont;; 
perianth-sc.i.;inenls  lanceolate,  papillose,  re- 
curved, purple-spotled. 

ICscapid  from  ^Mrdt  11--.  MaiiK' and  Massachusetts. 
Nalivi.'  of  China  and  Jajian.     Suninn  1. 


7.    FRITILLARIA  1,.  Sp.  PI.  So;.      175;. 

liu'bous  herljs  with  simple  leafy  stems,  ,ind  rather  lari^e  nodding  .solitary  or  raccmecl 
leafy-bracted  llowers.  Perianth  mostly  rampanulalc,  deciduous,  of  6  separate  and  nearly 
equal  oblong  or  ovate  se.iiinenls,  each  with  a  nectar-pit  or  spot  at  the  base.  Stamens  6,  hy- 
poi;ynons;  filaments  filiform  or  somewhat  (lattencd;  anthers  linear  or  oldong.  Ovary 
uearlv  or  quite  sessile,  vcellcd;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity;  style  slender  or  filiform, 
;,-lobed  or  .;-cleft,  the  lobes  stiguiatic  along  the  inner  side.  Capsule  obovoid  or  globo.se,  6- 
•  luglcd,  locidicidally  <lehisceul.  Seeds  numerous,  (lat,  obov.ite  or  suborbicular,  in.irgined  or 
winged.  [  I.atin,  (ro\\\  fri/1/lns,  .-i  dice-box  nr  chess-bo,ar(l,  in  allusion  to  the  form  or  to  the 
checkered  markings  of  the  jicriaulli  in  some  species 

.\bnut  ,vi  spcciis.  natives  of  tile  uoith  lenipeiate 
/one.  Kesidcs  die  followiiii;.  about  i  j  other- oeeiir  ill 
we-ttrn  Nortli  .\iiieriea. 


I.  Fritillaria  atropurpurea  Nult. 
I'rilillaiia.      i  Imli.  loi  i .  \ 


riiriilc 


J':  ilill,ti  ill  iili  iif^iii  pii  I  lit  .Null.  Jouni.  .\e.id.  I'liil.i.  " 

SI-       i^.U- 

Hull)  '.'  in  diameter  or  less.  .Stem  (/  i,=i'  high, 
slender,  lealle.ss  liclow;  leaves  linear,  alternate,  ses- 
sile, l,'^'-,,'.''  long,  1  'j"-2"  wide  or  less;  llowers 
1-6,  purple  or  purplish  green  and  mottled;  peri- 
anth-segments narrowly  oblong,  obtusish,  6"-iii" 
long;  ])ednnclcs  '.'  i'  long;  stamens  one-half  to 
two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth;  style  ;-clcft  to 
alioiit  the  middle,  the  lobes  linear;  capsule  erect, 
acutely  angled,  5"  6"  high. 


X.irtli  Hakotat. 
June  Jiilv. 


Netiraska.  Wyoming  and  Cilil'i 


8.    ERYTHRONIUM  L.  Sp.  11.  ;,o5.       1 


/.i,i- 


I,ow  herbs,  tVom  deep  menibraiious-coated  conns,  sometimes  ])ropagated  by  olTslioots, 
the  stem  simple,  bearing  a  pair  of  broad  or  narrow  unc(|nal  leaves,  usually  lielow  the  middle, 
the  leaves  thus  appearing  basal.  I'lowers  large,  nodding,  braellcss,  solitary,  or  several  in 
some  western  species.  M.inv  plants  arc  llowcrless  and  l-leavcd,  these  leaves  often  wider  and 
longer  ])elioled  than  those  of  the  stem.  I'erianlh-segments  separ.itc,  lanceol.ite,  oblong  or 
oblanceolatc,  deciduous,  with  nectariferous  groove,  and  sometimes  2  short  processes  at  the 


420 


l.ILIACKAIv 


base.  .Stamens  6,  liyijogynous,  sliortcr  than  the  periaiitli;  anthers  linear  oldonjj,  not  vi'rsa- 
tilc.  Ovary  sessili',  V-'elled;  ovules  numerous  or  several  in  each  cavity;  stvlo  filiform  or 
thickened  ahove,  ^-lohcd  or  vcleft.  Ca])sule  ohovoid  or  obloiij;,  somewhat  ^-angled,  locu- 
licidal.  Seeds  compressed,  or  somewhat  angled  and  swollen.  [Circek,  in  allusion  to  the  red 
flowers  of  some  species.] 

.M)(>ut  12  spi-cifs.  all  hut  <ini-  North  .Vnicrifan.     The  species  arc  crmncDUslv  called  Ihti^'s  U>o/li 
f  'iolrl. 

Steu'  with  111!  nlTshiiv)l;  lliiwers  \ii"   2'  lonji. 

OlTsliiiiits  prnduccd  at  llu-  base  nf  the  corni;  iicriaiitli-setrmetits  recurved. 

I'linvers  yellciw;  slij^nias  Very  slmrt.  i. 

I'lowers  while,  blue  or  ))ur|)le:  slitrnias  1"    1  '  ■"  loiisf,  recurved.  2. 

N'd  olTslKxits,  prippaKatiuK  by  basal  cornis;  periauth-sesfiuents  not  ricurvcd. 


/■.'.  .  tiiirii,(Hiiiiii. 
I'.,  a  I  It  ill  II  III. 


Stem  with  a  fleshy  olTsliool  below  the  leavi'^;  flowers  rose,  about  '.'  loujr. 


\.  1'..  nit'Siicliiti  I'll  III. 

-\.     /•-'.  ftl  llf<llllllllS. 


Erythronium  Americanum  Kcr. 

Ker.  Hot.  Mag- 
^fed.  Kej). 
Heck,    Hot. 


Yellow  Adder' s-toiigiie.      (Fig.  1012.) 


I'.i  \llii  oiiiinii   Aiiiii  iiiiiiuin 

pi.  iiif.      1  Je.  1S0.S. 
Ill  villi oiiiiiiii    niii;i(sl,iliiiii    Kaf 

(n.l5:.?5.).       20  ]l.  ],s,.S. 
JCivllii Kiiiiiiii  hiiiilialiiiii  Hiifcl 

N.  iV  Mid.  States,  365.     iSjj. 

Conn  ovoid,  6"-lo"  liiKli,  producinj:;  off- 
shoots from  its  base.  Stem  ,'i°-i°  lonjj; 
leaves  oblong  or  oblong  laticeolate,  3'-!^' 
long,  ,'''-2'  wide,  acute  or  short-acuminate 
at  the  apex,  Hat,  usually  mottled  with 
brown,  hut  sometimes  green  all  over,  nar- 
rowed into  clasping  petioles;  peduncle 
about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  rarely  bearing  a 
bract  ;  flower  yellow,  or  rarely  purplish 
tinged;  perianth-segments  oblong,  K)"-2' 
long,  3"-4'"  wide,  recurved,  dotted  within, 
the  3  inner  auriclcd  at  the  base;  style  club- 
shaped,  with  3  very  short  stigmatic  ridges; 
capsule  obovoid,  contracted  into  a  short 
stipe,  6"-io"  high;  seeds  curved,  rounded 
on  the  back,  about  i;^"  long,  pointed  at 
both  ends. 

In  luoisl  woods  and  thickets,  Nova  Scotia  ti 
and  .\rkansas.     .\soends  to  5,si«i  ft.  in  VirKJnia 


I'lorida. 


2.     Erythronium    albidum    Xiitt. 

White  Adder '.s-toiigue. 

(l-'ig.   loi.v) 

l-'.i  villi  iiiiiiiiii  iilhidiiiii  Xutl.  Cicn.  I:  22,^     I'^iS. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  the  plant 
])ropagating  by  olTshoots  from  the  base  of  the 
conn,  the  leaves  mottled  or  green  all  over, 
sometimes  rather  narrower.  I'lower  white, 
blue  or  imrple;  j)erianth-scgments  oblong, 
recurved,  none  of  them  auricled  at  the  base; 
style  somewhat  thickened  upward;  stigmas 
linear,  finally  recurving,  1"  1'."  long; 
capsule  obovoid  or  oblong,  3"  y"  high. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets.  Ontario  to  Min 
iiesota.  south  to  Oeortria,  Tetiiiessee  and  Texas. 
Not  coniniou  eastward.     .March  May. 


} 

•iTSil- 

■111  or 

locu- 

e  reil 

-huilli 

nil  1)1. 

1  I'll  1)1 . 

)l\. 

)I2.) 

I.II.V   I'AMII.Y. 


421 


3.    Erythronium  mesachoreum 

Kiicrr.      Midland  Adder' s- 
toiigue.      ( Fig.  1014.) 

JO  \  III)  oiiiiDii  Dii'iiiilini  ,-iiiii  Kiiirr.  MiiU.iiuI 
CiiUiKL'  MoiiUily,  i:  S.       l>i)l. 

Conn  ovoiil,  10"  high  or  less,  not  de- 
veloping olTslioots,  the  new  conns  formed 
at  or  witliin  the  biise  of  the  old  one. 
I'.aves  narrowly  ublonj,'  or  linear-ohlong, 
not  mottled,  4'-i()'  long,  %'-i'  wide, 
some  vhat  folded;  flower  lavender  tinted, 
I '-2'  iing;  perianth-segments  not  re- 
curved, iomctiiiies  a  little  spreading;  style 
slender;  stigmas  recurved;  capsule  ob- 
ovoid,  larger  than  that  of  E.  nlhidum, 
;2'-i,'2'high. 

On  |)rairies,   Iiiwa  to  Missouri,   Nebraska 
ami    Kansas.      Hldiiins   bil'dre    /•.'.    nlhiiliiiii 
wlieii  till'  two  (jrow  in  iiroxiuiity.     Tlir  How 
iritiK   plants  are  said   to  ai)ptar  hifoic  tin 
1  Uavcd  llowLrkss  oms. 


Erythronium  propullans  A. 
CxraN'.     Minnesota  Adder's- 
tonj;iie.     (  Kig.  10 15.) 


/■'. )Vl Id  11)1111  ))i  pi  of^iilhiiis 
2<>s.   /)/.  7/.      1S71, 


A.    Crav.    Am.   Nat, 


Corm  ovoid,  10"  high  or  less,  not  develop- 
ing oflfslioots.  Stem  ascending,  6'-S'  long, 
hearing  a  fleshy  curved  offshoot  i'-2'  long 
from  a  slit  near  the  base  of  the  petiole- 
sheath;  leaves  oblong,  acute,  2'-4'  l')ng, 
slightly  mottled  or  green;  flower  rose  or 
pink,  about  '.'  long,  borne  on  a  filiform 
peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves,  perianth- 
segments  with  a  yellow  base,  apiiareiuly  not 
recurved,  none  of  them  aurieled;  stigmas 
mere  ridges. 

In  ric-li  woods.  Miniu'sola.  Also  in  soulhirn 
Ontario  (aocordiiiK  to  Maeoun  1.     M.iy. 


9.    CALOCHORTUS  I'lush,  V\.  Am.  vSqit.  240.       1814. 

Uranched  c)r  simple  herbs,  with  coated  conns,  narrowly  linear  leaves  and  lar.ije  showy 
pcdunclcd  llowers,  erect  in  the  following  species,  reriauth  segments  seiiarale,  spreading  or 
conniveiit,  yellow,  blue,  purple,  white  or  variegated;  the  ^^  outer  sepal-like,  narrow;  the  3 
inner  petaloid,  gland-bearing,  and  barbed  or  spotted  within,  sometimes  with  a  nectar-pit 
near  the  base.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous;  fdanients  short,  subulate;  anthers  erect,  linear  or 
oblong.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  numerous;  style  very  short  or  none;  stigmas;,,  recurved. 
Capsule  oblong  or  linear,  3-angled,  mostly  septicidal,  the  valves  sometimes  2-cleft.  Sce<ls 
tlat.     [tireek,  signifying  beautiful  herb.] 

.\l)oiit  ,^5  si)icits,  n  itivts  of  wisUrii  XoiUi  .Xiiurica  and  Mexico. 

Anthers  obtuse;  uland  of  inner  perianth-seKnieuls  orl)ieular  oidv.d.  1.   C.  Xiilliillii. 

.\iitliers  acute;  Kl.-ind  tr.insverse,  curved  or  renil"orin.  2.   C.  < iiiiiiii.uuii. 


4::::  I.lI.IACI'Al'. 

I.    Calochortus   Nuttallii  'P.  iS:  (■.     NiiliaH's  Mariposa  I.ily.      i  Fi^'.  i"i(^'.  ) 

I'l  llUhli  III  illlht  N\lU.  ('.Ill,   I:  JJJ. 

Ciihu-lh'iiiis   XiilliiHii  '\'.  \.  ^'•.    \'m 
2:  I  .>|,       1^^5. 


l^-i  - 
U.   K 


Ki  ]). 


2.    Calochortus  Gunnisoni  S.  Wab 

Gumusiiii's  Mariposa  ]J\\. 


( Fi; 


C'lio, ii,n  nis 


( I  mini 


ii'i; 


,>iii  S.    Wills.    i;.il.    Kiiiv 


stem  sleiukr,  often  simple,  h'-i5'  lii,i;h. 
Leaves  usually  less  than  i"  wide,  involulc, 
at  least  when  dry,  luiiic  of  the  axils  liuUi- 
Ijeariu),;  in  any  spccimei'  icon;  ])eduni'k'S  i' 
4'  long;  outer  ])eri;intli-segments  lanceolate 
or  oblong-Ianccolate,  scarious-margined,  aeu- 
niinate;  inner  perianth-segments  similar  to 
those  of  the  preceding  species,  lilac,  yellow- 
ish below  the  middle,  purple-lined  and. 
lianded,  the  gland  transverse,  oljlong,  curve<l 
or  reniform,  pubescent;  anthers  acute:  cap- 
sule narrowly  oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
about  I  '4  '  long. 

Sniilli    ll.iknta  and   Ni-liraskii  t'l  Ari/niia  ;iiiil 
New  Mixicii.     June  July. 


Conn  ovoid-oblong,  (i"-io"  high.  .'Sleni 
slender,  few-leaved,  branched  or  sometimes 
simple,  ,";'  15'  tall;  leaves  l'  ,^'  long,  l"- 
j'j  "  wiilc,  the  lowest  commonly  bearing  a 
Inilb  in  its  axil;  peduncles  2'  '/  long;  outer 
perianth-segments  lanceolate  or  ovate-lance- 
olate, green  with  lighter  margins,  acute  or 
acuminate,  shorter  than  the  inner,  some- 
times with  a  dark  or  hairy  sjiot  within;  inner 
perianth-segments  broadly  obovate-cuiicatc, 
i'  I'i'  long,  io"-ij''  wide,  white,  lilac  or 
vellowish,  with  a  yellow  base  and  a  purple 
or  jmrplish  spot,  the  gland  orbicular  or  oval 
and  more  or  less  pubescent;  filaments  .V  -l" 
long,  about  e(|ualling  the  oblong  obtuse 
sagittate  anthers;  capsule  about  i'.'  long, 
y  -.\"  thick,  acuminate,  the  valves  (>blic|uely 
cross-linei!. 


•South    Ii:ikiit;i    I. 
Juiu   .liily. 


.\'il)i.iska   .iiul    L'alifiinii.i. 


ID.    QUAMASIA  Rat".  Am.  Month.  Mag;.  2:  2(15.       i.Si.s. 

[C.\Ai.\ssi\  I.indl.  Hot.  Reg. />/.  1 /S(<.      i8;,2.] 

Scapose  herbs,  with  membranous-coated  edible  liulbs,  linear  bas.al  leaves,  and  rather 
large,  blue,  purple  or  white  bracted  llowcrs  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Perianth  of  h  separate 
equal  spreading  i)ersislent  ,1-7-nerved  segments.  l'e<liceis  jointed  at  the  base  of  the  flower. 
Stamens  inserted  at  the  liases  of  the  perianth-segments;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong 
or  line.'ir-oblong,  versatile,  introrsc.  Ovary  ,vcelled,  sessile;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cav- 
ity; style  filiform,  its  l)ase  persistent;  stigma  ;,-lobed.  Capsule  oval,  3-angled,  loculicidal. 
Seeds  black,  shining.     [I'rom  ([uamash,  the  Indian  name.] 

.\biiut  1  specie-,  u.ilives  nf  Noitli  .\inerica. 


I.ir.V    I'AMII.V. 


4^.-^ 


1.    Quamasia  hyacinthina   i  Kaf.  j    liiiUoii.      Wild   Hyacinth.      (  Imj;.    ii>iS.  ) 


l.ciiii'li  ys  Intii  iiilliiihi  Kill".  I'l. 'I'l  11.  3:  51.  i^v- 
Sti/lii  l-'xisfii  A.  Ciiiy.  M;iii.  IM.  -'.  |^<_|.  i'<5»i. 
(  iiiihissiii  I'lcfii  I  i  '\\>\\.  l';n'.  Is.  I\.  Rep.  4:  I  17. 

liulli  ovoid,  I'-l'j'  loiin,  its  oilier  coal 
usually  nearly  black.  Scape  sk-iider,  i°-2" 
tall,  sonietinics  l)eariiij;  i  or  2  short  linear 
scarious  leaves;  liasal  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
acuminate,  shorter  than  the  scape,  I'j"- 
4"  wiile;  raceme  ojjen,  i'  S'  lon^  in  (lower, 
lon^;cr  in  fruit;  llowers  several  or  many; 
]ie(licels  filiforin,  6"  10"  lon^.  about  as 
lonji  as  the  bracts  and  the  perianth-seg- 
ments; bracts  lonj^-acuminate;  pcriaiitli- 
scuinelits  narrowly  oblonjj,  ;,  5-nerved,  blue 
or  nearly  while,  lontjer  than  the  stamens; 
capsule  about  ("  high,  5"  6"  thick,  the 
valves  transversely  veined. 

In  nu;iilci«s  anil  aldiii;  --trcani-^.  I'cniisylva 
nia'.ii  .Miniicsiitii,  .\lnhaina  and  'I'lx.i''.  .\sci  ml- 
til  2ri«i  II.  in  X'ir^diiia.     .Xpril   May. 


II.    ORNITHOGALUM  I,.  Sp.  PI.  306.       1 


/.1.V 


Scapose  herbs,  with  coated  bulbs,  narrow  basal  llcshy  leaves,  and  larj^e  white  or  yellow- 
flowers  in  a  terniinnl  bractcd  corymb  or  raceme.  rerianlhseKnicntse(|ual  or  nearly  so,  sepa- 
rate, white,  or  .sometimes  j;rcen  without,  ])crsislenl,  faintly  several-nerved.  .St.imcns  hypo- 
(.(ynous;  fdaments  lliittencd,  often  broad;  anthers  versatile,  inlrorse.  ( ivary  vcelled,  sessile; 
ovules  several  or  numerous  in  each  cavity;  style  short  or  cohiinnar,  3-sided;  stij.(in.i  cajjitate. 
,3-lobed  or  ,^-ridj;ed.  Capsule  subj.jIol)ose,  ,^-sided  or  ;,-lobed,  loculicidal.  .Seeds  lilack. 
[(".reek,  signifying  bird's  milk,  said  to  be  in  allusion  to  the  egg-white  cidor  of  the  (lowers 
in  some  species.  | 

.\liiiiU  7.S  s|)iciis,  n:ili\is  of  ICnrupe,  .Vsia  and  .Afiic.i. 

I'luwir-  ciiryMilnisi .  inil;  |n(liccls  Ininr.  sk-ndii. 
I'Mnwirs  raci  niosc,  ihimpini;;  pcdici  N  very  slinrt,  stmit. 


1.  (I.  i( niluiltilii III. 

2.  (  '.    ll/l/llllS. 


I.    Ornithogalum  umbellatum   I,. 

vSiar-ot-lklhlcliL-iii.     (Fi.n.  imij.  ) 

>h  iiilli'\i;<itiiiii  HiiihiHahnii  I..  Sj).  I'l.  ^07.    i7,Vi 

Tufted,  bidbs  ovoid,  'j'-i'.'  long,  the 
coats  membranous.  .Scape  slender.  .^'-12' 
high;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  1"  2^."  wide, 
dark  green  with  a  light  niidvein,  blunt, 
eiiualling  or  longer  than  the  .scapes;  flowers 
corymbose,  opening  in  sunshine;  bracts  nieni- 
branous,  line  lanceolate,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  ])edicels;  jjcdicels  etect  or  asc  d- 
ing,  the  lower  1'  3'  long;  periauth-segnu  nts 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  white  above,  green 
with  white  nuirgins  beneath,  6"-io"  long, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens;  lilainenls 
soniewhal  (laltened,  not  toothed. 

Ill  fuldsanil  nic.nlnws,  Massacliusilts  In  I\  1111- 
sylvaniii  and  \iiviiiia.  I.iicaUy  very  abundant. 
.NaUuali/i  d  I'lniii  luiinpc.     .May  Jiiiic. 


4^4 


MMACKATC. 


2.    Ornithogalum  nutans  L.    Droop- 
ing .SUir-( )!'-  Ik-lhlcliciii. 
(  Kig.  i()2o.) 

(>i iii/iii'i;iiiiiiii  iiiiiiiiii  \,  Sp,  ri.  v'""-     173, i- 

Hull)  ovoid,  i'~2'  lonj,'.  Sca])e  stout,  i  '-2° 
high;  leaves  usually  equalling  the  scape  or 
longer,  blunt,  2" -<\"  wide;  flowers  several  or 
numerous,  racemose,  nodding;  raceme  3'-S' 
long,  loose;  pedicels  stout,  2"-6''  long; 
bracts  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  much 
longer  than  the  pedicels,  often  as  long  as  the 
(lowers;  i)erianth-segnients  thin,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, about  i'  long  and  4"  wide,  nearly 
twice  as  long  as  the  stamens;  filaments  broad. 
Hat,  2-toothed  at  the  apex. 

Ivsca|K(l  frnni  jrarditis  in  i  astirn  and  snuthcrn 
I'lnnsylvania.  Native  (if  Ivuniiic.  April -May. 
Till-  bulbs  111'  tbisaiid  (itluT  spcciis  liavi-  forceii- 
turiis  past  been  a  pnrtinn  uf  tin-  I'.Mid  nf  Italv. 
llu-  I.ivant,  and  iitlur  ])ansiif  tlu'  Old  Wnrld." 


12.    MUSCARI   Mill.  (;;ir(l.  Diet.  I'd. 


759- 


I.ow  bulbous  scapose  herbs,  with  basal  linear  fleshy  leaves,  and  nodding  bracteil  race- 
mose flowers,  deep  blue  (rarely  whitci  in  the  following  species.  Hulbs  membranous-coated. 
I'eriaiith  globose,  urn-shaped,  or  oblong,  with  6  teeth  or  short  lobes,  tardily  deciduous. 
>Stainens  6,  inserted  on  the  perianth-tube,  included;  anthers  ovate,  versatile,  introrse.  Ovary 
3-celled,  sessile;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  style  short;  stigma  vlobed.  Capsule  vsidcd  or  3- 
wingcd,  usually  6-seeded,  loculicidal.  Seeds  black,  angled.  [From  the  niusk-like  odor  of 
the  flowers  of  some  species.  ] 

.\boiit  40  species,  natives  of  liunipe,  .\sia  and  .Africa. 

Perianth  iilobose,  1"    i'"  in  dianuter;  leaves  erect,  1.   .1/.  hoh  vi'iilr^. 

I'erianth  iibl(in>r,  urn  shaped,  2"   3"  Ioiik;  leaves  recurved.  2.   ^^.  Kuriiio.siiiii. 

I.    Muscari  botryoides  (  L.  i  Mill.     CrapL-IIyacinth.     (Fig.  1021.  ) 


Jfyachilliiis  hull yoidis  b.  ,Sp.  I'l.  ,51s.       1751. 

Miisdiii  Itolivoiili's  Jlill.  C.anl.   Did.  VA.  .s.  no.  1. 

1 7()S. 

Hull)  i'  high  or  less.  .Scape  .4'-io'  high; 
leaves  about  as  long  as  the  scape,  erect  or 
nearly  so,  l"~4"  wide,  channeled,  l)hint  or 
acutish;  raceme  oblong-cylindric,  i'  I'/z'  long, 
dense,  or  becoming  longer  and  looser  in  fruit; 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  faintly  odorous  flowers; 
bracts  very  short;  perianth  globose,  1"  i,'^"  in 
diameter,  6-toothed,  the  teeth  white,  recurved; 
valve  of  the  capsule  obovatc. 

In  meadows  and  thickets  and  abiUK  rnadsides, 
escaped  fnini  ijaiilens.  Massachusetts  t(i()lii()  and 
\irKiiiia.  Naturalized  oradventive  from  southern 
ICurope.     Native  also  of  .\sia.     .\pril  June. 


LILY    TAMILY 


2.    Muscari  racemosum  (  L.  )  Mill. 

vStarcli  CirapL'- Hyacinth. 

(I-'i^.  I022. ) 

//liii  rii///iis  I II,  I  III  lis  II. I  I,.  Sl>.  ri.  ,11~<.       I75.1. 

Jfiisiiii  i  iciiiiiinsiiiii  Mill    r.iird.  Dii-l    VA.  H,  im.  2. 
176S, 

Similarto  the  preceding  species.  Leaves  i"- 
2"  wide,  recurved  or  spreading,  channelled 
above;  raceme  oblong  or  ovoiii,  many-flowered, 
dense,  i'-2'j'  long;  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
starchy-scented  (lowers  or  sometimes  e<iualling 
them,  slender,  much  longer  than  the  bracts; 
perianth  oblong,  nrn-shapcd,  constricted  at  the 
throat,  2"-3"  long,  with  6  deltoid  recurved 
white  teeth;  capndc-valves  suborbicular,  retuse. 

Ivsoapcd  from  Mrar<Uns,  soutlurn  New  York  to 
IVinisylvatiia  an<l  Maryland.  Native  of  soutlioni 
Lurcipe.     .Vpril   May. 


13.    ALETRIS  h.  Sp.  ri.  319.       1753. 

Scapose  perennial  bitter  fibrous-rooted  herbs,  with  basal  spreading  lanceolate  leaves,  and 
small  white  or  yellow  bractcd  perfect  flowers  in  a  terminal  spike-like  raceme.  Perianth  ob- 
long or  canipanulate,  roughened  without,  6-lobed,  its  lower  part  adnate  to  the  ovary. 
vStamens  6,  inserted  on  the  perianth  at  the  bases  of  the  lobes,  included;  filaments  short;  an- 
thers introrse.  Ovary  j-cclled;  ovules  numerous,  anatropous;  style  subulate,  or  short,  3- 
cleft  above;  stigmas  minutely  2-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid,  enclosed  by  the  persistent  perianth, 
3-cclled,  many-seeded,  loculicidal.  vSecds  oblong,  ribbed.  Embryo  small.  Kndosperui 
fleshv.  [Cireek,  signifying  to  grind  corn,  apparently  in  allusion  to  the  rough,  mealy 
flowers.] 

.Mmiit  S  s]K-cies,  natives  of  eastern  Ni>rtli  .\nierica  anil  eastern  .\sia. 


I'enantli  white,  obliiiiti. 
I'eriantli  yellow,  bell  sliai)ed. 


1.  A./iiiiiiiisa. 

2.  .1.  aiirfii. 


I.    Aletris  farinosa  L.     Stai-gra.ss.     Colic-mot.     ( Fij^.  1(123.) 

.1/1/1  i.^/'dl  III, is,l   I.,  .Sj).    I'l.  ,^11),         I7,S,^. 

Roots  iiuinerous,  tough,  scape  i  '.^-3°  tall, 
slender,  terete,  striate,  bearing  several  or  nu- 
merous small  distant  bract-like  leaves.  liasal 
leaves  several,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the 
base,  spreading,  pale  yellowish  green,  2'-6' 
loi'K.  .^"-"1"  wide;  raceme  4'-! 2'  long  in 
flower,  or  longer  in  fruit,  dense,  erect,  pedi- 
cels i"  long  or  less;  bracts  subulate,  longer 
than  the  pedicels  sometimes  2  to  each  flower; 
perianth  tubular-oblong,  w  hite,  or  the  oblong 
lobes  yellowish,  3"-4"  long,  about  i'." 
thick;  style  subulate;  capsule  ovoid,  about 
2"  long,  loctdiciilal  above,  each  of  its  3 
valves  tipped  with  a  subulate  portion  of  the 
style. 

In  dry.  inn^tly  handy  Miil.  Maine  t<i  Ontario 
and  Mitniehota.  houlli  to  l"lorida  and  Teiimsiee. 
.\saiids  to  .t.=;i»i  ft.  in  \'irt>inia.  Yellow  flowered 
fovnis  of  this  or  a  distinct  siieiies  oeein  in  the 
.Sontluin  Sl.ites      May  Jidy. 


I.II.IACI'AK. 


2.    Aletris  aurea  Wall, 
root.      I  V\ii.  u 


Vl11i>\v  CtiliL- 
-■4-  ' 


.!/,///> 


■  I  Walt    I'l.  Car.  i-'i. 


I'.isal  leaves  sliorler  lliaii  tliose  of  llie  pruiiil- 
iiij;  species,  i 'j'-.;'  loiij;,  ;,"-S"  wide,  aiuiiii- 
liate,  iiarmwed  into  slmil  ]ietii)U'S.  Siapc  i' 
2';°  tall,  beariiii,'  a  fi'W  siil)nl;ite  lirai't-like 
leaves;  raceme  .S'-2°  loiit^,  tiMially  loose;  jicdi- 
i-els  i"  long  or  less,  sliorlor  lliaii  the  liraits; 
jieriaiitli  licll-slia])ed  or  ovoid-globose,  liriglit 
vellow,  2"  ;,"  loiiK,  I'."  2"  in  diaiiietcr,  its 
/  lobes  oval;  stvle  short;  caiisiilc  oxoid,  aboiil  as 
hmt,'  as  the  perianth. 


Scuitliirn  New  Jersey    aei-orchnu  to  Cray  .mil  to 
Rn^-l)y  I ;  Virninia  to  I'lorida  and  Texas.     Jinie  -Ausj. 


14.    YUCCA  I,.  Sp.  Tl.  319-       '7.rv 

Large  plants,  with  a  short  sometimes  suliterranean  caiidex,  or  tall  woody  and  leafy  stem, 
or  bracted  scape,  the  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  usually  rigid  and  shar])  jxiinted,  bearing 
long  marginal  thread-like  fil)res  in  onr  species.  I'lowers  large,  bracted,  nodding  in  a  ter- 
minal raceme  or  panicle.  I'erianth  canipaiinlatc.  or  nc.irly  globular,  white  in  our  species, 
of  6  ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate  separate  or  slightly  united  segments.  Stamens  hypogynons, 
r'.iorter  than  the  perianth;  lilamcnls  thickened  above,  often  papilhise;  anthers  small,  versa- 
tile. Ovary  .sessile,  .vcclled;  or  imperfectly  d-celled;  ovules  numerous;  style  colnnmar, 
short,  with  ;,  stiginatic  lobes.  I'ruit  a  loculicidal  or  septicidal  capsule,  or  lleshv.  or  spongy 
and  indehisccnt.     Seeds  numerous,  tlaltcned.  horizontal.      IThe  Ilaytien  name.] 


.\l)olU  I')  -pecies,  n.ui\t~  nf  N(,rlli  anil  lV  ntr.il  .Xincrica. 

]''riiit  (Ujiliy,  iniUliisccMt,  (Irnnpiiij^^ 
I'ruit  an  erect  cap'^nlc. 

I.cavis  j"    5'    wiik-;  se.'iln-  >!iiivt.  luaviiiK  a  Iniiu  lacciiie. 

Leavt".  ii>"    j'  wide:  st'apt-  _>     1..    hi.nh.  Ik  ariuK  a  larm   p  inii 


I.  Yucca    baccata    T<nr.       S]>a'.'.is]i 
Hay()tn.'l.      I  Fi^.  i"-\S. ) 

]'i<tL<i  />(iii<i/,i  Torr.   lliil.    Mix.  Ilninul.  Surv.  221. 

Caudex  very  short,  or  sometimes  2°-.S°  tall, 
covered  with  the  rellc.xed  dead  leaves.  Leaves 
i'j°-,i°  lo"K,  i'  2'  wide  with  a  much  wider 
base,  acuminate,  with  a  stout  brown  point, 
concave,  the  marginal  fibres  2'-,s'  Imig;  pan- 
icle pedunclcd  ;  pedicels  stout,  S"-2 /'  long; 
flowers  4'-,s'  broad;  perianth-segments  2';.'- 
?,'/2'  long,  8"-i2"  wide;  style  slender,  as  long 
as  the  ovary,  or  shorter;  fruit  oval,  dark  pur- 
ple, fleshy,  indehisccnt,  edible,  drooping  2'- 
3'  long,  I ''2 '-2'  in  diameter,  with  a  6-grooved 
bcakof  one-half  its  length  or  less;  seeds  3"  .S" 
long,  i"-i  '.''  thick. 

Western  Kansas  ( ?  1  s.iullurn  Colorado  to  Texas. 
California  and  Mexico,  .\pril  June.  I'ruit  ripe 
Sept.   Oct. 


I.    )■.  /mi,, I/, I. 


MI,V    I'AMII.V, 


427 


2.    Yucca  glauca  Xiiti.      I!e;ir-j;rass. 

}'ii(,,i  iiii^ ii^ti/i'/i,i  riif.li.  I'l  Am  Sipt  -'2;  [•<[  \ 
Ciiudcx  very  sliort,  tlif  k-aves  all  basal,  nar- 
rowly linear,  smooth,  very  stilT,  sliarp-poiiitod, 
r'-;,^  loi'Ki  -"5"  wi<U',  with  a  broader  basn, 
con.-ave,  at  least  whfu  dry,  tin-  tiiarKiital  libres 
rihforiii,  usually  ininierous;  scajn-  sliort;  (lowers 
I'j  -^'  broad,  racemose  or  in  a  little-branched 
])anicle  i  -4^  loiiK;  perianth-segments  ovate,  1 ' 
I '..' lonfi'.  style  short;  stigmas  shorter  than  the 
ovary;  ])edieels  stout,  erect  and  i'~i  '.'  lonj^  in 
I'ruit;  capsule  oblouK.  2'  ;,' I011.U,  nb)ut  1' thick, 
6-sided;  seeds  very  Hat,  aliout  '.. '  broad. 

Ill  ilrv  ■iiiil,  Iiiwa  and  Si>lilli  l).iki>l:it,i  Wyipiiiiiiu 
siiiiUi  111  Missdiiri.  Texas  anil  Ari/mia      May  Juiii 


Yucca  filamentosa  I,. 

I  I'i"-.   K07 


Adam's  N\e(llc'. 


) 


i'liiiii  f!/iiiiii-ii/:'<ii  I..  Sp    ri   ,;i')       175.V 

Caudcx  very  short,  or  sometimes  1  '  hi.uh.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  narrowed  above  the  broad  base,  acumi- 
nate and  sharp-pointed,  Hat,  rouj^hish,  i^^'i"  loii^, 
tj"  2'  wide;  scajic  2'^-I()'  IiIkIi;  jiaiiicle  lar).;e,  its 
branches  diveri;enl  t-r  ascending',  the  lower  often  1' 
loii>;  or  more;   llowers  nuinerous;  ])erianlh-sef;nietits 

l'j'-2i^'  long,  ovate;  sti.i;nias  slender,  but  shorter 
than  the  ovary;  jiedicels  rarely  more  than  'j'  long; 
capsule  oblong,  I '. '-2' long,  about  lu"  thick. 

Ill  -aiulv  -■lil.  Mavvland  In  I'lnrida,  'riiiiussic  and 
bcplii-i. 111:1  Miuli  rilltivatid  inr  nniaiiu  lit.  ICscapcd 
Iruiii  KaiiU  11-  111  ~ciiitlHlii   I'l.  iilisyh  aiiia,      M.iy  July. 


1S.21J. 


l-;miiK  -'!..     CONVALLARIACEAE   Link.  Ihiiul)..  i:  iS] 

I,ll.\  -111  -rill.-\"  Vl.l.l.\     I'AMII.N. 

Scaiiose  iir  ie-at"\ -sleiiiniL-d  lierhs,  with  simple  or  hraiK-licd  rooisldcks,  never 
willi  liiillis  (ir  eiiriiis.  IHowers  sulitary,  raeeiiiose,  panicled  nr  iiiiilielled,  re,i;idar 
and  iierkel.  lAa\es  liroad,  ]iaralkl-veined  and  sometimes  with  eross-veinlets, 
alternate,  vertieillale  or  basal,  or  in  .  Is/^nrirt; //s  Mid  its  allies  reduced  to  .seales 
liearint;  filiform  or  tlatleiied  liranelilets  in  their  axils.  IVrianlh  interior  4-6- 
]>arled  with  sci)arato  sesmenls,  or  ohloiii;,  eviindrieor  tnn->ha]ied  and  (i-Ii)ln.'d 
or  'i-toolhed.  Stamens  '>,  hypoiiynoiis  or  home  on  the  ]ierianth;  anthers  in- 
irorsely,  exlrorseh or  laterall\  dehiseent.  <  )vary  2-;vCelle(l.  siqierior;  ovnles 
analropons  or  amphitro]ioii-.:  style  slender  or  .short;  stif,nna  nio.stly  ;,-lohed. 
l'*rnil  ;i  lleshy  lierry.   Seeds  lew  or  nnmerotis.   iMiihryo  small.   luidosperm  copious. 

.\t)out  2,i  iTiiura  and  2\s  species.  wiiUly  (li-^liilmU  d 
Leaves  reduced  lu  scales.  Ual'  like  Inaiielikts  lililniiii 
Leaves  broad;  sU  111-  >iiiipU  m  miuu  wlial  'iraiulu  d. 
Leavis  aluriiali'  nr  b.isal. 

Leaves  liasal:   llnwers  imibelUil  nr  s,ilit:uy 
I.eavis  alliiualr    snlil.iry  in  llnwerU ->  platil-  nl  iin,   p. 
Periaiitli-eHiiu  lit-  --fpariiU', 

I'lnwers  r.iciiiud.  Uliibelled.  paiiicled  ni  >nlilal\ .  Uriuiual 
I'lowns  raceined  nr  iianided. 
I'eriaiitli  si^uu  Mis  (1. 
I'lViaiitli  >ei;iiuiits  |. 
I'lnwii-  iiuilnlii d  nr  -nlitary. 
I'lnwei-  snlit.iry  nr  Iwn  tnnetlui.  axillary 
I'eriaulli  eyliudric  or  nblnii«.  d-innilu  il 
I.e.ive-i  marly  basal;  llnwers  racetiud;  periaiilli  n  Ini.tlud. 


( '/iii/iiiiiii. 


,^.  I 'ii!;/ii/(r. 

4.  I  iii/'o/iinii . 

5.  />i'^/>'ii  niir 
('.  Sfr<-/>/('/>iis. 

S.  (  iiiii'iilliii  ill. 


42S 


CONVAI.I.ARIACI'AI' 


I.tavis  111  1  111   -'  wliiirls  liiltiw  till'  llnwil  111  lliitti  IS. 
I,iii\i--iii  .'xvlinils;  tldui  rs  iiiiiIk  lUll. 
I.iiivisiii  I  wlmil,  llomr- ■.nlitiu  V. 


1 1  llliinii. 


I.    ASPARAGUS  I,.  S]..  IM.  ,v,v      1753. 

Stftn  Ml  first  simple,  llcsliy,  sraly,  at  leii^^tli  imicli  branched;  tin-  liniiii'hk'ts  rilitoriii  ami 
mostly  clustert'il  in  tlic  axils  nf  llic  scales  in  the  Ibllowinj,'  species,  llattcned  and  linear, 
laiu'eulate  or  o\ate  in  some  others.  I'lowcrs  small,  solitary,  imibelled  or  racemcd.  I'eri- 
anth-sennicnts  alike,  separate  or  sli>,'htly  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  liases 
of  the  )ieri.intli-sejiineiits;  filaments  mostly  filiform;  anthers  ovate  or  ohlonj;,  inlrorse. 
Ovary  sessile,  ',-i'ellcd;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  style  slender,  short;  stigmas  ;.  short,  re- 
curved, licrrv  jjlohose.  Seeds  few,  rounded. 
[Ancient  (Ircek  name] 

Aliniil  111  1  •.incii'^,  1i:ilivi-  iii  tlu   ( lid  Wiulil. 

I.    Asparagus   officinalis  I,.      Asii;irajj;tis. 

(  I'ij..  i"-^s.  ) 

Jsf^ai  iii;iis  itffii  iihili--'  \,.  Sp.  I'l.   U.i.       ir.i.^- 

Rootstock  much  branched.  Voiing  stems  succu- 
lent, edible,  stout,  later  branchiiij,',  and  beeomitii; 
3°-7°  tall,  the  tiliform  branchlcts  ;,"-9"  lon^,  less 
than  '4"  thick,  mostly  cKistered  in  the  axils  of 
minute  scales.  I-'lowers  mostly  solitary  at  the 
nodes,  j;reen,  droopint,'  on  filiform  jointed  jiednii- 
clcs;  perianth  campanulate,  about  ,i"  hmj,',  the 
sej,'nients  linear,  obtuse;  stamens  shorter  than  the 
perianth;  berry  red,  about  4"  in  iliameter. 

ICscaped  fniiii  cuUivalii)ii  ,iiid  iiiiluralizi  d,  tsiiecially 
alniiK  salt  niarslus,  Niw  liniiiswick  to  \'iiniiii:i,  and 
Imaily  ill  waste  places  in  tlu-  iiilclidr.  .\;iti\-c  nf 
luini]K'.     May  Jiiiic,  nr  lluwcriiin  alsn  in  tin-  aiitiiiiiii. 

2.  CLINTONIA  Kaf.  Jmirn.  I'ys.  89:  ku 
Somewhat  pubescent  scapose  herbs,  with  slender  rootslocks,  erect  simple  scapes,  and  few 
broad  jieliolcd  slieathin}^  basal  leaves,  the  bractlcss  llowers  umbellcd  at  tlie  summit  of  the 
scape  in  our  species.  reriaiith-seKments  distinct,  equal  or  nearly  so,  erect-spreading.  Sta- 
mens 6,  inserted  at  the  bases  of  the  pcriaiith-.sc,i;nients;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong, 
laterally  dehiscent.  ( )vary  2-,vCclled;  ovules  j  several  in  each  c.ivily;  style  stout  or  sleiuler; 
stigma  obscurely  2-;vh)bed.  Herry  globose  or  oval.  [Name  in  honor  of  I)e  Witt  Clinton, 
1769-1.S2.S,  American  natur:'list,  Ciovernor  of  the  Slate  of  New  York.  | 

Six  species,  the  I'ullnuiiig    il'  laslerii    N'mtli  .\iiu-rica.  2  nf  ue--ti-rii   .NUrtli   .Viiurica,  2  .\siatie. 
l"Uiwers  Kreeliisii  yelldw,  driHi])jiif!:,  s"  m"  Imij.':  berry  blue.  i.    ( '.  I«>i('iilis, 

liir.H.   I'-.s"  IiiIIk;  birry  black. 


I S 1 9. 


l-'linvers  uliite,  not  dr 

I.    Clintonia  borealis  i  Ail 


(  '.  HlllhillllUllil. 


Kaf.     Velliiw  Clintonia.     (Fig.  1029.) 

IhaiiUini  hiti((ili\  .\it.  Ilurl.   Kew.  I:  ).s(.       1  7'<ii. 
C'/iii/oiili7  /iiii,,i/i\  Kal.  All.  Jcilini.  1211.       lS;2. 

Scape  o'-Ts'  liigh,  pubescent  above  or  nearly 
glabrous.  Leaves  2-5,  usually  ,^,  oval,  oblong  or 
obovale,  thin,  sliorter  than  Ihe  scape,  1  'j'-.i'^' 
wide,  ciliate,  short-acuminate  or  cuspidate;  um- 
bel j;-6-llowered;  flowers  drooping,  greenish 
yellow,  S"-ii/'  long;  pedicels 3"  15"  long,  slen- 
der, pubescent,  erect  or  ascending  in  fruit;  peri- 
anlli-segmenls  obtuse  or  aculish;  stamens  about 
as  long  as  the  perianth;  ovary  2  celled;  ovules 
numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity,  style  slen- 
der, somewhat  thickened  above,  about  eijualliug 
the  stamens;  berry  oval,  tilue,  several-seeded, 
about  ("  in  diameter. 

Ill  iiiiiisl  wiiiids  and  tliickils.  New  rimiidlaiid  to 
Oiilaiio  and  .Miiitu-.s<ita.  si  mill  In  .Nnilli  Camliiia  and 
Wisconsin,  .\seeiids  to  |so<i  ft.  in  X'irniiiia.  .\ 
(lowi-r  is  occasionally  lionu-  on  tin-  scape  In-low  tlu- 
iiiiibil,  and  rarely  a  small  leaf.     May  June. 


I.II.V  111'  Tltl'    \.\I,I,i;V    lAMII.V. 


429 


Clintonia  umbellulata   >  Mirhs 


Tiirr.      Wliitc  Cliiitoiiiii.     '  I'i);.    ii>v>.  1 
l>i,ii,uiiii  iniiliflhiliil:!  Miiliv    I'l    Ho!,  Am. 

I'liiiliitii:!  I  ihiilii  Kiif    Jiiiirii.   riiys    89;  luj. 

|Nli(. 
('.  iniihrlliilii  Tnii.  I'l    N    V.  3    ••/n       \^\\. 

SiMpu  more  or  k'ss  puliesccnt,  X'-iS' 
lii^li,  Hutnutiini's  ln'iiriii^  a  small  leaf. 
Leaves  2-5,  ohloiin,  oMaiii'Colatc  or  olxi- 
vatc,  shorter  tliaii  the  scape  or  niiiallitij^ 
it,  aeiite  or  riispiilate,  ciliale  on  the  mar- 
gins and  soinetiiiies  also  on  the  iilidvciii 
liriieath,  l'.'-4'  wide;  timhcl  several- 
niaiiy-llovvcrcd;  pedicels  ascending  or 
erect,  sleinlcr,  pillpescelit.  at  first  short, 
liccominn  '.'  I'j'  l(>n>;  in  frnit;  (lowers 
while,  odorous,  often  imrplish  dotted, 
4"  s"  loMj,';  ])erianth-soj(nicnts  obtnsish; 
ovary  2  celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity; 
style  slender;  lierry  ^loliose,  hlack,  aliout 
T^"  in  diameter,  fcw-sccded. 

In  wimkI!,,  Niw  NdiU  and  Ni  w  Jersey  ti> 
(iiiirKia  and  T<  tnu -sn  .  Asiiiiils  to  ((n»i  ft. 
in   \"irninia.     .May  Jane 

3.    VAGNERA  .\(laiis.  I'aiii.  PI.  2;  496.       ijf.;,. 
[,S.Mii,.\ci.N.\  Hesf  .Xiiu.  Mus.  Paris,  9;  51.      1S07.] 

Rootstocks  sleiiiler,  or  short  and  thick.  Stem  sim])le,  scnly  helow.  leafy  above,  the 
leaves  alternate,  short-])etioled  or  sessile  ovate,  lanceolate  or  ohlonj,'.  Inlloresccnce  a  ter- 
minal raceme  or  jpanicle.  I'iowers  white  or  greenish  white,  sni.ill.  I'erianth  of  6  separate 
s|)riadint;  c(|Ual  segments.  St.iniens  (1,  iiiserte<l  at  the  bases  of  the  perianlh-seymcnts;  fda- 
ments  fdiform  or  slixhlly  ll.ittcned;  anthers  ovale,  iiilrorse.  Ovary  vccUed,  sessile,  sub- 
j^lobo.sc;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  style  short  or  slemler,  columnar;  stij^ma  VKrooved  or  y 
lobcd.     Hcrry  ^lobidar.     Seeds  usually  i  m' 2,  subylobose.     [N.imed  in  honor  of  Warier.  ] 

.Vliiiut  Ji  --picii -.  nativcMpf  Nnrlli  .\nurica.  Ccnlial  .Xnicriia  and  .\>ia.     l>i-.i<U>  tin-  I'lillowinj;. 
iini  III  two  iillu  rs  (nciir  in  llu-  \vi  sii  rn  I  nili  d  Stati  >. 
I'luwcrs  nnini'Min-..  jianiiUil 
I'bi\\ii>  l\  u  -i  v>ral,  lairlMiisi. 

I'l.uU  In'    !>'  Iiiuli:  lia\i- niiinitciu^. 

I'laiil  .'■    is'  IiIkIi:  1<  a\i  -  J   |. 

I.    Vagnera  racemdsa  1  L.  1  ^I(l^()llJ.,^ 

i'tur.iilliii  ill  iiiiriiiosii  I..  .S|>.  I'l.   ;i.s.       T.^.; 
Siiiiliuiiui  iiiK-iiiiisii  Desf.  .\nn.  Sins.  I'.iris,  9:  ^i. 

IN  17. 
I'iii;ii(iii  I  III  iiiii'\ii  MiiicinK,    Mcin.  Turr.  CUili.  5; 

M.).         |Si||- 

Kootstock  rather  thick,  llcshy.  .Stem  some- 
what angled,  slender  or  stout,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, leafy,  finely  pubescent  above,  or  nearly 
glabrous,  sometimes /ig/ag,  1  ,v  high.  I.eavts 
oblong  lanceolate  or  oval,  sessile  or  the  lower 
short-petioled,  ,V-6'  long,  1'  ,V  wide,  acunii- 
iiate,  finely  pnlicscent  beneath  and  sometiiius 
also  above,  their  margins  minutely  ciliate; 
panicle  densely  many-llowered,  i'  .('  long, 
peduncled;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  (lowers, 
or  e(|ualling  them;  (lowers  about  2"  broad; 
I)crianth  segments  oblong,  e(iualling  the 
ovary;  berry  red,  aromatic,  speckled  with  pur- 
ple, 2"-},"  in  diameter. 

In  nuiist  wimmK  and    tliiikils,    N'ova  .Siotia  U> 
liritisli  L'uluinliia.  siaitli  to  C.coK'ia,  .MisMHiii  and 
.\ri/iiiia.     .Vsccnds  ti>  JS<"i  ft.  in   \'irv;inia.     .Mav 
July. 

Vagnera  amplexicaiilis  1  Niitt  1  (Imiu-.  nf  w.sUrn  Nnrtli  .\iiurica,  distiiitfuislud  I'nnii  lliis  by 
it-  cla'-Jiin^;  leaves  and  loiijii  style,  ni.iy  (pciiir  in  wcsUrn  Nebraska. 


Wild  S|iikc-iianl 


/'.  liliYI)lii\il. 

/'.  slelhila. 
r.  IrifoliiX. 

1031. ) 


43' 


CONVAI.I.AKIACEAK 


2.    Vagnera  ste     ita  (  L.  i  Mormio;.     Starllnwcivd  Snloiiion'^  Seal. 

I  iM.i;'.  1032.  ) 

('<')i:(tll<iiiii  sl<il>ihi  \,.  S\)    I'l    ?i'i       175V 
Siiiildiiini  \lil/iilii  lusi'.  Aim.  Mii~.  l':iii-.,  9:  53, 

IS  17. 
I'iti;iiiia  slilliiUi   .M.iioii;;,    Mi  111,  'rmi .  C'hil).  5: 

114.        I.Sj). 

Roolstoi'k  stout,  llcsliy.  Stem  lallier 
stout,  crt'Ct,  },;la1)rous,  .S'-2i)'  tall,  straij^lit 
or  somewhat  /ig/aj;,  leafy.  I.cavi's  olilouj;- 
latueolato  or  lanteolato,  sessile  and  some- 
what claspinj,;,  minutely  ])ul)esccnt  beneath, 
2',s'  lonf{,  'j'-i^i' wide,  acute,  aciimiiiatc, 
or  hlunl  at  the  apex,  flat  or  somewhat  con- 
cave: raceme  sessile  or  short  jiedundei',  l'- 
2'  lonjj,  several  flowered;  pedicels  \"-\" 
lonjr,  usually  shorter  than  the  (lowers;  peri- 
anth-sejimcnts  oblonj;,  obtuse,  lonj^er  than 
the  stamens;  style  alKUit  as  long  as  the 
ovary;  berry  ,i;recn  with  6  black  stripes  or 
black,  3"  5"  in  cliametcr. 

In  niiiisl  soil.   Ncwfoumlland  to  liritisli  Co- 
hiinbia,   smith   to    Niw   Jcvm  y.   \irHinia,    Ken 
tiu'ky.  KanMi-.aii(l  Cilifmnia.     .Msniii  iinitlurti 
I'iiitopi       May  Jinu. 


1  n  lati  d  |>laiil  with  loiisiiictinii-^ly  foliK  d  Uavi -. 
I'acitic  (.'na>l.  niiiv  be 


Unifolium  liliaceum  Cn  1  m  ,   I'iitdnia.  : 
and  Icintrer  iniliecls.  of  wcslirn  Nuttli  .Vnurica,  riipiii  tin    lilaik   Ilill^  to  tli 
<li>liiK't  from  this  >iiicits. 

3.    Vagnera  trifolia  ( I,,  i  Mnroiio;. 

'rhrcc-k-a\L'<l  Solomon's  Seal. 

(Fi^'.  10;,;,.  ) 

I'linollai  ill  lii/iiliii  I..  .S)).  I'l    ;ii.       175,; 
.Siiiihu  iiiii  Irifoliii   Disl'.   .\nii.   Mu>.    I'ari-,  9; 

,S2.      1^17. 
riii;/iirti  tri/nliii  Murnii^;.  Mi  111   '\\>\x  Cliih,  5 
114.        iSfjj. 

Glabrous,  rootstock  slender.  Stem  slen- 
der, erect,  2' -15'  hixh,  2  i-leaved  f  usually 
vleavcdi;  leaves  oval,  oblong  or  oblong- 
l.mceolate,  sessile,  sheathing,  2'-5'  long, 
'j'-2'  wiile,  acute  or  acuuiinate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base;  raceme  few-flowcrcd, 
])ednncled,  i'-2'  long;  perianth-segments 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  flually 
somewhat  rcflexed,  longer  than  the  sta- 
mens; style  about  as  long  as  the  ovary; 
lierry  dark  red,  2'.. "  ,^"  in  diameter. 

Ill  biij;s  and  Wit  unnd-.,  New  Imitidland  to 
I'.iiti-h  (.'iihnnbi.i.  >-iniUi  to  (.'ninM  ctiriu.  .W  u 
JiiMV.  I'l  iin-yl\  aiiia  and  Mulligan.  .\l>n  in 
iiiiitluiii  .\sia.     .May  Jiim  . 

4.  UNIFOLIUM  A<l;ms.  I'"ain.  IM.  2:  54.  i ;(.;,. 
[M.vi.wTiiiCMr.M  Wigg.  Trim.  I'l.  Hols.  14.  i7'^o.  ] 
l.ow  herbs,  with  slender  rootstocks,  erect  simple  few-leaveil  stems,  jictioled  or  sessile 
leaves  and  small  white  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  the  pedicels  commonly  2  ;,  together. 
Perianth  of  .)  scp.iratc  s)iieading  segments.  Stamens  |,  inserted  at  the  bases  of  the  seg- 
ments; filaments  liliform;  anthers  introrsc.  Ovary  sessile,  globose,  2ccllcd;  ovules  2  in 
each  cavitv  ;  slxle  about  as  long  as  the  ov.iry,  2-lobed  or  2-cleft.  lierry  globular,  1  2  seeded. 
I  Many  plants  bear  ,i\\\  a  solitary  long-pctioled  leaf,  arising  from  the  rootstock,  whence  the 
I.atin  name.  ] 

'I'wn  kiiiiwii  species,  the  fnllin\iiin  "I   easU  rii   Nnitli  .\liu  rica,  the  nllur  iil'   lairnpe,  .\-ia  and 
noitliwest  .\merica. 


ijr.voi-Tiii;  V.M.I, i:v  i-amii.v.  431 

I.    Unifolium  Canadense  1  Dcst".  »  ('.ri.eiic.     l-'alsc  Lil\ ot-llK-valkv . 


T\V()-k-a\i.-(l  Solomon's  Seal.     (Vi'^.  1034.) 
M'u'diit/iiiiiniii    I'ljiiiiiliiiM 


"III 


iKi-f.    Aim.    Mil-.. 

Ciiiiiuli  iisi\    .\.    CfImv, 

Hull.  T.iir.  Club, 


Talis,  9;  54.       l^"7. 
Siiii/iti  hill    hi/'ii/iii    var. 

Man.  VA.  .'.  .|ri7.       inv>. 
/  nii'liiiiii  Ciiiiiitli  ii';r  (■.rttiK 

15:2-7.       is». 

("ilahrou.s  or  ]uibcscent.  SIlmii  slender, 
froct,  often  /.\)^/aii,,  i  -^-Icived  (usually  2- 
leaved),  2'--'  hij^h;  leaves  ovate  or  ovatc- 
lanceolatc,  i'-,,'  lonjj,  acute,  acuminate,  or 
lilunt  and  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at 
the  base  with  a  narrow  or  closed  sinus,  ses- 
sile, short-petioled,  or  tile  lowest  sometimes 
with  a  petiole  '.'  louj;;  solitary  leaves  of  the 
stemless  plants  on  petioles  i'-4'  lonj;;  ra- 
ceme rather  dense,  many-llowered,  i'-2' 
lon^;;  jiedicels  mostly  lonjjfer  than  the  llnw- 
ers;  perianth-sej.;mcnts  oblon;.;,  obtuse,  he- 
coininj;  rellexed,  about  i  "  lon.i;,  rather  lonj.;er 
than  the  stamens;  berry  i)ale  red,  speckled, 
about  2"  in  rliameter. 

In  moist  wiKiils  and  tliickits,  Newfuundlatid 
tiillu  Nnrtliwist  Tirritnry,  sniiili  to  Nortli  C'.ir 
iilina.  Iowa  and  South  Haknta.  .\seends  tn  5cjci(i 
11.  in  \'irj;inia.     May  July. 

5.    DISPORUM  vSalisli.  Trans,  llort.  vSoc.  i:  331.      1S12. 
[I'Kos.\KTi:s  Don,  \\\n.  Nat.  Hist,  4:  ;,4'-     i'^4"] 

More  or  less  pubescent  herbs  with  sleiuler  rootstocks,  branchinfj;  stems,  scaly  below, 
leafy  above,  and  alternate  somewhat  iue(|uilateral  sessile  or  claspin.!.;  leaves,  the  (lowers  ter- 
minal, drooping,  whitish  or  greenish  yellow,  solitary  or  few  in  simjile  umbels.  Perianth 
of  6  narrow  eipial  separat"  deciduous  sejj;ments.  Stamens  6,  hypoj;ynous;  filaments  fdii  orm 
or  somewhat  llattencd,  lonjj;er  than  the  anthers;  anthers  oblonj;,  or  linear,  extrorse.  Ovary 
3-cellcd;  ovules  2  or  sometimes  several  in  each  cavity;  style  slender;  stii,;ma  _^-cleft  or  en- 
tire. Herry  ovoid  or  oval,  obtuse.  [Cireck,  referriiij;  to  the  2  ovules  in  each  cavity  of  the 
ovary,  in  most  species.] 

.\l)iiut  15  species.  iiati\is  of  .N'cirth  .\nurica  and  .\sia.  liesiiks  tile  fciUnwini;.  some  5  nllurs 
neeur  in  western  Nnitli  .\nieriea 

.Stamens  shorter  Uiaii  the  perLinth;  fruit  smocith.  2-6  seeded.  i.   /'.  /iiiim; iiiuMi in. 

Slaineiis  as  ImiK  as  the  iieriautli:  Irnit  roughened,  4-is  seeded.  2.   /'.  Ii iiiliy,iii piiiii. 

I.  Disporurr  lanuginosum  (  Michx.)  Nichols,    llaiiy  Disjiornni.   (  Imj;.  1035.  ) 

S/i  r/>/<i/>iis  /iiinii;  i/inMii  Miilix.  I'l.  hur.  .\m.  i; 

201.       iSii^^. 
/'I I'Mir/is  /iiiiiii;iiii'ui  liDii,  Trans    I, inn.  .See 

18:  5,^2.       I>il. 
Di\fi(iiiiin  /iiiiiii;iih'\iiiii   Nichols.  Diet.  (lard. 

I:  .(S.s,       i,sS|. 

Finely    ami    rather  densely    pubescent, 

1  '•'2^-2  '  hinh.  Leaves  ovate  lanceolate, 
or  obloiif^danccolate,  2'  ('.'  loni.;,  i'  2' 
wiilc,  loiiK-acuniinatc  at  the  ajiex,  rounded 
at  the  base,  7 -i,s-ner\ed;   (lowers  solitarx-  or 

2  .^  tojjether,  ureeuisli,  (/'-tj"  loiij^;  jiedi- 
cels fdiform,  about  l'  lonj,;;  perianth  nar- 
rowly camjiaiiulatc,  its  se.nmeiits  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  somewhat  spre.idiiij;, 
(glabrous,  one-third  to  one-half  lonj^er  than 
the  stamens;  ovary  oblong;  style  slender, 
longer  than  the  stamens  or  ecpialliug  them, 
,Vcle''t;  berry  o\aI,  red,  Jiulpv,  2-()-secde<l, 
5  "-7"  long, 

III  woods,  Ontario  to  western  N'<  «  York, 
('■eoinia  and  Teiinessie.  .Aseindsln  |c«hi  II.  in 
\'iin;inia.     .May  June. 


432  C(»Nv.\i,i,.\Ri.\(.i;.\i':. 

2.    Disporum  trachycarpum  (S.  Wats.  )  B.  iS:  IT. 


k()iij;li  fniitLHl  Disporuni. 


I'losti  lies  I  Id  ill  Villi  pit   S.   Wilts,    liiil.   KiiiK'^ 

ICx]).  .vt|.      lS<ri. 
/>n/'oi mil  /iiir/ni'iii />iiiii  11.   iV   II.  ('.in.  IM.  3: 

S,;.>.       iss.(. 

riilifnilLMit,  at  least  wlii'U  youii),',  1°  2° 
hi^h.  1,1'avos  ovate,  oval  or  ol)loii)^Iaiiceo- 
latc,  I'.'-.Vj'  loiij{,  i'-2'.'  wide,  acute  or 
sliorl-acuiuinalc  at  the  apex,  rounded  or 
sutn'ordate  at  tile  liasc,  5  ll-uerved;  flowers 
solitary  or  2  ;,  to);etller,  yellowish-white, 
4"  7"  Ioiih;  ])eilicels  '..'-i'  loii),';  perianth 
narrowly  canipanulate,  its  sc.nnients  nar- 
rowly ohlonn  or  ohlauceolate,  acute,  little 
spreading,  about  e(|uallin.i;  the  stamens, 
ovary  <lepressed-Klol>ose;  style  slender, 
about  ciiuallinK  the  stamens,  globed;  berry 
rouj;hened,  deprcssed-j^lobosc  or  somewhat 
obovoid,  ■i"~5"  in  diameter,  apjxircntly 
leathery  rather  than  pulpy,  4-iS-sceded. 

Manitiih;!  and  the  Norlliwist  'rirritovy  ti> 
ScMitli  llaknla,  Nebraska,  \Vasliinntcpn  aiulAri- 
ziiiia       May   .\\ln. 

6.    STREPTOPUS   Michx.  I'l.  Hor.  Am.  i:  joo.       iSo.v 

liranehinn  herbs,  with  stout  or  slender  rootstocks,  thin  .sessile  or  cl,is|)iiij;  alternate 
many-nerved  le.ives,  the  flowers  solitriry  or  2  tojjttlicr,  extra-axillary,  slender-pednnded, 
greenish  or  purplish,  small,  noddin;,'.  Peduncles  bjiit  or  twisted  at  about  the  middle, 
rerianth  somewhat  canipanulate,  its  6  se])arate  sejiiuents  recurved  or  spreadiii).;,  clecidiious, 
the  outer  flat,  the  inner  keeled.  Stamens'),  liypo.i,'yiious;  filaments  short,  llattencd;  anthers 
saj^ittatc,  extrorse.  Ovary  vcelled;  ovules  numerous  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity;  style  slender, 
3-cleft,  3-lobed  or  entire.  Herry  ;;lobose  or  oval,  retl,  many-seeded.  [Greek,  twisted-stalk, 
in  reference  to  the  bent  or  twisted  i)eduncles.] 

.\I)i)Ut  ,s  species,  natives  nl  ilu  north  leiiiper.ite  /mu  .  Uisides  tin  fullowiiin.  aimtlier  occurs 
on  the  I'acil'ic  Coast. 

Leave-  glaucous  belli  atli,  elas|iin^;;  Mowers  umiiisli  white. 
Leaves  nreel.  mi  botl:  sides,  sessiji;  (lowers  ])iii|ile  or  ruse. 


1.  .S".  iiiiil'li  1  ilotins. 

2.  S.    lltM  lis. 


Streptopus    amplexifolius    1  I.,,  i 
DC.      Cla.spiiio-k'avcd  Twi^led- 
.stalk.       I  iMi^.   10:^7.  I 


-'-•>  /  ■ 


I'raiui 


I  ':,.lin  ill  iiiii/ili- 1  ih'liii  I,.  S|).  I'l.  ,v 

Slirpliiftici   iiiii/ili<  i/,'lii(^    DC.    I'l. 
171.       1S05. 

Rootstock  short,  stout,  liori/ontal,  covered 
with  thick  fibrous  roots.  I'lant  i  't'  v 
lii),'h;  stem  ).;labroiis,  usually  brancliinf{  be- 
low the  middle,  leaves  2'  ,s'  Ioii.l;,  I '-2'  wide, 
acuminate  at  the  a])cx,  cordate-clasping;  at 
the  base,  j;lab,-ous,  j;laui'ous  beiieiitli;  pe- 
duncles 1'  2'  loii)4,  I  2-llowered:  flowers 
greenish  white,  .("  h"  lonj;;  perianth-seg- 
nients  narrowly  lanceolate,  ai  iiniin.ile;  an- 
thers subulate-pointed;  sti.L;nia  siiiiiile,  ob- 
tuse or  truncate;  berry  oval,  ,s"-S"  long. 

Ill  iiioist  wiM.ils.  I.abiailcir  tu  .\la--ka,  snnili  in 
Nnrlli  Carolina.  Dliin,  .Mieliiuaii  and   .\i  w  Me\ 
ieo      .\sieiids   to   .(i»iii  It.   in   tin-  .ViliioinlaeUs. 
M:iv    illlv. 


I,II,V  Ol-   Till',  V.\I.I.i;V   lAMII.V. 


4:>3 


i 


7/ 


2.    Streptopus  roseus  Miclix.     .Ses- 

sik--li.'avL'(l  Twisted-stalk. 

I  l''it^.  103S.  ) 

S/i,/>/,i/iiis  i,iu-/i\  Mifli\.  I'l,  n.ir.  Am.  i:  y<l. 

Plant  r"-2'2"  lii^l'.  froiii  a  short  stoul 
riwtslock.  c'overcil  with  lihrous  roots. 
Branches  sparingly  pnljt'scenl;  leaves  2'- 
4,'j'long,  acuminate  at  tlie  apex,  sessile, 
rounileil,  or  sli).;titly  clasiiin;.;  al  the  hase, 
).{reen  on  both  siiles,  tlieir  niarj.;ins  linely 
ciliate;  ])e(hincles  '<'-i'  lonj;,  usually  pu- 
bescent, i-flowercil,  rarely  2-flowere(l; 
flowers  purine  or  rose,  4''  6"  long;  peri- 
anthsegineuts  lanceolate,  acuminate;  an- 
thers 2-liorne(l;  style  >  cleft,  the  sprcadinj^ 
branches  stiKtu.itic  alonjj  the  iimer  side; 
berry  j^lobosc  or  oval,  5"-6"  in  diameter. 

Ill  moist  wcidd^.,  Labrador  to  .\laskii.  <~.eor- 
Kia,  Micldjfaii  and  (Iriycm.  A'icetids  tu  ^i^kj  It. 
in  \'irniiiia.     May  July. 

7.    POLYGON ATUM  Adatis.  Fam.  PI.  2:  54.       176;,. 

(ibdirous  or  pubescent  herbs,  with  thick,  hori/.ontal  jointed  and  scarred  rootstocks, 
simple  archill).;  or  erect  stems,  scaly  below,  leafy  above,  the  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  ses- 
sile and  alternate  in  our  species  (opposite  or  verticillatc  in  some  exotic  ones).  l"lowers 
greenish  or  pinkish,  axillary,  droopini;,  pednucled,  solitary  or  2 -loin  an  umbel,  the  pedi- 
cels jointed  at  the  base  of  the  llower.  reri.mth  tubular  or  oblonj^-cvliiulric  or  somewhat 
expanded  above  the  base,  6-lobed,  the  short  lobes  not  spreadim;.  Stamens  6,  included; 
filaments  .idiiatc  to  the  perianth  for  half  their  leii,i;th  or  more;  anthers  sa.uiltate,  iiitrorse. 
Ovary  .^-celleil;  ovules  2  6  in  e.icli  caxity;  style  slender;  stij^ma  small,  capitate  or  slij^hlly 
,;-lobed.  I'erry  globular,  pulliy,  dark  blue  or  nearly  black,  with  a  bloom,  in  our  species. 
[Creek,  in  allusion  to  the  jointed  rootstocks). 

.\liiiiil  -'■'  ^iKciis.  natives  cif  the  iiortli  ..miHratc  /one. 


^IKciis.  native' 

I.(  avcs  i)ii1n  scciit  biiuatli:  lilaiiuiils  filirorm.  nmtjliemd. 

riaul  |j:l.d)rims  tliiiiiinlii>iit;  lilaiiuuts  ^iiiiiotli,  someuliat  llattnied. 


1.  r.  hif},>iiiiii. 

2.  P.  com  til  II  liU  II  in. 


I.  Polygonatum  biflorum  (\\';ili.  1  I'll.     Hairx  Sulomoii'-,  Seal.     (  I'jo.  1039. 

')  aU'.j'  I'.ll  .\  .-'/  ( ■.'/;,-,///,;/7,; /'///,'/,;  W.ilt.  I'l.  Car.  u'.\     178-*. 

/'.ihXi'ii.i/iiiii  l<il'.,'i  inn  1:11.  H,,l,  S  C.  iV  ('.a. 
i:  ,?<j,^       1S17. 

Stem  slender,  glabrous,  often  /i.ii/ai; 
above,  S'-v  hiHh.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
oval  nr  ovale,  2'"4'  long,  'j'  j'  \vi<le, 
.iciitc  or  aciiiiiiiiate  at  the  apex,  uairoweil 
111  sninrlimes  obtuse  al  llu'  base,  inibes- 
teiit  cspeiially  on  the  veins  and  |)ale  be- 
neath, glabrous  above,  the  U])per  coiii- 
iiiouly  narriiui'r  than  the  lower;  pediiiu'les 
i--4llowereil  (often  2-llowered  1,  gl.ibrous; 
perianth  |"<i"  loui;,  about  t  '  _.  "  thick, 
likinients  filiform,  adli.ile  to  the  perianth 
lor  abiMit  thrce-fi>urths  its  length,  |i,ipil- 
lose-rougheued;  berry  ',"    |"  in  di.iiiieler. 

Ill  w.inil^  Mv\  tliieket-.  .\ew  r.iiiii>wick  to 
( intaiiii  and  Mieliii^.ui.  -niilli  tu  I'lorid.i  and 
\\(  -t  \'ii«iuia      .\]iiil  July. 


4M 


C()Nv.\i,i,.\ri.\ci;ai.. 


vSii-.ooili  Si>l()tiii>ir>  St.-;il. 


2.    Polygonatum  commutatum  i  R.  iS:  vS.  »   ])iclr. 

(  I'ij;-.  i"4<). ) 

Ci'ir.iillii)  ill  ciiiiniiiiliilci  K.  \  S.  .S\>1.  7:   11171. 
iS,,,.. 

/'•i/lX'itiKi/iiiii  iiiiiiiiiii/(i/ii)ii  I  liili. :  ( ittii  N:  I  liiti . 
<'.;irteii/..  3;  J23.       i>vs. 

Poi\  :;:>iitilliiii  liiiiitiili  mil  I)iiti.:  (Illci  iS:    I)iiti. 
C'tartin/.  3:  222.      i>,',s 

Glabrous  tliroiijjliout.  stem  sUmt  <ir  skii- 
(Icr,  i°-,S'  liij^li.  Leaves  lanceolate,  oval  or 
ovale,  I  'j'-6'  loll),'.  ,i'-4'  wiile,  rallicr  darker 
green  above  than  beneath,  acute,  aciniiinate 
or  blunt  at  the  apex,  uarroweil,  rounded  or 
sotneuhat  claspiiiij  at  the  base,  the  upper 
often  narrower  than  the  lower;  jieduncles  i~ 
S-flowercd,  j;labrous;  perianth  6"  10"  lon^;, 
I  I."  2"  thick;  (ilanicnts  somewhat  llat- 
tened,  smooth,  adnate  to  the  perianth  for 
half  its  leiiffth  or  more;  berry  4"-6"  in 
diameter. 

In  moist  wiiiiils  and  alclIl^f  streams,  r.inly  in 
dry  siiil,  Khc'de  Island  to  <  liilario  and  .Manilolia, 
south  to  ('.cniKia,  Louisiana.  Itah  and  New 
Mexico.  Varialile  in  si/e  and  in  leaf  I'lirm. 
May  July 

8.  CONVALLARIA  L.  Sp.  I'l.  314.       175;,. 

A  low  glabrous  herb,  with  hori/.ontal  rootstoeks,  very  numerous  fdirous  roots,  and  2  or 
sometimes  3  erect  broad  leaves,  narrowed  into  sheathiui,  jietiolcs,  the  lower  i)art  of  the  stem 
be.iriuK  several  sheathing  scales.  I'lowers  while,  racemed,  fragrant,  nocif-ing.  Uaceme 
l-sidcd.  rerianth  globose-campanulate.  h  lobed,  deciduous,  the  short  lobes  recurved. 
Stamens  6,  iiuluded;  filaments  short,  .idnate  to  the  lower  part  of  the  perianth;  anthers  ob- 
long, introrse.  Ovary  .^-celleil;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity;  style  slemler,  vyroovcd; 
stigma  small,  capitate,  slightly  ,^-lobed.  I'.erry  globose,  pulpy.  [I<atiii  from  Coiliallis, 
valley,  and  the  Creek  for  lily.] 

.•\  monotypic  genus  of  I'Uinipi-,  Asia  and  llie  liiglu  r  Alli  glu  iiies. 

I.    Convallaria  majalis   I,.      Lil\ -of-ilR-vallcy.      (l-'io.  i<«4i.) 


Ci'ir.-idliiria  iiin/,i/i\  I.,  Sp.  I'l.  -,1  (.      17^.;. 

Stem  4'-y'  high.  Leaves  oblong,  or  oval, 
ajipcariiig  nearly  liasal,  acute  at  both  ends. 
,S'-I2' long,  i'  2'.' wide;  basal  .scales  large, 
i'-|'  long,  one  of  them  subtending  an  erect 
angled  scape  sliorti'r  than  the  leaves;  r.iceme 
1'  .I'j'long,  loosely  several-llowered;  ])edi- 
cels  filiform,  recurved,  ,;"-')"  long,  exceed- 
ing or  somelitiies  shorter  than  the  lanceolate 
bracts;  perianth  ,>"-)"  long,  its  lobes  1" 
long  or  less;  lll.iments  shorter  than  the  an- 
thers; berry  about  ;,"  in  diameter. 

111!  tlu-  liiKln  ■■  niiiuntain*  of  \'ivKinia,  North 
Carolina  ami  S  .utli  (Jaioliua.  Ci'tumou  in  eld- 
livatiiiii.     M.iy  June. 


^       \\\ 


I.II.V  ol    Till';  V.\IJ.i;v   lAAIILV. 


4:^5 


9.    MEDEOLA  L.  S]).  I'l.  :,y).       175,,. 

A  sleiuler  erect  uiiliraiu-lieil  herb,  loosely  proviiled  with  deiidiious  wool.  Rootslock 
tliiek,  white,  tuber-like,  with  somewhat  the  oilor  and  taste  of  ciuuiiibirs,  the  slender  tibrous 
roots  numerous.  Leaves  of  tloweritiK  plants  in  2  whorls;  lower  whorl  of  ,s-(i  oblon.u-lanee- 
olate  or  obovate  leaves;  upper  whorl  of  :■,-•,  ovale  or  oval  leaves,  subtendiiij,'.  like  an  invo- 
lucre, the  sessile  umbel  of  small  greenish  yellow  declined  nowcrs.  Perianth  of  6  separate 
ctiual  obloiiK  recurved  seKnients.  Stamens  6.  hypoKynous;  rdameuts  slender,  smooth, 
loiif'cr  than  the  oblong;  extrorse  anthers,  the  sacs  laterally  dehiscent.  ( )vary  ;v*'cllcd;  ovules 
several  in  each  cavity;  styles  ;„  recurved,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  licrry  globose, 
pulpy.      [Name  from  .W,;/i;i,  a  sorceress,  referring  to  the  snpi)osed  healing  properties.] 

A  iiiniKilypic  mnu^  nl'  la-urii  North  .\imric.i. 


I.    Medeola  Virginiana  L.      Indian  Ciiciinilifr-iont.      '  I'ijj;.  11^2.") 

.1/,  t/iti/ti  i'ii  i^iiiiiiiia  I..  Sp.  I'l.   v;ii.       ir.s.i. 

Rootstock  lU>hv,  1'  ;/  long.  .Stem  1 
2'j'  tall,  bearing  the  lower  whorl  of  le.ives 
above  the  mi<lclle,  or  in  llowerlcss  ])lants  at 
the  summit;  leaves  of  the  lower  whorl  ses- 
sile. 2 '.. '.s' long,  r  2' wide,  acnminate.il  the 
apex,  narniwi-d  ,it  the  base,  ;v.S  lurvcd  .ind 
reticulate-veined;  leaves  of  Ihc  ui)])er  whorl 
I '2' long.  '.. '  1 '  wide.  short-])etiolcd  or  ses- 
sile; uudiel  2  i)-llowered;  pedicels  fdiforui, 
1'  linig  or  less,  dicliucd  in  flower,  erect  or 
ascen<ling  in  fruit;  perianth-segments  3"  5'' 
long,  obtuse;  berry  dark  p'arplc,  .\"-'"  in 
diameter. 

In  millet  wi.nil-  ,\w\  tliickil-,  Nnva  Sctia  tn 
Oinarin  ,iiid  Minn. -.ntM.  <'>\\\\\  U>  I'lmidii  and 
Tennessee.  .V-ctnd-  In  -'n.>  11.  in  X'iruiai.i. 
M.iy  .plMc. 


10.  TRILLIUM   L.  .Sp.  ]>1.  3,vj. 


i/.i,i- 


(".labro\is  erect  \inbranched  herbs,  with  short  scarred  rootstocks  and  j;  leaves  whorled  at 
the  sumndt  of  the  stem,  subtending  the  sessile  or  peilunclcd  solit.iry  bractless  llowcr.  Soli- 
tarv  loug-petioled  leaves  are  sometimes  borne  on  the  rootslock.  reriantli  of  2  distinct 
series  of  segments,  the  outer  ;,  1  sepals)  green,  persi^lent,  the  inner  ;,  fpetals)  white,  pink, 
j)urple  or  sometimes  greenish,  <leciduous  or  withering.  vStamens  6,  hypogynous;  fdanients 
short;  anthers  linear,  mostly  inlrorse.  Ovary  sessile,  ;,-6-augled  or  lobed,  3  celled;  ovules 
several  or  numerous  in  each  cavity;  styles  3,  stigniatic  .along  the  inner  side.  Herry  globose 
or  ovoid,  mauv-sceded.  Seeds  horizontal.  |  I.atiii,  in  allusion  to  the  vparted  flowers  and 
the  3  leaves.] 

Alxpiit  3P -iiicie^.  nalivfi  nf  North  .\nierica  and  .\sia.  Besides  the  foUowinsr.  some  7  others 
occur  in  tlu'  -.oulhrrn  ancl  western  parts  of  North  .Vnierici.  Tin-  sptciesare  known  as  '/'//) <i--/,(i:'i if 
\/L;/ih/i,ii/f'  and  l',ii  lliixnt .  I'liyllody,  /.  .-..  the  reversion  of  petals  or  sipaW  to  leaves,  is  occasional 
in  iIk  ifitnis,  anil  the  floral  parts  are  soineliuies  in  |'s  insleail  of  ;s. 


1.   r. 


u/,' 


Mowi-r  sessiU  . 

I.t.ivcs  si -silt-;  -ipals  not  nlU  xeil. 
Leaves  pitioled;  sepaU  vefU  \ed. 
Idower  pedinuled. 

Leaves  ov.d  or  ovati-.  obtuse  or  olil\isisli,  T   f  lonj;. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  rliouibic.  aciuninate.  a'   -'  loan. 

I.iaves  sessili-,  or  nar-ciwed  at  llie  base  and  short  petioU-d. 
Petals  oliov.Ue  or  obi. nUT(plate.  ]'■'    _•'■'  long. 
I'etals  nv.Ue  or  lanceolate,   '   '    I'.'  loan. 

I'lihuule  1','    (■  lonvf,  erect  or  (lecliui-d;  petals  spreading.         .=;.    '/'.einhnii. 
P(  ilinule  I  ', '  IoUk:  or  less,  recurved  beneath  the  leaves;  petals  recurved. 

(1,    '/'.  11/  II II II III. 
Leaves  ilistiuctly  petinkd.  olituse  la  nnuiiU  d  at  the  base.  7.    /'.  11  inhiUiliim. 


I',  n;  iirtiilinii. 


|.    /'.  i;!  ,!iii/i/'i>rinii. 


e<)N\'Ai,i,.\Ri.\ci;Ai;. 

I.   Trillium  sessile  I,.     St-'ssik-flowciLd 
\V;ikL'-n)l)in.     (  l'"ig.   104,1.  » 

I'l  illiinii  sf^sil,-  I,.  Sp.  ri.  .V|(>.       175.V 

Stem  4'-i2'  lull.  I,favts  Dwito,  oval  or  nearly 
orbicular,  sessile,  acute  or  obtuse  aud  cus{)iilale  at 
the  apex,  I'j'  (>'  loii^.  often  Motclied;  (lower  ses- 
sile, erect;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
spreadiu;;,  'i'  2'  loii;4.  petals  lanceolate,  acnte  or 
obtuse,  soniewliat  lonj,'er  than  tlie  sejials,  ercct- 
speadinj,',  i>urple  or  j^rcen;  anthers  ;,"  7"  loiij,', 
lonj^er  than  lilanicnt,  the  connective  prolonged 
beyond  the  sacs;  berry  j^lobose,  ()-anj;led,  about 
I2'  in  diameter. 

In  tuiiist  WdcuKand  tliiikits,  I'l  unsylvMuia  to  Oliin 
.ind  Miniiesdtii.  sumh  to  I'lorida,  ^iissis^i])l)i  :mii1 
.\rkansas.     I'luwtrs  pleasatitly  odorcnis.     April   May. 


2.  Trillium  recurvatum  Heck,     riairie 
Wakc-rohiii.     ( I'ijj.  1044.) 

TiiUiiiiti    1 1',  III  -.ii  I  Hill    lieck.    Am.  Jniirn.   .Sci.    ii; 
17s.       1S26. 

Stem  6'"i.S'  tall.  Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  ob- 
long, i;2'-4'long,  acnte  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
into  petioles  ,^"9"  long,  sometimes  blotched; 
flower  sessile,  erect;  sepals  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, 6"-i,s"  long,  rellexed  between  the  peti- 
oles; petals  spatulatc  or  oblong,  nearly  erect, 
clawed,  acnte  or  acuminate,  ccjualling  the  se- 
pals or  somewhat  longer;  anthers  4"  -7"  long, 
nuich  longer  than  the  fdaments,  the  connective 
prolonged  beyond  the  sacs;  berry  ovoid,  6- 
winged  above,  about  9"  long. 

Ill  woods  and  tliicktts,  Ohio  to  Minnesota.  Mis 
sissippi  and  .Vrkansas.     .Xpril-Junc. 


3.   Trillium  nivale  Riddell.       ICarly 
\Vake-n)l)iii.     1  l-'ig.  1045.  ) 

Tiilliiiiii   iii:;i/f    KidiUll,    Svii.    I'l.  W.   States.  9,3. 

Stem  2'-6'  high.  Leaves  ovate,  oval  or 
nearly  orbicular,  i'-2'  long,  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  petioled;  pet- 
ioles, 2"-6"long:  llowers  ])cduncled;  i)ednncle 
34'- 1'  long,  erect,  bent,  or  recnrve<l  liencath  the 
leaves;  sc])als  narrowly  oblong  or  oblong-lance- 
olate, obtuse,  '/2'-i'  long;  petals  white,  obiong 
or  ov.d,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  sepals,  ercct- 
sprcading;  anthers  about  as  long  as  the  fda- 
ments, the  connective  not  prolonged  beyond 
the  sacs;  styles  slender;  berry  globose,  ;,-l"l>cd, 
abont  ;<'  in  iliameter. 

Ill  woods  ,Mid  lliickils,  I'liinsyh  aula  to  ( )liin  and 
Miumsot.i,  south  to  KintMckv  ami  Iowa.  March 
Mav. 


mik. 


i,ii,v  <)!■  Tiii;-v.\i,i,i;v  i-.\Mii,v. 

4.   Trillium  grandiflorum  (Mithx.  )  Salisl).     LiirKc-tlowcixd 

(  Fig.  1046. ) 

Tiilliiiiii   ili.Diihniih  inn  var.   i,'ntiidijh>iinii    Miclix.    I'l. 

lii.r.  Am.  l:  .•i''>.       i^".;-  ,         ,, 

riUUittu  fiuiiidifloiiiitt  Salisl).  Tar.  I.oml.  I:/'/.  /.     i«",-,. 

Steins  usually  stout.  8'-iS'  IukIi.  Leaves  broadly 
rlioinl)ic-ovate  or  rlioinbic-oval,  2".'  6'  lonK,  acumin- 
ate at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  or  nearly  ses- 
sile liasc;  peiluncle  creel  or  sotncwliat  inelitied,  I'j'- 
V  loii>;;  sepals  lanceolate  or  <)t)lonj,'-lanccolate,  acu- 
minate but  sometimes  bUmtish,  \'-2'  lonj;,  spreading; 
petals  erect-spreading,  oblaneeolate;  obovate  or  rarely 
ovatc-obloiiK,  obtuse  or  cuspidate,  strongly  veined, 
white  or  pink,  thin,  longer  than  the  sepals;  anthers 
about  ]'z'  long,  longer  than  the  fdaments;  styles 
slender,  \"-.\"\q\\%,  ascending  or  erect;  berry  globose, 
black,  slightly  6  lobed,  8"   12"  in  diameter. 

Ill  Hoiids,  Ouibec  1(1  Ontario  and  Miiiiusnta,  soulli  to 
Tloiida  and  "Missouri,  .\scciuls  to  sckni  It.  111  \  iiKiiiia. 
Jlav  Juiie.  ,  ..    ,     ,   , 

\  iiioiislmu'i  form,  with  two  long  pctioUd  leave.-,  was 
Cdllectud  by  Dr.  I'itclu  r  in  Micliijraii. 


437 

\Vakc-ri)l)iii. 


5.  Trillium  erectum  L.       Ill-scented 
\\    ke-rolnii.     (Fig.  1047.  j 

Ti  illiiiiii  CI        lilt  I,.  Sp.  ri.  ,v|i>.       T.^i.v 

Stem  .stout,  S'-i6'  high.  Leaves  very  broadly 
rhombic,  3'-?'  long,  often  as  wide  or  wider,  sessile, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base;  pe- 
duncle I  '4  '-4'  long,  erect,  inclined  or  declined  be- 
neath the  leaves;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuininatc, 
spreading,  >^'-l>^' long;  petals  lanceolate  or  ovate, 
acute  or  acutish,  spreading,  equalling  the  sepals  or 
a  little  longer,  dark  purple,  pink,  greenish  or 
white;  anthers  longer  than  the  filaments;  styles 
short,  spreading  or  recurved;  berry  ovoid  some- 
what 6~U)bed,  reddish,  8"   12"  long. 

In  woods,  Xova  Scotia  to  JaiiKS  Hay  and  :\Ianito1)a, 
south  to  North  Carolina,  Teiiiussii'  and  Missouri.  .\s- 
v-eiids  to  .V"*!  ft.  ill  Virginia,  .\lsoin  Japan.  I'lowers 
uiipUasaiitly  scented,     .\pril  Juiu-. 


6.    Trillium    cernuum    I..      NoiUliiiK 
Wake-robin.     (  Fij^.  1048. ) 

Ti  illiinii  ici  niiiiin  I..  .Sp.  I'l.  ,^.V).       'T.'i.v 

Stem  usually  slender,  8'-2o'  high.  Leaves  simi- 
lar to  those  of  the  preceding  species,  broadly 
rhombic,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  sessile,  or  with  the  petioles  i"-2"  long;  pe- 
duncle yi'-iW  loi'K.  recurved  beneath  the  leaves, 
the  liower  drooping:  sepals  lanceolate  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, acutriinale,  6" -12''  long;  petals  white  or 
pink,  ovate-ianceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  rolled 
backward,  wavy-margined,  eiiu.ill  ig  the  sepals,  or 
a  little  longer;  anthers  about  as  long  as  the  sub- 
ulate filaments;  styles  rather  stout,  recurved;  berry 
ovoid,  red-pur])le,  pendulous,  S"   10"  lor.g. 

In  rich  woods.  Nova  Sc.itia  to  Ontario  and  Minne- 
sota south  to  ('.e()iM;ia  and  Mis.soiiii.  .Sonutinies  con- 
founded with  forius  of  the  piicediiiK.     .\pnl  Jntie. 


CONVAI.I.ARIAClvM'. 


7.    Trillium  undulatum  Willd.     I'aimtd 
Wakc-rohiu.      1  Imi;.  1041).  ) 

'/'lilliiiiii  II iiihi!iili( III  WilM.    Niiic  Scliiit'l.   Cicsill.   Nat. 
I'l.  I'll  iliii,  3    |.>.'.       IN. I. 

I'l  illiiiiii  ii  villi  ihiiipii  III  'SWx.-Xw.  I'l.  lint.  .\iii.  I:  2li>.    i.Nij. 

Stem  ustially  slciidur,  .S'  2 '  IiIkIi^  Leaves  ovate, 
,V  -^'  loii.i.;,  2'  5'  wiiU',  ])etiolfil,  loiiK-ai'iiininalc  at  the 
apex,  olituse  or  louiKkd  at  the  l)ase;  petioles  2"-in" 
Iciiih:  llowcrs  pe(hiiicleil,  erect  or  soiiiewhal  iiielined, 
l'-2'j'  loll).;;  sepals  laiiecolate,  aciuiiiiiate,  cj"  15" 
loilK,  sprcadiiij,';  jietals  ovate  or  ovate  laiiecolate,  aeu- 
miil.ile  or  acute,  white  with  purple  veins  or  stripes, 
thin,  loiij^er  than  the  sepals;  widely  spreadiii;,',  wavv- 
lliarntiied;  anthers  about  C(|ualliii},'  the  lilanieiits;  styles 
slender;  l)eny  ovoid,  obtuse,  l)liintly  vaiiijlcd,  bright 
red,  shiniii).;,  d"  -10"  in  diameter. 

Ill  wcHpiK.  Niiva  Sec  ilia  tn  I  liit.irin  and  Wisemisiii.  Miiilli 
111  ( ;i(ir>;ia  and  Mi-sniiii.  .\-eeiid>  In  .si«i.i  ft,  ill  \'iit;iilia. 
IMay  .jiiiu-. 


I'ainilv  2  I. 


I7()(;. 


lA-axcs 


SMILACEAE  W'lU.  Tal.l.  2:  1.^6. 

.SmII,.\.\    I'.VMM.V. 

MiistK'  viiKs,  witli  woody  or  liL-rhacoous.  id'toii  jtrickly  steins. 
alttTiiate.  iK-ttol-veiiied.  usually  iniiRlalc  or  liiKolate.  SL-veral-iKixed.  iK'tiok-d. 
IV-iIoIl'  slie-atliiiii;.  hcariii.u;  a  jiair  of  slciidcr  teiidril-Iiki.-  .i]>pL-iidaj;L'S  (  stiptik's  ? ). 
pLrsistciil.  the-  Made  falliii).^  awa.v.  l-'lowx-rs  sinall,  inostlx  i^rceii.  dioecious,  in 
axillarv  iinihels.  Periaiitli-se^t^nieiits  6.  Stamens  niostl>-  6.  distinct;  fdaineiits 
lii^tilate:  anthers  hasilixed.  :;-celled.  iiUrorse.  ( )var.\'  ,^-celled,  the  ca\-ities  o])- 
posite  tile  iiuier  ])eri:inth-se,!.;;nKnts;  ovides  i  or  2  in  eacji  c.i\-it\'.  orthotropotis. 

■  •■ '   •'■     '■■' ' '  ■  sli!L,nnas  i-,v      l'"rnit  a  ,^'lol)ose  l)err\- coii- 

endosperni  horn\ ,  copious;  enil)ry()  sinall. 


sns]ieniled;  st\le  \cry  short  or  none 
tainin.y;  1-6  see<ls.  vSeeds  brownish 
ohloiijj;,  remote  t'roin  the  liiliun. 

ficnera  ;:  >preit-.al)inil  Jmi,  in  uarin  and  liiiii>i  lalr  iii,'inn 


Hilly  till-  I'dlliiwiin;  in  Xmtli  .\nuric.i. 


I.    SMILAX  L.  Sp.  PI.  Kos.       17 


/,->.>• 


b 


Roolstoeks  usually  very  lari^'e  and  tuberous,  .stems  nsnally,  twininji,  and  cliinbinj.; 
means  of  tlie  spirally  coilini;  ap)>endaj;cs  of  the  petiole.  Lower  leaves  reduced  to  scales; 
ii]>per  leaves  entire  or  lobed.  I'lowers  reijular.  reriauth-seyments  distinct,  deciduous. 
I'edicels  borne  mi  a  j.;l(ibose  or  conic  receptacle,  inserted  in  sinall  pits,  generally  aliioni;' 
minute  bractlels.  I'ilaments  inserted  oil  the  bases  of  the  jierianth-scgments.  Staminalc 
llowcrs  without  an  ovary.  Pistillate  llowcrs  usuallv  sni.dler  than  the  staminate,  with  .■111 
ovary  and  usually  with  Id  al)ortive  stamens,  lierry  black,  red  or  jnirple  ( nirelv  w  hite), 
with  3  strciiHthcniin;  bands  of  tissue  niuiiiiiL;  thronj;li  the  outer  part  of  the  ])nl]),  connected 
at  the  base  and  apex.  Ivmbryo  lyin.u  under  a  tubercle  at  the  Ujiper  end  of  the  seed.  |.\n- 
cicnt  Circek  name,  jierhaps  not  originally  .iiiplied  to  these  plants.] 

.M)iiut  ii)5  spei-its  111'  wide  ihslribntinii.  iim-l  abundant  in  tnipical  .\iiurica  ami  .\si,i.  I'uside^ 
the  liill.iwiiiK,  aliiiut  ,s  ntlii  rs  cieciir  in  tin  Miulliern  I'nited  .St.ilcs.  ami  i  in  Ualiroruia  and  Oivnoii. 
Stem  .niiuial,  lnrbacci)iis.  unaniud. 

I'l  tink'.  tiiidril  biarinn;  stiiii'-  climbing. 

Leaves  iwiially  nvatf.  '.liiii.  i 

Leaves  usually  hastate,  cciriacinie^,  j 

reliiiKs  witlmnl  tendrils  or  marly  "u;  stems  ireet,  ; 

Stem  piieiiniiil,  wucidy,  usually  armed  with  prickles. 
Ikrriis  black  m  bluish  Iilaek. 
l''ruit  ripeiiiinc  the  fust  year. 
Leaves  ulanenus. 
Leaves  jficen  mi  bntli  sides. 

Leaver  rminded  nr  laucinlate.  5  nervi d 
Leaves  (ivate,  7-iiirveil, 

Leaves  rmiiid-civ.ite.  ul'tiii  narrowed  at  llie  middle,  7  (i-iierved 
Leaves  deltoid  nr  deltoid  hastate.  ,=;  7-iur\ed 
each  -iidi 


III!  ha  I  I'll. 
Iiiiiiiiili'liii. 
I'lii  rlnilii. 


|.    .V  iihilliil. 


,S.  S.  I oliiiHlifoliii. 
i\  S.  /ii^pii/ii. 
7.  .V  I'siihlii  (  liiiiii. 
lien  with  i  nr  2  additional  nerves  nil 
.v.  lliiiKi  nil  I , 


I'niil  ripening' the  ^ecniid  year;  liiiveselli|)ticnrlaiieeiilate,  i  verjrreeii.  i).  .V.  lam  ijolin. 
Ik  vries  red. 

I.i  aves  nvate  or  nvati  ■laticenlate,  base  mumled;  lurrio  bright  red.      10.  .S'.   ll'altiii. 

Liaves  laneeolate,  aente  at  the  b,i-.e:  berries  dull  red.  11.  .V.  la^ufolala. 

■*Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  TiioM.v.s  Mokonc. 


I.    Smilax  herbacea  I, 

Siiiilii\   liiilnuiii  \.    Sp.  I'l,   hi^.  I,       i;:;;. 

S.  f'ld.  ii  nil  iil:i  Miilix    I'l.  I'mr.  Am.  2    ?;"!        r-.i^. 

Ci>p)os)ihiii/liii\    liii  h,iiii(\   Kiuilli,    lliiiim.   5:   -"i|. 

Tubers  sliort,  thick,  scarred,  iiuimrous.  .Stciii 
lurliMceoiis,  f^laliroiis,  tentc  or  i)l>tiisfly  .-iiij;Uil, 
uiianiicd,  cotiimonly  imicli  lir,inclicil.  I'ctioles 
J"",Vj' loi'K'  tendrils  luiiiifrous;  leaves  ovate, 
ro\indcd  r>r  laticecilate,  acute,  acuminate  or  cus- 
pidate at  thea|ie\,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
tliiii,  fre(|ueully  <lo\vny  betieatli,  7-t/-tiei\eil, 
I  '.'-5'  loiiif,  1'  .^'.•'  wide,  the  iiiarjjins  entire  or 
denticulate;  ])cd\inclcs  4'  1,'  lonj,',  usually  fi-\i< 
times  as  long  .is  the  iietiolcs.  Ilattened;  umbels 
l5-,S(i-llouered;  pedicels  ;"  s"  lon^;:  llowerscar- 
rioiiscented  when  open;  stanicn>  sometimes  5  or 
;;  filametits  2-  x,  limes  as  long  as  the  anthers;  ber- 
ries bluish  black,  2    (-seeded,  i"~i"  in  diameter. 

In  wood-  anil  tliicktt'i,  Niw  llruuswlck  to  I  miario 
anil    li.iknta,  -oiitli   to   I'lniiila.   I.niii'-iana  and   Ni 
tmiska.     April  Juni 


.SMII^.W    I'AMII.V. 

Cairioii-llouc-r 


439 


1 1 150. ) 


2.    Smilax    tamnifolia    Miclix.      IlalliLVil- 

Icaved  Smilax.      1  I'Ik-   " '5  i  •  ' 

.V  liiiiiiiil'.'liii  Michx.  I''l.  linr.  Am.  2:  2V.      i-^ov 

( ','1^1 , 1  Mil  ill!  I  litis  1,1  mil  it'll  ill  i  K  until.  I'jitim.  5:  J'17.  iS^i. 

C'jl.ibrous,  herbaceous;  stem  and  branches  terete 
or  obtusely  angled,  unarmed.  I'ctioles  ';!'-i  ,'2' long, 
the  sheath  tendril-bearing,  very  short  or  none; 
le.ives  coriaceous,  mostly  ovate-h.ist.ite,  with  broad 
olitnse  lobes  at  the  base,  slightly  narrowed  at  about 
the  middle,  acute  obtuse  or  acuminate  at  the  a]iex, 
truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  entire,  green  on 
both  sides,  I '4  '  ;,'  long,  '_.'.''  wide,  5-7-uerved; 
pciluncles  1  ■;  from  the  same  axil,  \'-.\'  long,  usu- 
ally much  longer  than  the  leaves,  often  llattening 
n  drying;  umbels  iD-vi-llowereii;  pedicels  3"  ,1" 
long;  segments  of  the  staminatc  llowers  slightly 
pubescent;  filaments  1-3  times  as  long  as  the  an- 
thers; berries  black,  2 "-,V' in  diameter,  i-;,-seeiled. 

In  dry  soil,  ^outlurii   Xiw  Jirseyand  IVnnsylvaiii.i 
to  .Siiiitli  Carolina  and  Tc  nii."-sci'.     May  July. 


3.   Smilax   ecirrhata     l!ugi.ltii.  )  S.  Wats. 
rpi'i,t;hl  Siiiila.x.      (  I'ij.;'.  ms^.  t 

('iifiiKsititiiilliiis    liiih,i,,iis    var.    •\iiili,ii,i    l-;Mt,'ilm, ; 

Kuiitli,  Knum.  5;  .>'.i)       1  -v., 
Siitil,i\    i\  it  I  li'ttiis  s.  W.il--.  in  .\    I'.iay.    Man.   Ivl.  ", 

,S2o.       iSm 

Stem  herbaceou-,  glabrous,  simple,  erect,  6'  2" 
tall.  Tendrils  none,  or  >omi'timcs  present  on 
the  uppermost  petioles;  K-.iv  cs  often  whorled  at 
the  summit  of  the  stem,  ovate,  acute,  obtuse,  cus- 
pidate or  acuminate  at  the  a|)e\,  rounded  or  cordate 
at  the  base,  thin,  5  9-nerved,  2U'-,s'.'  long,  i  '4  ' 
1'  wide,  sometimes  larger,  more  or  less  imbescent 
beneath  and  crosc-denticulate  on  the  margins; 
])etioles  io"-i.S"  long;  peduncles  long,  often  pn- 
lie.scent;  stamiuate  (lowers  conimoidy  not  moic 
than  2,s  in  the  umbels;  i)cdiccls  2"  ,s"  long;  an- 
thers shorter  than  the  fil.iments  or  ciiualling  them. 

Ill   dry   soil.    Virginia  to    Minnesnta  and    Idorida. 
May  June. 


440 


SMII.ACIvMv 


Smilax    glauca    Walt, 
leaved  ( irceiiliiiLr.     (  I"i' 


( ilaiioms- 

>"5,v  > 
Sill i/,i  t  i;/, mill  \\'a\1    I'M.  C. 11    .'i.i.      17.S.S. 
.S'liii/iit  s/>inii/i>ui  J     ]■'.    Siiiilli;  TiilT.   I''l.   N.    V    I; 

Rootstock  ilct'p,  knotti'il  and  tiilnToii^.  Stitii 
tiTctc;  l)raiulii's  and  t\vij;s  anj^lud,  armed  with 
rather  stout  iiiiiiurous  or  seattereil  prickles,  or 
siinictinics  uiiarniud;  ])cti<)les  ;■," -fi"  loiijf.  teii- 
dril-l)eariiij;;  leaves  ovate,  acute  or  cus])idate  at 
the  apex,  sometiines  cordate  at  the  base,  entire, 
glaucous  beneath  and  sometimes  also  above, 
mostly  5-iicrved,  I  ','-6'  lonj;,  'j'5'  wide; 
pciluncles  flattened  6"~  16"  Ion},';  umbels  6  12- 
llowered;  pedicels  2"  4"  Ion;.;;  berries  bluish 
black.  rii)enin}^  the  first  year,  about  3"  in  dia- 
meter, 2-3-seeded. 

In  dry  sandy  snil,  lasti  rn  Massacbiisctts  to  I'liir- 
ida,  wist  til  Kansas  anil  Texas.     May  June. 

Smilax  spinulosa  J.  !C  Stnilli.  is  a  I'lirni  witli  nunii  runs  small  prickles  on  llie  Inwir  ))arl  of  the 
stem,  an<l  more  clonnated.  souRiiiiu  s  li.ilbi-nl  shaped  leaves.  It  nccnrs  in  southern  New  York, 
but  is  not  well  understood 

(ireeiil)rier.     Cathrie-r. 


5.   Smilax  rotundifolia  I,. 

.Siiii/iii  I  Hill  iniit'i'Hii  I,,  sp.  ri.  1050     ir.^.i- 

.S  mi  III  I  III  it  II  1(1  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  io',o.       17.S.1. 

Smilii  V  iiiiiii.iiaiii;iiliii  is  Willd.  Sp.  I'l.  4:  77,s.      I'^o'). 

Rootstocks  lonK,  sparinj^ly  tuberous.  Stem 
woody,  terete,  the  branches  and  younj;  shoots 
often  4-anKled,  glabrous;  prickles  scattered,  stout, 
straight  or  a  little  curved,  sometimes  none;  peti- 
oles y-(t"  long;  leaves  thick  and  shining  when 
mature,  thin  when  young,  ovate,  nearly  orbicular, 
or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  ob- 
tuse or  cord.ite  at  the  base,  entire  or  the  margins 
erose-denticulate,  ,s-nerved,  2'-6'  long,  io"-h' 
wide;  peduncles  tlatteued  y" -\'  long;  umbels  6- 
25-flowered;  pedicels  i"-4"  long;  perianth-seg- 
ments pubescent  at  the  tip;  lllainents  2  ,^  times  as 
long  ;is  the  anthers;  berries  black,  1 -^-seeded, 
about  T,''  in  diameter,  maturing  the  first  year. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Ontario  to  Minnisota.  south 
to  I'lorida  and  Texas.     Ajjril  June. 


Horsohrier.    (  Im^-  K'54. 


thickets,  ( )ntario  t 


6.  Smilax  hispida  Miihl.     Hispid  (iiLcii- 

hrier.  (  Fig.  1055.  ) 
Siiiilii.v  liisfiida  Mnhl.;  Torr.  I'l.  N.  Y.  2:  303.  iS(v 
(Uabrous,  stem  terete  below,  and  commonly 
thickly  hispid  with  numerous  slender  straight 
prickles,  the  braiudies  more  or  less  angled;  ])eti- 
ules  4"  9"  long,  tendril-bearing,  rarely  denticu- 
late; leaves  thin,  green  on  both  sides,  ovate, 
abrn])tly  acute  and  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  obtuse 
or  subcordate  at  the  base,  7-nerved,  or  the  older 
ones  sometimes  with  an  additional  pair  of  faint 
nerves,  2'-5'long,  1 '-5' wide,  the  margins  usually 
denticulate;  peduncles  flattened,  y"  2'  long;  um- 
bels io-26-nowered;  pedicles  slender,  2"-},"  long; 
filaments  a  little  longer  than  the  anthers;  berries 
bluish  black,  about  3"  in  diameter,  maturing  the 
first  year. 
1   Nebraska,  south  to  X'ii'Kinia  and  Texas.     .May  July. 


SMII.AX    1  AMII,Y. 


441 


7.    Smilax  Pseudo-China  U.     Loiij;- 
Nlalkid  (iRciihricr.      (ImR-  io^Ck  I 

.S/////.M     ISfldli'  I'llilhl   I,,   S]).   \'\.    U\\\.        ir.S.v 

('■lahrous  llinmnlimil,  rootstock  ofti'ii  IjOMriiiK 
liiiHL'  tubers,  sti'iii  tiroti',  tlic  hranchcs  imj;k(l. 
I.owtT  ])art  of  llif  hlciii  liesct  with  straight 
lU'cdk-sliajicMl  prickhs,  the  upper  part  and  the 
hraiichfs  mostly  ;•  iarnif<l;  petiok'S  ;,"  12" 
lonji;  k-avcs  linn,  or  lioconiing  (juite  leathery 
when  olil,  ^rueii  on  both  si(k-s  or  occasionally 
glaucous  hcncalh,  ovale,  often  narroweil  at 
about  the  middle  or  lobed  at  base;  acute  or  cus- 
pidate at  the  apex,  7  ((-nerved,  2>i'-5'  long, 
i'l'-^iVi'  wide,  often  denticulate  on  the  mar- 
gins; peduncles  llalleueil,  I '-3'  long,  umbels 
12-40-nowered;  pedicels  ;/'-4"  long;  stamens 
6-10;  anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments  or  longer; 
berries  black,  S-16  in  the  umbels,  2"-^"  in 
diameter,  i-^-seeded,  maturing  the  first  year. 

In  drv  or  sandv  tliickits,  Maryliuid  l(i  Nebriiska, 
Miiilh  u'l  l"U>rida  and  Texas.     March  AuK. 

8.    Smilax  B6na-n6x  L. 


9.    Smilax  laurifolia  I, 

Sini/,1  I  /iim  i/<i/i(i  I,.  S|i.  ri.  lo.V'.      i75.i 

Rootstocks  bearing  tubers  sometimes  6'  thick, 
stem  stout,  high-climbing,  terete,  striate,  armed 
with  strong  straight  prickles,  the  branches  anglcil, 
mostly  unarmed.  Petioles  stout,  3"-.S"  long; 
leaves  leathery,  evergreen,  elliptic  or  obloug- 
lauceolate,  acute  or  abruptly  cuspidate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  entire,  vnerved,  or  some- 
times with  an  a(klitional  pair  of  nerves  near  tlie 
margins,  2'-^'/i'  long,  '.'2'  wide;  peduncles 
stout,  angled,  2"  lo"  long;  umbels  6-3(i-n<)wered; 
pedicels  2"  ;,"  long;  anthers  usually  about  one- 
Ihird  shorter  than  the  filaments;  stigma  i,  some- 
times 2;  berries  black,  ovoid,  2"-y  thick,  not 
ripening  until  the  second  year. 

hi  nil  list  wKids  and  tliickits.  soulluin  Ntw  Jersey 
111  I'loriila  and  Tex;is,  iicirlh  in  llie  Mississippi  Valley 
to  .\rkaiisas.     Miireli   Sept 


Bristly  Greenbrier.     (Imk-  i<)57- * 

Siiii7<i  I    Hoihi-iiov  I,.  ,Sp.  IM.  Ki.in.       I7,S,?- 

Siiiiluv  hasliilii  Willd.  Sp.  I'l.  4:  7S2.       lHi>6. 

Smila  1  /,ii>iiwii/,s  A.  Cray,  Man.  4S5.     i.^tS.     Not  I,. 

Rootstocks  beariug  large  tubers,  stem  terete  or 
slightly  angled,  the  branches  often  4-angled. 
I'rickles  scattered  or  numerous,  stout  or  needle- 
like, often  wanting  on  the  branches;  jictioles  3"- 
6"  long,  often  prickly;  leaves  thick,  ovate  or  com- 
monly deltoid-hastate,  sometimes  narrowed  at  the 
middle,  glabrous,  green  and  usually  shining  on 
both  sides,  often  spiny  on  the  margins  and  on  the 
veins  beneath,  acute  or  abruptly  cusjjidate  at  the 
apex,  obtuse,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  5-9- 
nerved,  i>2'  .(N'  long,  .S"-3'  wide;  peduncles 
slender,  llattened,  7"-i5''  long;  umbels  i,=i-4,S- 
llowered;  pedicels  2"  4"  long;  stigmas  1-3;  ber- 
ries H-2<)  in  the  umbels,  2"-3"  in  diameter,  mostly 
i-seeded,  ripening  the  first  year. 

"Ill   tliiekets,  Massaeliusetls  to   Kansas.  I'lorid.i  and 
Texas,     .\pril  July. 

Laurel-leaved  (ireeiibrier.      '  Fi^^.  1058.) 


m 


44-' 


SMII.ACi:  \I'. 


10.    Smilax  Walteri   riir-li.     \\alur'> 
(iivciilirici.      '  l''i^.  ii>5M.  > 

Smi/ii  t    U'lilli  I  i  I'liisli,  I'l,  Am    Si  pi    .'i'<        i'i|. 

( 'ilatirmis.  •.Uiii  .nii;l<(l,  in-iikly  Ik1ih\,  the 
lir.MU'his     iiiimiiiinl)     iiii.iriiicil.     I'lliciKs     2"  ii" 

UK,  ^Imil,  .iii)^Kil;  IcMM-.  ii\:itf  iir  ci\  itc-l.mi'i-n- 
l.ilf,  iiirily  Idluil  Ml  llii-  Ip.im-,  I'linliitf  ur  -.iiln'iir- 
iIjIc,  iilitusi' iir  al»ru])ll\- ai'iitf  :it  tlic  m|ii\,  iiitiro, 

,i    7-IUTVl'c|,    2'    5'     ll'IIK,     I'l"    S\'    \\\i\v\    |)li|llluU>i 

.'"  S"  l"iiK'.  IImIIoih-iI,  tliii'kriiiiijj  in  .i>ii-;  iiiiiIhK 
6  is-tlowiTi'il;  ]KMliii'Is  MTV  ^IfiiiliT,  2"  },"  liiii)^; 
luTiii's  j^lolxisf,  coriil-it.Ml  rMrtly  wliiU'i,  ;"  \"  in 
ili.MiuUT,  2    ;-si-i'iKil,  ri]uiiiii,i,'  tlu'  lir--t  yt;ir. 

Ill  wi  I  •ioil,  piiif  1i:iin  n- of  Ni  H  Jii-iy  h<  I'lniiil.i, 
TitimvMi'  ami  I.nuisiaiiii.     April  Jum 


II.    Smilax  lanceolata   I,.      I„nn(.-  lca\xil 
(iix-eiilirit.-r.      '  l''i,t;-.   ni'xi.  1 

Siiiil,i\  liiii,!  I'l'H.i  I.    S)i    li.  i";i.       ir.^v 

Claim  Ills,  --U-ni  Uii  U-,  u-ualK  jirickly,  tlu> 
IhmiuIks  NliinUr,  luii.y;.  '■liylilly  aiij^'lid,  iii<i'»lly  1111- 
artiuil.  I'lliiilf^  1"  j"  Iniiir;  liavi-;  lallur  lliiii, 
laiii'riplaU',  .uiiU-  ity  aiiillliliMU-  at  \.\\v  a]ii\,  iiai- 
ni\v>.-(l  ,ii  tliL-  liasf,  I'liliif,  shiiiiiiji  alioM',  ,s  7- 
iKiviil,  2'  ;,'_•'  loll),;.  *>"  ■2""  wiilf;  ])i<luiulis 
Uiiik,  aii),;Uil,  -, "  n"  Imi;;;  uiiiliils  s  .iii-(lciui-rf(l; 
juMJicLls  2"--"  loiiLi;  lilaiiii'iils  IciiiijiT  tliaii  llu' 
anlliiis;  licnii-^  darl;  iiil,  L;liit)i>--f,  2"  ;,"  in  iliaiii- 
t.t<.r,  usually  j-stiikii,  rijioiiiujj  llif  fiisl  year, 

111  lliiikiN,  ViiKiiiia  tu  .\ikaiisas,  I'liirida  and  Ti  xas. 
Marrli    Ally, 


V\.  N 


l-aiiiil\  22.     HAEMODORACEAE   R.  V,x.  I'n.dr, 

I  S  1 1 .. 
I'.i.i  Miiiw OK  r  1"  \\iii.\ , 
Perennial   licrlis   with  civi-'t   >ti.-iiis,   iianowK-  linear  k-avc 


ii\-, 


l:  -'';m. 


and   i\;;iilar  <ir 

soniuwlial  inc.nular  small  iKrlVx-t  tlnwcrs  in  icTiiiinal  c>  niosc  panicles,  IVrianlli 
f^i-partcil  or  (i-loliL-d,  adiiatc  to  tin.-  ii\ary,  jitTsisicnl.  .Sianicns  ,v  oi)i)i)sit(.-  the 
;,  inner  i)eriant]isei,nnents,  ( )\ary  whully  or  partly  inferior,  ;,-'-'<-"ll<-'d  '>i'  rarely 
I -celled:  ovules  iisnall.v  tew  in  each  ca\it>',  half-anatroiioiis:  style  mostly  slen- 
der: stigma  small,  entire  or  ,v,i;n)o\ed.  I'ruit  a  locnlicidallv  _v\al\ed  ca]isule. 
.Seeds  lew  or  rarel.\'  numerous;  eniliryo  small,  in  ileshv  eiidosiierm. 

Aliniit  .1  <;iiu  la  and  55,  spi-fits,  nnistly  iiativis  of  .Soiitli  .\fiica  and  .ViisUali.i.  a  I'l  «  in  tinpital 
.Xnuiiia.  niily  till-  rullowiiiK  uiiins  in  llu-  imitli  tttnpt  rati'  /uni-. 

I.    GYROTHECA  Salisi),  Trans,  Ilort.  Soc,  i:  ;,--7,       i.sij, 
I  l.\ciiNANTni;s  V.W.  Hill,  S,  C.  .S:  C.a.  1:47,       isK).] 

.\  ratliir  slmil  iR-rb,  with  a  short  roolslDik,  iid  lilmms  roots  and  eijuilaiit  Kavcs,  the 
hasjil  ones  lonj^er  than  lho.se  of  the  stem.  iMowers  minierous,  yellowisli,  small,  in  a  ileiise 
terminal  woolly  eyinose  paniide.  Perianth  6-|)arted  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary,  the  outer 
sejjiiients  smaller  than  the  inner.  I'ilaments  filil'orm,  longer  than  the  perianlh;  autliers 
linear-oI)loii,i{,  versatile,  ( )vary  3-eeIled:  ovules  few  in  eaeh  eavity,  liorne  on  lUshy  ])la- 
eeiit.ie:  style  very  slender,  declined.  Ca])sule  enelosed  by  the  witluTinj^-persisteiit  perianth, 
ne.irly  globular,  3-valved.  Seeds  about  '1  in  eaeh  eavity,  flatteneil,  nearly  orbicular,  ]ieltate 
I  C.riek,  referring;  to  tlie  round  I'ruit,  t 

.V  iiiniicitypie  trtiuis  of  soiitlKaslern  Noitli  .Vineriea  and  tlie  Wi"-!  Indies. 


M 


llu- 


li.1,1, 
y 


^, 


I. 


lU,(MHi\V<iRT    1  AMI  I.  V 
Gyrotheca  capitata  ^  \\;ilt.  i  Mc 

•iiihihi/ii  W.ill.  I'l   Car.  »»)       17^^ 


44,1 


TniiH.     Ucd-n 


(iMnlliiiii  liinli'iiii  Sali-li    Trails    Ilmt    Sm 

1;  ,wr        !"'"•» 
I. Ill  h  mi  II I  Ins  liiul'iii.i  i;il.  Hot   s   C   .V  ('.a.  I 

17        '">!'' 
I, 'i  I  <'//!,,  it  i,if>il.iUi  Ml. 1.. tin    Hull   'ri'tiCliili, 

JO    i;.'        iNii 

SttiM  I'..  ."..  t.ill,  jilaliriiii-.  liilnw,  jiu- 
liisiiiii  iM  \Minll\  ahciM'.  1,1'avi'S  2"  5" 
uidc,  ai  imiiiiali',  tlif  liisal  niif>  slmrtiT 
than  tlif  -.tiiii,  tlif  upiHr  ri'iliuiil  tu  liracl-.; 
piiiiili  .''  5'  liruail  when  ixi>aiiilri|,  cli  iisu 
.iikI  aliiiiist  ra])jlati'  ulii'll  vuuii);,  wliitt- 
wiiully;  n<iv\fl--  t"  ,s"  limail,  lirarU'olalf, 
llu-  ]Hriaiilli  yiUciw  ami  j,'laliriius  williin; 
st\U  aliiiut  as  loiij;  as  llu-  slaliu-tls;  ])i.-ilii'i-ls 
sldiil,  aliimt  as  loll),'  as  llu-  laphuli-,  rallu-r 
sliiirti-r  tliaii  llu-  hrailli-ts;  i-aiisiiU-  alioiit  ;/' 
ill  iliatiu-U-r. 


rasti  rii   Massiu-liiiM  Its  tu   Nt  w 
. ..  :.i 1 1 ..    :..    ..;....    1.  ..-.- 


Ill  s\\,iiM|i-  rastrril  Massm-linM  tls 
Ji  i-i  V  ami  l-'lnriil,i,  iimstly  in  |iim 
111  ai  ilu  i-ii.ist      Alsii  ill  Ciilia      July   J- 


lianviis 
Si  lit. 


I-amily  j;,.     AMARYLLIDACEAE   Lindl.  Xat.  .S\.sl.  Va\.  2:  ^jS.       i.S3r,. 

.\M  \U\  I.I.IS    I'  \M1I.\  . 

IV-n.'iiiiial  1ilt1i>  '  soiiU'  tropical  s])t.-cic.s  wondy  or  i-vc-ti  arlioreoiis  ).  witli  Imllis 
or  root>tock>,  M.'a])o.sL' or  soiiK-iiiiii-s  lt.-at'\- su-ms  anil  iisnallv  narrow  and  L-ntirc- 
k-a\-».-s.  I'"lo\vcrs  ])t-rkTl,  rfj.;ular  or  nearly  xi.  rc-riantli  'i-]iarlt.-d  or  'i-loliL-d, 
llic  M.-j;nicnl>  or  lohc-.s  distinct,  or  united  1il-1o\v  into  a  lulic  wliiili  is  adnatc  to 
tliL-  >nrl'acc  of  thcovar.v  1  adnatconly  to  the  lower  part  of  thcovar\  in  l.opliioln  1. 
Stamens  fi  in  our  ^ciK-ra.  insL-rtcd  on  the  liases  of  the  jierianth-seKUients  or  in 
the  throat  of  the  periaiUh  o])])osite  the  lolies.  Anthers  \-ersatile  or  hasifixed. 
j-eelled,  the  sacs  usuall\  louj;itudiuall>  dehiscent.  Ovary  whollv  or  partly 
inferior,  usually  ,^-celled.  Style  liliforni,  entire,  lohed,  or  divided  into  3  stij;- 
inas  at  the  smnniit.  Ovules  usually  uiinierous,  rarely  only  i  or  2  in  eachcavity 
of  the  o\ar\',  anatrojious.  l-'ruit  capsular,  rarely  fleslix .  vSeeds  inostl\'  black, 
the  eiiihr.M)  small,  enclosed  in  lleshx'  endosperm, 

.\l"iul  7ii«i-iu-ia  ami  s...  sjn  c-its,  iiriiiriii.illy  iialivi-s  nl'  lvii|iii-al  ami  warm  ri-^;ioiis,  smiu-  ill  tlu- 
triii|n  rati-  ztiiir-. 

Ilnlliiiiis  lii-rlis  willi  ll(i\vi-rs  mi  si-njii-^. 

l-lmvi-r  sdlilary :  iii-riaiilli  witliuiil  a  rruwii. 

Aiitlii-rs  virsalili-:  tulii-  cil'  tin-  |Kriaiitli  tint  yitatly  i-lnti^;ali d.  i.   /rftln  i diiUn.i. 

.\iitlii-rs  iti-ct ;  tiilpi  cif  till-  )iitiaiitlt  MAir.il  tiiiu-s  tin-  U  tiivtlt  nf  its  IhIks.   2.   c'ii''/<ii  I'li. 
I'lovvi  rs  i.liistrn-(l;  inriaiilli  with  a  im.-iiilii.imais  cniwu  i-iniiuclint;  llu-  Inwi-r  iiaits  cif  tin- lil.i- 
im-tils.  ,;.  Jlviiiiiii'iiilHs. 

r.iilljU-ss  lii-ilis.  willi  niiitstiii'ks  nr  i-nniis. 

I'lriaiitli  ailtiati-  tcillit-  wlmU-  siirraii-  nl'  llu-  ovary;  Itavi-s  iimstly  liasal. 

Tall.  Ili-sliy  li-a\i-il;  atitlu-is  vrrsalili-.  |.   .\t;n:'i . 

I.nw.  litu-ar  liavid;  atitlii  rs  not  vtis;itiU  5.    //|-/>.m /v. 

I'l-riantlt  adtiati- only  to  till-  louit  |iait  of  tlii-ii\aiy.  sti-tti  li  .il'v  .  Ilowtrs  uonlly,     i>.   !.,if>liiohi. 


;'>. 


182I. 


I.    ZEPHYRANTHES  Herb.  App.  Bot.  1    .tr.  ,, 

(ilabnms  liorlis  with  i-oaleil  Inillis,  iiarmw  U-avcs,  and  eri-i-l  i-lluuiruil  si-api-s,  tlu'  llowt-r 
larj;c,  erei't.  pink,  whiU-  or  inirplf.  IV-riaiilh  fnnnchnriii,  iiakeil  in  llu-  llimal,  willi  6  iiu-iii- 
hram HIS  equal  croi't-s]ii-cailiiij.j  lobes  niiileil  below  inlo  a  lube,  subtended  by  an  entire  or  i- 
elefl-braet.  Slanieiis  inserted  on  the  ihio.il  of  llu-  perianlli,  equal  or  nearly  so;  anlheis  ver- 
satile. ( Ivaiy  ;,-i"elled;  style  loiij;,  rdiloriii,  vi-'lefl  at  the  smuniil;  ovules  numerous,  in  2 
rows  in  eaeli  eavily  of  the  ovary.  Capsule  ihiii-walled,  sulit;lobose  or  depies.sed,  3-lobed, 
loinlieidally  vvalved.  Seeils  iiioslly  tlallened,  black  or  nearly  so.  [Ciieek,  signifying 
wind-llower.  ] 

.\lioni  ;('  siK-cies,  natives  of  .\itierica.  Ilesiiles  llu-  f(lllowitl^;■.  |  otliirs  uccur  in  tlu-  soullu-rn 
t'liited  SlaU-s. 


444 


AMARVM.IDACI'AJv. 


./';m: 


I.  Zephyranthes  Atamasco  ( I,.  )  Ikil). 

Ataiuasci)  Lily.     Slaj^j^cr-j^rass. 

(  l'"ij;^.  1062. ) 

Aiiiai  yllis  A/iiiikisih  I,.  S]).  I'l.  21).'.      I7.S,V 
'/efiliM aiilln's  Jlitiiiiistit  Ihrl).  Ap]).  lint.  Ktir.  ;('• 
1S21. 

liuUi  ovoiil,  alxillt  1'  \in\\<.  lAavis  (lesliy, 
.soiiK'wlial  I'oiU'Mvt",  shilling,  h'  i,s'  Idiik.  about 
'  '^''-j"  ^vi(l(.',  liluiil,  usually  sliorlcr  lliau  tin.' 
scapu;  sca]ii'  UtcU',  t.'tii't,  2"  },"  in  diaimtor; 
lira.'t  uifinbranous,  2  '-k-ft  iiitnafumiiiate  lobes, 
lonjiL'f  lliau  the  ovary;  flowiTS  2'  .^'i'  \\\)i\\. 
wliito  with  a  jnirplisli  tiiij^L'  or  soniftinius  lijjhl 
J)uq)li.';  piriaulh-si'LjiiR'nts  oblonjj-lauieolatc, 
ai'uti',  sliortir  than  the  tube;  slai.iens  shorter 
than  the  tube;  stamens  shorter  than  tlu  peri- 
anth; style  lon^^er  than  the  stamens;  eapsule 
depressed,  about  '.'  hijih. 

Ill  luiiist  jilaeis,  scmUu  rii  reiiiisylvaiiia  (?);casl- 
eni  Virginia.  IMnrida  and  Alabama,  reriaiilli 
ran  iy  S  liibed.     Maiili  Jiuu-. 

2.    COOPERIA  Ilcrh.  Bot.  Uck'.   />/•  'Vvf.       1S36. 

I,o\v  herbs  with  eoaled  bulbs,  very  narrow  j;r.iss-like  Uaves  and  slender  l-llowired  seapes, 
the  I'.ower  lar>{e.  long,  creet,  subteixled  by  a  nieiiibrauous  spatlle-like  braet.  I'erianth  salver- 
form  with  fi  oval  or  ovate  spreading  lobes  uiiiteil  into  a  tube  sever.il  times  tlieir  length,  the 
tube  eylindrie  or  slightly  dilated  at  the  summit.  Stamens  inserted  on  llie  throat  of  the  peri- 
anth; tilanunts  short;  antlurs  linear,  ertet.  Ovary  veellcd;  .style  liliform;  stigtn.i  slightly 
_^-lobed;  ovuKs  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  eaeh  eavity  of  the  ovary.  Capsule  dejirtssed,  globose 
or  obovoid,  ;,-lobeil,  loculieidally  ;,-valved.  Seeds  numerons,  hi>ri/(iulal,  blaek.  |  In  honor 
of  Daniel  Coopar,  1.S17  ?-i.S.(2,  Curator,  Motanieal  Soeiety  of  London. 

Two  kiiiiwii  spioies.  iiatiM—  nf  tlu  sntitlnvtsl 
em  I'niled  .State-  ,iiid  .Mixieci. 

I.    Cooperia  Drummondii  Ikih. 

Dninuiioiid's  Conporia. 

I  l'"i,i;.  i')6,^.  ) 

Ci'i'/tfiid  Pi  iiiiiiiiniiilii  Herb.   Hot.  Kite  /i/.  i>;^. 

18^(1. 

bulb  globose,  aliout   I '  in  di.imeter.      Leaves 

W  -12'  long,  2"  ;>"  wide,  iriet;  seape  sK  mler, 

hollow,  alioul  a--  long  as  the  le.ives;  spalhe  liki' 

bract  1'  2'  long,  2-eleft  above  into  .uuminale 

lobes  4"  I  "  long;  flower  3'  ,s'  high,  wliiteor 

pii.riish;    tube   of    the    perianth   very   slender, 

iboul  I  '.. "  in  diameter,  slightly  exp.imled  just 

oelow   the  lind;;  segments  oblong,  obtusi-  and 

vuspidale   or   aeutish,   nearly    1'    long,   ,^"4" 

wide,  ovary  sessile;  eaj)suK'  soimuhat  obovoid, 

about   '.. '  in  diameter,  deeply  lobed. 

( In  iir.iiriis,  Kaii-a-.  to  I.oui-i.iu.i,  'W  xas.  .Mi  \ico 
and  Ni  \v  Mexico.     .Xpril  July. 

3.    HYMENOCALLIS  Salisl..  'Piaiis.  II. .it.    ".oc 

]\Iosll\'  tall  bullions  lu'rbs  willi  usnallv  lanceolalt-  or  liiK'ar-oblong  leaves,  and  large 
while -.essilr  or  sbort-pedicelled  umbelled  (lowers  on  erect  solid  sca]ies,  e.ich  lle.wer  snbtelKied 
by  2  lo'i.r  nu  inbraiious  brads.  I'eria.ilh  of  6  spreading  or  rei'iirvcil  narrow  t'lpial  elougateil 
lobes,  Ui  d  below  into  a  long  eylindrie  lube.  Stniiens  inserted  in  the  top  of  Ihi'  iierianth- 
tnlie,  the  lower  jiarls  of  lln-  long  lilameiils  connected  by  a  inembiiiuous  cup  like  crown;  an- 
thers linear,  versatile.  ( t\  ary  ,i-celled;  ovules  only  I  or  2  in  each  cavity;  st\  le  liliform,  loiig- 
exserleil;  slif^tna  small,  entire  or  nearly  so.  Capsule  ovoid  or  globose,  rather  lleshy.  Si'eils 
usually  onlv  1  or  2,  largi',  green,  fleshy.     [Ci  eek,  beautiful  inemlaane,  \\  firriiig  to  the  crown.  | 

.\liiilil  VI  s|)ci_-i,.s.  all  .\liieriiMii.      I'usicUs  llu-  rullnwiiiK,  m  ollurs  neciM  in  llii'  -nulluvii   Stales. 


^'^/i^.S:. 


A.MARVM.IS    I'AMII.V. 

I.    Hymenocallis  occidentalis  (  Ia-  CoiUl- i 

Kuiuli.     Hyiiieiiociillis.     i  Imjj.  i(jf>4.  j 

]\iin  I iiliiiiii  i'lii uliiiiiiiiiiiii  I,.  S]).  I'l.  21)1.     175.?.? 
J'liin  I (iliiiDi  iH,  iilt  iitiili  I.iCniiti-.  Ann.  I.yi'.  N.  \'.  3;  I  \('. 

Ilviiiiiinriillis  I'll  iiliiildli^  KuiUli.  Iviiuni.  5:  >5ii.     i.\iii, 

Hull)  liir).;i-.     I.fMVfs  lituMr-uliIi    i-,  ,  iiarmwiMl  aleaiii 

t'liil,  lli-sliy  j;l.uuinis,  1-2"  loiij.;,  i/'  2'   wide;    scaiK- 

stoiil,   t-(|uallitij;  (If   l()iij,ar  lliaii    tlu'    leaves;    Ijraets 

liniai-lamedlati',  I'..'   J'i'lciiij^;  imihel  several-flow- 

creil;  ])i.riamli-tiil)L-  i  '_."  2"  in  dianutcr.  ;,'  ,s'  loi'K, 

llie  linear  Inhe^  nearly  as  lonj.;;  erown  lunnilfonn, 

narrowed    lielow,    1'    1 '4  '    limj;,    its   niai^^ins   entire, 

erose  ur  i-tootlied  betweiii  the  lilanienls;  free  part  of 

tile  filaments  about  1'  lonj;,  white;  anthers  ahout  S' 

lonjr  and  '."wide,  yellow;  style  exteiidiiif^  for  2'  .a' 

beyond  the  crown,  ).;reen;  fruit  6"-i/'  in  diameter. 

Ill  iiioist  soil.  Ciininia   tn  siiutlurn    Illinois  and  .Mis 
soiiii.     Julv  Si'iil. 

4.   AGAVE  L.  Sp.  I'l.  323.       1753. 

I'lesliy  herhs,  some  tmiiieal  speeies  very  tall,  with  a  short  erowndike  or  erect  rootstock 
( caiidex  1  and  tall  hracted  scapes,  the  leaves  large,  thick,  soiiietinies  spiny-toothed,  basal,  or 
clustered  at  the  toi)  of  the  caudex,  and  lar)j;e,  hracted  (lowers  in  teriniual  spikes  or  com- 
pound clusters.  IVrianth  tubular  or  fiiiinelform,  withering-iiersi.stent,  of  6  erect  or  spread- 
ing  e(|ual  or  nearly  eipial  lobes,  iiiiiled  below  into  a  tube.  Stamens  inserted  oil  the  ])eri- 
a'lth  ,it  ll  e  bases  of  the  lobes,  e.xserted;  lilaments  flattened  or  liliform;  anthers  versatile. 
Ovary  V'tHcd;  style  sleiitler,  exserted,  vlobed;  ovules  iniiiieroiis,  i.  2  rows  in  each  cavity  of 
the  ovary.  Ca])siiU'  ovoid,  subglobosc  or  oblong,  3-lobed,  thick-walled,  manv-seeded.  Seeds 
compressed,  somewhat  cuiieate,  black,      [(".reek,  sigiiifviiig  iiobU-.  | 

.\lHilit  1  |o  -.iiicies,  all  .Vimiiean,  Hesidis  the  lullowiMi.;,  -iiinc  1  .'otln  i>  incur  ill  tlu  soutliwist 
eni  Slates. 

..    Agave  Virginica  I<.      I'alsc  Aloe. 
(I-ij--.  1065.  ) 

-U'l/rv  I'll '^iin'iii  I..  .S]).  I'l.  ,v,v       ^~S?\- 

Clabidus  throughout,  rootstock  a  short  crown 
w'th  minierous  fibrous  roots.  Scajie  2-6  tall, 
rather  slender,  soiiietiiiies  nearly  '_. '  in  diameter  at 
the  base,  its  brails  distant,  loiig-acuiniiiate,  the 
lower  ,;''>'  long;  leavi-s  narrowly  oblong,  .'j"  2' 
long,  'j'  J'.'  wide,  acuminate,  their  margins  en- 
tire or  deiiliculate;  spiki'  I  2^  loii.ii,  loose;  llowers 
greenish  yidlow,  odorous,  solitarv  in  the  axils  of 
short  brads,  sessile  or  the  lowisl  distinctly  Jiedi- 
celled;  perianth  nearly  tubul.ir,  slightly  expanded 
.ibove,  S"  ij"  long,  the  UiIh-  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  I'lect  lobes;  lilaments  at  length  about  as  long  as 
the  piriaiith;  capsule  5"  s"  in  diaineler,  slinluly 
longer  111, 111  thiik,  alpru|)ll\  conlr.uled  into  .1  -.horl 
stalk. 

Ill  cliy  ~nil,  Mai  via  ml  to  Iiuliaii.i  .itiil  Mi-.-MUi  i.  -^I'Ulli 
111   I'lnliil  I  .mil  'll  \.i-. 


5.     HYPOXIS   L.  Sysl.  I'.d.   lo,  2;  .)S(,.       17;,.,. 

I.ow,  mo-,ll\  \illoiis  iK-rlis  uith  a  cnnii  or  short  iool>liM-k,  grass-like  leaves  and  "-lender 
few -Mow ''red  scapes,  the  llnwer--  i.itlur  siiiidl.  reriaiith  h-parted,  its  segments  e(|ua'.  or 
liearlv  ■•  separate  to  the  siiniinit  ol  tlu'  o\aiv,  s]ire.idiii.t;,  wilhiring  persistent,  the  ;,  outer 
OIK'S  greenish  on  tin'  lower  side  in  our  sjiecies.  Slnneii>  iii-.erli'il  on  the  bases  of  the  peri- 
antli-segnieiil-';  lilanients  short;  anthers  erect,  sagilt.ile  or  eiilhe.  (  >var\  ;,-celled;  style 
short;  stigmas  ;,,  erect;  ovules  niimii'oii.^,  in  2  rows  in  each  cavil\-.  Capsule  subglobose  or 
oblong,  lllin-walled,  not  dehiscillt  by  valves.  .Seeils  globular,  black,  lalii'.dly  short-beaked 
by  their  stalk--,      [(".reek,  originally  .,iven  to  some  plant  with  soiir  leaves.  | 

.\  bout  ,=io  species,  widely  disirilniteil.    ilesides  tile  I'nllnuiiiK:,  Jolliers  occur  ill  I  lie  -ouUieni  .States. 


44''' 


AMARVIJ.IDACI'Ai:. 


I.    Hypoxis  hirsuta  (  I,.  )  Covillc.     Star- 

j^rass.      '  Fiij;.  1066.  1 

ill  iiilliKiiiilnm  hiisiilHiii  I.,  S|).  V\.  S'*\       175, v 

I/vpoi  is  I  ic,  III  I.,  S>>l.  i;<l.  111.  2:m>'i.       ^~^u 

llvpin  /(  liiiMilii  Covillc,  Mini.  Turr.  L'luli,  5    11^.      i.ni;. 

Conn  (ivdid,  oblmij^  cir  i^'iihosi',  '^  '  'j '  in  iliaiiK-lLT, 
witli  n\nniniii^  lUiroiiN  i<i<it>.  I.iavts  li.is:il,  11:11- 
rouly  litK:ii.  i"  2'.."  uiiK-,  iiicnc  or  k>s  villous, 
ilioslly  loii;,'rr  lli.m  \.\w  >i::\\w^\  simjun  sU'iiiliT,  civcl, 
vill<iiis  almvc.  umimHv  j.;l.iliriiu^  hclow,  2'  f>'  \\\'^\\\ 
llowcis  I  (),  uiiiIhUmu-:  linuls  MihiilaU',  sliorti-r  than 
till-  ]Hilii  1.1s;  ]H-rianlli-sc.i;nn.nls  narrowly  olilmiir, 
sprcailin.v;,  mostly  ohtusc,  bright  yillow  witliin, 
.ijrii'iiisli  and  villous  willKint,  ;"  5"  lony;  stamens 
soimuliat  niK-i|iial:  -tylc  ratlur  ^liorur  tlian  llu'  sta- 
men-., van.v'Kd,  tliv  sli^nias  iKruriciit  on  tlif  .iiii;lcs; 
r.i])-.uk- alioiii  I  '_.  "  in  ilianivli-r;  sviils  aiiij;k'ci,  hlai'k. 

In  dry  snil  Maiiu'  and  (tnlarin  li^  .\-siiiilioia.  I'lcirid.i 
and  Trxas      .\siiiids  to  ;.>«' It.  i"  XiiHiiiia.     May  ( let. 

6.  LOPHIOLA  K..r,  Hot.  Mao.  /,/.  /,-,/,.  ,,s,4. 
.\ii  erect  perennial  IutIi  with  sU'iidir  loolstoeks,  l"il>rons  roots  ereet  sparinglv  leal'v  stems, 
the  lea\is  narripuly  linear  ,iiid  mostly  hasal,  and  niiiiKrons  small  \ellouish  (lowers  in  a  ler- 
miii.d  woolly  eymose  paiiiele.  I'eri  intli  eamjiaiinlale,  persistent,  of  6  iiearh  e(|Ual  woolly 
ereet-sjn-eadini;  sejiiiieiits,  slij.;litly  united  at  the  base,  and  adnale  to  the  lowir  jiart  of  the  ovary. 
Stamen--  in.strlid  on  the  bases  of  the  ])erianth-se].;ments;  lilaiiu-uls  filiform,  short;  anthers 
bi-iliNeil.  I  (vary  ;,-eelled;  style  subulate,  at  h-ii,L;th  Vi'left;  ovules  numerous,  in  2  rows  in 
e.uli  lavily.  Capsule  o\did,  tijjped  with  the  slyli-,  linally  loeulieidall\  .vvalved  at  the  sum- 
mil.     Seeds  oblonj;,  numerous,  ribbed.    |(ireek,  referrinj^  to  the  tufts  of  wool  on  the  perianth.  ] 


•r 


mtluasleni  Nurili  .Xnurie.i 


.\   nintlnly]iU'  HlUlls 

I.    Lophiola  Americana  i  I'ursli  '  Cnville. 

L<)])lii(i]a.      I  I'"io.  10(17.  1 

(■(■;/. (,v/j7/\  Aiiii-ii, ,111,1  I'lirsli.  I'l    .\ni.  Sepl.  22\.     |S|) 
l.iif'hi,4,i  till  I ,  ,1  Kit.  Hot,  .M.ii;,  /•/    .-,'■/'       1^1  1 
/.I'fthiiila    Aiiiii  uiiii.i    Coville.    .Mem     Tnir    Cliili,    5: 

11^,  IS'l). 

Stem  stiff,  ereet,  terete,  i^lal)roii^  below,  wliile- 
WDoUy  above,  1'  J~  tall,  I,ea\es  ei|iiitaiit,  ,iL,da- 
brous,  inueh  shorter  than  the  stem,  the  upjHi'  ones 
reduced  to  br.icls;  jianicle  densely  uhite-woolly, 
com])osed  of  numerous  \v\\  sevi'ral-ilowereij  cymes; 
l)eilicel--  -horl,  rather  -.tout,  erect  or  asccuiliiij;; 
periantli--ej^nieiUs  linear-laiiceo'ate,  about  2"  lout;, 
\\ooll\-  outside,  lontjer  than  the  stamens  and  witli  a 
tuft  of  wool  at  the  ba--e  within;  capsule  about  aslony 
as  the  |)ersistenl  style,  s'.iorter  than  the  pi'riaiUh. 

I'ine  b.nti  n  Imi^s.  New  Jersey  to  florid, i      .Iliiu    .\\\\i. 

I''aillil\    2\. 


,fe 


^m 


Xal.  S\sl 


DIOSCOREACEAE   Ijnd 

\'\M     I'AMII.N'. 

I krl I'KX'dtis  or  >liolill\  \vi")(l>  Iwiiiini;  \iiK's  willi  lk>li>  or  wmidy  fdolslock^, 
-Iciiik-r  slL-iiis,  jiL'lioled,  iiKisth  curdaic,  -^exLTal  ueTxe'd  and  i"c'icidalL-\eim.'d 
k-a\es,  aUeniatc  or  tlie  lnwcr  (i])])()sili.'  or  vurticillali.',  and  small  iiic()iisi)ie'tii)iiN 
dio(.'cinti>  (ir  iiiniiDe'cioiis  (in  senile-  exiuic  .t-LMiura  iktIVcI  )  ivoiilar  llowcrs  in 
spike-.  vacLiiR's  or  panick-s.  I'eiiaiilli  (i-jiarle-d,  thai  of  llie-  pisiillale'  llowiTs 
lieisisleiU.  .St;iiiiinali'  tliiwiT-  with  u  or  ;,  staiiiciis,  sdUKliines  willi  a  riidiiiieii- 
tarv  (i\ar\'.  I'islillali-  lli)\ve-r>  with  :in  infcrinr  vi'i-lk'd  <i\ar\',  3  slvk-s  and  ,;  ter- 
minal sliifHias,  sdiiKiimes  also  witli  ,^  m"  '>  slamiimdia;  <i\iik'S  2  (  rarclv  1  1  in 
each  cavit>  of  the-  ((\:ir> ,  puiKhdoits,  analf()|)i)Us  <ir  anijihitro] otis,  iMitil  a 
,^v\:>kx(l,  3-ano;k-d  cajisnle  in  llie-  t'tillnwin.;.:;  oeiitts.  iMulnspuim  of  tlic  .seed 
lk-sh\  or  cartila^inntis,  enclnsino  tjie  small  end>r\n. 

.Mi'iut  o  ^:ciura  and  I7,s  --lyii'ii.-.  mostly  nati\  e^  of  .\nu  rii-.i,  a  few  in  llie  ( lid  World 


VAM    FAMILY. 
X.    DIOSCOREA  h.  Sp.  PI.  lo.v 


447 


CliatiU'tiTs  of  llie  family  :is  (lelilR'cl  abovi'.      [Nailif  in   lioiior  of  the  C.at.-k   i]atiir,ili>.t 
Dioscoridt'S.] 

Tlurc  an'  abimt  I'm  spiciis,  iiicist  nunurous  in  impical  riifii'iis.  a  \\\\  cxtt  nilinK  iiitu  tin-  tiin- 
pirati-  zoius.     Till-  lar^;i'  lU>liy  molslocks  (if  stviial  trii])iiiil  sik  rii!.  funii-.li  tliu  yaiii>  iif  i-oiiuiurcf. 


I.    Dioscorea  villosa  L. 

Piii^iniin  rvY/iui/  I,.  Sp.  IM.  ni.Vv      i7,s.?. 

Rootstock  knotted,  horizontal,  woody,  ,'j'-i' 
thick.  Stem  6°-i5°  long,  twining  or  rarely  sub- 
erect,  glabrous;  leaves  ovate,  entire,  slen<ler- 
pctioled,  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite  or  in  4's, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  2'-6' 
long,  i'  -('  wide,  y-i 3-iierved,  thin,  green  and 
glabrous  or  nearly  .so  above,  pale  and  more  or 
less  pubescent  beneath;  petioles  often  longer  than 
the  blades;  (lowers  greenish  yellow,  neatly  ses- 
sile, the  staminale  i"-i'_."  broad  in  drooping 
])aiiicles  ^'-'i'  long,  the  pistillate  about;,"  long  in 
drooping  spicate  racemes;  capsules  membranous, 
yellowish  green,  -"-\2"  long,  strongly  3-winged, 
containing  2  or  sometimes  only  i  tl.it  thin-winged 
seed  in  each  cavity. 

In  nil  list  tliiiki  Is,  KIukU  Island  li>(  )iitariii  anil  .Min- 
nesota, sdiitli  In  I'lnridii  and  Texas.  Am'iikIs  In  |i««) 
ft.  in  Virginia.  Jiiiii-  July.  I'ruit  ripe  .Sept.,  per 
si>leiit  (111  the  viiie^  iuln  the  winter. 


Wild  Vam-root.     ( I'iR.  io'').S.) 


-IP 


Family  25.     IRIDACEAE  Lindl.  Xal.  Sy.st.  VA.  2,  3.S2.       iS^d. 

IkIS    b'.NMII.V. 

IVrciiiiial  hcrlis  with  narrow  e(iuilant  2-raiikeil  k-aves  and  ]KrtVct  re-.:.;iilar  or 
iii\',i;tilar  mostly  cluslcre-d  flowt-r.s  subtended  by  bracts.  IVviantli  of  (^  senine-nls 
or  fi-lobe-d,  its  tube  adnatc  to  the  ovary,  the  sei;nients  or  lobes  in  two  series, 
eon\-olnte  in  the  bud,  witlierinf'-i)ersistent.  vStaniens  ,^,  inserted  on  the  perianth 
o])])osite  its  otiter  series  of  sej^nients  or  lol)es;  fdainents  filiforni,  distinct  or 
united:  anthers  2-celled,  extror.se.  Ovary  inferior,  mostly  Reviled:  ovtiles 
mostlv  lunnerous  in  each  cell,  anatrojx)ns;  style  ,^-cleft,  its  branches  .sometimes 
divided.  Capsules-celled,  locnlicidally  dehiscent,  .^-anj^led  or  .vlolied  (some- 
times 6-lol)ed  I,  man\-seeded.  I'aidosperm  of  the  seed  lleshy  or  horny;  embr>() 
slr.ii^ht.  small. 


.Miniit  ,s;  Ktn(  la  and  inoi  species,  of  widi  (li-.lribiilion. 
Stylehraiu  lies  opposite  llie  anthers,  very  broad,  petal  like. 
Style  braiu-hes  ajleniale  uilli  tlie  anthers,  sleiidi  r  or  lilifnriu 
,SlyU   liianehes  iiUI't;  plants  bulbous. 
■Style  braiK-hes  undivided;  plants  iint  bulbnus. 
l'"ilameuls  all  distinct;  seeds  lUsliy. 
I'ilaiiieir.s  united;  seeds  drv 


1.  /)/>. 

2.  Xi'iiiastylis. 

V  (iiiiimiii:; ill. 

|.  .SY.vi ;  iiuliiiiiii. 


1.    IRIS  ],.  Sp.  I'l.  .v^.       i75,v 

Herbs  with  creeping  or  horizontal,  often  woody  and  sometimes  tuber-bearing  rmitstocks, 
erect  stems,  erect  or  ascending  c([nitant  leaves,  and  large  regular  terminal  sometimes  paii- 
ided  llowers.  Perianth  of  6  clawed  segments  united  below  into  a  tube,  the  ,,  outer  dilated, 
spreading  or  rellexed,  the  ,^  inner  narrower,  .smaller,  usually  erect,  or  in  some  species  about 
.is  large  as  the  outiT.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  outer  perianth-segments;  anthers 
linear  or  oblong.  Ovary  .vcelled;  divisions  of  the  style  petal-like,  arching  over  the  stamens, 
bearing  the  stigmas  immediately  utider  their  mostly  2-lobed  tips;  styleoase  adnate  to  the 
perianth-tube.  Capsule  oblong  or  oval,  3-6-angled  or  lobcd,  mostly  coriaceous.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, vertically  compressed  in  1  or  2  rows  in  each  cell,  [(ireek,  rainbow,  referring  to  the 
variegated  (lowers.] 

.\l)out  Inn  spieies,  lunstly  ill  the  north  teiuperale  zone,  liesides  the  following,  some  S  others 
oeeiir  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  Norlli  .\iueriea.  The  names  I'IiKi  i-i  di-liuf  M\t\  /■'Irtn- 
tic  lis  are  applied  to  the  siieeie:.. 

39 


44S 


IRIDACI'AE. 


Sti  111-  lull    ii~ii:ill\  MMial  (IdWi  11(1.  l(;if\  :  until  JH  tiaiitli  -(  yiiu  111-  laini  i  tliaii  tin  iniui. 
I'ldWii-  IpImc,  \;iriiK.it<  il  willi  yillnw.  wliitr  iii  ^;r^■l•ll  i  nmly  :ill  wliili-  i. 
NiiiU'  (if  iIk  iuii;iiitli  -lyiiuiit-  crislfd;  iialivi  sjiicics. 
I.tavA-   '   '    i'  widi  . 

I.iavt- -iiiiiiu  li:it  ulaiHiiii-.  I.   /.  :;  iwitolm: 

I.iavis  liritflit  nut  ii.  iidt  nl'iurmis. 


t  iiiU  1  iKriiiiilli  M  ^;iiit  Ills  ,V    t'  lontt;  fluwirs  sissilc. 
I  Milri  iKii  null  siKiiu  Ills  2'.-  -S  liiiiK;  lUnvirs  ladiii  Ik- 


<1.    ,i. 


/.  Ill'  ytmiuhi. 
I.  (  tiifliiiimiii. 


I.iavi  -  iiiiiili  iiaricp-.M  r.  _>"    |"  wiiV 

L'ai>-lik'  iiblu-ily  aiiv;lt  il,   ;  'i  Inliid 

CapMilc    (liiluil;  iioilluni.  |.  /.  JlonLii  i. 

CajiMik' 'i  lulu  (I.  wistiiii.  S-  /   Mi^smn  iriiMS. 

Caii-uk-  sliai'lily  i  ailtflid.  (i,  /.  f>i  isniilliiti. 

Cliik  1  ]ii  riaiilli -I  ^iiuiit- ■itroiinly  I'lcslid  ,  iiitiniliioi<l.  -.  I.  i  in  nniiinii. 

I'liiuii-  ti(l(li-li  (Il  H(l  liKiwti.  ,H.  I.  fiiliii. 

I'ldWi  1- liii^;lit  yilldvv;  iiitriului'id  ^-lui'ii -.  'i.  /.  I'sridlitmi  lis. 
Sttnis  low,  -I  l(l((iii  (i\i  1  11'  tall,  1    ;  Ikiwi'iid;  (Hitn  and  iniut  ]«  liaiitli  m  i^'iiunts  nearly  i(|nal 
( Inti  1  piiiantli  -ijiimiit-  rn-tcd;  k  avt-  laiuiolali . 

I'liiantli  tiilii   M  ly  -kinki.  ixritdiiiK  tin-  Inaits.  id.  /,  iiisliihi 

!'<  riaiitli  tiilic  >  xjiaiKkd  aliovf,  iKit  ixciidinn  llic  liiacts.  ii.  /.  I,iiiislii\. 

(  Mil(  I  )ii  liaiilli  -ijiiiii  lit-  cu-tid.  flaw-  -liu'illy  piilK-i'iiit ;  kavi  -  liiu'ar.    12.  /.  :'i  >  11,1. 


I.    Iris  versicolor  K.     I,ai>,aT  Hhic  I'laj;;.     (Imr.  1069.  ) 

/; /(  :i->si<i>/,ii   I,.  Sp.  I'l.  ,!<,)■       i;5,?. 
/lis  I'll i;i  111(11  I..  Si>.  ri.   ?i).      175,5. 

Kootstock  liori/.ontal,  thick,  fleshy,  covered 
with  tlie  fibrous  roots.  Stems  terete  or  nearly  so, 
strai>;lit  or  llexuoiis,  2"  ;,"  tall,  often  branched 
above,  leafy;  leaves  erect,  shorter  than  tlic  stem, 
sonicwhat  j^lancous,  6"  12"  wide;  bracts  com- 
monly limber  than  the  pedicels,  the  lower  one 
sometimes  foliaccous;  llnwers  several,  violel-blne, 
varicj^ated  willi  yellow,  .yreen  and  white;  perianth- 
segments  j^lahrons,  creslless,  the  outer  ones  spatu- 
lale,  2'  ;/  lonjr,  longer  and  wider  than  the  inner; 
periaulli-tnbe  dilated  uiiward,  shorter  than  the 
ovary;  capsule  oblony,  obscurely  ,^-lobed,  about 
I  '2'  long  H"*l  ^"  ill  diameter;  seeds  2"-^"  broad, 
in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

In  niar-lii  -.  I'lickits.  and  wit  imaddws.  Niwfdiind 
land  Id  .Manit(il)a.  -diitli  to  I'ldrid.i  and  .\rkaii>as. 
May  July. 


2.    Iris  hexagona  Walt.     SomlK-ni  Hhie  I'Ma^. 


/;7,v  III  \iii;i'iiii  Wall.  1-1.  Car.  'mi.       i;'','*. 

Rootstock  stout,  thick.  Stems  terete,  usually 
simple,  straight  or  llexuous,  leafy,  l°-3°  tall;  leaves 
ij'-i  1^'  wide,  green,  not  glaucous,  the  lower  often 
2°-.^°  long;  flowers  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  ses- 
sile, similar  to  those  of  /.  xrrsiiolor,  but  larger,  the 
broader  outer  creslless  jieriaiith  segments  often  4' 
long  and  over  1'  wide,  much  wider  than  the  erect 
inner  ones;  pcri.inth-tubc  rather  longer  than  the 
ovary,  a  little  dilated  ujiward;  capsule  olilong  cylin- 
dric,  6-anglc<l,  about  2'  long;  seeds  in  2  rows  in 
each  cavity. 


In  swamps,  Soulli  Cardlinaand  I'luridalu  Kinlncky, 
Misscmri  and  Texas.     .\pril-Miiy. 


IRIS   I'AMIIA'. 


449 


3.    Iris  Caroliniana  S.  Wats.     Caioliiui 
Hluc  l-'laj;.     I  Fij;.  1 07 1.) 

Ii  li  (\iioliinaiui  S.Wats,   in   A.  <',iiiy,   Man.   I'M.  (>.    ,si  |. 

Roolslock  stout,  llcsliy.  Stem  rather  stout,  siiuplc 
or  branched  2°-3°  tall,  e(|ualle(l  or  exceeded  by  the 
brifiht  Kften  leaves  which  are  >i"-l%'  wide;  flowers 
solitary  or  2  or  ;,  together,  lilac,  variegated  with  yel- 
low, purple  and  l)ri>wii,  pedicelled;  ])cdicels soniewhal 
shorter  than  the  bnicts;  outer  perianth-segments 
broadly  spatulatc,  2 '2 '-3'  long,  with  narrow  claws, 
the  inner  narrower  and  nearly  erect;  i)crianth-tube 
about  '..'  long  above  the  ovary;  capsule  oblong,  ob- 
tusely 5-angled,  i>^'-2'  long;  seeds  in  i  row  in  each 
cavity,  4" -5"  broad. 

In  suaniii-.  -outlKvn  MiKinia  and  laslcrn  Nnrlh  Caro- 
lina.    :\Iay  JuMf. 


4.    Iris  Hookeri   IViiin .     Hooker's  lihie 

V\a')S,.      (  FiK-  1072. ) 

fi  is  //(loiYii  IVimy;  Stiiwl.   Niiintiiol.   ICd.   2.   Part   I, 
S22.       1840. 

Rootstock  rather  slender.  Stems  slender,  simple 
or  branched,  terete,  i(i'-2o'  tall.  ],eaves  mostly 
basal,  narrowly  linear,  bright  green,  shorter  than 
or  cciualling  the  stem,  2"  4"  wide;  flowers  solitary 
or  2  together,  pedicelled,  the  pedicels  shorter  than 
the  bracts;  ])erianth-scgincnts  glabrous,  crestless, 
the  iimer  ones  oblanccolate,  much  shorter  and 
smaller  thau  the  outer;  capside  short-oblong,  i'- 
I'z'  long,  7"-io"  in  diameter,  thin-walled,  trans- 
versely veined,  obtusely  ,^-lobed;  seeds  in  2  rows  in 
each  cavity,  about  i,'i"  broad. 

I  )n  rivir  sluirts.  Ni  wfuunilland  to  (Jucbic  and 
Maim-.     Suniiiier. 


5.    Iris  Missouriensis  Niiit.     Western 
Blue  l-'la^.     (I*'iK-  n)7,v) 


/'/> 


Jfissi'iii  I,  iiM\    Null.    Jnurn.   Acad.    I'hila.  7:   5S. 

'vl. 


Rootstock  stout.  Stem  rather  slender,  usually 
siniplr,  terete,  ()'-2''-  tall,  1-2-flowereil;  leaves 
mostly  basal,  greeu,  sometimes  purplish  below, 
shorter  than  or  about  eiiualling  the  stem,  2"-4" 
wide;  flowers  pale  blue  and  variegated,  pedicelled; 
j)ediccls  slender,  '_•'  2'  long,  usually  shorter  than 
the  scarious  bracts;  perianth-segments  glabrous, 
crestless,  the  outer  ones  2'-2yi'  long,  the  inner 
somewhat  shorter,  the  tube  3"-4"  long  above  the 
ovary;  capsule  oblong,  I'-iJa'  long,  about  '/z'  in 
diameter,  obtusely  6-angled,  faintly  veined. 

In  wit  soil,  South  Dakota  to  Montana  aiul  Nevada, 
snuth  to  Colorado  and  .Arizona.     May-July. 


450 


IRIDACKAH. 


6.    Iris  prismatica  Piirsli.     Sloiukr  Hliic  Fla^.     ( I-'i^.  1074.  ) 

/lis  riii;iiiiiii  Miilil.  Cat.  |.       i^i.i.      Nut  I..  I7>,v 
/ris  f>i  iMiiiiliiii  riii>li,  I'l   Am   St  i>l    ;■'       i>i  1 
///.v  i;/!/,  ;7;'.v  liitftl    l"l    linsl.  I  J.       iM|. 

Rootstock  rather  slender,  tutjerous-thieketicil. 
Stems  slender,  ol'len  llexumis,  i'-^"  tall,  usually 
simple,  l)eariii>;  2  or  3  leaves;  leaves  almost  grass- 
like, iij"-2'j"  wide,  mostly  shorter  than  the 
stem;  llowers  solitary  or  2  toj^ether,  hlue  vcine<l 
with  yellow,  slcnder-peilicelled;  pedicels  com- 
monly lon),;cr  than  the  hracts;  outer  jieriauth-scK- 
nients  1  '.. '  2'  lonj;,  f^labrous  and  crestless,  the  in- 
ner smaller  and  narrower,  the  tube  2"-y  lonj^ 
above  the  ovary;  capsule  narrowly  oblong,  acute  at 
each  end,  slwirply  ^vangUd,  I'-i'.'  long,  ,V-4" 
thick;  seeds  about  1"  broad,  thick,  borne  in  1  row- 
in  each  cavity. 

Ill  wt  I  utiiuiids.  Ncu  I!iiili-\vick  In  IV  lliisyh  aiii.i  ami 
Ni>itl\  Cariiliiia,  inaiiily  mar  tin-  tiia.-l.     May  June-. 


7.    Iris  Germanica  L.     I-'kiir  (k-  li;- 


(I'lK'-   1075. 


tris  l^rriiitiiiiit!  I, 


S|>.  ri.  ;,S.      175;,, 

Rootstock  thick.  Steins  stout,  us\ially  branched 
and  several-flowered,  2--3'  tall,  bearing  several 
leaves.  Leaves  glaucous,  S"-2'  wide,  the  basal  ones 
mostly  shorter  than  the  stem;  bracts  scarious;  flowers 
nearly  sessile  in  the  bracts,  large  and  very  showy, 
deep  violet-blue  veineil  with  yellow  and  brown  or 
sometimes  white;  outer  ])erianlh-scgmeuts  broadly 
obovate,  y  ~.\'  long,  their  claws  strongly  crested;  inner 
perianth-segments  narrower,  arching. 

ICscapiil  fn'iii  nanUiis  ti)  n>,i(lsi<li^  in  Viiuiiiia.  Native 
(pf  lUinipi'.     -M.iy  Jiim-. 

Iris  Duerinckii  IliKklt  y,  .\iii.  Joiini.  Sci.  45:  176,  de 
scribi  cl   from  specitmiis  CdUccled  at  St.   I.nliis,  Mo.,   but 


doubtUsN  cultivati-d, 
of  central  ICurope. 


appears  to  be  /.  afiliyllit  I,.,  a  iialivi 


Iris  fiilva  Kcr, 


1076 


Rcil-liiowii   Flag. 

) 


li  is/iilvti  Kir,  Hot.  MaR.  />/.  /./i/.. 
/i  is  ii,fii,-ii  rursli,  l-'l.  .\m.  Sept.  .(( 


|S|2. 


1M|. 


Rootstock  stout,  fleshy.  Stems  rather  slender, 
2°-3°  tall,  simple  or  branched,  several-flowered  and 
bearing  2-4  leaves;  leaves  pale  green  and  some- 
what glaucous,  .'.horter  than  or  ecpialliug  the  stem, 
_;"-.S"  wide;  pedicels  }<'-i'  long,  shorter  than  the 
bracts;  flowers  reddish  brown,  variegated  with 
blue  ami  green;  perianth-segments  glabrous,  crest- 
less,  the  outer  ones  1/2 '-2'  long,  the  inner  smaller, 
spreading;  style-branches  2"-y  wide. 

In  swamps,  soiitheni  Illinois  to  C.oorKia  ami  I.oiiisi 
ana,  west  to  Missouri,  .\rkaiisasaml  Texas.     May  -June. 


IRIS    I'AMILY. 
Yellow  FlaJ,^ 


9.    Iris  Pseudacorus  I„ 

( FiK.  1077.) 

his  I'sciiiliuoi  IIS  I,.  Sp.  \'\.  ;,S.      175.V 


Rootstock  thick.  Stems  \yi°-i°  hi>,'li,  usually  sev- 
eral-llowcred;  leaves  pale  j^reen  and  ),'laucous,  stiff, 
4"  S"  wide,  the  lower  e(|ualliiiK  or  lonj^er  than  the 
stem;  llowers  bright  j-ellow,  short-pedicelled;  ])eri- 
anth-segments  glabrous  and  erestless,  the  outer 
broadly  obovatc,  2'  i^i'  long,  the  inner  oblong, 
nearly  erect,  scarcely  longer  than  the  claws  of  the 
1  inter  ones;  capsule  oblong,  2'-;,'  long. 

In  miirslies,  Massaoluisttts  lo  N'lw  York  (Ohioi'land 
Niw  Jirsev.  Naturali/i.d  oi  a<lventivij  from  lunu])!'. 
May  July.  ' 


'":^. 


10.    Iris  cristata  Ail.     Crested  Dwarf 
Iris.      (  Fij;;.  107S.) 

/i  is  ii  ishihi  .\it.  Ilort.  Ktw.  i:  711.       17S9. 

Rootstock  slender,  branched,  creeping,  tuber- 
ous-thickened. Stems  oidy  I'-ji'  high^  1-2- 
flowercd;  leaves  lanceolate,  bright  green,  4'-9' 
long,  3"  9"  wide,  mudi  exceeding  the  stems; 
scape  (lattened,  llowers  blue,  pedicelled;  peri- 
anth-segments obovate,  i'  !,'•'  long,  the  outer 
crested,  little  longer  than  the  naked  inner  ones, 
the  tube  very  slender,  I'l'-^'i'  long  above  the 
ovary,  longer  than  the  bracts;  capsule  oval, 
sharplv  triangular,  narrowed  at  each  end,  6"-- 
9"  high,  4"  5"  thick. 

Oil  hillsides  ;uul  iiUintf  slriatus,  Maryland  to 
soulluru  (lliioanil  Indiana,  siiulli  to  ('.iiirttia,  Teii- 
uissie  and  Misscmii.     .Xpril.May. 


II.    Iris  lacustris  Ntitt.      Dwarf  Lake 
Iris.     (Ki^;.  i"79-  ) 


/;■/.(  liuiislris  Nutt.  Cen.  1:  23. 


iSiS. 


Similar  to  the  preceding  species  in  size  and 
foliage,  or  the  leaves  rather  narrower,  some-- 
times  wavy-margined.  Flowers  blue;  pcrianth- 
tnbe  only  ' 2 '-i' long,  shorter  than  the  bracts 
and  the  sometimes  yellowish  perianth-segments, 
somewhat  expanded  upward;  capsule  ovoid, 
about  S"  high,  borne  on  a  j)cdicel  of  about  its 
own  length. 

.Shores  of  I.akes  Huron  and  Superinr.  I.ooal. 
Reported  from  the  following  localiliis-  Presiiue 
Isle,  Mackinac  City.  Hois  lUauc  Island  and  Drum 
numd's  Isla.  •!,  Mich.;  Hruce  I'eninsula  aiul  .Siiutli- 
anipton,  Out.     May, 


^|»&«««-^^»■|«•»T^,.«»»j»T.^■,■.^^^^^-■J--<■,^:-J-.o■^M>.« 


45-' 

12. 


Iris  verna  I< 


iRii».\ci;.\i;. 
Dwait"  Iris,    t  l'"i''.  mSo.  ) 


his  :-i'i  ml  1,.  Sp.  I'l   .;'••      i75.t- 

Roolslock  slciickr.  Stems  i'  ;,'  liiuli,  iisiiiilly  i- 
flowered.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  y  S'  IiIkIi,  -'"  ,s" 
wide;  flowers  violet-blue  or  rarely  while,  i)e<liccllcd; 
perianth- se>,'iiients  erestlcss,  the  outer  about  i  '.'  long, 
obovate,  narrowed  into  slij^htly  puliesoent  slender  yel- 
low claws,  the  inner  somewhat  smaller,  glabrous: 
eai>sule  obtusely  trian,i;uliir,  short. 

On  sliadcd  liillsi<li'.  and  in  wuuds,  snutlu  in  I'lim-yUa 
nia  to  \'irj;ini.i.  KintucUy  :iiid  ('.inr«i,i  Kiu>tstink  dt- 
scribed  as  "  ptinnrntly -.piry.  "      April    M.iy 


2.  NEMASTYLIS  Xiitl.  Trans.  Am.  IMiii.  Soo.  i  II.)  5:  157.  \X:^,^-:^■J. 
[I'lu.sTVl.l.s  Kngelni.  &  dray,  Host,  Jonrn.  Nat.  Hist.  5:  2.?,S.  ■'S45-] 
Bulbous  herbs  with  erect  slender  terete  usually  branched  stems  and  clonj;atcd  linear 
folded  leaves.  I'lowers  rather  larj;e,  in  our  species  blue  or  jjurple,  .soblary  or  several  to- 
gether, fugacious,  subtended  by  2  hcrbacco\is  brads,  rerianlh  of  6  sprcadinj^  nearly  e(iiial 
obovate  sej^munts,  iiistinct  iicailv  w  (|nili'  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary.  I'il.iments  more  or 
less  united;  anthers  short;  st\  Ic  short,  its  br.uuhcs  allernalc  with  the  anthers,  each  slen- 
derly 2-parted;  stigmas  small,  terminal.  Capsule  oblonj,',  ovoid  or  obovoid,  locidicidally 
dehiscent  at  the  summit,     [lireek,  rcferrinj^  to  the  thread-like  style-branches.] 

AImiuI    111  specit— ,    natives  of   Anierie.i.      lie-.iiU  ■-  the    Inlliiwini;.   snnie    \  ulMcr-.  neenr   in    tlu 
so\itlieTii  I'liited  St.-iles. 

I.    Nemastylis   acuta  (Hart.)    Ikrl). 
Xorthcni  Xcinastylis.     (  l'"io-.  loSi.  i 

/i  ill  iUiila  Hart.  1"1.  .V.  .\.  2:  n,.    /./,  //,,       is.'.v 
.\iiiia\l\iis  i;c»i)ilith'i<i  NiUl,  Tran>.   Am.  Phil.  Sue. 

III.)  5:  is;.      kSx?  ,\-. 
\,-iiiai/i/i<  III  ii/(!  lhr\y  Hot.  May.   />/.  ,C7'J.     i^i''   I" 

Hidb  dark  colored,  ovoid,  scaly,  i'  or  less  long. 
Stem  i°-2°  tall,  bcariuj,'  3  or  .(  leaves,  ;/-ici'  long. 
1  '/2"-2'i"  wide;  bracts  lanceolate,  each  pair  sub- 
tending 1  or  2  flowers;  flowers  light  blue  or  pur- 
ple, I '-2'  broad,  slcniler-pcdicellcd;  pedicels  rather 
shorter  than  the  bracts;  perianth-segments  oblong- 
obovate,  obtuse;  style-branches  cxsertcd  bctwceu 
the  free  parts  of  the  filaments,  their  filiform  divi- 
sions 2"-3"  long;  capsule  obovoid,  5"  6"  high, 
3"  4"  in  diameter. 

( )n  prairiis,  Tennessee  to  Kansiis  .iikI  .\rkan>.i>. 
south  til  I.ouisi.uia  and  Texas.     .\])iil  June. 


J59- 


3.    GEMMINGIA  Fain-.  luuiiii.  PI.  Ilort.  Helm. 
[Hui.AMCA.NDA  Adaiis.  I'am.  I'l.  2:60.       1763.] 
[I'ARDANTiii'.s  Ker,  in  Koenig  it  Sims,  Ann.  Hot.  i:  246.       11^05.] 
An  erect  perennial  herb,  with  short  stout  rootstocks  and  /ris-Uke  leaves.     I'lowers  in 
terminal  bracted  clusters,  rather  large,  orange  and  purple-mottled.     Perianth  of  6  oblong 
spreading  nearly  ecjual  withering-persistent  segments,  distinct  very  nearly  to  the  summit  of 
the  ovary.     Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  segments;  filaments  distinct;  anthers  linear- 
oblong.     Style  very  slender,  enlarged  above,  the  3  sleiuler  undivided  branches  alternate  with 
the  anthers.     Capsule  fig-shaped,  obovoid,  thin-walled,  loculici<lally  3-valved,  the  valves  re- 
curving, finally  falling  away,  exposing  the  mass  of  black  fleshy  seeds,  which  are  borne  on  a 
central  axis. 

A  nuitiotypic  kciius  of  eastern  .\sia. 


IRIS   I'AMIIA'. 


453 


I.    Gemmingia  Chinensis  (  L.  )  Kunt/e.     l}lackl)eny  Lil> .     (  Fii;.  loSs. ) 


IM.  ,V).       175;. 
I)C.  ill  Kill.  I.il.  3:  /)/  /.v. 

Kir,   ill   KuiiiiK  iS;  Sim-. 


M^^ 


Ixia  Cliiiiritsis  I„  S] 

Jlildmciiiiilii  C  'luiicn\h 
1-V17, 

I'm  lid II I Ini  V  ( 'liiiini  sis 
Ann.  lint,  i:  2.('),      i.Si,5, 

Stem  rather  stout,  i  ,'2°  4°  tall,  leafy.  Leaves 
pale  green,  nearly  erect,  etiuitaiit,  folded,  .S'- 
10'  lonn,  .S"-i2"  wide,  the  two  sides  uniteil 
above  the  middle;  liracts  lanceolate,  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  the  tipper  ones  sea 
rious;  flowers  several  or  numerous,  I'j'-j' 
broad;  perianth-.scjjments  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  persistent  and  coiled  to- 
(.jether  on  the  ovary  after  lloweriiij,',  mottled 
with  crimson  and  i)urple  on  the  upper  side; 
capsule  about  i '  high  and  rather  more  than  ' . ' 
ill  diameter,  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  sum- 
mit; mass  of  j^lobose  seeds  erect,  resembling 
a  blackberry,  whence  the  common  name. 

On  hills  and  aloiiR  roadsides,  snutlirin  NVw 
York  to  ( 'iiiiKia.  Inilianaand  Missouri.  N'atnnil- 
iziil  fiiiiii  .Vsia.     June  July.     I'niil  ripe  July  Sept. 


4.    SISYRINCHIUM   L.  Sp.  PI.  954.       1753. 

rereiinial  tufted  slender  licrlis,  with  short  rootstocks,  simple  or  branched  2-cdj.;cd  or  2- 
winged  stems,  linear  grass-like  leaves,  and  rather  small  mostly  blue  terminal  flowers  um- 
bellate from  a  pair  of  erect  green  bracts.  I'erianth-tubc  short  or  none,  the  6  sjireading  seg- 
ments oblong  or  obovate,  eipial,  mostly  aristulate.  I'ilanients  united  to  above  the  middle 
in  our  species.  Ovary  ^^-celled,  each  cavity  several  ovulcd.  vStyle-branches  filiform,  un- 
divided, alternate  with  the  anthers.  Capsule  globose,  oval  or  obovoid,  loculiridally  ,v 
valved.     Seeds  subglobnse  or  ovoid,  smooth  or  j>itted,  dry. 

About  70  s])i(.iis.  all  .\niiricaii  Ilcsidis  the  followiii);.  smiir  7  otlii  rs  oeinr  in  tin- Wistiin 
States.     Tiiusi-  lure  iliscriliid  have  all  been  referred  to  .V.  /!i  1  iinii/iuiiti  I,.,  by  .Vnurioan  autlicir>. 

The  two  bratts  ii|iial  or  marly  so;  stems  usually  branelud  above. 

Leaves  1"   ,V'  wide;  capsule  subulobnsi-.  2"    ('  in  diaiiiiter  wlien  mature.  1.  .*>.  i; rdiiiiiiniifr.i. 

Leaves  'i"    1'     '  wide;  i'         ile  oval,  i"-->"  in  diameter  wliiii  iiiiiture.  2.  S.  Alliiiitinnii. 

Tile  lower  of  llie  bracts  lonui  1  Uum  the  upper;  stems  imistly  siniple.  •,.  5.  aiigiisli/nliiiii! , 


I.  Sisyrinchium  graminoides  IJickiK-ll.    Stout  Hhic-eyed 


Sisi  line /lilt  III  diicr/is  S.  Wats,  in  .\.  Cray,  Man.  ICd. 

(),  515.       is.|0.       N<it  C.-iv. 
Sisyi  huliiiiiii     Qi itiiiiiiiiitti-s    liiekuell.     Hull.    Torr. 

Club.  23:   1,5,?.      iN)ti. 

Rather  light  green,  .somewhat  glaucous;  stem 
broadly  2-winged,  stout,  erect,  or  reclining,  8'- 
iS'  tall,  tisually  terminating  in  two  unequal 
branches  subtended  liy  a  conspicuous  grassy  leaf. 
Basal  leaves  eiiualling  or  shorter  than  the  stem, 
1"  .V  wide;  often  lax  and  grass-like;  edges  of 
stems  and  leaves  usually  perceptibly  rough-ser- 
rulate; bracts  1'  long  or  less,  green,  nearly  or 
(piite  C(pial  but  the  outer  one  occasionally  pro- 
longed; umbels  2-4-flowercd;  pedicels  filiform, 
8"-i2"  long,  exceeding  the  bracts,  finally  often 
spreading  or  recurved;  flowers  6"-9"  broad; 
petals  sparsely  pubescent  on  outer  surface;  cap- 
sule subglobose,  2 '-^"-3"  in  diameter  when 
mature;  seeds  black,  nearly  globular,  about  '2"- 
;  ("  in  diameter,  pitted. 

In  Kiassy  places,  in  moist  or  dryish  soil,  sonutiines 
in  woods,  Massacliuselts  to  IMoiida  and  Louisiana. 
I'lant  dark  in  ilrymt;.     .\pril  June. 


454 


IRIDACEAH. 


2.    Sisyrinchium  Atlanticum   Hickiicll, 

(  V\^.  10S4.  ) 

Si'sfi  iiii/iiinii    .U/iiii/ii mil    Uiikiitll,    Itiill.    'I'lin. 
L'luli.  23:  i,(|.       iS)(.. 

Similar  to  the  preceding;,  hut  paler,  j^laucuus 
Kreeii,  often  more  tufted,  the  stem  more  slender 
and  weaker,  rather  iiarmwly  2\vin>;ed,  very 
sninoth-eilKed,  sumetiiiies  2'  lonj;  and  reelin- 
inn,  terminalinj;  in  two  or  three  mostly  suh- 
e(iual  liraiiehcs,  often  also  with  one  or  two  lat- 
eral ones;  liranelics  slender  and  wiry,  often 
reenrveil  and  formin),'  a  ilislinct  an),;le  with 
the  tloral  bracts.  Leaves  narrower,  rarely  over 
1"  wide,  the  basal  ones  nsually  much  shorter 
than  the  stem;  bracts  nearly  or  (juile  equal, 
narrow,  mostly  somewhat  searimis,  often  \n\r- 
plisli;  flowers  slij;htly  snialUr;  outer  surface  of 
])erianth  and  yoimj;  capsule  minutely  downy; 
capsules  2-7,  usually  5,  oil  j^eucrally  erect  pedi- 
cels, 7"-i<)"  loufr;  oval,  i"-2"  lonj;  and  :V"- 
I'."  in  diameter;  seeds  oval,  subglobose,  '+''- 
';"  in  diameter,  dark,  faintly  i)itted  or  nearly 
smooth. 

In  in('i--t  fKlils.  niiadiiw-  ami  l)raiki>li  iniii--lus, 
mainly  mar  the  I'lia^-l.     May  Junt-. 


Iviistcrii  HliiL-  (.  yt'd  (Irass, 


il'tiii  in  sandy  soil,  Niwfdinidlaud  In  I'lnrida 


3.    Sisyrinchium  angustifolium   Mill. 
I'diiiti'd  Hltic-eyed  Oras.s.     (  Fi^-  >"S5-  ' 

.V  ,1  Hi:  II  Hi  fill  ill  III  Mill.  Cianl.  Diet.  VA.  7.       1751}. 
Sis]  I  iiiiliiiiiii  iiiici-f>\  Cav.  6:  ,V(S.    />/.  /'/".  ,/'  -'.       17SS. 
.V.  mill  iiiiiiilinn  Miolix.  I'l.  H(ir,  Am.  2:  ,^,v      i^^o^. 

I'ale  KliitK'ous  green,  stems  a-edj^ed,  scarcely  2- 
win^ed,  slender,  rigid,  erect,  3'-i4'  tall,  simple,  or 
very  rarely  forking  into  2  branches  above.  Leaves 
commonly  all  basal,  rigid  and  often  almost  setaceous, 
the  edges  rough  or  smooth,  ,'+"-i,V"  wide,  shorter 
than  the  stem;  bracts  very  unequal,  sometimes  pur- 
l)lish,  the  lower  one  usually  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  upper;  (lowers  6"  8"  broad;  pedicels  erect,  about 
fS"  long,  shorter  than  the  lower  bract;  capsule  sub- 
globose,  2"  ,^"  in  diameter;  seeds  large,  'i"-\" 
long,  somewhat  obovoid,  faintly  pitted  or  nearly 
smooth,  brown. 

Ill  fields  and  meadows,  Newfciuiidland  to  lirilish  Cii- 
Iniuhi.i,  Virifiiiia,  Kansas  and  Cdloradn.     May  .Aug. 

Family  26.     MARANTACEAE  Liiidl.  Xat.  Syst.       1S30. 

Arrowroot  I'amii.y. 

Tall  lierl)s,  perennial  by  rootstocks  or  Itiber.s,  or  soinetinie.s  annual,  with 
scajx)se  or  leafy  stems,  inostK'  large  entire  long-petioled  .sheathing  leaves,  often 
swollen  at  the  ba.se  of  the  blade,  the  veins  piiniate,  parallel.  Flowers  jierfect  or 
.sometimes  jxjlyganious,  irrejj;ular,  in  panicles,  racemes  or  spikes.  Perianth  su- 
perior, its  segments  distinct  to  the  stimmit  of  the  ovary  or  united  into  a  tube, 
normally  in  2  .series  of  3,  the  outer  (.sepals)  usually  difTerent  from  the  iinier 
(petals).  Perfect  .stamen  i;  anthers  1-2-celled.  Staminodia  mostly  5,  often 
petal-like,  separate  or  umted  by  their  ba.ses,  very  irregular.  Ovary  1-3-celled, 
inferior;  ovule  i  in  each  cavity,  anatrop;)Us;  style  slender,  curved,  terminal; 
stigma  simple.  Fruit  capsular  or  berry-like,  1-3-celled.  Seed  solitary  in  each 
cavity.     Kmbryo  central,  in  cojmous  endosperm. 

.About  12  jteiura  and  160  species,  mostly  in  the  tropics,  a  few  in  wann-temperate  resions. 


ARROWROOT   I'AMILY. 


455 


I.    THALIA  I..  Sp.  IM.  ii.j.V       ijs.V 

Aiimial  1 1)1  pcrt-iiiiial  ')  herbs,  with  liirKC  loiiK-i)eti(iled  hasiil  leaves,  erect  simple  scapes 
iiiul  lenninal  panickd  si)ikcs  of  bractcil  usimlly  jnirijle  (lowers.  Sepals  t,.  iiieinltraiioiis,  scpa- 
rate,  iiiiial.  Totals  t,.  separate  or  somewhat  cohcrctit  nl  the  base.  Stniiiiiiodia  slightly  uiiilid 
below,  one  of  them  dabellum)  broad,  crested,  .\iither  i-celled.  Ovary  r-relleil  or  with  2 
additional  small  emptv  cavities.  Kase  of  the  style  adnate  to  the  l>ase  of  the  stamen-tube. 
Stigma  adipiH-d,  dors.dlv  appcnda>,'cd.  Capsule  j;Iobose  or  ovbid.  Seed  solitary,  erect. 
Ivmbryo  strongly  curved.  ['"  honor  of  Johaiin  Thalius,  Ccnnan  naturalist  of  the  sixteenth 
century. | 

A)m,iU  7  spi  cii-^,  all  Ami  ricaii,      llcidis  tin-  IclIowiiiK,  aimlli.  r  (iccurs  in  llic  Snutliirn  States 


I.  Thalia  dealbata  Knscoc.     ri)U(kry 
Tlialiii.      (  Fi^r.  i(iS6.  ) 


'I'lhllitl     ilidlhlllil     KnsCdC, 
IS,  ,7. 


'IraTis.    I.itin.    Sue.  8:    \\i>. 


riant  finely  whitc-powdcry  nearly  all  over. 
.Scapes  rather  stout,  terete,  ;,"  f)°  tall;  petioles  1  = 
2 '2°  loufi,  terete;  leaves  ovatedanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rouiuled,  narrowed  or  sub- 
corilate  at  the  base,  ',  '  1°  louj(,  :■,'  5'  wiile;  pan- 
icle .S'  i,S'  lon^;,  its  spikes  numerous,  usually  erect 
or  ascendinj.;;  Ijracts  of  the  panicle  narrow,  dtcid- 
UOU8,  not  longer  than  the  spikes;  bractlets  ovate, 
une(|ual,  coriaceous,  about  Ji'  lonj.;;  flowers  pur- 
ple, lonKcr  than  the  bractlets;  capsule  ovoid, 
about  4"  in  diameter. 


In  imiid'i  and  swamp 
Missouri  and  Texas. 


,  Stiiitli  Ciiri'Iina  In  I.niii--iaiia. 


I'ainily  27.     BURMANNIACEAE  r.luinc,  luiuin.  IM.  Jav.  i:  27.       1.S30.* 

l$rKM.\NNI.\    I'VMII.V. 

I.ow  aimtial  herbs,  with  filiform  steins  and  fihrons  roots.  Leaves  basal  or 
reilticed  to  catiline  scales  or  bracts.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  the  jK-rianth  with 
r.  small  thick  lobes,  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Stamens  ,^  or  6,  included,  in- 
serted on  the  ttd)e  of  the  ])erianth;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  transversely  dehis- 
cent. Stvle  slender;  stigmas  3,  dilated;  ovary  inferior,  with  ;,  central  or  parietal 
])lacentae!  Ovules  numerous.  Cajtsnle  many-.seeded.  vSeeds  minute,  oblonjj;; 
eiulosperm  none. 

Ten  Kcncra  an<l  ab.mt  (*\  s]Kcics,  widely  distribuleil  in  tropical  reniiMis,  The  family  is  repre- 
•^eiiled  in  North  America  by  the  followinsf  ^enus  and  .  l/>/riiti  ol  the  (.nil  Stales. 

I.   BURMANNIA  h.  vSp.  PI.  287.      1753- 

Erect  herbs,  with  simple  stems  and  small  alternate  scale-like  or  bract-like  leaves.  Tube 
of  the  perianth  strongly  3-anglcd  or  .^-winged,  the  3  outer  lobes  longer  than  the  inner.  Sta- 
mens 3,  opposite  the  inner  perianth-lobes.  I-'ilaments  very  short;  connective  of  the  anthers 
prolonged  beyond  the  sacs  into  a  2-cleft  crest.  Ovary  ^-celled,  with  3  thick  2-lobed  central 
placentae;  stigmas  globose  or  2  lobcd.  Capsule  crowned  by  the  persistent  perianth,  open- 
ing by  irregular  lateral  ruptures.  [In  honor  of  Johann  liurmann,  IJutch  botanist  of  the 
eighteenth  century.] 

About  20  species,  natives  of  warm  rcKioiiS,  Hcsides  the  followinpr  another  occurs  in  the  soiitli- 
eastein  States, 

*Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  Thomas  Moronc. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


I 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


m  11^ 

'-  m 
^'  m 
^  m 


IM 
1.8 


U    III  1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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«> 


«>.„^%> 


O^ 


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lURMANNIACKAI':. 

I.    Burmannia  biflora  L.     XorllKin 
Hurmaniiia.     (  Fiy;.  10S7.) 

/ill I  nil! II II ill  I'ithiiii  I,.  Hp.  I'l.  2^7.      I75,v 


Ti  ipli'i cllii  Lticniliii  Nutt.  C'.i-ii. 


iSiS. 


steins  very  slenrk-r,  2'-6'  liigli,  from  a  few 
ril)roiis  niols,  simple  or  forkcil  above.  Flowers 
I  or  several,  often  2,  terminal.  Angles  of  tlie 
])eriantli-tuljc  conspicuously  winged,  the  outer 
lobes  ovate,  acute,  tlie  inner  linear  and  in- 
curved; seeds  verj-  numerous,  oblonj.j-linear, 
sparinj^ly  striate,  escaping  through  irregular 
fissures  in  the  sides  of  the  capsule. 


Ill    swamps   and    l)iin>.   X'iryiiiia  to   I'lorida  and 
I.i>iiisiana.     Sept.  -Ndv. 


Faiiiilv  2S. 


00 


6.      1836/^= 


ORCHIDACEAE  Lindl.  Xal.  vSy.st.  VA. 

ORCilll)    1".\M1I.V. 

Perennial  heri)s,  with  conns,  l)nll).s  or  tubcrons  roots,  sheathing  entire  leaves, 
sometimes  reduced  to  scales,  tlie  flowers  jierfect,  irregular,  bracted,  solitar\", 
spiked  or  racemed.  Perianth  superior,  of  6  segments,  the  3  outer  (.sepals)  sim- 
ilar or  nearh'  .so,  2  of  the  inner  ones  ( ])etals)  lateral,  alike;  the  third  inner  one 
(lip)  dissimilar,  often  markedlx-  so,  usually  larger,  often  spurred,  .sometimes  in- 
ferior by  torsion  (jf  the  o\ary  or  pedicel.  Stamens  variously  united  with  the 
stj'le  into  an  unsynnnetrical  column;  anther  i  or  in  Cypripedium  2,  2-cellcd;  pol- 
len in  2-S  ])ear-.shaped  usually  stalked  masses  (  pollinia  J ,  united  l)y  elastic  threads, 
the  masses  wax\-  or  i)owder\',  attached  at  the  l)ase  to  a  viscid  disk  (gland). 
Style  often  terminating  in  a  beak  (  rostellum  )  at  the  base  of  the  anther  or  be- 
tween its  sacs.  Stigma  a  viscid  siuface,  facing  the  lip  beneath  the  rostelliun, 
or  in  a  cavity  1:)etween  the  anther-sacs  (clinandrium  ).  Ovary  inferior,  usually 
long  and  twisted,  3-angled,  i -celled;  ovules  numerous,  anatropous,  on  3  ])arie- 
tal  placentae.  Capsule  3-valved.  Seeds  \ery  ntnnerous,  miinite,  mostly  sjiindle 
shaped,  the  loo.se  coat  hyaline,  reticulated;  endosperm  none;  embryo  fleshy. 

.\bont  )io),n'nera  and  ,Si«hi  si)tcies,  of  widt-  di^-lribiitioii,  most  abundant  in  the  tropics,  many  iif 
tliosL-  of  warm  iL-jjions  ii)iphytes. 

Anthers  2;  bp  a  larKc  inllatcd  .sac.  1.  Cvfii  i/>riiiiiiii. 

Anthers  subtavy. 

.\iithir-saos(hvcrneiit:  poUinia  with  a  cau<lick'  uhicli  is  attached  at  base  to  a  viscid  disk  dryland. 
Cdands  enclosed  ill  a  pouch.  2.   ihr/iis. 

Clauds  imt  eiichised  in  ;i  |>()Ucli.  t,.  Jliidi'iini  ia. 

Anther-sacs  ))araUel;  piilbnia  not  piii(Uui'd  into  a  caudicle  (ixcept  apparently  in  no.  141. 
PoUinia  Krannhise  cir  jxiwdeiy. 

Flowers  sobtary  nr  lew:  anther  incmiibent  on  a  coUnnii  |"  \im\(  or  less. 
I,ip  crested  with  sti.iittlH.  somewhat  fleshy  hairs. 

Column  clavate:  lip  free.  .(.   I'i>i;i>iii,i. 

Ciilumn  linear,  dilated  above,  the  lip  adherent  to  its  b.ise.        5.   .  h  r//iii\ii. 
I,ip  bearded  with  loiin  club  shaped  hairs.  15.   /.iiinx/ni mil. 

Flowers  nuiiiernus,  in  spil^es  or  racemes;  anther  erect,  jointed  to  a  cohnnn  not  over  2" 
loiiK. 
Anther  opercnlate;  leaves  broad,  alternate. 
Anther  not  oi)erculate. 

Leaves  Kieen,  borne  on  the  stem. 

Leaves  alternate;  spike  mostly  twisted. 
Leaves  2.  op))osile,  spike  not  twisted. 
Leaves  white  reticulated,  basal. 
I'ollinia  smooth  and  waxy. 

I'lants  with  conns  or  solid  bulbs;  leaves  basal  or  cauline. 
Leaves  unfoldinK  before  or  with  the  flowers. 

Leaf  cauliTie;  lij)  ov.ite.  or  aurided  at  the  base. 
Leaf  or  leaves  basal. 

Leaves  2;  lip  Hat:  flowers  racemed. 
Leaf  i;  liji  saccate;  flower  solitary. 


6.   Iif>ipiulii. 


(I'viitsI  iiiliyi. 

/.is/t'ni. 

I'enamiiiiii. 


10.  Ailiroaiillirs. 


11.  I.eftloi ilin. 

12.  i'llll/lSll. 


*Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  TiioM.\s  Mokuno. 


ORCHID   FAMILY. 


457 


I.caf   1.  l);i^al,  \iiifc)l(litiK  after  Ihi-  (IdWcriiiK' li'iic. 

I'lnwirs  loll)?  simnvil;  lip  v'"'"^'''- 

l''lmvi--rs  not  s))iini-(l;  lip  .^-ritlsjiil- 
I'latits  with  coialloid  rciots,  biilhUss,  lliu  Uavis  ndiiocd  In 
I'dlliiiia  4,  in  2  \y.m->:  llowtrs  tjibboii--  nr  spiini-il. 
l'<illiiiia>><.  imiti-il;  llowirs  iKil  jfililimis  nor  spiiru-d. 


SCilk' 


\\.    Tipiihiiiii. 
17.  ApUcliHiii. 

i.V  O'lalloihizd. 
16.  Iffxiilcclris. 


I.    CYPRIPEDIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  951.       1753- 

ClHUilular-puhcsccnt  herbs,  with  leafy  stems  or  scapes  and  tufted  roots  of  thick  fibres. 

Leaves  large,  broad,  iiiaiiv-iierved.     Mowers  solitary  or  several,  drooping,  large,  showy. 

Sejials  siireading,  separate,  or  2  of  them  united  under  the  lip.     Lip  a  large  inflated  sac. 

Column  declined,  bearing  a  sessile  or  stalked  anther  on  each  side  and  a  dilated  pctaloid 


sterile  stamen  above,  which  covers  the  suinniit  of  the  style, 
caudicle  or  glands.     .Stigma  terminal,  liroad,  obscurely  3-lobcd 
or  buskin.] 

.Mmut  40  siH'cics,  natives  of  teinpeiati   and  Imiiical  unions.     lirMiks  tli 
others  occur  in  WuSUru  North  .Vnurica. 
.Sepals  sciiai.iti-.  stem  leafy,  i -flowered. 
Lateral  sepals  more  or  less  united. 
I'laiit  2-leaved;  scape  i  llowered. 
.Stem  leafv  to  the  lop.  [  -several-llowiied. 

.Sepals  and  petals  not  longer  than  the  li]). 
Sepals  and  petals  loiiKcr  than  tlie  lip 
Sterile  stamen  lanceolate;  lii)  while. 
Sterile  stamen  iriatiKuhir;  lip  yellow. 
I.ip  I  '1 '    -''  lontJ.  pale  yellow. 
I,ip  7"-  l,s"  lollt;,  bright  yellow. 


I.     Cypripedium    arietinum    R.    Br. 

Rain's-head  Ladies'  vSlipper. 
(Fi^.  1088.) 

Hr.  ill  .\it.  Ilort.  Kew 


I'ollinia  granular,  without  a 
[Name  Greek,  Venus'  sock 


followitiK,  some 
.   C.  (11  ill i num. 

.    C.  itcilll/i'. 
,.    ('.  nxii/iir. 

.    C.  Ill  II  it  id  II  III. 


Iii  I  ill  I II  III. 


ICd. 


Cytii'ipidiiiiii  aiitliiiiiiii  K. 
'2,  5:  22 J.      iSi,^ 

Stem  .S'-i2'  high,  i-flowcred.  Leaves  .^  or  4,  el- 
liptic or  lanceolate,  2'-4'  long,  ,'2'  3'  wide;  sepals 
separate,  lanceolate,  .S"-io"  long,  longer  than  the 
lip;  petals  linear,  greenish  brown,  about  as  long  as 
the  sepals;  lip  7"-S"  long,  red  and  white,  veiny, 
prolonged  at  the  apex  into  a  long  blunt  spur,  some- 
what di.stortcd  at  the  upper  end  which  resembles  a 
ram's  head,  whence  the  specific  name. 

(jllebee  to  ( liitario.  Niw 


In  cold  and  damp  wood: 
York  and  .Minnesota.     May 


2.   Cypripedium  acaule  Ait.     Moccasin 

Flower.     Noah's  Ark.     Steinless 

Ladies'  vSlipper.     (  Fi^.  1089. ) 

Cv/ii  ipriliiiiii  iiiiiii/r  Ait.  Ilort.  !vew.  3:  .VVV  i?'^'*- 
Scape  6'-i2'  high,  i-flowered.  Leaves  2, 
basal,  elliptic,  6'-S'  long,  2'-3'  wide,  thick;  oc- 
casioi-ally  a  smaller  leaf  is  borne  on  the  scape; 
sepals  greenish  purple,  sineading,  i'.'-2'  long, 
lanceolate,  the  2  lateral  ones  united;  petals  nar- 
rower and  somewhat  longer  than  the  sepals; 
lip  often  over  2' long,  somewhat  obovoid,  folded 
itiwardly  above,  pink  with  darker  veins  or 
sometimes  white,  the  upper  part  of  its  interior 
surface  crested  with  long  white  hairs;  sterile 
stamen  triangular,  acuminate,  keeled  inside. 

In  saiidv  or  rocky  woods,  Newfoundland  to  On- 
tario, soutii  to  North  Carolina,  Kentucky  and  Min- 
nesota. .\sceiids  to  i.siHi  ft.  ill  ViiKinia.  The  hairs 
im  the  lower  part  of  the  brad  and  on  the  base  of  the 
ovary  are  often  tipped  with  scarlet  glands.  Klower 
fraKrant.     .May  June. 


ORCHIDACI'AE. 


3.  Cypripedium  reginae  Walt.    vShow  y 
Ladifs'  Slipper.     (  KiR.  io(;o.  ) 

Cypn'/>i i/iiiiit  r<X' /"!''' Walt.  1"1.  Car.  222.       17SS. 

Cyf>iif>iiiiiiiii  albiiDi  .\it.  Hon.  Kcw.  3:  V'.v      17^'). 

Cvf>pi fulfill  III  sf<ct/<ihih'  Salisb.  Trans,  I, inn.  .Sue,  i: 
7.S.       1791. 

Stem  stout,  i°-2°  high,  leafy  to  the  top. 
Leaves  elliptic,  acute,  3'-"'  long,  i'-4'  wide, 
flowers  i-,^;  sepals  rounil-ovate,  white,  not 
longer  than  the  lip,  the  lateral  ones  united  for 
their  whole  length;  petals  somewhat  narrower 
than  the  sepals,  white;  lip  much  inflated,  over 
I '  long,  variegated  with  purple  and  while  stripes; 
stamen  cordate-ovate. 


In  swamps  and  woods.  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario 
and  Minnesota,  scmtli  to  (UnrKia,     Jinit— Sept, 


4.  Cypripedium  candidum  Willd.    Small 
White  Ladies'  Sli])per.      (Fig.  1091.) 

Cj  fiiiptiiiniii  (iiiicl ill  1/11/  Willd,  .Sji.  I'l,  4:  142.       1,-^05, 

Stem  6'-i2'  high,  leafy.  Leaves  3  or  4,  elliptic 
or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  s'-.s'  long,  S"- 
16"  wide,  with  several  obtuse  sheathing  scales  be- 
low them;  bracts  i'-2'  long,  lanceolate;  flower  soli- 
tary; sepals  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  lip,  green- 
ish, purple  spotted;  petals  somewhat  longer  and 
narrower  than  the  sepals,  wavy-twisted,  greenish; 
lip  white,  striped  with  purple  inside,  about  10'' 
long;  sterile  stamen  lanceolate. 


In  boffs  ; 
JliiUKsola 


ind  meadows,  Xew  York  and  Xow  Jersey  to 
and  Missouri,     Mayjuly. 


5.    Cypripedium  hirsiitum  Mill. 
Large  Yellow  Ladies'  Slipper. 

(Fig.  1092.) 

C]'pii/"  1/111111  lihsiiliiiii  Mill,  Card.  Diet,  Ivd,  .'^, 

no,  ;;.      176S, 
Cypi  ipcdiinn  piiiusiiiis  Willd,  Sp,   I'l,  4;  14,1, 

Steins  leafy,  i°-2°  high.  Leaves  oval  or 
elliptic,  3'-5'  long,  i^i'-^,'  wide,  acute  or 
acuminate;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  usually 
longer  than  the  lip,  yellowish  or  greenish, 
striped  with  purple;  petals  narrower,  usually 
twisted;  lip  much  inflated,  i'-2'  long,  pale 
yellow  with  purple  lines;  its  interior  with  a 
tuft  of  white  jointed  hairs  at  the  top;  sterile 
stamen  triangular;  stigma  thick,  somewhat 
triangular,  incurved. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Xova  Scotia  to  <  )ntario 
and  Minnesota,  south  to  .Alabama  and  Nebraska. 
.Vseends  to  4u«i  ft,  in  VirKinia,  Petals  often 
elongated.     May  July. 


ORCHID  FAMILY. 


459 


6.  Cypripedium  parviflorum  Salisl). 
Small  Velk)\v  Ladies'  Slijiper. 

(Fig.  1093.) 

Cyt'iit^ediniii  ftarz'i/liu  iiiii  .Siilisb.  Tnins.  I.inii, 
Sue.  I:  77.      1791. 

Stems  i°-2°  liixlii  sluuder,  leafy.  Leaves 
oval,  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  2'-6' lonj;,  \'-2]i' 
wide;  sepals  and  petals  longer  than  the  lip; 
petals  usually  twisted;  lip  ~"-iS"  long, 
bright  yellow,  more  or  less  marked  with  pur- 
ple strijics,  spots  or  blotches;  sterile  stamen 
triangular,  yellow  and  purple  spotted  like 
the  lip. 

In  wodds  and  tliicktls.  Xtwrciundland  to 
British  Columbia  and  \Va^hill^ftoM.  south  alouH 
tliL'  mountains  to  Cit'orjiiii,  and  to  Missouri.  .\s. 
finds  to  41KK1  ft.  in  Viriiinia.  .Similar  to  tlif 
,)reccdinK  spi-cit-s,  with  whiili  it  ap])iars  to  in- 
tiijfrado.  or  of  which  it  may  hi-  l)ut  a  form,  hut 
usually  distiiiffuishc-d   by  tin-   suialUr  size  and 


brisfliltr   yellow  cohjr   of 
petals  sometimes  pur])le. 


the    li]).     .Sepals   and 
May  July. 


2.  ORCHIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  y;,9.       175;,. 

Roots  of  ijumennis  fleshy  fibres,  stems  in  our  species  scape-like,  1-2-leaveil  at  the  base. 
Flowers  in  short  terminal  spikes.  Sepals  separate,  subeqnal,  spreading  ox  conniveut.  Petals 
similar  to  the  sepals.  Lip  connate  with  the  base  of  the  column,  produced  below  into  a 
spur.  Column  short,  scarcely  extending  beyond  the  base  of  the  lip.  .Anther  2-celled,  the 
sacs  contiguous  and  slightly  divergent;  jiollinia  granulose,  i  large  mass  in  each  sac,  pro- 
duced into  a  slender  caudiclc,  the  end  of  which  is  attached  to  a  small  gland.  Stigma  a  hol- 
lowed surface  between  the  anther-sacs,  the  rostellutn  a  knob-like  projection  under  the  an- 
ther, (".lauds  enclosed  in  a  pouch.  Capsule  oblong,  erect,  witiiout  a  beak.  [Name 
ancient.] 


.\l)out  .So  species 
North  .\merica. 


natives  of  the   uoitli   temperate  zone.     Only  llie   following   ,ire   known   m 


IMant  24eaved  ill  the  base. 
riant  I -leaved  at  the  base. 


1.  (1.  spi'(  fti/u'/is. 

2.  ('.  rutliildi/'i'lid. 


I.    Orchis  spectabilis  L.     vShowy  Orcliih.     (Fig.  1094.) 


<>ri/iis  sf^rilahilis  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  94,(.       175;,. 

Stems  4'- 1 2'  high,  thick,  fleshy,  5-aiigled. 
Leaves  2,  near  the  base  of  the  stem,  with  i  or  2 
scales  below  them,  obovatc,  sometimes  8'  long  and 
4'  wide,  but  usually  smaller,  clammy  to  the  touch; 
spike  3  6-llowered;  llowcrs  al)out  i'  long,  violet- 
purple  mixed  with  lighter  purple  and  white;  bracts 
foliaceous,  sheathing  the  ovaries;  sepals  united  in 
an  arching  galea;  petals  conniveut  under  the  sepals, 
more  or  less  attached  to  them;  lip  whitish,  diver- 
gent, entire,  about  as  long  as  the  petals;  spur  ob- 
tu.se,  about  8"  long;  column  violet  on  the  back; 
capsule  about  i '  long,  strongly  angled. 


In  rich  woods,  New  Hrnnswick  to  Ontario  and  Miu- 
uesota,  south  to  ("icorifia,  Kentucky  and  Nebraska. 
Ascetuls  to  4i»)o  ft.  in  Virginia,     .\pril  June. 


iy 


4(10  ORCHIDACEAH. 

2.    Orchis  rotundifolia  rursh.     vSniall  Rouiul-k'avi-'d  Orchis.      ( I-i^.  1095.) 

Oiiiiis  sf^ichiln'li^  I'lirsli.  I'l.  Am.  Stpt.  5SS       iSi  j. 
I'laliiitthiia   iiiliiiidilnlhi    I.iiidl.  <'.oii.    &  Sp.   Orcli.   2^-- 

Slein  slender,  S'-io'  liiK'i.  i-leavcil  near  the  base. 
Leaf  varyiii).;  from  nearly  orbicular  to  oval,  I'i'-.i' 
long,  !'-2'  wide,  with  i  or  2  sheathing  scales  below  it; 
spike  2-6-nowered;  flowers  6"  S"  long,  subtended  by 
small  bracts;  lateral  sepals  spreading,  sometimes 
longer  than  the  petals;  sepals  and  petals  oval,  rose- 
color;  lip  white,  purple  spotted,  longer  than  the 
petals,  globed,  the  middle  lobe  larger,  dilated,  2-lobed 
or  notched  at  the  ape.x;  spur  slender,  shorter  than  the 
lip. 

In  datiip  ucMids,  Cntnliind  to  tin-  Kocky  Mimiitaiiis. 
Maim-.  Nvw  York  aiul  Minnesota.     Juni    July. 


3.    HABENARIA  Willd.  Sp.  I'l.  4:  44.       1S05. 

Herbs,  with  thick  fibrous  or  tuberous  roots,  our  species  with  leafy  stems.  Flowers 
greenish,  white,  purple  or  yellow,  mostly  in  spikes  or  racemes.  Sepals  equal  or  nearly  .so, 
separate,  or  coherent  at  the  base,  the  lateral  ones  usually  spreading.  Petals  mostly  smaller 
than  the  sepals;  lip  spreading,  or  drooping,  with  a  spur  at  its  base,  entire,  or  ;,-5-cleft,  or 
lacerate.  Column  very  short.  Anther-sacs  elevated,  more  or  less  divergent.  Pollinia 
coarsely  granular;  candicles  short;  glands  naked.     [Latin;  a  rein  or  strap.] 


.\bout  400  species,  widtly  distrihuled.     Iksides  tlio   fnllowiuK.   sdiiu-   20 
southern  and  western  jiarts  of  North  .Anurica. 

Leaves  only  2,  basal. 
Scape  braclcd. 
Scape  naked. 
Leaf  solitar>'. 

Leaves  several  or  nunieruus. 
Lip  not  3-parled. 
T.ip  entire. 

Ovarv  not  twisted. 

Dvarv  move  or  less  twisted. 

Lip  lanceolate:  llciwers  greenish  ytllow. 
Lip  rluimbie,  dil.ited  at  the  base;  flowers  while. 
Lip  crenulale  or  erose-dentate;  flowers  oian^e  yellow. 
Lip  2  .vlootlied. 

Lii>  toothed  at  the  apex. 

•Spur  sac-like,  shorter  than  the  ovary. 
Spur  slender,  liPURer  than  the  ovary. 
Lip  with  an  obtuse  tooth  on  each  side  at  the  base,  and  a  eeiUn 


ithers  occur  in  the 


1.  //.  01  liiiiiliilii. 

2.  //.  llookfi  ii:iii}. 
V   //.  nbliisiihi. 


4.  /A.  iii:'ca. 

5.  //.  Iiy/'filti'i ,11. 
U.  J/,  dilalala. 
7.  y/.  iiilfgni. 


Lip  peetinately  frin^red. 

Spur  half  as  lonj;  as  the  ovary;  (lowers  yellow. 
Spur  longer  than  the  ovary. 
l''lowers  bright  yellow. 
I'lowers  white. 
Lip  vparted. 

.Segments  of  the  lip  deeply  fringed. 

.Segments  narrow;  fringe  of  a  few  threads. 
Segments  hroadlv  fan-shaped;  fringe  copious. 

Segments  friiigcd  to  the  middle;  flowers  white. 
Segments  fringed  to  about  one-third  or  less;  flowers  lilai 
Raceme  2'~2'-'  thick;  lip  '/    1'  broad. 
Kaeenie  I'-i'.'  thick;  lij)  4"  6"  broad. 
Segments  of  the  lip  cut  toothed;  flowers  violet  purple. 


S.  If.  hiachala. 

o.  /A  iiazvllnht. 
.1  tubercle. 

10.  ll.tUiva. 

11.  //.  (■>  islafa. 

12.  //.  liliai  is. 

1,3.  //.  bli'pliai  ii;!i>llis. 


14.  //.  Iiuiia. 

i.S.  //.  Ifiici<f>hiii\i. 

16.  If.  f;iain1i/h>i It. 

17-  //■  p.itriii/i-.'i. 

iS.  //.  pciiiiiii'iiia. 


ORCHID   l-AMII.Y. 


461 


I.    Habenaria  orbiculata  (  Piirsh  )  Torr. 

(  Fi^.  109'''.) 

Orchis  Dihliiilalti  I'ursli.  I"l.  Am.  Sopl.  .sss.      1S14. 
llabi  nai  ia  oihiiiilala  Ton.  Com]).  ,v'<-      \^2(i. 

vScape  stout,  bractcil,  1°  2'  hi^jli,  occiisioiially 
beariiiji  a  small  leaf.  Hasal  leaves  j,  orbicular, 
spreading  Hat  on  tlie  ground,  shining  above,  sil- 
very beneath,  4'-;'  in  diameter;  raceme  loosely 
many- flowered;  ])edicels  nearly  Yi'  long,  the  fruit- 
ing ones  erect;  flowers  greenish  white;  upper  sepal 
short,  rounded;  lateral  sepals  spreading,  falcate- 
ovate,  obtuse  4"-5"  long;  petals  smaller;  iip  ol)- 
long-linear,  entire,  obtuse,  white,  about  W  long; 
spur  much  longer  than  the  ovary,  often  I  'j'  long; 
anther-sacs  prominent,  converging  above;  glands 
small,  orbicular,  nearly  '4'  apart,  their  faces  turned 
toward  the  axis. 

In  rich  woods.  Xi-wfcuinillatid  to  liritisli  Cohniihia, 
Sdulli  to  Ncirtli  Carolina  and  Miiuusola.  .\-i'(.iuls  to 
45(Ki  It.  in  Virginia.     July   \\\\i. 


I,aroc  R()iin(l-I(-a\x'cl  Orchis. 


2.    Habenaria  Hookeriana  A.  {ira\ . 


Hooker's  Orchis.      (Fig.  1097.) 

ktiiana  A.  Itvay,  Ann.   I,yc.  X.  V.  3: 


Ifiihiiliii  iii   //. 

220.       "^,3<'- 
I/iih,  11(11  iti  iiiliitiilalii  Cioldie,   ICdinb.   I'liil.  Journ.  6: 

lii.       1822.     Xot  f'/v7;/,v  .i;/i/(  »,'<//(;  I'ursli,  iS[(. 
llah,  luti'ia   llookiii  \ar.  ohloniiifulia  I'ainu,   Cat.   I'l. 

Oneida.  S,^.      iSh.s. 

vScape  S'-i5'  high,  not  bracted.  Leaves  2,  basal, 
llesliy,  shining,  spreading  or  ascending,  oval,  or- 
bicular or  obovate,  y-S'A'  long;  raceme  rather 
loosely  niany-llowered,  4'-.S'  long;  bracts  acute, 
about  as  long  as  the  yellowish  green  flowers;  lat- 
eral sepals  greenish,  lanceolate,  acute,  spreading, 
about  4"  long;  petals  narrowly  linear  or  awl- 
shaped;  lip  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  4"-5"  long; 
anther-sacs  widely  diverging  below;  glands  small, 
their  faces  turned  inward;  spur  slender,  acute,  S" 
long  or  tnore,  as  long  as  the  ovary  or  considerably 
longer. 

In  woods,  Xnva  .Scotia  to  Miunisota,  simtli  to  Xcw 
Jersey,  I't  nnsyhania  and  luwa.     Junc-Sepl. 


3.  Habenaria  obtusata  (Pursh)  Richards. 
vSinaU  Northern  Bog  ( )rchis.   (  Fig.  109.S. ) 

Oirliis  iihlti.uiUi  rursh,  V\.  .\n\.  Sept.  s^^.       iS\,\. 
J/ti/ii'iiai  ill  t>/i/iiS(i/(i  Kicliards,  .Xpp.  I'rank.  Journ.  750. 
I82,(. 

Scape  slender,  naked,  4'-io'  high,  4-angled. 
Leaf  solitary,  basal,  obovate,  2'-5'  long,  5"-i2" 
wide;  spike  i'-2yi'  long,  loose  flowers  greenish 
yellow,  about  3"  long;  upper  sepal  erect,  round- 
ovate,  green  with  whitish  margins;  lateral  sepals 
s_  .eading,  oblong,  obtuse;  petals  shorter,  dilated 
or  obtusely  2-lobed  at  the  base,  connate  with  the 
base  of  tile  column;  lip  entire,  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
deflexed,  about  3"  long;  .spur  about  as  long  as  the 
lip,  slender,  nearly  straight,  blunt;  anther-sacs 
widely  divergent  below,  glands  sniall,  rather  thick. 

In  bogs,  New  Brunsw^ick  to  Hritisli  Columbia,  south 
to  Maine,  New  York  and  Colorado.     July  Sept. 


ORCHIDACEAE. 

4.    Habenaria  nivea  (  XiiU.  )  Spreng. 

Southern  Small  Wliitc  Orchis. 

(l-'ig.  locjy.j 

<ht/ii.\  iiivi-ii  Null.  CfTi.  2.  i>S.       iSiS. 
/fii/iciti!i  III  iiirrii  Spri'iiK.  Sysl.  3:  6."m),      i>2(). 

Stem  slender,  aiii^led,  i2'-i,s'  hijili.  Leaves 
liiicar-laiiceolatc,  acuminate,  4'  S'  lon;^,  the  upper 
much  shorter  and  passinj,'  into  the  hracts  of  the 
spike;  spike  2'-4'  long,  loosely  niany-flowered; 
flowers  small,  white;  lateral  sepals  broadly  ohlonj^, 
dilated  or  slightly  cared  at  the  base,  sprcadini;, 
about  3"  long;  petals  and  upper  sepal  smaller; 
spur  capillary,  as  long  as  the  ovarv  or  longer; 
stigma  apjiendaged  by  2  small  horns  affixed  to  the 
back  of  the  anther;  ovary  straight. 

In  pine  b.irrcil  \)i>^>.  Delaware  lo  I'loridii  and  .Via 
binia.     Xna. 


5.    Habenaria   hyperborea    ( L. )    R.    ]',r. 
Tall  lycafy  Green  Orcliis.     (Fig.  iioo.  ) 


Ori/iis  /ij'fifiboinj  I,,  llant.  121.      1767. 

Hiihriia)ia  hyficiborca  K.  lir.  in  .\il,  Ilorl. 
2,  5:  U),v      kSi,v 


Kew.  VA. 


Stem  rather  stout,  .S'-3^  high-  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, mostly  acute,  2'-i2'  long,  6"-tS"  wide;  spike 
narrow,  3'-S'  long;  flowers  small,  greenish  or 
greenish  yellow;  sepals  and  petals  ovate,  obtuse, 
2"-3"  long;  upper  sepal  slightly  crenulate  at  the 
apex;  lip  lanceolate,  entire,  obtuse,  about  3"  long; 
spur  about  equalling  the  lip,  shorter  than  tlie 
ovary,  blunt,  slightly  incurved,  sometimes  clavate; 
anther-sacs  parallel,  diverging  at  the  base;  glands 
small;  ovary  more  or  less  twisted. 

In  bogs  and  wet  wiiods.  Nova  Scotia  to  .\laska,  south 
to  New  Jersey,  Colorado  and  (.)regon.  Ascends  lo  4o<hi 
ft.  in  Vermont.     May  .Vug. 


6.    Habenaria    dilatata 

Tall  White  Bog  Orchis. 


(I'nr.sh)     Hook, 
(fig.  1 101.  ) 


Orchis  dilalalti  I'ursli.  ]"1.  .Vni.  .Sept.  58.^.      i>n. 
Ihihcnariii  dilalala  Hook.  IC.xol.  I'M.  2:  pi.  '/i.      iSa.i. 

Stem  slender,  leafy,  i°-2°  high.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, 3'- 1 2'  long,  3"- 10"  wide,  obtuse  or  acute; 
spike  2'-lo'  long;  bracts  acute,  the  lower  longer 
than  the  ovary,  the  upper  shorter;  flowers  small, 
white;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  nearly  3"  long;  li])  en- 
tire, dilated  or  obtusely  3-lobed  at  the  base,  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  about  as  long  as  the  blunt  incurved 
spur;  anther-sacs  nearly  parallel;  glands  close  to- 
gether, strap-shaped,  nearly  as  long  as  the  polliuia 
and  caudicle;  stigma  with  a  trowel-shaped  beak  be- 
tween the  bases  of  the  anther-sacs;  ovary  more  or 
less  twisted. 

Ill  bogs  and  wet  woods.  N'ova  Scotia  to  .\laska.  soulli 
Id  Maine.  New  York,  Itali  and  OrcKon.  .Ascends  In 
SOCK)  ft.  in  New  Hampshire.     June-Sepl. 


ORCHID   FAMILV 


7.    Habenaria  integra  (Xutt. )  Spreng. 

Small  vSouthern  Yellow  Orchis. 

(  Fig.  1 102.  ) 

Cir/iis  iit/ixiii  XuU.  (Vt-u.  2:  iS-^.       iSiS. 
Jfdlhiitii  in  hi/ixici  Slirciig.  Sy>t.  3:  6Sij.       1S26. 

Stem  i°-2°  liiKli,  anjileil,  with  1-3  liiioiir- 
laiiceolate  leaves  below,  ami  minierous bract-like 
ones  above.  Lower  leaves  2'-S'  lonji,  acute; 
spike  i'-;,'  loiiK.  <l>-'iisely  flowered;  flowers 
orange-yellow;  iipjier  sepals  and  i)etals  conni- 
vent;  lateral  sepals  longer,  oval  or  obovale, 
sprea<ling;  lip  oblong,  mostly  crenulateor  erose, 
sometimes  entire;  .spur  straight,  longer  than  the 
lip,  shorter  than  the  ovary;  .stigma  with  2  lateral 
fleshy  appendages  and  a  narrow  beak. 

In  wet  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  tci  I'lorida  aiiil 
Louisiana.  The  upper  surface  of  tlie  leaves  is  often 
reticulated  with  lie.\aK<)nal  cells.     July. 


8.  Habenaria  bracteata  (  Willd.)  R.  Br. 


Loiig-bractfd  Orchis.     (Fig.  1103.) 

Or, ills  />i,ic/t;j/,i  Willd.  Sp.  I'l  4:  r-,i-      '^<'->- 
/Id'u'iiai  ill  hriiiii-alii   K.  Hr.  in  .\it.  Hurt.  Kew.  VA.  2. 

5:  192.       iSi  5. 
/f,ih,iii!iia   -.-iriifis  var.    biiutiatii    Keiclieub.    Ic.    I"l. 

C.erui.  13:  i.VJ.  ./■  /..'.I.       i^^"- 

Stem  .slender  or  stout,  leafy,  6'-2°  high.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  ovate  or  oval,  or  the  lowest  sometimes 
obovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  2'-^'  long,  the  ujjper 
much  smaller;  bracts  longer  than  the  ovaries,  the 
lower  ones  2  or  3  times  as  long;  spike  },'-•,'  long, 
loosely  flowered;  flowers  green  or  greenish;  sepals 
ovate-lanceolate,  spreading,  dilated  or  somewhat 
gibbous  at  the  base,  about  3"  long;  petals  very  nar- 
row, sometimes  thread-like;  lip  3"-4"  l""g.  "'> 
long-sjiatulate,  2-3-toothed  or  lobed  at  the  apex, 
more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  white  sac-like  spur; 
anther-sacs  divergent  at  the  base. 

In  wiMids  and  meadows.  New  Brunswick  to  British 
Columbia,  south  to  North  Carolina  and  Nebraska. 
Also  in  ICurope.  Ascends  to  ,VJi«i  ft.  in  Virginia.  May- 
Sept. 


g.  Habenaria  clavellata  TMichx.)  Spreng.    I^^T^j) 
Small  Green  Wood  Orchis.    (^Fig.  1104.)       '\ '^j  " 

Orchis  clavi'lla/a  Miclix.  I'l.  Bor.  Am.  2:  155.     i.'^o.v 
(hr/iis  Iridenldla  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  .(i-      iSo.s. 
Jfahfiiiirid  /ridrii/n/a  Hook.  h:xol.  I'l.  2:  /;/.  S/.     1S25. 
Italu'iiaria  tiaviilala  Spreng.  Sysl.  3;  6S9.      1826. 

Stem  8'-i8'  high,  angled,  i -leaved  near  the  base, 
often  with  several  .small  bract-like  leaves  above,  or 
one  of  these  larger.  Basal  leaf  oblancc  late,  2'-6' 
long;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovaries;  .spikes  ^','-2' 
long,  loosely  flowered;  flowers  snuill,  greenish  or 
whiti.sh;  sepals  and  petals  ovate,  lip  dilated  and  3- 
toothed  at  the  apex,  the  teeth  often  small  and  in- 
conspicuous; .spur  longer  than  the  ovary,  incurved, 
clavate;  stigma  with  3  club-shaped  appendages; 
anther-sacs  nearly  parallel;  capsule  ovoid,  3"-.;" 
long,  nearly  erect. 

f  In  wet  or  moist  woods.  Newfoundland  to  llinnesota, 
south  to  I'lorida  and  Louisiana.  Ascends  to  6000  ft.  in 
North  Carolina.     July-.\ug. 


i  I 


■^^^■^'—"l^itiifiiVii 


OKCHIDACEAE. 


10.    Habenaria    flava    (  L.  )    A.    Gray. 

Tuhuvkd  Orcliis.     Small   I'ale- 

^rLx-ii  ( )rcliis.     ( I-'i^.   i  105.  ) 

(hr/ii'x  f/iir'<i  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  mi.      175.!. 
<>i;/iis'yiivs<i  lis  Willd,  Sp.  V\   4:  ,1,7.      iSos. 
/Iiih(  iKi)  ill  viirui'iis  .SpniiK-  Sy^l.  3;  ii"^^        iSji). 
iliihinai  ill  liava  \.  (iiav.  \\\\.  Joiiin.  Sii.  38:   vi^^- 

IS(... 

Stem  ratluT  slimt,  \^  2°  Iiik'''  Ii'mI'v.  Iamvi's 
liilK'foliilf  or  c'lliptii',  acute  or  obtuse,  4'  12' 
loM^,  S"  _^'  wide;  s))ike  2'  6'  louj;;  liraets  aiu- 
niiuate,  loajfer  than  the  ovaries;  petals  j.;reeiiisli; 
se])als  and  petals  ovate  or  roundish,  about  }," 
lou).;;  selJ.ils  j^reenish  yellow,  lip  a  little  lon).;er 
than  the  petals,  entire  or  crenulate,  with  an  ob- 
tuse tooth  on  each  side  and  a  central  tubercle  at 
the  middle  of  the  base;  anther-.sacs  parallel,  the 
sides  I'ormiuj;  a  rounded  cavity,  in  which  lie  the 
orbicular  iiicurveil  j.;lauds;  capsule  about  \"  loni^. 

Ill  moist  soil,  ( iniario  to  Miiiiusola.  sniuli  to  I'lor- 
iila  and  Louisiana  and  Missouri.     Juiu-  July. 


II.    Habenaria   cristata  (Michx.)  R.  Br. 
Crested  \'ell(iw  ( )ivliis,     1  l'"i>;'.   1106.) 

Oithis  i  lisliilti  Miclix.  I'l.  I'or.  Am.  2:  i,v>.       'sn^ 
lliihiiiiiriii  ,1  i\/ii/,i  R.  III.  in  .\it.  Iloit.  Kew.  vd.  2.  5: 

Stem  sleiidir,  aiiL^led,  .'^'  2'  high.  Leaves  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  2'-.S'  loiij;,  ^"-S"  wide,  the  upjier 
much  smaller,  similar  to  the  bracts;  bracts  as 
long  as  the  flowers;  sjjike  2'-.4'  lonj,',  dense;  (lowers 
oranjje;  sepals  roundish-ovate,  about  I  '•"  loujf,  ihu 
lateral  ones  s])readiii!.;;  jietals  narrower,  jiectin.iti-- 
frinj.;ed;  li])  slightly  Ioniser  than  the  sejxils,  not  ,^- 
parted,  but  dee])ly  frin,i,'e(l  to  the  middle  or  beyond; 
spur  2"-^"  loujr.  about  half  as  lonj,'  as  the  ovary; 
anther-sacs  divergent  at  the  base,  widely  sejianited. 

Ill    bn^'s,    Xcw    Jersev    In    I'lorida   and     L' 
Julv 


12.     Habenaria    ciliaris    (L.) 
Yellow  Fringed  Orchis.      (  Vig. 


K.    lir. 
1 107. ) 

(>i i/iis  (i/iiii  is  L.  Sp.  I'l.  mvi-      17,1.1. 

1 1  a  hf  lull- ill  liliai  is  K.  I!r.  in  .\il.  Ilort.  Kew.  i;d.  2, 

5:  I'M-       i^'.V 

Stem  slender,  i°-2'3°  high.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, acute,  4'-,S'  loiiK.  6"-i.S"  wide,  the  upper 
smaller;  spike  closely  many-llowered,  ;,'-  6'  lonj^, 
sonietime.s  nearly  y  thick;  flowers  orange  or 
yellow,  large,  showy;  sej)ais  orbicular  or  broadly 
ovate,  ol)li(|ue  at  the  base,  2"-4"  long;  the  lat- 
eral ones  mostly  refle.\ed;  petals  much  smaller, 
oblong  or  cuneate,  usually  tootheil;  lip  oblong, 
5"-""  loug,  copiously  fringed  more  than  half- 
way to  the  middle;  spur  I'-l'yi'  long,  very 
slender;  anther-sacs  large,  divergent  at  the  base, 
bearing  a  small  white  tubercle  on  the  outer  side. 

In  nie.idows.  Vermont  (?)  iind  Ontario  to  Miclii- 
Kan.  south  to  l-'lorida  and  Te.xas.     July-.\UK' 


(iRCIIIIi    lAMII.V. 


4f'5 


13.    Habenaria  blephariglottis  1  Willil.  1  Torr.     Wliitc  FiiiiKL'd  (Orchis. 

<  I'ij;'.    1  1 1  iS.  / 
(liiliis  liliiiiis  viir.  iilhii    Miilix.  I'M.  Hoi.  Am.   2.   i-fi.  \    . 

iSd^.     Ni.t  (>.  „IIhi  I.iiiM,  i-v  r"'^'^.-!^,? 

(>i, Ins  hl,f'/uiri,i;lol/i.^  WWUi.  ^\i.  V\.  ^-.i).      iSus.  v  '\\}r       \'n 

//ii/irii(ii  ill  /i///^/iiii  ii:/i>//i\  'I'lirr.  Ci'm]).   \i-.       \^;t<.  ^^    ^i^WtVv 

//iilhiiai  ia  li/itii  IS  var.  i/Z/n;  .Mmniic,  liiiH.  Tiirr.  L'lul), 

20:  .^S.       iSeji. 

Steins  and  U'avts  similar  tn  llmsi- nf  the- iirii-fil- 
in>{  spi'cius.  S])ikes  dcnsi-ly  nr  ralliir  locixlv 
many-flowert'il;  IIoucts  ]iuri'  wliilf,  usually  a  littlu 
smaller  Uian  Uuise  nf  //.  li/im/s  ;  lip  uaiiowir, 
olildiig;  pi'lals  UioIIrmI  or  sdiuewliat  fringiil  at  tin.' 
apex  ;  friuj^e  of  the  li])  enpious  or  sparse. 

Ill  bciH's  ami  swamps,  .Wufinuullaud  t(i  Minniscita 
and  New  Jersey.  Interuu-diaU-  iVinns  !u  t\\  eeu  tliis  and 
tile  preceding  species,  with  linlit  yellow  llnwers,  are 
probably  liybriils,  Dlooins  a  few  clays  earlier  than 
I  ///i;;/\  wlure  tile  luo  t;iow  tomtlii  r.     July  .\\\^. 

Habenaria  blephariglottis  holopetala     I.indl.  i  .\,  Cray, 

.Mall.  Ivd.  ,^,  ,=;ii2.       1S07. 
I'hiliiiillii  III  hill. ipi lain   I.indl.   Ceii.   ,\:  Sji.   (Ireli.  Jul. 

( )ne  or  botli  of  tlie  pitals  1  iitire:  lip  ipl'ten  ■.^p.-iriiii;lv 
fliiiHid.      With  the  ty|>f.      I'lobably  a  iiu  le  lUiiii. 


Habenaria  lacera  i  Miclix.  )  R.  l!r.      R:l,<,^i,'e■(l  Orchis.     (  Fi.!^^  i  loi). 


i>i  iliiUiiii  1 ,1  Mieli.x.  I"l.  l!or.  .\iii.  2:  i,s6.       1S05. 

Ifiiheiiiii  ill  liUtiii  K.   I!r.    I'lodr.  I'l.  Nov.  Hull,  i:    ^12. 
iSio. 

Stem  rather  slender,  \"-2°  \\\^\\.  Leaves  firm, 
laiu-eolate,  5'-S'  long,  ic)"-i,S"  wide,  the  upper 
,i;railiially  smaller;  spike  2'-6'  long,  loose;  llowers 
}j;reenisli  yellow;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  about  }," 
lon.i,',  the  u]iperoiie  a  little  broader  than  the  others, 
]ietals  linear,  entire,  obtu.se,  abinit  as  loii.tf  as  the 
sejials;  lip  vparteil,  the  se,u;ineuts  narrow,  deejilv 
frin.ired,  the  fringe  of  a  few  threads,  about  ','  long; 
s]iiir  7"-S"  long,  curved,  shorter  than  the  ovary, 
elavate  at  the  apex;  iinther-saes  divergent  at  the 
base,  their  bases  beaked  ami  piojeeting  upward; 
glands  oblong-linear,  hvaline,  as  long  as  the  eau- 
diele. 

Ill  swiimps  and  wet  woods.  Nova  .Scotia  to  Minne- 
sota, south  to  ("rcorKia  and  Missouri.     June  July. 


15.  Habenaria  leucophaea  (Xiitt.)  A.  (iray. 
Prairie  WhitL'-friiii^cd  ( )rcliis.    (  Fij;.  1 1  lo. ) 

Oir/iis  /iiiiiip/iiiiii  Niitt.  Trans.  .\iii.  I'hil.  .Sue.  1  II.  1  5:  ihi. 

Iliihniiinn  Iriiinpliiirii  X.  Cray,  Man.  lid.  ,=;,  ,';o2.      1867.' 

Stem  stout,  angled,  i  'j°--2'.°  high.     Leaves  lanceo- 
late, 4'-,S'  long;  spike  3'-5'  long,  very  thick,  loo.sely 
flowered;    flowers   large,    white,    fragrant,  sometimes  <>. 
tinged  with  green;  sepals  broadly  ovate;  petals  obovate,  -^ 
minutely  cut  toothed,  about  3"  long;  lip  .^-parted,  6"       ^ 
7"  long,    the    segments    broadly   wedge-shaped   and    /y/fd 
copiously  fringed.     Spur  i  '-1  C'  long,  longer  than  the 
ovary;  anther-sacs  widely  diverging  at  the  base;  cau- 
dicleslongand  slender;  glands  transversely  oval;  ovary 
often  recurved. 

On  moist  prairies,  western  Xew   York  to  Minnesota, 
Kentucky  and  .Vrkansas.     July. 


f  ri 


«--^-..^^^^i^i-,.^^^A^ 


4^'fi  OKCHIDACI'AI'. 

i6.    Habenaria  grandiflora  (  Hij^cl.  )  Toir. 

(  l'"i«.  I  III.  ) 


I.arj^a-  Purpli.-fi-in.i,a'(l  Orcliis. 


iSa). 
Nut 


i^ii/ii.'i xxiiii/if/'" ii  H\in\.  I'l.  l.iist.  Ivtl.  2.  .V'l. 
()irlii.f  fiiiihi  iiihi   Willil.    Sp.    I'l.   4:    vi-      "*", 

Dryaiul.  17S(). 
/fiihrmii  ill  i;i  iimli/loni  '\'u\y.  Ciim|).    \\i).       1S26. 
1 1,1 1'c  II  III  ill  ll  III  hi  ill  III  A.  ("iiiiv,  Mail.  VA    s.  Si'V      1S67, 

Not  K.  I!r.  iM.v 

SlLMii  l°-5°  liiK'i-  lA'avc's  oval  or  laiu'i'olalf,  ('- 
111'  lonj;,  10"  ,^'  widf,  obtiiso,  or  llu'  u])]xt  siiialk'r 
and  ai'iili';  raccMiiu  ,,'-15'  I<'iij{,  soim'tuiifs  2',' 
lliii'k,  (liMisfly  (lowerfd;  flowers  lilac  or  ])ur])li.sli, 
soiiK'tiiiic'S  wliiti'  or  nearly  so,  fraj^raiit;  upper 
sepal  and  ]H'tals  erect,  connivenl;  Jielals  ohlonj;  or 
(ihliinceolate,  more  or  less  tootlied,  'j' lonn;  lip  ,'1- 
l)arled,  'i'l'  liroad,  about  '.'  lotiK.  tl'e  segments 
broadly  fan-sluiped,  coi)ii)Usly  frinjjed  to  about  the 
middle,  anlber-sacs  divergent  at  the  base;  glanils 
orbicular,  turned  inward;  spin-  tilil'onn,  clavate, 
i'-[  'j'  long. 

In  rich  wniids  and  nuadows.  New  lirunswick  to  (lll- 
tarioand  Miclnuaii,  soulli  tn  Ndrtli  Carolina.  June  Aug. 


17.    Habenaria  psycodes  (  L. )  A.  Gray. 
SinallL-r  rurplc-fringcd  Orchis.   (Fig.  11 12.) 

Orchis psviiniis  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  <)4;5.      17.S,;. 

Oir/iis  /iiii/'iiii/ii  Ah.  Ilorl.  Kew.  3:  3)7.      17*11 

/  ill  fir  II II I  ill  />\i'(ii(/(',v  .\.  r.rav,  .\ni.  Jcnuii.  ,Sci.  38:  ;i(i. 

Stem  rather  slender,  i°-.^°  high.  Leaves  ov.d, 
elliptic  or  lanceolate,  a'-io'  long,  S"-^'  wide,  the 
upper  smaller;  raceme  2'-6'  long,  I'-i  '.'  thick, 
loosely  or  densely  several -many-flowered;  flowers 
lilac,  rarely  white,  fragrant;  lower  sepals  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, about  4"  li)n,g,  the  u]ii)er  one  a  little  nar- 
rower; petals  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  toothed  on 
the  upper  margin;  lip  3-parted,  4"-6"  broad,  the 
segments  fan-shaped  and  copiously  fringed,  the 
fringe  of  the  middle  .segment  shorter  than  that  of 
the  lateral  ones;  s])ur  somewhat  clavate  at  the  apex, 
about  S"  long,  longer  than  the  ovary. 

In  meadows,  swauii)sand  wet  woods,  Newfoundland 
to  Jliniiesota,  south  to  Nortli  Carolina  and  Indiana. 
Ascends  to  6000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.     July-Auif. 


18.    Habenaria    peramoena    A.    Gray. 

Friiigfle.ss  Purple  Orchis.     {  Fig.  1 1 1 3. ) 

Oirliis  fiasa   I'ursh.   V\.   Xm.  .Sept.   .s.Sij.      1S14.      Not 

WilUi.  iS,,5. 
//.  pi' III  III  III- nil  A.  Gray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  38:  ;,io.      1S40. 

Stem  \°-2]i°  high.  Leaves  elliptic  or  lanceo- 
late, 4'-S'  long,  yi'-lVi'  wide,  the  upper  gradually 
smaller;  spike  2'---'  long,  i'-2},i'  thick,  densely  or 
rather  loosely  many-flowered;  flowers  large,  showy, 
violet-purple;  lateral  sepals  round-ovate,  y-4" 
long,  the  upper  one  smaller;  petals  smaller,  round- 
obovate,  clawed,  entire,  or  slightly  erose;  lip  '"- 
10"  long,  ^-parted,  the  segments  fan-shaped,  cut- 
toothed,  not  fringed,  the  middle  one  2-lobed;  spur 
about  as  long  as  the  t)vary,  curved,  clavate;  anther- 
sacs  widely  divergent,  little  separated;  glands  or- 
bicular, oblique. 

In  moist  meadows,  New  Jersey  to  Illinois,  \  rginia 
and  Kentucky.     July-.\UK. 


ORCHID    lAMIIvV. 


467 


4.    POGONIA  Juss.  C.<jn.  I'l.  65.       17S9. 

M(istl\  low  liirhs,  llu' llowirs  tiTiiiiiial,  solilMry  <ir  in  racitiKs,  tliL- It'iivfs  usually  alteniMto 
or  viTlicillati-.  Sf])als  and  ]iflals  sc])araU\  i-ri-i-t  <ii  asccndiiiK.  I.ip  eri-ct  frmii  tliu  liase  of 
tlie  oohnnii,  spurU'ss.  Coliiimi  ili>ii),'aleil,  i-lul)-sliape<l  at  tlif  suiimiil.  Anther  tL-nninal, 
stalkuil,  attailu'd  to  tlu'  1>ai'k  of  tliu  colinnn,  its  safs  i)arallfl;  jxillinia  2,  i  in  eai-li  sac,  pow- 
dery-;^'ran\ilai-,  withont  a  candicle.  Stij;ina  a  flalteneil  disk  lielow  tlio  anlluT.  Capsnk-  ol)- 
lonji  or  ovoid,  crei't  or  droojiin^.      [Cireek,  heardi-d,  from  the  bearded  lip  of  some  species.] 

Aliiiiit  ,vi  species,  widely  di^triliiUed.     Only   tlu   fiill<i\vinn  an   kii.iuii  in  N'cirtli  America. 


1.  /'.  iif>/iii>,i;/i>.s.Koi({,'S. 

2.  /'.  Iriaiillii'f>lii>ia. 

5.  /'.  ilivui  i<alii. 


Sepals  and  jietals  nearly  e(|Ual  and  alike. 
I.i))  cresled. 
I.ip  not  crested. 
.Sepals  lont;er  and  narrower  than  tlie  petals. 
Stem  bearing  a  single  leaf  near  tlu-  miiUlle. 
.Stem  bearing  a  wlnirl  of  le.ives  at  the  tup. 

I.ip  crested  aloiiK  a  narripw  lim-  down  the  face:  iie<hincle  a-  limj;  as  the  capsnle  or  longer. 

.).   /'.  ziiliiilliilii. 
I. it)  crested  (ivcr  the  whnli-  faci-  and  Idhes;  iiediincle  shorter  tlian  tile  capsnle. 

5.  ]'.  .ijjiiiis. 

I.   Pogonia  ophioglossoides  (  L. )  Kcr. 

Kosu  Po^oiiia.     Snakc-inoiith. 

(  Fijr.  1 1 14.  ) 

Aitlhiisit  i'/>/iii>,i;/os.uii(/i s  I..  Sp.  I'l.  i),si.       175,1. 

J'm^diiia  of>lii(n;loss«Hli'S   Ker  in    I.indl.    Hnt.   Kejf- 
/■/.  I  fS.      1S16. 

Stem  S'~i5'  hi)>,di,  1-3-leaved,  not  rarely  with 
a  lonjf-petioleil  basal  leaf.  Stem  leaf  or  leaves 
','-3'  long,  lanceolate  or  ovate,  erect,  bluntly 
acute;  flowers  frajjrant,  pale  rose-C(dor,  slij.,ditly 
noddin.t;,  larj^e,  solitary  or  occasionally  in  pairs, 
subtended  by  a  foliaceous  bract ;  sepals  and  petals 
about  e(|ual,  elliptic  or  oval,  6"-io"  long;  lip 
spatulate,  free  or  somewhat  appressed  to  the 
column  below, crested  and  fringed;  columti  much 
shorter  ihan  the  petals,  thick,  club-shaped. 

In  meadiiwsand  swamps,  Ncwfiiundland  to  On- 
tario, Idorida  and  Kansas.  .Mso  in  Japan.  Koots 
fdirons.     Jnne-July. 


2.    Pogonia  trianthophora  (vSw.)  B.S. P.      Xoddiiis  PoRotiia.     (Fig.   1115.) 


Aiiiliiisii  Iriaiilliof'liora  ,Sw.  Kongl.  Vet.  .\cad.  Ilandl. 
( II.  i  21:  2,50.       i^-oo. 

Piii^onia  f<f)iiliila  I.indl.  Rot.  Kesf.  />/•  '/'>'•       iS^^.S. 

P<i>roiii<i   h  iaii/ln</>lioia    H.S.I'.    I'rel.    Cat.   N.   V.    ,S2. 
1888. 

Stem  glabrov-',  3'-S'  high,  from  a  tuberous  root, 
often  clustered.  Leaves  2-S,  alternate,  ovate,  y,"- 
9"  long,  clasping;  flowers  1-7,  on  axillary  pedun- 
cles, pale  purjile,  at  first  nearly  erect,  soon  droop- 
ing; perianth  6"-S"  long;  sepals  and  petals  about 
efpial,  connivent,  elliptic,  obtuse;  lip  clawed,  some- 
what ,vlobed,  roughish  or  crisped  above,  not  crested, 
about  as  long  as  the  petals;  capsule  oval,  drooping, 
about  6"  long. 

In  rich  woods,  Canada  (?).  Rhode  Island  to  Idorida. 
Wisconsin  and  Kansas.  .Ascends  to  3500  ft.  in  North 
Carolina.     I.ocal.     .\ug.-Sept. 


ifl 


468 


OReillDACI'Ai;. 

3,  Pogonia  divaricata  (  L,  '  R.  Br.   Sprcad- 
iiiS  Poj^onia.      !  Fij^.  11 16.) 

Aiiiliiisii  (ii:\iri('it/,i  I..  Sp.  I'l,  C131.       175.5, 

P,ii;,>iii,!  cli-.iii  iiiila  K.  lir.  in  Ail.  Holt.  Ki-w.  ICil.  -'.  5- 
20.V       iSi,^. 

Stem  I  =-2''  lii,t;li,  l)L-:irinK  a  leaf  near  Ihe  middle, 
and  a  foliaceous  bract  near  the  llower.  Leaf  lanceo- 
late, or  narrowly  elliptic,  obtnse,  dasiniiK,  2'-4' 
loni;;  llower  terminal,  solitary,  about  i'  lonjr; 
sepals  linear,  longer  and  .larrower  than  the  petals, 
diverging  <lark  colored;  ])etals  flesh-color,  lanceo- 
late, narrowed  at  the  apex,  lip  as  long  as  the  petals, 
3-lobed,  cremilale  or  wavy-margined,  greenish, 
veined  with  juirple,  crested,  bnt  not  bearded,  the 
upper  lobe  long. 


In  swamps,  soutlurn  N'cw  Jersfyt<i  I'lorida  and  .Ma 
bama.  .\seeiulslii  (in*)  I'l.  in  North  Carolina.  Reported 
I'ror.i  Wisconsin.     July. 


4.    Pogonia  verticillata  (  Willd.)  Xiitt. 
Wliorled  rogonia.      (  Fi.i;-.  1 1 1 7.  ) 

Arrlliiisa  yi-rliiilhi/n  WilM.  Sp.  I'l.  4;  ^i.     1^05. 
Poiioiiiii  :ri/i<!//a/a  Null.  ('.en.  2;  192.       iSiS, 

Stem  lo'-l2'  high,  from  long  fleshy  roiits, 
bearing  a  whorl  of  ,s  leaves  at  the  sunnn.t. 
Leaves  obovate,  abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex, 
.ses.sile,  i'-,^'  long;  flower  solitary,  erect  or  de- 
clined; peduncle  6"-H"  long,  in  fruit  usually 
e(iualling  or  exceeding  the  capside;  sepals  lin- 
ear, l.'2'-2'  long,  about  1"  wi<le.  spreading, 
dark  purple;  petals  linear,  erect,  obtuse,  green- 
ish yellow,  about  10"  long;  lip  vlobcd,  crested 
along  a  n.irrow  band,  the  ni)per  J)art  ex])anded, 
undulate;  capsule  erect,  1 '  or  more  long. 

In   moist  woods,  Ontario  to  Wisconsin,  Indi.ina 
and  Idorida.     .\seetuls  to  .(500  in  Virginia.     May 
June. 


5.     Pogonia    affinis    Austin.       Smaller 
Wlun-k-d  Pogonia.     (Fig.  iiiS.) 


'.ray,  Man.   ICd.  ,s,  ,=;o7. 


r,X<>iiiit  allinh  .\ustiii:  .\.  ( 
i.sf)-. 


Smaller  th.an  the  preceding  species,  stem  S'- 
10'  high.  Leaves  in  a  whorl  of  5  at  the  sumndt, 
I '-2'  long;  (lowers  2  or  solitary,  greenish  yellow; 
peduncle  2"-4"  long,  much  shorter  than  the 
ovary  and  capsule;  sepals  e(iualliiig  the  petals, 
or  but  little  longer,  somewhat  narrowed  at  the 
base;  li])  cre.sted  over  nearly  the  whole  face  and 
lobes;  capsule  erect,  l'  long  or  less. 

In  moist  woods,  Connecticut  to  sontliern  New 
York  and  New  Jersev.  Raiv  and  local.  The  species 
is  imperl'eelly  known.  I  liu'  IlKiire  is  taken  froni 
Mr    .Viistin's  original  sketches,     June, 


ORCHID    I'AMIIA'. 


469 


5.    ARETHUSA  L.  Sp.  PI.  950. 


i/0.i- 


I,u\v  herbs,  with  siiimII  bulbs  aii<l  inoslly  solitary  flowers  on  braeted  soai)us,  Uie  solitary  leaf 
linear,  lii(l<len  at  first  in  the  upper  bract,  protruding  after  flowerinj^.  Sepals  anil  petals  about 
e(|ual,  conniveiit  and  hooded  above,  coherent  below.  Lip  dilated  and  recurved-s])reading  at  the 
apex,  crested  on  the  face  with  straight  somewhat  fleshy  hairs,  slightly  gibbous  at  the  base. 
Column  adherent  to  the  lip  below,  linear,  narrowly  winge<l  and  dilated  at  the  summit. 
Anther  operculate,  of  2  approximateil  sacs  incumbent  upon  the  column;  pollinia  4,  2  in  each 
sac,  powdery -granular.  Capsule  erect,  ellipsoid,  strongly  angled.  [Dedicated  to  the  nymph 
.\retlin.sa.]  '^    '^ 

Two   known   spcciis,  llie    foUnwinK  occurring  in 
North  America,  tlic  utlicr  in  Japan. 

I.    Arethusa  bulbosa  I^.      Aretluisa. 
(Fig.  I  119.) 

Airlliusa  hiilhosn  I,.  .S]).  I'l.  11,50.       17,5,^. 

Scape  glabrous,  s'-io'  high,  bearing  1-3  loose 
sheathing  bracts.  Leaf  linear,  nuiuy-nerved,  be- 
coming 4'-6'k)ng;  flower  solitary  (rarely  2),  aris- 
ing from  between  a  pair  of  small  unequal  scales, 
rose-])urj)U',  i'-2' high;  se])als  and  petals  linear  to 
elliptic,  obtu.se,  arched  t)ver  the  column;  lip  usually 
drooping  beneath  the  sepals  and  petals,  the  apex 
Ijroad,  rounded,  often  fringed  or. toothed,  variegated 
with  purplish  blotches,  bearded,  crested  down  the 
face  in  three  white  hairy  ridges;  capsule  about  l' 
long,  ellipsoid,  strongly  6-ribbed,  rarely  maturing. 

In  bofrs,  NewfoutiiUaiul  to  ( )ntario  and  Minnesota, 
south  to  North  Carolina  and  Iniliana.     May  June. 

6.    EPIPACTIS  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  VA.  2,  5:  201.       1S13. 

Tall  stout  herbs  with  llbrous  roots  and  simple  leafy  stems.  Leaves  ovate  or  lanceoUile, 
plicate,  clasping.  I'lowers  leafy-bracted,  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  and  petals  all  separ- 
ate. Spur  none.  Lip  free,  sessile,  broad,  concave  below,  constricted  near  the  middle,  the 
njjper  portion  dilated  and  petal-liki  Column  short,  erect.  .Anther  operculate,  borne  on  the 
margin  of  the  clinandrium,  erect,  ovate  or  .■icmi.globose,  its  sacs  contiguous.  I'oUinia  2- 
parti'd,  granulose,  becoming  attached  to  the  glandular  beak  of  the  stignui.  Capsule  oblong, 
beakless.     [Creek  name  for  I  lelleborine.] 

.\boul  10  species,  widely  distributed.  liisidcs  tin-  folIowiuK.  anotlier  cjccurs  in  the  wi>teru 
I'niled  ,StaUs 

I.   Epipactis  viridiflora  (Hoffni. )  Reichb. 
Helk-Ixn-iiie.      (Fig.  1120.) 

Si-ra/'iiii  :-i)  i,/i//iir<i  lIolTni.  Dcutscli.  1"1.  2:  1S2.     1S04. 
/C/>ipt!i-/i.\-  lalifi'liii  var.  viriiiilloia   Irni.    I.iun.Ka,   16: 

•l.Si.       1842.' 
I'.fipiUlis  ririt/i//iiiii  Kcichb.  I'l,  I';xc.  r^|.       iS,vi. 
Ji/ii/'tu/is  /liilihiiriiir  .\.  Gray.  Man.  VA.  6,  504.     iSi)o 

Nut  Cranlz.  1769. 

Stem  1^-2"  high,  glabrous  t)elow,  pubescent 
above.  Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute, 
i';'-3'  long,  9"-l'2'  wide;  flowers  greenish  yel- 
low to  puqile;  pedicels  2"-'s"  loii.g;  sepals  4"-5" 
long,  lanceolate;  jietals  narrower;  lip  expande<l 
into  a  slightly  undulate  apex,  tapering  to  a  ])oint; 
bracts  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  flowers. 

Near  Toroiitii,  { )iilario;  Syracuse  and  HulTalo,  New- 
York;  the  (inly  .•Xniericau  slaliims  known.  Widely 
distril)Uted  in  iCurope.  .Sometimes  coufounded  wild 
the  I'Uuopean  A'.  luli/oHit.  but  dilTers  in  haviui,;  llie  lip 
free  from  callosities,  its  ape.x  acute,  the  sepals  aiul 
petals  loiiyer  and  more  tapering.     July  .\uw. 


470 


ORCHIDACHAI';. 


7.  GYROSTACHYS  Pers.  vSyn.  2:  511.  1S07. 
[Si'iKAXTUKS  L.  C.  Ricliiird,  Mfiii.  Mus.  Paris,  4:42.  rSiS.] 
i:rect  herlis,  will,  flcshy-filirmis  or  lubLnnis  roots  anil  slfiuler  slums  or  scapes,  leaf-Iiuar- 
inj^  below  or  at  the  riase.  I'lowers  small,  spurless,  sjiikud,  l-^-rowL'd,  the  s|)ikes  more  or  less 
luisle<l.  Sepals  free,  or  more  or  less  eoliereiil  at  tlii'  top,  or  uniteil  with  petals  into  a 
j(alea.  I.ip  sessile  or  elawed,  eoiicave,  erect,  em!iraciiij{  the  column  and  often  adherent  to 
it,  sjireadinj^  and  crisped,  or  rarely  lohed  or  tootlied  at  the  a])ex,  bearinj^  minute  callosities  at 
tile  base.  Column  arched  below,  oblicpiely  attached  to  the  to])  of  the  ovary,  .\ntlier  with- 
out a  lid,  borne  on  the  b.-ick  of  the  column,  erect.  Stifjma  ovate,  prolon).;ed  into  an  acumi- 
nate beak,  at  length  bifid,  coverinj;  the  anther  and  stigmatic  only  nnderneath.  I'ollinia  2,  1 
in  each  sac,  powdery.    Cai)side  ovoid  or  oblong,  erect,    [Greek,  referring  to  the  twisleil  s])ikes] . 

.\b(iut  Sn  sjiecii  s,  uickly  distribiucd  in  tropical  and  teinpirale  regions,     liesiiles  the  fcillowinn, 
aiicilher  dccuis  in  tin-  Smuhiiii  .States  and  ipmc  in  California.     The  flowers  are  often  fraKrant. 
Idcpuers  vranked:  stems  not  twisted,  nv  but  slightly  so. 

.Sepals  anil  petals  nmre  or  less  connivent  into  a  IukkI.  i.   (/.  A'diiKiii-nJ^iiiiu!. 

Lateral  sepals  si  jianite.  frei . 

.Spike  sliiirt,  about  2'  InUK.  4"   ,s"  thick;  callosities  unne,  or  mere  tliicki  innj;s  of  the  basal 

margins  of  the  lip.  .'.   (/.  p/tiii/tmiitiii. 

Spike  .('-(>'  louK.  I' '    10"  thick;  calliisities  nipple-shaped. 

•Spike '1"   7"  thick;  calUisitiis  hairy,  straight.  ,;.   <i.  (tiiiim. 

.S])ike  s"-K]"  thick;  callosities  ^rlabrous.  incurved,  4.   (/.  m/oia/a. 

Flowers  merely  alternale,  ap]>earinK  seciniil  from  the  spiral  twistinpr  of  the  stem. 

Stem  leafy;  lower  leaves  elongated,  mostly  ijei^istent  through  the  flowerinn  season. 

,S.   (/.  f'lafco.v. 
Stein  a  hracted  scape;  leaves  basal,  mostly  withering  before  the  flowering  season. 

(1.   (,'.  shiifih'x. 


Knot  a  single  tuber;  spike  abuut  i'  lonsf. 
K( pot  a  cluster  of  tubers;  spike  1'   ,V  lont;. 


(/.  'jiiuilis. 


I.    Gyrostachys' Romanzoffiana  (Cham.) 
MacM.     Houtled  Ladies'  Trcsse.s.    (  Fig.  i\2\.) 

Sf'ii  lUilliiw  !\'iuiiamii(ficiiia  Cham.  I.iiniae-i.  3:  ,^2.     182S. 
(iyi ustacliys  Ko»i(iii:i>l1iaiia  MacM.  Met.  Minr..  171.     1S92. 

Stem  6'-i5'  high,  glabrous,  leafy  below,  bracted 
above,  the  inflorescence  rarely  pnbernlent.  Lower 
leaves  ;/-.'~i'  long,  linear  or  linear-oblanceolate;  spike 
2'-.t'  long,  Y'-'"  thick;  bracts  shorter  than  the 
flowers;  flowers  in  _^  rows,  white  or  greenish,  ringent, 
y-.\"  long,  spreading  horizontally,  very  fragrant; 
sepals  and  petals  broad  at  the  l)ase,  all  more  or  less 
c.  nnicent  into  a  hood;  lip  oblong,  broad  at  the  base, 
contracted  below  the  ililated  crisped  apex,  thin,  trans- 
parent, veined;  callosities  mere  thickenings  of  the 
basal  margins  of  the  lip,  or  none. 

In  b(i(fs,  Nova  Scotia  to  .\Iaska.  south  to  Maine,  reini- 
sylvania.  Miimesota  and  California.     Jnly-.VuK- 


2.    Gyrostachys  plantaginea  (  Raf.  )  Hritton. 

( I'ig.  1122. ) 

Xfolliii  f>li)iiliii;iii(<i  Kaf.  .\m.  Monlli.  M-.R.  2:  2ip|),       iSiS, 
Spiriiii//usciiiiiiii  var..'  hitilnlia  Torr   Comp.  ,>2o,       iS2(). 
Spi  111  II I  Ins  p/,iii/tii;iiir(i  Torr.  I'l.  N.  V.  2.  2S4.      184,^ 
.S'.  /ii/i/o/iii  Torr.;   I.indl.  Ikn.  ^S:  Sp.  Orcli.  467.       lS.)o. 
(iyrosliuliys  lali/'oUfi  Kuntze,  Kev.  Cieii.  I'l.  ';(V(.      1891. 

Stem  4'-lo'  high,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  bracted 
above,  Iteariiig  4  or  5  lanceolate  or  oblanceolale  leaves 
below.  Leaves  I'^s'  long;  spike  i'-2'  long,  4"-5" 
thick,  dense;  floral  bracts  mostly  much  shorterthan  the 
flowers;  flowers  spreading,  abimt  x,"  long;  jietals  and 
sepals  wliite;  lateral  se]ials  free,  narrowly  lanceolate, 
the  upj)er  somewhat  united  with  the  petals;  lip  pale 
yellow  on  the  face,  oblong,  not  contracted  in  the  mid- 
dle, the  wavj-  apex  rounded,  crisped  or  fringed,  the 
base  short-clawed;  callosities  none,  or  mere  thicken- 
ings of  the  lip  nnirgins. 

Moist  banks  and  wnipils,  New  liruuswick  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  VirKinia  and  Michigair     J>nie-.\UK. 


Wid 


Tri.'.s.ses. 


ORCHID   1-AMILY. 


3.    Gyrostachys  cernua  (  L. )  Kuntze. 
Nodding  Ladies'  Tresses.    (Fig.  1 123.  ) 

(>f>/ii  vs  (fi  unci  [,.  Si),  ri.  <-).\(u      I75,V 

S/tiiaiillii-s  (CI  inin  I,.  C.  Ricli.  Orcli.  Ann.  ,^7.       1S17. 

(iyroshuliys  ifi  una  Kiintzf,  Ktv.  Cicn.  I'l.  i>>y\.      i.~<i)l. 

Stem  6' -25'  hixli  (rarely  tallen,  usiuilly  pubes- 
cent above,  mostly  bearing  2-6  acuminate  bracts. 
Leaves  nearly  basal,  linear-oblanceolate  or  linear, 
3'-i4'  lonjf,  the  blaile  narrow,  the  petiole  2'-io' 
long;  spike  4'-5'  long,  6"-7"  thick;  flowers  white 
or  yellowish,  fragrant,  nodding  or  spreading,  about 
5"  long,  in  5  rows;  lateral  sepals  free,  the  njjper 
arching  and  connivent  with  the  petals;  lip  oblong, 
or  sometimes  ovate,  the  broad  apex  rounded,  crenu- 
late  or  crisped;  callosities  nipple-shaped,  straight, 
hairy. 

In  wet  meadows  and  swamps,  Xova  Scotia  to  ( )ntario 
and  Minnesota,  south  to  I'londaand  Louisiana.  .\ii>f. - 
Oct. 


471 


4.   Gyrostachys  odorata  (  Xutt.  )  Kunt/.e. 
Fragrant  Ladies'  Tresses.     (Fig.  1124.) 

.XeKllitj  odoriila  Nntt.  Jmnu.  .\cad.  I'hil.  7:  9S.  iS^. 
Spiral! //lis  in/ora/a  I.indl.  Ccn.  vV  Sp.  Orch.  .(67.  1840. 
(,yiiis/ai/ns  odiini/a  Kuntze,  Rev.  C.en,  I'l,  6»j4.     1S91. 

Stem  stout,  i°-2°  high,  strongly  pubescent  above. 
Lower  and  basal  leaves  S'-i5'  long,  7"-2'  wide, 
tapering  into  sheathing  petioles,  the  upper  reduced 
to  bracts;  spike  ,s'-6'  long,  S"-io"  thick,  floral 
bracts  often  exceeding  the  flowers,  long-acuminate; 
flowers  yellowi.sh  white,  fragrant,  5"  long;  lateral 
.sepals  free;  lip  as  long  as  the  jietals,  oblong,  broad 
at  the  base,  contracted  above  the  middle,  the 
dilated  ajiex  crisped  or  toothed;  callosities  nipple- 
shaped,  incurve<l,  glabrous. 

On  river  banks,  nfteii  in  llie  water,  North  Carolina 
to  Ktiitucky.  I'loridaand  Louisiana.     Sept. -Oct. 


5.  Gyrostachys  praecox  (Walt.  )  Kiuitze. 

(Fig.  1 125. 

I.iiiitH/onnii  piarcox  Walt.  1"1.  Car.  221.      17.SS. 
S/'iiaii//us ,i;iaiiitiifa  var.  U',i//iii  A.  Cray,  Man, 

Kd.  ,s.  ,so,s.      1867. 
S/'!iaii//irs  piaiiin  S.  Wats,  in  .\.  Cray,   Man.  I'A. 

6,  ,so,5.       1S90, 
(iVKis/ac/ivs  praccK.v  Kinitze,    Rev.    Cen.    I'l.  i)(M. 

"iSgi. 

Stem  slender,  lo'-.^o'  high,  glandular-pubes- 
cent above,  leafy.  Leaves  linear,  4'  12'  long, 
with  narrow  grass-like  blades  and  long  .sheath- 
ing petioles,  mostly  j)ersistent  through  the  flow- 
ering season,  the  upper  smaller;  spike  usually 
much  twisted,  2'-.S'  l<mg,  4"^6"  thick;  bracts 
about  as  long  as  the  ovaries;  flowers  white  or 
yellowish,  about  4"  long,  spreading;  lateral 
sepals  free,  the  upper  somewhat  connivent  with 
the  petals;  lip  about  3"  long,  short-clawed,  ob- 
long, contracted  above,  the  dilated  apex  obtuse, 
crenulate,  often  dark-.striped  in  the  ndddle;  ros- 
tellum  very  acute;  callosities  small,  glabrous. 

In  Rrassy  places,  soutlicrn  New  York  to  Florida 
and  Louisiana.    July-.Xng. 


Grass-leaved  Ladies'  Tres.ses. 


"'-«-'^*''>»»"»" 


472 


ORCHIDACEAE 
6 


Gyrostachys    simplex    (A.    Gray) 
Kuiitze.     Little  Ladies'  Tresses. 
{V\^.  1 1 26.) 

Sftiraiithrs  simple  i  A.  Cray,  Man.  VA.  5,  .sn^.     1867. 

C'lnis/ac/ns  si»i/>/c.i    Ktinlze,   Kev.  (k'H.   I'l.   fi64. 
iS()i. 


Stems  very  slender,  $'-()'  liijfli,  with  .siiiall  de- 
ciduous bracts  above.  T<eaves  l)asa!,  ovate  or 
oblonj;,  short,  abruptly  narro\ve<l  into  a  petiole, 
uio.stlv  di.-^appearing  at  or  before  the  flowering 
time;  spike  .slender,  about  i'  long  and  3"  thick, 
glabrous,  little  twisted;  flowers  white,  l''-!,'!" 
long;  lip  thin,  striped,  obovate-oblong,  cris])ed 
at  the  .sunnnit,  short-clawed;  callosities  ni])ple- 
sliaped,  .slender;  root  a  solitary  spi'ulle-.shaped 
tuber. 

In  dry  sandy  soil,  Massacluiselts  to  Maryland. 
Aug.-Sept. 


7.   Gyrostachys  gracilis  (Higel.)  Kuut/e. 

(Fig.  1 127.) 

Xtoiliii  iinuilis  liiRol.  V\.  Host.  VA.  2,  322.      1824. 
Sftiiaiillics firacilis  Ik-ck,  Hot.  343.      i.S^v 
(.ividslatlivs  liraiilis   Kuntze,    Kcv.   C.en.    I'l.  664. 
iSgi. 

Stem  .slender,  S'-2°  high,  from  a  cluster  of 
spindle-shaped  tuberous  roots,  glabrous,  or  rarely 
pube.scent  above,  bearing  .small  deciduous  bracts. 
Leaves  basal,  obovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  peti- 
oled,  the  blades  jj'-a'  long,  4"-io"  wide,  mostly 
perishing  before  the  flowering  season;  spike  i'- 
y  long,  4"-6"  thick,  loose,  usually  much 
twisted;  flowers  white,  fragrant,  2"-2!2"  long; 
.sepals  a  little  longer  than  the  lip,  the  lateral 
ones  free;  lip  about  2"  long,  oblong,  dilated  and 
crenulate  or  wavy-crisped  at  the  apex,  usually 
thick  and  green  in  the  middle,  white  and  hya- 
line on  the  margins,  slightly  clawed  at  the  base; 
callosities  .small,  nipple-shaped. 

In  dry  fields  and  open  woods.  Nova  Scotia  to 
Minnesota,  I'lorida,  Louisiana  .ind  Kansas.  .\s- 
ceiuls  to  2500  ft.  in  North  Carolina.     .\us{.-"el. 


Slender  Ladies'  Tresst.s. 


8.    LISTERA  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hurt.  Kew.  Ivd.  2,  5:  2.)i.      iSi,v 

Small  herl)s,  with  fibrous  or  sometimes  rather  fleshy-fibrous  roots,  bearing  a  pair  of  op- 
posite green  leaves  near  the  middle,  and  I  or  2  small  scales  at  the  ba.se  of  the  stem.  Mowers 
in  terminal  racemes,  spurless.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  .spreading  or  reflexed,  free. 
Anther  without  a  Kd,  erect,  jointed  to  the  column.  I'ollinia  2,  powdery,  united  to  a  minute 
gland.  Caj)sule  ovoid  or  obovoid.  [Name  in  honor  of  Martin  Lister,  163S  (?  1-1712,  a  cor- 
respondent of  Ray.] 

.Vbout  i(is|)ecies,  n.itives  of  the  norlli  temperate  and  arctic  zones.  liesides  the  foUowiuK,  an- 
other oc.'urs  in  northwestern  North  America. 


Lip  broadly  wedge  shaped,  2-lohed  at  tlie  apex. 
Lip  narrowly  linear  or  setiieeous. 

Lip  2-clefl,  twice  as  long  as  the  petals. 

Lij)  2  parted,  4  J<  times  as  long  as  the  petals. 


1.  /..  coiiiuillai  ididi'.s. 

2.  /..  cordala. 
r   /.,  iitis/i'tt/i.s. 


. 


ORCHID   FAMILV. 


473 


I.    Listera  convallarioides  (vSw.)  Torr. 

(Fig.  112S.) 

/C/>i/>(ii/ix((>>iz'a//(iii<ii(/<\sHw.  Konsfl.  Vet.  Aca<l.  Haiidl, 

(II.  I  21:  2T,2.       lS(Xl. 
/.is/i'ii!  (Onz'alliuioitiisXnxr.  Coni)).  ,320.       1S26. 

Stem  Y-uV  Iuk'',  Kl^i"li'''"'-P"'"-''^t'eiit  above  tlie 
leaves.  lA'aves  smooth,  round-oval  or  ovate,  obtuse 
or  cusiiidate  at  tlie  a))e\-,  .sometimes  slightly  cordate 
or  reniform  at  the  base,  3-9-iierved.  Raceme  i  'j'-.V 
long,  loosely  3-i2-flo\vered;  flowers  greenish  yellow, 
pedicels  fdiform,  br-icted,  3"-4"  long;  petals  and 
sepals  linear-lanceoli.le,  much  .shorter  than  the  lip; 
lip  broadly  wedge  shaped,  with  2  obtu.se  lobes  at  the 
dihited  apex,  generally  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  at 
base;  column  elongated,  but  shorter  than  the  lip,  a 
little  incurved,  with  2  short  projecting  wings  above 
the  anther;  capsule  obovoid,  about  3"  long. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska  and  California,  south 
to  Vermont,  along  the  mountains  to  North  Carolina. 
Ascends  to  45(X)  ft.  in  North  Carolina.     June-Aug. 


Broad-lipped  Twayblade. 


!    .'• 


2.    Listera  cordata  (  L. )  R.  Br.     Heart- 
leaved  Twayblade.     (Fig.  1 129.) 

Ofilnys  foitlala  I,.  Sp.  PI.  946.      17,=;^ 

I.islcia  tordala  R.  lir  in  .\it.  Ilort.  Kew.  Kd.  2.  5:  201. 
1S13. 

Stem  very  slender,  glabrous  or  nearly  .so,  3'-i<)' 
high.  I^eaves  .sessile,  cordate,  ovate,  mucronate, 
'i'-i'  long;  racemes  rather  loose,  ^2 '-2'  long,  4-20- 
flowered ;  flowers  purpli.sh,  minute;  pedicels  bracted, 
about  i"  long;  sepals  and  petals  oblong-linear, 
scarcely  l"  long;  lip  narrow,  often  with  a  subulate 
tooth  on  each  side  at  the  base,  twice  as  long  as  the 
jK'lals,  2-cleft,  the  .segineuL-,  setaceous  and  ciliolate; 
column  very  small,  the  clinandrium  just  appearing 
above  the  anther;  capsule  ovoid,  2"  long. 

In  moist  woods,  Nova  .Scotia  to  .\laska.  New  Jersey 
and  Oregon.     .\lso  hi  luirope  and  .\sia.     June  .Vug. 


3.    Listera  australis  I^iiidl.      Southern 
Twayblade.     (Fig.  1130.) 

J.isli'ia  <i(s/r<j/is  I.indl.  Cien,  kV  Sp.  ( )rcli.  456.    1S40. 

Stem  slender,  4'-i(j'  high,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent above.  Leaves  ovate,  acutish,  nuicronate, 
glabrous,  shining,  S"-io"  long,  3-7-nerved;  ra- 
ceme 2'-3'  long,  loo.sely  S-15-flowereil;  flowers 
yellowish  green  with  purplish  stripes;  sepals  aii<l 
petals  minute;  lip  '^'-/i'  l"iig.  2-parted,  si>lit 
nearly  to  the  base,  4-8  times  as  long  as  the  petals, 
its  .segments  linear-setaceous;  column  very  small; 
capsule  ovoid. 

In  bogs,  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to  IHorida 
and  .\Iahama  and  Louisiana.  A  third  leaf  is  rarely 
borne  below  the  flowers. 


474  ORCHIDACEAE. 

9.  PERAMIUM  Salisb.  Trans.  Hurt.  Soc.  i:  301.  1S12. 
[Ci(m)I)Vi:k\  R.  ]{r.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ivl.  2,  5:  197.  l.Si,^.] 
Hfrbs  witli  bracted  urcct  scapes,  the  leaves  l)asal,  lufteil,  often  blotched  with  white,  the 
roots  thick  fleshy  fibres.  IHowers  in  bracted  spikes.  Lateral  sepals  free,  the  upper  one 
iiniteil  with  the  petals  into  a  j;alea.  I.ip  sessile,  entire,  roundish  ovate,  concave  or  saccate; 
without  callosities,  its  apex  reflexed.  .\nther  without  a  Hil,  erect  or  incumbent,  attached  to 
the  coliniin  by  a  short  stalk;  poUinia  one  in  each  sac,  attached  to  a  .ini.ill  di.  k  which  coheres 
with  the  top  of  the  stij^ina,  composed  of  angular  grains. 

.\boui  J5  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  reniof.s. 

..  /'  )cf>cns. 


Spike  one-sided. 

.'^l)ike  uoi.  line  sided. 

Flowers  2";,"  \o\\\i\  ktalea  ovate,  its  short  lip  usually  not  recurved 
Flowers  ,V'-4"  lonn;  Kalea  ovate-lanceolate,  its  luuK  tip  recurved. 


,  /'.  />N/)fS<en.<!. 
3.  /'.  Miii~ii:.sii. 


(Fig.  1 131.) 


I.  Peramium  repens  (L.)  Salisb.    Lesser  Rattle.snake  Plantain. 

Siilyrnnn  irpfiis  I,.  Sp.  PI.  g4,>     175,^ 

(toodvcra  rcfieiis  K.  lir.  in  .\it.  Hort.  Kew.  I'M. 
5:  i'A     181.V 

Piiaiiiiiim  ifpLiis  Salisb.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  1: 
,^oi.     1S12. 

Scape  5'- 10'  high,  glandular-pubescent, 
bearing  several  small  scales.  Leaves  ovate, 
the  blade  6"- 15"  long,  \"-'6"  wide,  .some- 
what reticidated  or  blotched  with  white, 
tapering  into  a  sheathing  petiole  .spike  short, 
i-sided;  flowers  greenish  white,  2'''-3"  long; 
galea  concave,  ovate,  with  a  short  spreading 
or  slightly  recurved  tip;  lip  saccate,  with  a 
narrow  recurved  or  spreading  apex;  column 
very  short;  anther  2-celled;  pollinia  not  pro- 
longed into  a  caudicle. 

In  woods,  Xdva  Scotia  to  .Alaska  (?).  south  to 
Kliirida  and  Minnesota  and  Colorado.  .Also  in 
Kurope  and  .Asia,  .\scends  to  50JO  ft.  in  Vir- 
ginia.   ]uIy-.\UK. 


2.    Peramium  pubescens  (Willd. )  MacM.     Downy  Rattlesnake  Plantain. 

(Fig.  1132.) 


Xcollia  f>ubruriis  Willd,  Sp.  PI.  4:  76.      1805. 

(ioocfyrra  piihfsiciis  R.  Hr,  in  .\il.  Hort.  Kew,  Rd. 
2,  5:  198.      iSi.v 

I'eiainiinn piibtSirns  Macll,  Met.  Minn.  172.    iSq2. 

I'.suallj-  larger  than  the  preceding  species, 
scape  6'-2o'  high,  densely  glandular-pubescent, 
bearing  5-10  lanceolate  .scales.  Leaves  i'-2' 
long,  S"-!'  wide,  strongly  white-reticulated, 
oval  or  ovate;  spike  not  1 -sided;  flower:;  2"-}," 
high,  greenish  white;  lateral  sepals  ovate;  galea 
ovate,  its  short  tip  usually  not  recurved;  lip 
strongly  .saccate  with  a  short  broad  obtuse 
recurved  or  spreading  tip. 


In  dry  woods,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  I'l(>ri<la  and  Tennessee.  As- 
cends to  4000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.    July  .Aur. 


m 


^w 


ORCHID   FAMILY. 


475 


3.    Peramium  Menziesii  (Lindl.)  Morong.     Meiizies'   Rattlesnake  Platitain. 

(Fig.  1 133.) 

Shiraiilln-:  i/,ri/>iiiis  Hook.  1"1.  Hor.  .Xiii.  2:  20;,. 
1839? 

Goodyera  ^r<•l|-.ll■.u'i  I.iiull.  C.in.  S:  S])    Oroh. 
49^.      1840. 

Pctamhim  3f,'ii:ii:sii:!,\t>n>nf!:,  Mcin,  Torr.  Cliil), 
5:  124.  ii-y». 

Scape  stout,  S'-is'  hij>;h,  glaiulular-pubes- 
cent.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  iVz'-'^Vz' 
long,  S"- 13"  wide,  the  blade  acute  :it  both 
ends,  often  without  white  blotches  or  reticula- 
tions; spike  not  i-sided;  flowers  3"-4"  l<>"g; 
galea  concave,  ovate-lanceolate,  the  tip  long, 
usually  recurveil,  lip  .swollen  at  the  base, 
with  a  long  narrow  recurved  or  spreading 
apex;  anther  ovate,  pointed,  on  the  base  of 
the  column,  which  is  prolonged  above  the 
stigma  into  a  gland-bearing  awl-shaped  beak. 

In  woods,  yucbec  to  liritish  Coluiiibia,  Xcw 
Hampshire,  New  York,  Jlinnesota,  Arizona  and 
California.     Aug. 


10.    ACHROANTHES  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  (II.)  5:  352.      iSoS. 
[MicROSTvr.is  Xutt.  Cfcu.  2:  196.      iSiS.] 

I,ow  herbs,  from  a  solid  bulb,  our  species  i -leaved,  and  with  i -several  scales  at  the  base 
of  the  stem.  I'lowcrs  small,  white  or  green,  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Sepals  spreading,  separ- 
ate, the  lateral  ones  ecpial  at  the  base.  Petals  fdiform  or  linear,  sprea<ling.  Lip  cordate  or 
eared  at  the  base,  embracing  the  column.  Anther  erect  between  the  auricle:,,  2-celled;  pol- 
linia  4,  .smooth  and  waxy,  2  in  each  sac,  tlie  jjairs  cohering  at  the  summit,  without  caudicles 
or  glands.  Capsule  oval,  sometimes  nearly  globose,  l)eakless.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the 
green  flowers?] 

About  40  species,  widely  distributed.  Besides  the  following,  about  4  others  occur  in  the  south- 
ern and  western  parts  of  North  .\nierica. 

1.  .-1.  monofiliyUii. 

2.  A.  Kill  to!  ill. 


Leaf  sheathing  the  base  of  the  stem. 
Leaf  clasping  the  stem  near  the  middle. 


I.    Achroanthes    monophylla    (L.) 

Greene.     White  Adder". s-niouth. 

(Fig.  II 34.) 

0/>/uys  iiioiiopliyllos  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  947.     i75,v 

Micioshlis   iiio>io/>/n'//a    Lindl.    liot.    Reg.   />/. 
/.'9ii.     1829. 

Achniaiitlies  iiiiiii,t/i/iy//,i   Greene,  Pittonia,    2: 
I  S3.     1S91, 

Stem  slender,  4'-6'  high,  smooth,  glabrous, 
striate.  Leaf  sheathing  the  stem  at  its  base, 
the  blade  l'-2'  long,  yi'-iH'  wide;  raceme 
l'-3'  long,  narrow,  3"-5"  thick;  flowers 
whitish,  about  i"  long;  pedicels  nearly  erect, 
bracted,  I "-2"  long;  sepals  acute;  lip  tri- 
angular or  ovate,  acuminate,  the  lateral  lobes 
obtu.se;  capsule  oval,  about  3"  long. 

In  woods,  Quebec  to  Minnesota,  Pennsylvania 
and  NebrAska.    July. 


^^^A^^-^^,::.^^^aLi^  . 


476 


ORCHIDACEAR. 


2.    Achroanthes    unifolia    (Miclix.) 

K;if.     Crt-eu  AcUler's-inoiith. 

(I'lR.  1  '35-) 

.tfii/ii  lis  niii/olid  Mii'lix.  1"1.  llor.  Am.  2:157. 
.\i  hiiiiiiillii-^  iiiiifolia  Kill'.  AIimI,  Kep.  ill.)  5: 
Mill iiil\lis  i>/'//fiii;/(iss<ii(/(S  Nutt.   Ciiti.   2:   196. 

Stem  j,'lahn)u.s,  striate,  4'-i(i'  high.  I, oaf 
clasping,'  tlic-  .stem  near  the  middle,  nv al  or 
nearly  orbicular,  l'-2'j'long,  10"  i '.' wide; 
raoenie  1'  ;,'  lonj;,  sometimes  1'  thiek;  (low- 
ers j;reeiiish,  about  l"  lonjf,  the  pedieels 
very  slender,  sjireading,  ,1"  5"  long;  sepals 
oblong;  lip  broad,  3-toot'i._-d  al  the  apev, 
capsule  oval  or  snbglobo.->e. 

Ill  wcinds  and  tliiekets.  Xeufiiiiiiill.iiul  t.i  On- 
tarici  and  Minnesota,  south  Ui  Idorida.  .\laliaiiia 
and  Missouri,  .\seends  to  |ikki  ft.  in  Noilli  Car- 
olina.    July. 


II.    LEPTORCHIS  Tlumars,  Xoiiv.  Bull.  vSoc.  Plilom.  ,V4.       i.^oS. 

[I.II'AKIS  I..  C.  Richard,  Mem.  Mus.  I'aris,  4:  43.  iSiS.] 
l.ow  herbs,  with  solid  bulbs,  the  base  of  the  stem  sheathed  by  several  .scales  and  2  broad 
shilling  leaves.  Idowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  linear,  spread- 
ing, petals  usually  very  narrow.  Column  elongated,  incurved,  thickened  and  margined 
above,  rollinia  2  in  each  sac  of  the  anther  smooth  and  waxy,  the  pairs  slightly  uniteil, 
without  stalk,  threads  or  glands.  I,ip  nearly  flat,  often  bearing  2  tubercles  above  the  base. 
[Greek,  signifying  a  slender  orchid.] 

.•\boul   ii«i  s])eeies.  widely  distributed   in  teinpeiale  and  tidjiical  rejfions;  only  the   followintr 
known  Ui  occur  in  Xuitli  .\nierica. 


Raceme  iiiauy-flowered;  lip  as  ImiK  as  tlie  petals. 
Raceme  few-llow^red;  lip  shorter  tlian  the  petals. 


1.  /..  liliit'olia. 

2.  /..  I.ih-sclii. 


I.    Leptorchis  liliifolia  (I.,.)  Kuiit/.e.     Larj^c  Twayblade 


1 1 36. ) 


Of>lii  \s  lilii/olia  I..  .Sp. 
I..  C. 


I.ifiai  is  liliifoliix 
t>l.  SS:.     i,S25. 


/.cpli'iciiis  liUifitlia 
1S91. 


in.  ot'^^.     175,^ 
Kich.   I.indl. 


Dot.  Keg. 


Kunt.a-.  Rev.  Cell.  PI.  Tri. 


Scape  4'-io'  high,  5-10-striate.  Leaves 
ovate  or  oval,  2'-5'  long,  i'-2^'  wide,  ob- 
tuse, keeled  below,  the  sheaths  large  and 
loose.  Raceme  sometimes  6'  long;  flowers 
numerous,  showy;  sepals  and  petals  some- 
what refle,\ed;  petals  very  narrow  or  thread- 
like; lip  erect,  large,  5"-6"  long,  about  as 
long  as  the  petals,  wedge-obovatc;  column 
I  fi"  long,  incurved,  dilated  at  the  summit; 
pedicels  slender,  ascending  or  spreading, 
A,"-V  long;  capsule  somewhat  club-shaped, 
about  5"  long,  the  pedicel  thickened  in  fruit. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Maine  to  Min- 
nesota. ('leorgia  and  Missouri,  .\scends  to  ^cwo 
ft.  in  Virginia.     May-July. 


I.iiidl.  liut.  RiK.  /'/. 


ORCHID   I'AMILV. 


2.   Leptorchis  Loeselii  (L.)  MacM.     Fcii 
Orcliis.     Loesel's  Twi'.yblade.     (bi;;.  1137.) 

(ifilays  l.oisriii  I,.  Sj).  IM.  i»(7. 
I.if>(iiis  /.lusflii  I,    C.  Uicli. 

l.ipliiiiliis  Lucsilii  yUwyi.  Mil.  Miiui.  17.^.     iS()2, 

Scape  2'-S'  liij;li,  strongly  5 -"-rihlitMl.  Leaves 
elliptic  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  2'-6'  long,  J2' -2' 
wide,  oljtnse;  raceme  few-ilowereil;  (lowers  green- 
ish, smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding  species, 
2"-T,"  long;  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  spreading; 
petals  linear,  somewhat  retlcxcd;  lip  obovate, 
pointed,  rather  shorter  than  the  petals  and  sepals, 
its  tip  incurved;  column  half  as  long  as  the  lip  or 
less;  capsule  about  5"  long,  wing-augled,  on  a 
thickened  pedicel. 

In  wcl  lliickits  and  im  springy  banks,  Nuva  Scotia 
to  the  Nortliwist  Tirritdry.  snutli  to  Miirylaiul  and 
.■\;iss()uri.     Also  in  ICuropi'.     May  July. 


477 


12.    CALYPSO  Salisb.  Par.  I.oiid.  />/.  .sVy. 

Rog  herb,  with  a  solid  bulb  and  coralloid  roots,  the  low  l -flowered  scape  sheathed  by  2 
or  3  loose  scales  and  a  solitary  pctioled  leaf  at  the  base.  I'lower  large,  showy  terminal, 
bractcd.  Sepals  and  petals  similar,  nearly  etjual.  Lip  large,  saccate  or  swollen,  2-parted 
below.  Column  dilated,  j)etal-like,  bearing  the  lid-like  anther  just  below  the  summit.  I'ol- 
linia  2,  waxy,  each  2-parted,  without  cauilicles,  sessile  on  a  thick  gland,  the  stigma  at  the 
base.     [Dedicated  to  the  goddess  Calypso.] 

A  nionolypio  species  of  the  cooler  portions  of  the  north  temperate  /one. 

I.    Calypso  bulbosa  (  L. )  (lakes.      Calypso. 

(I'ijr.     1   I3S.   ) 

Cvprif>i()iiii)i  /ill //ids II III  I,.  Sp.  IM.  (),st.      17,5.^. 

<  (;/i'/)Mi /)(i/-(-if//,(  Salisl).  I'ar.  I.ond.    />/.■'>''/.      i''*o7. 

Ca/vfiso  /ui/luKUi  Oakes.  Cat.  Vermont  I'l.  2S.      |S.|2. 

linlb  5"  in  diameter  or  less.  Scape  3'-6'  high;  leaf 
round-ovate,  I'-i'j'  long,  nearly  as  wide,  obtusely 
pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base, 
the  petiole  I '-2'  long;  flowers  variegated,  purple,  pink 
and  yellow,  the  peduncle  jointed;  petals  ami  sepals 
linear,  erect  or  spreading,  ~,"-'"  long,  with  3  longitu- 
dinal purple  lines;  lip  large,  saccate,  2-divided  below, 
spreading  or  drooping,  with  a  patch  of  yellow  woolly 
hairs  near  the  point  of  division;  column  erect,  broadly 
ovate,  shorter  than  the  petals;  capsule  about  ]i'  long, 
many-nerved. 

Labrador  to  .\Iaska,  south  to  Maine,  MichiKan,  Califor- 
nia, and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Arizona.  .Also  in 
Ivurope.  IHower  somcwhiit  resembling'  that  of  a  small 
Cypripic/iiiiii.     May  June. 

13.  CORALLORHIZA  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  VA.  2,  5:  209.  1S13. 
Sca]K)se  herbs,  saprophytes  or  root-]iarasites,  with  large  masses  of  coralloid  branching 
roots,  the  leaves  all  reduced  to  sheathing  scales.  I'lowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals 
nearly  e(|ual,  the  lateral  ones  united  at  tlie  base  with  the  foot  of  the  column,  forming  a 
short  spur  or  gibl)ous  protuberance,  the  other  one  free,  the  spur  adnate  to  the  summit  of  the 
ovary.  Totals  about  as  long  as  the  sepals,  1-3-nerveil.  Lip  1-3-ridged.  Column  nearly 
free,  slightly  incurved,  somewhat  2-wingcd.  Anther  terminal,  operculate.  Pollinia  4,  in  2 
pairs,  oblique,  free,  soft-waxy.     [Greek,  from  the  coral-like  roots.] 

About  15  s])eeies,  widely  distributed  in  tlie  iu)rth  temperate  zone.     Itesides  the  following,  some 
4  otlitrs  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 
Spur  small  or  sac  like,  adnate  to  the  top  of  tlie  ovary. 
Lip  not  deeply  3  lobed. 

Lip  2toolhed  or  2  lobed  above  the  base.  i.  C.  0>i(J//oi  liiza. 

Lip  entire,  or  merely  denticidate. 

Flowers  about  3'' -4"  Ion>f;  lip  not  notched;  column  uarnnvly  winged.  2.  C.  ix/oii/or/tiza. 
I'lowers  7"  loiig;  lip  notched;  column  nuuiifestly  winged.  3.   C.  U'is/eriana. 

Lip  deeply  3lobed;  flowers  6" -9"  long.  4.   C.  mu//itlo>a. 

No  spur  or  sac. '  5.  C.  sliiaia. 


1 


,1 


47*^  ORCHIDACKAi;. 

I.    Corallorhiza  Corallorhiza  (L. )  Karst.      Karly  CDral-root.     (Im^.  1139. ) 


Of>liiys  Coiiilliiiiiha  I..  Sp.  IM.  i^l.s.     17,1  v 
Ci'iitlloi  /li'.ii   iniKila  R.  I!r.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Ktw. 

5:    2(«>.      1J<I,V 


I'd.  2, 


Cioalloi  liiza   Coiallitihi: 

l8.H,)-S,. 


ii    Karsl.    DiutMli.    1-"1.   ((S. 


Scape  glabrous,  4'-i2'  high,  clothed  with  2-5 
closely  sheathing  scales.  Raceme  i  '-3'  long,  ,3-12- 
llowcrcd;  (lowers  dull  purple,  about  ,'i'  long,  011 
very  short  minutely  bracted  pedicels;  sepals  and 
petals  narrow,  about  3"  long;  lip  shorter  than  the 
petals,  oblonu;,  whitish,  2-toothcd  or  2-lobed  above 
the  base;  spur,  a  sac  or  small  protuberance  adnata 
to  the  summit  of  the  ovary;  capsule  4"-6"  long, 
oblong  or  somewhat  obovoid. 

In  WDods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska,  south  to  Ni'W  Jer- 
sey, ill  the  iiKiuiitiiiiis  to  CicorKiii.  anil  to  Michigan  and 
Wasliiiiifton.  Ascuiids  to  ,vx;o  ft.  in  Veriiiont.  Al^o  in 
ICurope.     May-June. 


2.    Corallorhiza  odontorhiza  (Willd.)      jl 
Nutt.     Small-flowered  Coral-root. 


(Kis.  1 140.)  "  JT^^ 

Cviiihidhiiii  inion/oi  lii-.ciii   Willd.  Sp.   I'l.  4:    no.       "Kf 

Coiitllo)  liiitt  odoiili'ihiza  llutt.  (ten.  2:   197.     IMS. 

Scape  slender,  purplish,  6'-i5'high.  Raceme 
2'-4'  long,  6-20-flowercd;  flowers  3"-4"  long, 
purplish,  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate,  2"  long 
or  less,  marked  with  purple  lines;  lip  as  long  as 
the  petals,  broadly  oval  or  obovate,  entire  or 
denticulate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  not  notched, 
whitish;  spur,  a  small  sac  adnatc  to  the  top  of 
the  ovary;  wings  of  the  column  very  narrow. 

Ill  woods,  Ma^sacllusetts  to  Michigan,  Florida 
and  Missouri,  .\scends  to  3000  ft.  in  North  Caro- 
lina.    Jul}-  Sept. 


/ 


I 
1 


3.    Corallorhiza  Wisteriana  Conrad. 
W'i.ster's  Coral-root.     (  Fig.  1 1 4 1 . ) 

Coiallorliiza  Wisteriana  Conrad,  Journ.  Acad.  Phila. 
6:  145.      1.I29. 

Stem  sleuder,  but  usually  stouter  than  that  of  the 
preceding  .species,  8'-i6'  high,  bearing  several 
sheathing  scales.  Raceme  2'-5'  long,  loose,  6-15- 
flowered;  flowers  about  7"  long,  slender-pedicelled, 
ascending  or  erect;  lip  broadly  oval  or  obovate, 
4"-5"  long,  ^"-^"  wide;  abruptly  clawed,  white 
with  crimson  spots,  crcnulate,  notched  at  the  ape.x; 
lamellae,  2  short  prominent  ridges;  spur,  a  some- 
what conspicuous  protuberencc  adnate  to  the  top  of 
the  ovary;  column  strongly  2-winged  toward  the 
base;  capsule  elliptic-oblong  or  oblong-obovoid, 
about  5"  long,  drooping  when  ripe. 

In  woods,  Massachusetts  to  Ohio,  Florida  and  Texas. 
Feb. -May. 


ORCHID    I  AMI  I, V.  479 

4.    Corallorhiza  multiBora  N'utt.     Largu  Coral-root.     (I-'ig.  1142.) 


I'oxilhii hi-.a  mulli/loiii  NuU.  Jniini.  Acad.  I'liila. 

3: 13S.  /)/.  r.     1S33. 

Scape  S'-2ii'  IiIkIi.  imrplisli,  clotlicd  with  sev- 
eral aiiprcsscd  scales.  Raceme  2'-fS'  lotifj,  10- 
jo-llowercil;  flowers  6"~9"  liiuli,  brownish  pur- 
ple, short-pcdicelled;  sepals  and  petals  some- 
what connivcnt  at  the  liase,  linear-lanceolate, 
ahout  y  long;  lip  white,  spotted  and  lined  with 
purple,  oval  or  ovate  in  outline,  deeply  3  lohed, 
crcnulate,  the  middle  lobe  broader  than  the 
lateral  ones,  its  a]>ex  curved;  spur  manifest,  yel- 
lowish; capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  5"-.S"  long, 
drooping. 


Ill  wiicids,  Nova  Scotia  to  liritisli  Columbia,  soutli 
to  I'loiida,  Missouri  and  California.  .\  form  with 
yellow  scapes  and  flowers  occurs  in  Nebraska  (.ac- 
cording to  Williams).     July-Se))t. 


i^M^^ 


5.    Corallorhiza  striata  Liiull.     Striped  Coral-root.     (Fig.  1143.) 


Ciiialliiilii-.ti   s/iiti/c!   I.indl.   Cicu.    iV   S]).  (Mch.   5,;)- 
1S40. 

Coidlloi lii-.ii  MiJiidii  A.  Cray,  Man.  VA.  2.  -(5,3.    1856. 


Scape  stout,  purplish,  S'-2o'  hii;h.  Raceme  2'  -6' 
long,  io-2o-flc)wered.  Mowers  dark  purple;  sepals 
and  petals  narrowly  elliiitic,  striped  with  deeper 
purple  lines,  6"-;"  long,  spreading;  lip  oval  or  ob- 
ovate,  entire  or  a  little  undulate,  somewhat  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  about  as  long  as  the  petals;  spur 
none,  but  the  perianth  has  a  gibbous  saccate  base; 
caiisule  ellipsoid,  rellcxcd,  S"-io"  long. 


In  woods.  Ontario  and  nortliern  New  York  to  Miclii 
gan,  Oregon  and  California.     July. 


14.  TIPULARIA  Xutt.  Oeii.  2:  195. 


iSiS. 


Slender  scapose  her))s,  with  solid  bulljs,  several  generations  connected  by  offsets,  the 
flowers  in  a  long  loose  terminal  raceme.  Leaf  solitary,  basal,  unfolding  long  after  the  (low- 
ering season  (in  autumn),  usually  after  the  scape  has  perished.  Scape  with  several  thin 
sheathing  scales  at  the  base.  Klowers  green,  nodding,  bractless.  Sepals  and  petals  similar, 
spreading.  I,ip  3-lobcd,  produced  backwardly  into  a  very  long  spur.  Column  erect,  wing- 
less or  very  narrowly  winged.  Anther  terminal,  operculate,  2-celled.  I'olliuia  4,  ovoid, 
waxy,  2  in  each  anther-sac,  separate,  aflixcd  to  a  short  stipe,  which  is  glandular  at  the  base. 
[Latin,  similar  to  Tipiila,  a  genus  of  insects,  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  flower.] 

Two  known  species,  the  following  of  eastern  North  America,  the  other  Himalayan. 

3' 


4So  ORCIUDACl'Ai;. 

I.  Tipularia  unifolia  (Mulil. )  H.v^r.     Craiic-lly  Orchis. 


I'lK-  1144.; 

^i   l.iiumloi  mil  II  It  I  fill  ill  III  Mulil.  L'lil.  Si.       iSi  (. 
^, /i      lifiuhii  ia  iHsimIiii  Nlllt.  Cell.  3:  l<),=i.       iSiH. 
,////      t'ipiilniia  uiii/iiliii  Il.S.r.  I'ul.  Cat.  X.  Y.  51.      ISS,S, 

Scnpu  K'n^'rous,  i.s'-ao'  liiK'ii  from  a  linrd,  often 
irrcKul.ir  solid  liulli  or  conn.  I.i'iif  arisiii).;  in 
aiituitin  from  a  fri'sli  lateral  conn,  ovate,  2'  3'  loiiK, 
(lark  >{ri'Cii,  fru(|uciitly  siirvivinn  tliroii).;li  the  win- 
ter, i'  2'  wide.  Raceniu  ,s'  io'  loti),',  very  loose; 
tlowcrs j,'reen,  tinned  with  pnrple;  pedicils  filiform, 
hracllcss;  4"-f)"  loiij.;;  sepals  and  petals  y-.\" 
lonn,  narrow;  lip  shorter  than  the  petals  or  eipial- 
liiiK  tliein,  ^-lolled,  the  middle  lolie  narrow,  pro- 
loii>;ed,  dilated  at  the  apex,  the  lateral  lolies  short, 
triangular;  sjiiir  very  slender,  straight  or  eurved, 
often  twice  as  lonj.(  as  the  (lower;  colnmii  narrow, 
erect,  shorter  than  the  petals,  the  lieak  ininntely 
pnbescent;  capsule  ellipsoid,  6ril)l)ed,  .ibout  (1" 
loiiK. 

Ill  wnii(l-i,  Viriiioiit  t(i  Mic'liinaii.  simtli  to  I'loriila 
and  r.nuisiaiia.     Local  ami  raiv.     July-.VuK. 


15.    LIMODORUM  L.  Sp.  I'l.  950 


i75,V 


[Cai.oi'OC.o.n  R.  lir.  ill  .Vll.  Ilort.  Kew.  Ivd.  2,  5:  204.  iSi.vl 
Scapose  herbs,  with  round  solid  IniUis  which  arise  from  the  bulb  of  the  previous  year,  a 
leaf  apiieariiig  the  first  season,  succeeded  in  the  following;  year  bv  the  scape.  I'lowers  sev- 
eral in  1  loose  terminal  spike  or  raceme.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  separate,  spread- 
ing. Column  eIoiij.;atcil,  2-winj;ed  above.  .Vnlher  terminal,  opercnlatc,  sessile;  ]iollinia 
solit;  ry,  i  in  each  sac,  loosely  granular.  I,ip  spreadiiij;,  raised  on  a  narrow  stalk,  dilated  at 
the  a;-iex,  bearded  on  the  upper  side  with  loii),'  clnbshaped  hairs.     [Cireck,  a  meadow-j^dft.  ] 

I.    Limodorum  tuberosum  L.     (".niss- 
piiik.     Cal<ipuj,^()ii.      (  Imr.  1145.) 

I.hiioiloiinii  lithen'siiiii  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  v.sn.      i7=,v 
C'viiihiiliiiiii  f^iilihillinn  WilUl.  Sj).  I'l.  4:  icis.       iSos. 
Oi/ii/iijotni  />itl,litlhis  K.  lir.  in  .\il.  Ihjil.  Kew.  I'M.  ->, 
5;  204.       IM.V 

Scape  slender,  naked,  l°-i^2°  high.  I<eaf  lin- 
ear-lanceolate, ,S'-I2'  long,  3"-io"  wide,  sheath- 
ing, with  several  scales  below  it;  spike  4'  15'  long, 
3-15-nowercd;  flowers  about  1'  long,  purplish 
pink,  subtended  by  small  acute  bracts;  sepals  ob- 
liquely ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  about  in"  long; 
petals  similar;  column  incurved;  anther-sacs  par- 
allel, attached  by  a  slender  thread  to  the  back  of 
the  column;  lip  as  long  as  the  column,  broadly 
triangular  at  the  apex,  crested  along  the  face  with 
yellow,  orange  and  rose-colored  hairs;  capsule 
oblong,  nearly  erect. 

In  bogs  and  meadows,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario  and 
Minnesota,  smitli  to  IHorida  and  Missnuri.    June-July. 

16.    HEXALECTRIS  Raf.  Xeog.  4.       1S25. 

Scapose  herbs,  from  thick  scaly  rootstocks  and  fle.shy  coralloid  roots,  the  leaves  reduced 
to  purplish  scales,  sheathing  the  scape.  I'lowers  bracted  in  a  loose  terminal  raceme.  Peri- 
anth not  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the  base,  the  petals  and  sepals  similar,  nerved,  spreading. 
Lip  obovate,  with  several  crested  ridges  down  the  middle,  somewhat  3-lobed,  the  middle 
lobe  a  little  concave.  Column  free,  thick,  slightly  incurved.  I'oUinia  S,  united  in  a  cluster. 
Capsule  ellipsoid,  the  fruiting  pedicels  thick.     [(Vreek,  signifying  six  crests.] 

A  Mionotypic  genus  of  the  southeastern  I'nited  .States  and  Mexico. 


ORCHID    I'AMII.V. 


4,Si 


I.    Hexalectris  aphyllus  (  Nint.  j  Kaf.     Crested  Coral -root,     (,  I'iK-  1146.) 

I!l,li,i  ,il>h\lhi  Null.  Cell.  2:  l>i|,       |-<lH. 

II,  \iiU,ii  is  s,iu,niu'\tis  K;il'.  \-\.  Till.  4:  (S.      iH/i. 

lli'xuhcli  is  iif'livllKs  Kaf.;  .\.  Cray.   Man,   I'd.  d,  .im. 

Scape  stout,  S'-2"'  \\'\il\\,  its  upper  scilos  lanceo- 
late, the  lower  sheathing  and  truncate  or  acute. 
Kaceuie  \'  ','  loii^,  .S  1 2-flowercil;  llowers  larfje, 
hrownisli  ])urple,  riii>,;li  or  more;  peiliccls  short, 
stout;  sepals  ainl  ])etals  narrowly  elliptic,  ohtusc  or 
HCUtish,  si)rca(liii).;,  striped  with  purple  veins,  6"- 
9"  lonj;,  lou),'er  than  tlie  broad  lip;  niidiUe  lobe  of 
the  lip  rounded  or  creuulate,  the  lateral  ones 
shorter,  rounded;  column  slightly  spreading;  at  the 
summit,  shorter  than  the  lip;  cajisule  ellipsoid, 
nearly   i'  Ion;,',  the  fruitinj;  pedicels  .\"~^"  lon)f. 

In  rii'li  wiiiiiN,  Xiirlli  Caruliiia  In  Isciilucky  ami  Mis- 
scmri,  -ciulli  1(1  I'liiiida  and  iniilluiti  Mixicn.     .\\\\i. 

17.    APLECTRUM   Xiilt.  C.en.  2:  197.       iSiS. 

Scaposc  herbs,  from  a  conn,  produced  from  the  one  of  the  previous  season  by  an  olfset, 
the  scape  clothed  with  several  sheathing  scales.  Leaf  solitary,  basal;  developed  in  iiuiumn 
or  late  summer,  broad,  petioled.  l'"loweri-,  in  terminal  racemes,  the  pedicels  subtended  liy 
small  bracts.  Petals  and  sejjals  similar,  narrow.  Lip  clawed,  somewhat  3-rid},'eil,  spur 
none.  Column  free,  the  anther  borne  a  little  below  its  summit.  I'ollinia  4,  lens-shaped, 
oblicjuc.     [( '1  reck,  meaninjf  without  a  spur. ) 

A  miiniitypic  Nnvtii  .Viiurican  jtinis. 


lectrum  spicatum  (Walt.)  15. S. P.     Adaiii-aiul-I',VL'.     Putty-root. 

Ai  liliiisa  spicalii  Walt.  I'M.  Car.  222.      17SS. 
i'viitluiliiiiii  //r<»;i7/c  Willd.  Sp.  I'l.  4:  1(17.      i"<o5. 
.■\f>li(liinii  liyciHalc  Xutt.  (kii.  2;  19S.       181S. 


Atrial  III  III  ifiicalinii    li.S.T.    rrcl.    Cat.    N.  Y.  .sr. 

KSSt*. 


Scape  glabrous,  i°-2°  high,  bearing  about  3 
.scales.  Leaf  arising  from  the  corm,  at  the  side 
of  the  scape,  elliptic  or  ovate,  4'-6'  long,  'j'-j' 
wide,  usually  lasting  over  winter;  raceme  2'-4' 
long,  loosely  several-flowered;  llowers  ilull  yel- 
lowish brown  mixed  with  purple,  about  I'long, 
short-pedicelled;  sepals  and  petals  linear-lance- 
olate, about  )'z'  long;  lip  shorter  than  the  petals, 
obtuse,  somewhat  3-lobed  and  undulate;  column 
slightly  curved,  shorter  than  the  lip;  capsule 
oblong-ovoid,  angled,  about  10"  long. 

In  woods  and  swamps,  Ontario  to  tlic  Northwest 
Terrilorv  and  OrcRon,  south  to  CL'oriria,  Missouri 
and  Calffornia.  Several  old  cornis  usually  remain 
attached  to  the  latest  one.     May-June. 


482  SAI'KrRACI'AK. 

Siil)-class  2.     DlCOTVLHOOSIiS. 

Ivmliryo  of  the  seed  willi  two  cotyledons  i  in  ;i  few  genera  one  only,  as  in 
Cyiliviioi,  J'i)ii^iiini/ti  MuX  some  species  of  l\ipiioidis],  the  hrst  leaves  of  the 
germinating  planllet  opposite.  Stem  exogenous,  of  pith,  wood  and  bark  (endo- 
genous in  structure  in  \>ni))haeaceae\  the  wood  in  one  or  more  layers  sur- 
rounding the  ]iilh,  traversed  by  medullary  rays  and  covered  by  the  bark. 
Leaves  usuallv  piiuiateh'  or  palniateh-  \-eined,  the  \-einlets  forming  a  network. 
Parts  of  the  tlower  rarely  in  3's  or  6's. 

DiciityU'diiiicm-.  pl.iiits  art'  liist  (UtMiitily  kniiwii  in  Crct:i«inis  linn-.  Tlicy  constitiiU-  IhUvcc-ii 
twii  tliinls  iiml  Uiicc  I'oiirUis  of  Ur-  living  aiiijiospcrnicms  llnia. 

vSeries  i.      Choripttalne. 

Petals  separate  and  distinct  from  each  other,  or  v  anting. 


The  M-rirs  is  alsci  kiuiwii  as  Ari-liiclilaiiiitUai.'.  and  cumprisis  iiKist  of  Ihc  families  furiiu-rly 
(fiouped  uiiiUr  Apelalae  (  uillicmt  petals  i  and   I'dlypttalae  i  wiUi  ■ 


the  tyiiical  i'ealure  of  separate  ])elals  are  fonnd  in  llie  I.ejfnmiii 
ate  more  or  less  united:  in  the   I'nnia  ... 

sometimes  eohereiit:  the   1 


separate  petals  I.     ICxceplioiis  to 
ae.  in  wliiell  the  two  lower  petals 


-  riaeeae,  where  the  two  inner  petals  or  all   fonr  of  them  are 

'olynalaeeae,  in  whieh  the  three  petals  are  tinited  with  each  other,  and 
with  the  stamens;  ( ' ri///.v  in  Cieraniaeeae;  and  Ilieaoeae,  whose  live  petals  are  sometimes  joined 
at  the  base. 

Family  i.     SAURURACEAE  Lindi.  Xat.  Sysl.  Kd.  2,  1S4.       1836. 

I,I/..\KI)'.S  T.VIl.    I'\M1I.V. 

Perennial  herbs  with  broad  entire  alternate  ])etioled  leaves,  and  small  perfect 
incomplete  l)racteolate  flowers,  in  peduncled  spikes.  Perianth  none.  Stamens 
6-.S,  or  .sometimes  fewer,  hyjiogynous;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally 
dehiscent.  Ovary  3-4-cariielled,  the  carpels  distinct  or  uniied,  1-2-ovuled; 
ovules  orthotroj)ous.  I'ruit  ca])sular  or  berry-like,  composed  of  ;i-4  mo.stly  in- 
dehi.scent  carj)els.  .Seeds  globo.se  or  (noid,  the  testa  memliranaceous.  ICndo- 
sperm  copious,  mealy.  Ivmbryo  minute,  cordate,  l)orne  in  a  small  sac  near  the 
end  of  the  endo.sperm. 

Three  genera  and  1  si)eeies,  natives  of  Xortli  .\nieriea  and  .\sia  The  family  <lilTers  from 
the  I'iperaceae  in  liavinK  more  than  one  earjjel  to  the  ovary.  U  is  rejjV'.  ..^enled  in  North  .\meriea 
by  the  foUowin^t  and  by  .  \iiriiiiif>sis.  oeeurrin^;  in  California  and  .Vri/.ma. 

I.    SAURURUS  I„  Sp.  PI.  341.       1753. 

Marsh  licrbs,  with  slender  niotstocks.  jointed  .stems  and  cordate  leaves,  their  petioles 
sheathing  the  slein  at  the  nodes,  and  small  white  flowers,  in  i  or  2  dense  elongated  spikes 
op|)osite  the  leaves.  Hractlets  adnatc  to  the  flowers  or  to  their  minnte  pedicels.  Stamens 
6-S.  iMlameiits  filiform,  distinct.  Carpels  united  at  the  ba.sc.  Styles  as  many  as  the  car- 
pels, recurved,  sligm.ilic  along  the  inner  side.  I'rnil  rugose,  depressed-gl()l)Ose,  sepataling 
into  .^  or  .4  one-.sceded  carpels.  |  Name  ( Treek,  meaning  the  tail  of  a  li/ard,  in  allusion  to  the 
long  slender  spike.] 

Two  species,  the  followint;  of  eastern  North  .\nirrica.  tlie  othir  of  ea^-terti  .\sia. 

I.  Saururus  cernuus  I<.     I.i/.ard'.s-tail. 

(  Fig.  1 148.  ) 
Siiiii  ,1 1  IIS  c'l'i  iiiiiii  I,.  ,Sp.  I'l.  ,i)i.     17.1,5. 

Somewhat  pubescent  when  young,  becoming 
glabrous,  stem  rathei  slender,  erect,  sjiaringly 
branched,  2  ' -,s  '  high.  Leaves  ovate,  thin,  pal- 
iiiately  ,s-i)-ribbed  and  with  a  pair  of  strong  ribs 
above,  which  run  nearly  to  the  ape.v,  dark  green, 
entire,  deeply  cordate  at  the  base,  acuniinate, 
3'-6'  long,  2'-3'j'  wide;  petioles  st(mt,  shorter 
than  the  blades,  striate;  spikes  few,  very  ilensc, 
longer  than  their  peduncles,  4'-6'  long,  the  ape.\ 
drooping  in  llowcr;  (lowers  fragrant;  stamens 
white,  spreading,  about  2"  long;  fruit  slightly 
(lesliy,  1,'j"  in  diameter,  strongly  wrinkled 
when  dry. 

In  swamps  an<l  shallow  water,  Conncticul  to 
I'lotida.  west  to  southern  Ontario,  Minnesota  and 
Texas.     June  .\iij{, 


.'» 


WALXIT   FAMILY. 


4«3 


I"aiiiily  2.     JUGLANDACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  vSyst.  Ivl.  2,  iSo.       1S36. 

Wai.nit  I'amii.v. 
Trees  with  alternate  piimately  comjiomul  leaves,  and  nionoecHsus  hracteolate 
flowers,  the  staniinate  in  lon.i"'  droopini^  anients:  the  pistillate  s()litar\M)r  several 
t()<i;ether.  Staniinate  flowers  cf)nsistinj(  of  .•^-ntnnerous  stamens  with  or  without 
an  irre^ularl)-  lolied  perianth  adnate  to  the  hractlet,  \er\-  rarely  with  a  rudi- 
nientar\-  o\ary.  Anthers  erect,  2-celled,  the  sacs  lon<;itndinall\'  dehiscent; 
fdanients  short.  I'istillate  flowers  hracted  and  usually  2-bracteolate,  with  a 
3-5-l()l)ed  (normally  4-lol)ed  )  cal\'x  or  with  both  calyx  and  petals,  and  an 
inferior  i -celled  or  inconiiiletely  2-4-celled  o\ar\-.  ( )vule  solitary,  erect,  orthot- 
ro]ious:  st\les  2,  sli5.^niatic  on  the  inner  surface.  Fruit  in  our  j^enera  a  drupe 
with  indehiscent  or  dehiscent,  rd)rous  or  woody  exocarp  (  husk;  ripened  calyx; 
also  regarded  as  an  involucre),  enclosinjj^  the  bony  endocarp  or  nut  whicli  is 
inc()nipletel>' 2-4-celle(l.  Seed  large,  2-4-lobed.  ICndosjierm  none.  Cotyledons 
corrugated,  very  oily.     Radicle  minute,  superior. 

Six  H(iur:i  and  abmit  .^5  s])ci.'i(.-s,  iiKistly  nf  tliL-  Wiiniur  ;).'i''ls  of  tlu'  iiiiit]i  tiiuixniU-  /one. 
ixttiidiMj;  in  Anurica  scintli  alcniff  tlit-  .\mli's  U>  liolivia.  TIr-  yoi,  ig  kavt-s  in  tlit  Ijuil  an-  stiimlale 
in  ill  U-asl  twn  si)i.-cic-s  nf  //icur/ii. 

llnsk  indtlii'ictnl:  nut  iniin'^i'.  i.  Jul; /mis. 

Husk  at  Uii^jUi  sjiliuinj;  inUi  stunu-nts;  nut  suhmiUi  or  angU-d.  2.   Ilimi  id. 


-tail. 


I.   JUGLANS  L.  Sp.  PI.  997.       1753. 

Trees,  witli  spreading  liranclies,  superposed  buds,  fraj^rant  bark,  and  odd-pinnate  leaves, 
with  ncarl}-  or  quite  sessile  leaflets,  the  terminal  one  sometimes  early  ])erisliing.  Staniinate 
flowers  in  droopinj;  cvlindric  anients,  borne  on  the  t\vij.;s  of  the  previous  year;  perianth  3-6- 
lobcd;  stamens  S-40  in  2  or  more  series.  I'istillate  flowers  solitary  or  several  together  on  a 
terminal  peduncle  at  the  end  of  shoots  of  the  season,  the  calyx  4-lobed,  with  .\  small  petals 
adnate  to  the  ovary  at  the  sinuses;  styles  fimbriate,  very  short.  Drupe  l;irye,  s^lobose  or 
ovoid,  the  exocarp  somewhat  fleshy,  fibrous,  indehiscent,  the  endocarp  boiu-,  ru>;ose  or 
sculptured,  2--4-celled  at  the  base,  indehiscent,  or  in  decay  separating;  into  2  valves.  [Name 
a  contraction  of  the  I.atin  Jovis  ghiiis,  the  nut  of  Jupiter.] 

.Vbdiit  8  species,  natives  nf  the  north  temperate  zone,  one  in  the  West  Indies,  i  or  2  in  the 
.Andes  of  .South  America.  Besides  tlie  following  i  or  2  others  occur  in  the  soutliwestern  tnited 
States. 


iMuit  ({lohose,  obtuse, 
I'rnit  oblonK,  pointed. 


it  viscid:  petioles  puberuleiit. 
iscid;  ])etioles  pubescent. 


1.  /.  iiiiiia. 

2.  /.  t  inn  ra. 


I.    Juglans  nigra  L,      P.lack  Waliuit. 
(Fig.  1149.  ) 


//ii;/,iii.s  Jlii;iii  I..  ,S|i,  I'l. 


i7,S.v 


A  large  forest  tree  with  rough  brown  bark, 
maxiniuin  height  about  150°,  trunk  diameter  8°, 
the  twigs  of  the  season  and  petioles  pubenileiit, 
the  older  twigs  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so. 
Kcallcts  i,S~2.^,  ovate-lanceolate,  more  or  less 
incciuilateral,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  serrate  with  low  teeth, 
glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  above,  pubescent  be- 
neath, 3'  5'  long,  I '-2'  wide;  staniinate  anients 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  leaf-scars  of  the  preced- 
ing season,  3'-5'  long;  drupes  usually  solitary 
or  2  together,  globose  or  a  little  longer  than 
thick,  I'yi'-y  in  diameter,  glabrous  but  papil- 
lose, not  viscid;  nut  corrugated,  slightly  com- 
pressed, 4  celled  at  the  base. 

Ill  rieli  woods.  Miissachnsetts  to  southirn  Ont.i- 
rio  and  Minnesota,  south  to  I'lorida.  Kansas  and 
Texas.  Wood  strong,  hard,  rieli  brown,  wiinlit  per 
cubic  foot  ,vS  lbs.    .April   -May.    I'ruil  ripe  Oct.   Nov. 


4S4 


JCGLANDACI-AK 


While    C 


iSoS. 


2.   Juglans  cinerea  L.     lUittLrmit. 
Walnut.     Oil-nut.     (Ki.y;.  1150.  ) 

Juglans  ciiirna  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  ICd.  2.  1)15.       17(1.;, 

A  forest  tree,  resembling  the  Hlack  Walnut,  hut 
smaller,  rarely  over  iix)°  high  and  3°  in  trunk  dia- 
lucter,  the  hark  K\a\,  smoother,  the  t\vi}.js,  petioles 
and  lealk'ts  viscid-pubcsccnl,  at  least  when  young. 
I^eaflets  11-19,  oblong-huucolatc,  acuminate  at  the 
aj)ex,  scarcely  iiiei|uilateral,  obtuse,  rounded  or  trun- 
cate at  the  base,  serrate  with  low  teeth;  drupes 
racemed,  oblong,  densely  viscid-pubescent,  2'-},'  long 
and  about  one-half  as  thick,  pointed;  nut  4-rihl)ed, 
deeply  scidptured,  and  with  sharp  longitudinal  ridges, 
firndy  adherent  to  the  husk,  2cellecl  at  the  base. 

In  rich  (ir  vcioky  wiimls.  Xew  lirunswiok  ;ni(l  Ontario  to\\ 
Xiirth   Ilakdta,   snutli  I"  Delaware,  in  tlie  .MUffluniis  to   V 
(■.enr^;ia,  In  Mi>si^--i|i])i  iiiicl  .\ikan^a>.     .\-.i'iiiil-  tn  25i«i  It. 
in  \'iruiiiia.     Wciml  soft,  lallur  wi-.ik,  HkIiI  l)npuii;  wi'islit 
per  cubic  lijol  i'5  lli.s.      April   May.     I'ruil  ripe  Oct.   Ndv. 

2.  HICORIA  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  (II.)  5:  35: 
[CAk\'.\  Nutt.  Gen.  2;  221.  iSiS.] 
Trees,  with  close  or  shag;jy  l)ark,  odd-))innatc  leaves  and  serrate  or  serrulate  leaflets. 
Staminate  llowers  in  slender  drooping  aments,  borne  in  5's  on  a  coiniiion  ])eduncle  at  the 
base  of  tlie  shoots  of  the  season,  or  clustered  and  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  the  axils  of  leaf- 
scars  at  the  summit  of  twigs  of  the  ])receding  year;  calyx  adiuite  to  the  bract,  2-vlobed  or 
2-3clcrt;  stamens  V'o;  lilaments  short.  I'istillate  llowers  2-6,  together  on  a  terminal  pedun- 
cle; bract  fugacious  or  none;  calyx  .j-toothed;  petals  none;  styles  2  or  .j,  ])apilIosc  or  fimbri- 
ate, short,  bruit  subglobose,  oblong  or  obovoid,  the  husk  separating  more  or  less  com- 
])letely  into  4  valves;  nut  bony,  smooth  or  angled,  incompletely  2-4-celled;  seed  sweet  and 
delicious  or  very  bitter  and  astringent.     [I'rotn  the  aboriginal  name  Ilicori.] 

.VbdUl  i.ispeciis,  natives  (if  eastern  Xortli  .\tiierica.  one  in  .Mcxie'ii. 
Hull-scales  valvali';  kiteral  leallets  lanceolate  nr  (iblnnn  lanceolate,  falcite. 
Xlll  tint  cciniinessed  nr  anjilcil;  seeil  sweet. 
Xut  Sdinewliat  ci)iiipres>eil  nr  angled;  seed  intensely  bitter. 
I.ealkts  7-11;  mil  sinntitli. 
I.eidlels  n   1;,;  nut  aiiirUil. 
Hud-scales  iniliriciile;  lateral  leallets  not  I'alcate. 

Husk  of  the  I'liiit  freely  splitliliK"  tn  tile  base;  middle  Inbe  of  tile  slaniinate 
as  Iniijr  as  the  lateral  ones. 
Hark  -lia^.v,  se])araliii«'  in  Inns;  jilates;  fnliasre  ulalirniis  or  iiubiruleiit. 

I.ealUls  5  I  rarely  7  I;  nut  rniinded  at  the  lia>e,  fi"-in"  InllK.  1-    //.    K'd/il. 

I.e.illets  7-(i:  nut  usually  pninted  at  l)ntli  ends,  I'-i '..'  loiitf.  ,S.   //'  huinio.iti. 

Hark  cln-e,  rnuKli;  fnli.ine  very  piilie^eeiit  and  fragrant.  (>.   //.   i//)ii. 

Ilu-k  nf  fruit  tliin,  iint  freely  splitting:  tn  tlie  base;  Inlu'^  of  tile  stainiuate  calyx  marly  kiu.iI. 

ir  scarcely  ridneil. 

7.  //.  ;/.  i,  I (h, II pa. 


1.  //,  P.;  ail. 

2.  II.  miiiiiiia. 
,V   //•  ai/iiali\  ,1 . 

calvx  at  least  twice 


Lateral  leallets  nvate-laiieenlate,  not  falcite;  fniit  rnunded  ■ 
l-'riiit  nearly  ulnbular;  nut  thin  shelled;  bark  slia^Ky. 
l-'rnit  obnvnid;  iiut  thick  sliellid;  bark  cln>e. 


\   //.  uluhi,. 

Brittnn.     IVcaii. 


I.    Hicoria  Pecan  (Marsh. 
(  Fi.i;.   1 151.  ) 

Jiii;laiis  Piiaii  Marsli.  .\rb.  .\ni.  («(.       17^5- 

Caiva  tili:'ai;/'<ii mis  Xutl.  ('icn.  2:  j.m.     iSiS. 

Ilii'ai  ia  I'fiaii  Hrittnii,  I'liU.  'i'nrr.  L'Uili,  15:  jS_>,       [sss. 

A  large  slender  tree,  with  somewhat  rongheued  hark, 
maxiimim  height  of  17(1"  ami  trunk  diameter  6'.  Voung 
twigs  and  leaves  pubescent;  mature  foliage  nearly  gla- 
brous; bud-scales  few,  small,  valvate;  leaflets  11-15,  fal- 
cate, oblong-lauceolate,  short-stalked,  inei|iiilateral,  acu- 
minate, 4'-"'  long;  staminate  aments  sessile  or  nearly  so 
in  the  axils  of  leaf-scars  near  the  end  of  twigs  of  the  pre- 
ceding season  or  sometimes  on  the  young  shoots,  ,s'-6' 
long;  middle  lobe  of  the  staminate  calyx  linear,  much 
longer  than  the  broadly  oblong  lateral  ones;  fruit  obloug- 
cyliudric,  1  '2 '-2 '2' long;  husk  thin,  4-valved;  nut  smooth, 
oblong,  thin-shelled,  pointed,  2-celled  at  base,  di.ssciii- 
mcuts  thin,  very  astringent;  seed  delicious. 

In  moist  soil,  especially  alniii;  '-treanis,  Indian.i  tn  Inwa  and 
Missiinri,  snulli  tn  KeiUncky  and  Texas.  Wnnd  hard,  brittle, 
HkIiI  liinwii;  weight  ),i  lbs.    .\pril   May.     I'niil  ripe  .Sei)l.-t)et. 


WAI.NTT    I'AMIIA'. 


4«5 


2.  Hicoria  minima  (Marsh. )  Hrittoii.  Hiltcr-mil.  vSw 

fidiltiii:;  iillhi  iiiiniiiui  Miirsli.  Arb.  Am.  fiS.     17S5. 
'/i/i,r/<iiis  sii/i'(i/(i  WilUl.  lUtl.  Uauiiiz,  i,s|.      171/1. 
C'ari'd  aniaiti  Null.  (kii.  2:  222.     iM^i. 
Uicoiia  iiiiiiinui  liritlun,  liutl.  Torr.  Club,  15:  2Sj.     l^s^. 

A  slender  tree,  soinetiincs  i<»°  liigli,  with  trunk  3° 
in  diameter,  the  hark  close  and  rou),'h.  liuil-scales 
6-.S,  small,  valvate,  caducous,  younj,'  foliage  puheru- 
lent,  becoming  nearly  glabrous;  leaflets  7-9,  sessile, 
long-acuminate,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  3'-6' 
long,  '.'-i;.'  wide,  the  lateral  ones  falcate;  staniinale 
anients  slightly  pubescent,  peduncled  in  3's  at  the 
bases  of  shoots  of  the  season  or  soniet  mes  on  twigs  of 
the  previous  year;  lobes  of  the  staniinate  calyx  about 
equal,  the  middle  one  narrower;  fruit  subglohose,  nar-  •■  '* 
rowly  6  ridged  i'-i>2'  in  diameter;  husk  thin,  tardily  '■  y 
and  irregularly  4-valvcd;  nut  little  compressed,  not 
angled,  short-pointed,  9"-! 2"  long,  thin-shelled; 
seed  very  bitter. 

In  niiiist  wcimls  and  swamps.  OiubLC  to  SduUu-rn  On- 
lariii  and  Minniscila,  I'lurida  and  'IVxas.  Ascends  tn  .VS'"' 
It.  ill  XMi-jfiiiia.  Wood  li.-ud  and  stnmjt,  dark  liniuii;  \viij;lit 
per  cubic  l"(i(jt.)7  His.     .May -Jinn.-.     I'ruit  ripe  Sept.  I  )ct. 


;unp  Hickory.  (  Ki;^.  1 152. ) 


./ 


3.    Hicoria  aquatica  (Michx.  f. )  Hritloii. 
Water  Hickory.      ( I'Mj^.  115,^.) 

/jii;/aiis  oiiiuiliia    .Midi.x.   t.  Hist.   .\r1i.   .\iii.   i:    1S2.   />/.   i. 

iSlci. 
Onvii  iK/Kti/itd  Nntt.  Cicn.  2:  222.     iSiS. 
//loniii  ti(/ini/icii  liriltijii,  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  15:  as;.     iSs8. 

A  swamp  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  al)out 
100°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  3°,  the  bark  close,  the 
voung  foliage  jniliescent,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  when 
mature.  Leaflets  9-13,  lanceolate,  or  the  terminal  one 
oblong,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
.lase,  3'-,s'  long,  'j'-i'  wide,  the  lateral  strongly  falcate; 
standnate  anients  and  calyx  as  in  the  preceding  species; 
fruit  oblong,  ridged,  I'-i.'i'long,  pointed;  l;usk  thin, 
tardilv  splitting ;  nut  oblong,  thin-shelled,  angular; 
seed  bitter. 

Ill  wet  woods  and  swamps,  VirKinia  to  I'lorida,  west  to 
lUinciis,  .Vrkaiisas  mu\  Te.xas.  \V<i(i(l  siift,  slroiig.  <Uiise, 
ilark  1iii>\vn;  wei^lit  per  cutiie  foot  40  Ihs.  March  .\pril. 
I'niit  ripe  .Sejit.  Oct. 


4.  Hicoria  ovata  (Mill.  )  Ikilloii.   vShaK-l):irk. 

/i(i;/(iii.s  ova/,>  .Mill.  Card.  Diet.  Jvl.  .S,  No.  6.     17O8. 

r  Vn  Ti;  ((//iif  Xiitl.  ('.en.  2;  221.      i.si,S.     SiA  /ni;/(iiix  a//>ii  \,. 

IliiKiia  oi'iiht  lirittoii.  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  15:  2S,<.     1SS8. 

.\  large  tree,  sometimes  1211'^  high,  with  a  trunk  di- 
ameter of  4^;  bark  shaggy  in  narrow  ])latcs;  young 
twigs  and  leaves  puberulent,  becoming  glabrous. 
Leallets  3,  or  sometimes  7,  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate 
or  the  upper  obovate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
to  the  sessile  base,  4'-')'  long,  those  of  young  plants 
much  larger,  bud-scales  8-10,  iml)ricatcd,  the  inner  be- 
coming very  large  and  tardily  deciduous;  staniinate 
aments  in  3's,  on  slender  iieduncles  at  the  bases  of 
shoots  of  the  season;  middle  lobe  of  the  staniinate  calyx 
linear,  longer  than  the  lateral  ones;  fruit  subglohose, 
I  '4'~2','loiig;  husk  thick,  soon  splitting  into  4  valves; 
nut  white,  somewhat  compressed,  4-celled  at  the  base, 
2-celled  (rarely  3-celled)  above,  pointed,  slightly 
angled,  Ihin-shelled;  seed  sweet. 

In  rich  soil.  (Juebec  to  snutliern  Ontario  and  Minnesota, 
south  to  p'lorida,  Kansas  and  Texas.  Wood  strong  and 
toiijfli.  liniit  brciwii;  wei.t;lit  per  culiie  i'ools^lbs.  .Some 
times  called  While  Waliiiil.     -May.     I'niit  lipe  .Sipt.   Nov. 


vSliell-hark  Hickoi-N 


4.S6 


jic;i..\Ni)Aci:.\i: 


5.  Hicoria  laciniosa  (Miclix.  f.  )  Sarj;.   HisShaK-liark.   Kiiit;-imt.  ( I*'ig.  1 155. ) 

C'tiiVd  sn/,(i/ii  Nutt.  ('.CM.  2:  22\.      iSiS.     Ndt  /ii,i;/iiiis  sid- 

(iilti  Wind.  \-ip. 
fiiifltiiis  liiciniosa  Miclix    i.   Hist.   .\rli.   Am.    i:   i(i<i.     />/.  ,V. 

iSlo. 
//iiiii  ill  sii/iii/ii  hrilUm.  Hull.  Ton.  Cliili.  15:  2.^,5.      iS."<S, 
J/hon'a  /(iiiiii'is,/  Saiir.  Mini.  Tmr.  Club.  5:  ,Vi|-       i^cH- 

A  large  tree,  re.icliin(.j  about  the  sizi'  of  the  jircccdinj; 
species,  tlie  bark  separatiu).;  in  long  narrow  plates,  the 
young  foliage  densely  puberuleiit,  the  mature  leaves 
somewhat  so  l)cneath.  Leaflets  7  9,  (rarelv  5  1  acuie  or 
acuminate,  oblong-lanccolatcor  the  upper  obovate,  some- 
times S'  long  by  5'  wide;  staininate  ameiits  pedunclcd  in 
3"s  at  the  base  of  shoots  of  ilie  season;  middle  lobe  of  the 
staminate  calyx  linear,  twice  as  long  as  the  lateral  ones; 
fruit  oblong,  2'  3'  long;  husk  thick,  soon  splitting  to  the 
base;  nut  oblong,  .somewhat  compressed,  thick-shelled, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  yellowish-white;  seed  sweet. 

In  rich  soil.  New  York  ami  I'lriii-iylvania  tn  Indiana,  Iowa, 
Tinncssce,  Kansas  ami  llic  Indian  Tcrritmy.  Wiiud  stninjf 
and  tonjrli,  darker  than  the  iircctdinn;  wii^jlil  51J  ll)s.  per 
cubic  flint.     M.iy.     I'"niit  rijic  Sept.  Oct. 

6.  Hicoria  alba  (L,)  Britton,  White-hean  Hickory.    Mocker-mit.  (  Fig.  1156.) 

/iii;/,n/s  iilhii  I,.  Sp.  ri.  11117.       '7.Vv  .  ■  ■->  .'  '   ' 

/iii;/ti)is  /(Uiiiii/ti.ui  I, am.  ICncycl.  4:, so).       171.17. 
ic"i;;  rii  /,'iiiiii/osii  Xutt.  C.cii.  2":  2^1.      i.Si.'^. 
J/io<>i,t  dllhi  lirittiiii.  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  15:  rf,}.       IN^^S. 

X  large  tree,  maximnm  height  100°,  and  trunk 
diameter  },' 2° ,  the  foliage  and  twigs  persistently 
tomeutose-pubescent,  fragrant  when  crushed,  the  liark 
rough  and  close;  bud-scales  very  large,  imbricated; 
leallets  7-0,  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  upper  oblaiiceo- 
late  or  obovate,  sessile,  long-acuminate,  narrowed  or 
rounded  and  somewhat  inequilateral  at  the  base;  stami- 
nate aments  peduncled  in  ,Vs,  tomentose;  middle  lobe 
of  the  staminate  calyx  linear,  much  longer  than  the 
lateral  ones;  fruit  globose  or  obloug-globose,  i  ':;'~3'j' 
long;  husk  thick,  freely  splitting  to  the  base;  nut  gray- 
ish-white, angled,  pointed  at  tlie  summit,  little  com- 
pressed, thick-shelled,  4-cellcd  at  the  base;  seed  sweet. 
In  rich  snil,  eastern  Massacluisttls  to  snutliirii  dntarii), 
Illinois  and  Nebraska,  south  to  J'Uirida  and  Tc  xas.  .\s- 
cciids  to  i5i«i  ft.  in  \'iiniiiia.  Wood  very  hard  and  IoukIi, 
dark  brown;  wcisjlit  per  cubic  I'not  51  lbs  Calk<l  also 
I'rattrant  Hickory.     May-June.     I'niil  ripe  ( )ct.   Nov. 

Sinall-fniitc-d  Ilickorv. 


Hicoria  microcarpa  (  Xutt.  )  liritton. 


(Fitr.  1 157.) 

I7'\5' 


/iii;/(iiis  11//111  luioitil,!  Marsh.  \\\\.  .Am.  (i.s. 

t"i;/  1(7  )in\i (hill !>it  Niilt.  ('.en.  2:  221.       iSi.s. 

//.  iiii<i,htii/>a  liriltoM.  liull.  Torr.  Club.  15:  2^;,.      1S8S. 

//.  i;/(i/>i(i  var.  ci/tnii/n  Sar^.  .Silva.  7;  107.   /)/.  ,,'•;/.       uSy.^. 

A  forest  tree,  reaching  a  maximnm  height  of  about 
90°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  ,^'2°,  the  bark  close,  when 
older  separating  in  narrow  plates,  the  foliage  glabrous 
throughout.  Hud-scales  6-S,  imbricate<l,  the  inner 
ones  somewhat  enlarging;  leallets  5-7,  oblong,  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or 
sometimes  rounded  at  the  base,  .-i'l'-.s'  long;  stami- 
nate aments  glabrous,  pedunclcd  in  3's  at  the  base  of 
shoots  of  the  season;  middle  lobe  of  the  staminate 
calyx  eipiallitig  or  somewhat  longer  than  the  lateral 
ones;  fruit  globose  or  globose-oblong,  less  than  i'  long, 
the  husk  thin,  tardily  and  incompletely  splitting  to 
the  base;  nut  subglobosc,  nearly  white,  slightly  com- 
pressed, not  angled,  tliin-shelled,  pointed;  seed  sweet. 

In  rich  woihIs,  Massachusetts  to  Miclnjr.in.  south  to  Vir- 
Kiiiia.  Illinois  and  .Missouri.  Wood  hard,  strong,  touuli, 
litiht  brown.     May  Jiiuc.     I"niit  ripe  .Sept.   Oct. 


WALNl'T  FAMIIA'. 


4S7 


II5.S.J 


1829. 


8.    Hicoria  glabra  (Mill.  )  Hritloii.     Pij^-iuU  Hickor) 

fi(f;liiiis  f;hihia  Mill,  C.anl.  Diet.  VA'X.  Nci.  5.  i7<iS. 
I'm  va  pm c  inn  Null,  din,  2:  222,  iMS. 
//lull  1,1  x/"l'>'i  liriUiiii,  Hull,  TdiT,  L'hil),  15:  2.^|,  isS,^. 
A  tree,  soinetinies  I2(i°  lii),;li  and  with  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  5°,  bark  close,  roiij,di;  foliaj,'C  jjlabrous,  or 
sotiietinies  pubescent.  Uud-scalcs  S-io,  imbricated, 
the  inner  ones  enlarjj;inK;  leaflets  3-7,  rarely  9,  ob- 
long. oblouK-lanreolate  or  llie  upper  ol)ovate,  sessile, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base, 
3'-6'  lon>{,  in  youu),'  plants  much  larjjcr;  staniinate 
aments  glabrous,  peduuclcd  in  ,^'s;  lobes  of  the  stanii- 
nate calyx  about  equal  in  length,  the  middle  one  nar- 
rower; fruit  obovoid  or  obovoid-oblong,  i  '.'-2'  long; 
husk  thin,  the  valves  very  tardily  dehiscent;  nut 
brown,  angled,  ])ointed,  ver^'  Ihick-shcllcd;  seed 
astringent  and  bitter,  not  edible. 

In  ilry  or  ninist  woods,  .Maim-  to  Sdullurn  ()nUiii(i  and 
Miiincsdla,  south  In  I'loriila,  Kansas  and  Tixas.  Wcpud 
hard,  slroni;,  totiifli.  ratliiT  dark  brown;  wiinlil  ]>ir  cubic 
fool  ,Si  lbs.  May  June,     I'ruit  ripe  Oct,   Nov. 

Family  3.     MYRICACEAE  Dimiort.  Anal.  1-^uii.  95. 

H,\viii:rkv  I'.vMii.v. 
vShruh.s  or  trees  with  alternate,  mostly  coriaceous  and  aromatic  simple  leaves 
and  small  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  in  linear,  oblong  or  j^lohnlar  hracted 
aments.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts.  IVrianth  none,  istaininate 
flower  with  2-16  (nsnally  4-S )  stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle;  filaments 
short,  distinct  or  somewhat  united;  anthers  ovate,  2-celled,  the  sacs  loiioitiulin- 
ally  dehiscent.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  solitary  i -celled  ovarv,  subtended  by 
2-8  bractlets;  ovnle  solitary,  orthotropons;  st.\le  very  short;  stigmas  2,  linear. 
Frnit  a  small  ol)lonjr  or  jrlobosc  drn])e  or  nnt,  the  exocarji  often  wax\-.  Seed 
erect.     Ivndosperm  none.     Cotyledons  ])lano-coiivex.      Radicle  \-er>'  sliort. 

Two  (jcncra  .-okI  ,5,s  species  of  wide  ffeonraplnc  ilistriliuliou. 
Ovary  subleiideil  by  2   )  bractlets;  leaves  serr.ile  or  entire,  exsliindale,  i,  .Ifyiica. 

Ovary  subtended  by  s  linear  persistent  linictlets:  leaves  ijinnalifid,  stipulate,  "..   Cmii/i/oiiia. 

I.    MYRICA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1024.       1753. 

.Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  entire,  dentate  or  lobed,  mostly  resinous  dotted  leaves,  our 
species  usually  dioecious.  .Staniinate  aments  oblong  or  narrowly  cylindric,  expanding  be- 
fore or  with  the  leaves.  .Stamens  ,i-S.  I'istillatc  aments  ovoid  or  subglobose;  ovary  sub- 
tended by  2-4,  mostly  short,  deciduous  or  persistent  bractlets.  I  )nipe  globose  or  ovoid,  its 
exocarp  waxy,     [.\ncient  Cireek  name  of  the  Tamarisk.] 

liesides  tlu'  followiuK  species.  au(ptlier  occurs  in  the  .Soutliern  St[ites  aiul  2  on  llie  I'acific  eo;ist. 
Dractlels  of  pislillale  anienls  persistent,  claspin^r  tlu- drupes;  low  lio^' slivuli,     i,   .1/,  (iti/(\ 
IJractlets  of  pistillate  auieuls  deciduous,  the  ripe  drupis  separated, 

.Slender  tree;  leaves  luoslly  acute,  narrow;  drupe  less  than  l"  in  diameter,   2.   .lA  ii'ii/'t'ra. 

Rlirub;  leaves  mostly  nliluse,  broader;  drupe  i"    i'"  in  diameter.  ,v   -^f-  Ciiin/infiKix. 

I.  MyricaGaleL.  .Sweet Gale.  (  lMg;.ii59.) 

Myritii  Cilf  I,.  ,Sp.  I'l.  loj).       \~t\S- 

.V  shrul),  usually  strictly  dioecious,  the  twigs  dark 
brown.  Leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse  and  dentate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  to  a  cuneate  entire  base,  short- 
pclioled,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  and 
puberulent  or  glabrous  beneath,  i'  ijj'long,  5" 
10"  wide,  unfolditig  after  the  aments;  staniinate 
aments  linear-oblong,  6"-io"  long,  crowded;  pis- 
tillate aments  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  about  4"  long 
and  2"  in  diameter  in  fruit,  their  l)racts  imbricated; 
drupe  resinous-waxy,  not  longer  than  the  2  ovate 
])ersisteiit  bractlets,  which  clasp  it  on  each  side  and 
arc  adnate  to  its  base. 

In  swamps  and  alonj;  ponds  and  streams,  Newfound- 
land to  ,\laska,  soutliern  New  Vurk.  X'iririnia,  Michigan 
and  Washinitton,  .\lsii  in  ICurope  and  .\sia.  .\scends 
to  .v»>o  ft,  in  the  .Vditoudacks,     .April  May, 


4SS  MYRICACEAE. 

2.    Myrica  cerifera  L.     Wax-iuyrllc.     (Im.i;-  ii''o.  ) 


Myi  iiii  ill  i/fia  I,.  Sj).  I'l.  iuj|.      i7,s,v 

A  sleiiiler  dioucioiis  true,  iiiaxitmini  lieii^lit 
about  40°,  tiinik  iliatiiL'tcr  i  'j  ',  tlie  bark  >;ray, 
nearly  smooth.  Leaves  narrow,  oblong  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  mostly  acute  at  the  apex,  entire  or 
sparingly  dentate,  narrowed  or  soniewliat  cune- 
ate  at  the  base,  fragrant  when  crushed,  short- 
petioled,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  sometimes 
pubescent  beneath;  golden-resinous,  i'-^'  long, 
3"  y"  wide,  unfolding  witli  or  before  the 
aments;  staiiiinate  ainents  cyliiulric;  pistillate 
aments  short,  oblong;  ripe  drupes  separated, 
globose,  bluish-white,  waxy,  less  than  \"  in  di- 
ameter, tijiped  with  the  minute  base  of  the 
style,  long  j)crsistcnt,  the  bracts  and  bracllets 
deciduous. 


In  >:incly  i-w.itni>'^  nr  wil  uooils.  Marylaiiil  to  I''liir 
ill. I  anil  TiMi-.  unnh  In  .\ik;in-a^.  March- Ainil. 
I.i-avt>  iMii-tly  iiii>i!-l<.tit  lliromjli  Ur-  winter. 
Wtidil  liKhl.  brown;  wiinlil  pur  cubic  fcmt  ,^5  ll)s. 


3.    Myrica  Carolinensis  Mill.     Waxlicny.     15ayl)L-ny.     (Fig.  1161.) 


.Uiititi  C'niiiHiifiisis  Mill.  Card.   Diet,   I\U.   ^,  no. 

A  shrub,  2°-.S°  high,  \\\\.\\  smooth  gray  bark, 
the  twigs  glabrous  or  often  pubescent.  Leaves 
oblanceolate  or  obovate,  glabrous  above,  often 
jjubcscent  beneath,  resinous,  2'-4' long,  6"-iS" 
wide,  serrate  with  a  few  low  teeth  above  the 
middle,  or  entire,  obtuse  or  sometimes  acute  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  Ijase,  short- pctioled; 
staminate  aments  cylindric  or  oldong,  3"-9" 
long;  pistillate  ainents  short,  oblong;  ripe 
drupes  separate<l,  globose,  bhiish  white,  very 
waxy,  i"  I  '."  in  diameter,  long-persistent,  the 
bracts  and  bractlets  deciduous. 


In  ilry  or  moist  sandy  Miil,  Nova  .Scotia  to  V\'<\- 
icla  ami  .Alabama  and  on  tin-  shoro  of  I.akc  luiu. 
Occurs  also  in  hosjs  in  nortlK-rn  Nt  vv  Jcr-cy  ami 
I'cnnsylv.inia.  .-Vpril  .May.  TIic  I'niil  was  nnicli 
used  as  a  source  (jf  wa.\  by  llie  early  settler'-  of  the 
eastern  Tnited  .States,  and  is  still  utilizt-d  alonjr  the 
coast  of  New  luigland. 


2.    COMPTONIA  Banks:  Gaertn.  Fr.  .\:  Sl-iii.  2.  58.   />/. 


1 79 1. 


.\  low,  monoecious  or  dioecious  l)rancliing  shrub  with  terete  brown  branches  and  nar- 
row, deeply  pinnatifid,  stipulate  leaves,  the  young  foliage  jnd  eicent.  .\ments  expanding 
with  the  leaves,  the  staminate  ones  and  their  flowers  as  in  .l/ri  iKi.  Fertile  aments  globose- 
ovoid,  on  monoecious  plants  appearing  below  the  staminate,  several-llowered.  Ovary  sub- 
tended by  ,S  linear-subulate  jursistent  bracthis,  which  form  an  involucre  to  the  ovoid-ob- 
long bony  nut.     [Name  in  honor  of  Rev.  Henry   Compton,  1632-1713,  bishop  of  Oxford.  J 

.\  monotypic  jjenns  of  eastern  -Voitli  \inerica. 


Uf.l    '.1    -Vj!,*.* 


RAVHI'RRV   FAMILY. 


489 


«->«^ 


C-^Sfp       2- 


I.    Comptonia  peregrina  (L.)  CoultL-r. 
Sweet  Fern.      (FiR.  1162.) 

/.i,/ni(/iniihii- />riii;i  iihi  I,.  S]).  I'l.  <->()<).     175,1. 

.)/]■!  ii, I  •is/>/('iii/'ii/ui  I..  Sp.   ri.  io2.|.     1753. 

/.hliiiiliiiiilHn  iisf/o'i/i'/i"  I-  Sp-  I'l.  I'M.  2,  1418.     176,5. 

C.  asp/i-iii/h/iii  ('..•Kitii.  l''r.  iV  Soiii.  2:  ,ss.       17(^1. 

C.  />,'iff,n'iii,i  CiiiilUT,  Mem.  Tiirr.  Cliil),  5:  127.     1S94. 

A  shrub,  i°-2'2°  tall,  the  br.-iiiclies  erect  or 
spreading.  Leaves  liuear-obloiig  or  linear-lanceo- 
late in  outline,  short-petioled,  obtuse  or  subacute 
at  the  apex,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  nunieroiis  ob- 
litjuc  rounded  entire  or  sparin.uly  dentate  lolics,  3'- 
6'  long,  ,'+'-,'2'  wide,  fragrant  when  crushed,  the 
sinuses  very  narrow,  stipules  semi-cordate,  mostly 
deciduous;  staminate  aments  clustered  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  i'  or  less  long,  their  bracts  reni- 
form,  acute;  pistillate  aments  bur-like  in  fruit,  the 
subulate  bractlets  longer  than  the  lij^lit  brown, 
shining,  striate,  obtuse  nut. 

Ill  drv  soil,  espLcially  on  hill  siik-s,  Nnva  .Scdtia  tn 
Mmiitdliii,  siiulli  tiJ  Niirt'li  Carolina.  Indiana  and  Miclii- 
fiau,     .-X'ici-iiiis  to  2'HKi  fl.  ill  \'iri;iiiia.     April  May. 

Fiiinily  4.     LEITNERIACEAE   Dnule,  Phanen.o-.  407.       1S79. 

Cork-wood  1'.\.mii.y. 
Dioecious  .shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  large  entire  petioled  alternate  exstipulate 
(or  sometimes  stipulate?')  leaves,  and  (lowers of  l)oth  sexes  in  aments,  which  ex- 
pand iK'fore  the  leaves.  .Staminate  flowers  with  no  perianth;  stamens  S-12,  in- 
serted on  the  receptacle;  filaments  distinct;  anthers  ol)long,  erect,  2-celled,  the 
sacs  longitndinallv  dehiscent.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  solitary  i -celled  ovary, 
.subtended  1)V  3  or  4  minute  glandiflar-lacerale  l)ractlets  (perianth?);  style  ter- 
minal simple,  V'x'ved  and  flattened,  slender,  recurved  and  sligmatic  al)ove, 
caducmis;  ovule  solilarv,  laterally  affixed  to  the  ovary  wall,  amphitropous.  Fruit 
an  oljloiiR  drupe  with  thin  exocarp  and  liard  eiidocarp.  Testa  thm.  iMulosperm 
thin,  fleshy.      Cotyledons  flat,  cordate  at  the  l)ase;   radicle  short,  superior. 

\  familv'rc-latid  ni.nplioloKicallv  tci  the  Mvricace.-a-,  but  its  anatcjiuic-al  ch.iractiiistics  point  to 
airniily  witli  /.i./ii/,i.ni//;ii  i\m\  I'lahiinis.  It  comprises  only  the  loUowmtt  mouotypic  Kenu^  ol 
till'  southern  I'nited  States. 

I.    LEITNERIA  Cha])m.  Fl.  vS.  States,  427.       1S60. 
Characters  of  the  family.     [In  honor  of  Dr.  K.  I'.  Leitner,  a  German  naturalist,  killed  in 
Florida  during  the  Seminole  war.] 

I.    Leitneria  Floridana  Chapm.     Leit- 
neria.     Cork-wood.      ( Fi.o;.    i\(-<:S-) 

Lcihui  ia  I'hn  idaiia  Cliapm.  l-l.  ,S.  States,  42S.  1S60. 
A  shrub  or  small  tree,  attaining  a  maximum 
height  of  about  20°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  ,s',  the 
bark  gray  and  rather  smooth,  the  young  twigs, 
leaves  and  aments  densely  pubescent.  Leaves  ob- 
long or  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute,  obtuse  or  cuspi- 
date at  the  ape\,  narrowed  at  the  base,  bright 
green,  firm,  3'-6'  long,  I '-3'  ^^itle,  when  mature, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  finely  pubescent,  at 
'Ji;- least  on  the  veins,  and  rugose-reticulated  beneath; 

.*\^- V7  /   *:„i  ,.„  ,. //    ,  -/'  1.^^,,.,.  cf 'ittiitinf  t>  finipiit  (i  aspHiirlim/. 

•^■i   '1,/^         mcntose;   pistillate  aments  shorter,  borne  toward 

■'/'^■^^)  the  ends  of  the  twigs;  drupe  slightly  compressed, 

>^,  a'     It  III"  long,  3"--l"  thick,  rugosc-reticidated. 

.:i    swamjis,   southern    Missouri    to  Texas,   and   in 
1  ,.iii(la.     Wood    liKliter   than   cork  and   probably  the 
hulilot  wood  kiii'uii,  wiigliiny; 
pel  eubie  I'oot.     March. 


iiiilv   about  12'..   lbs. 


■^  ^^.^:.^^^  -^A!  ..  -M^,^--:  ar-a.^-.-^ 


490 


SAIJCACEAE. 


l-"aiiiily  5.     SALICACEAE  I.iiull.  Xat.  vS\>t.  I'.d.  2,  1S6.       iS^f). 

WlI.I.OW  I'amii.v. 
Dioecious  lives  or  shrubs  with  H^lit  wood,  hitter  harli,  l)rittle  twi^^,  aUeniate 
sti])iihue  leaves,  the  stipules  often  iniiuite  and  caducous.  Flowers  of  hoth 
sexes  in  anients,  solitar>'  in  the  axil  of  each  1)ract.  Anients  cx])andinj^  i)efore 
or  with  the  lea\'es.  Staniinate  anients  often  pendulous;  staniinate  llowers  con- 
sistinjr  of  from  one  to  luniierous  slaiiieiis  inserted  on  the  recejitacle,  suhtended 
by  a  j,dand-like  or  cup-shajied  disk;  filaineiits  distinct  or  more  or  less  united; 
anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  lonjjjitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistillate  anients  pendulous, 
erect  or  spreadinj;^,  soiiietinies  raceme-like:  jMstillate  llowers  of  a  s^■s^ile  or  short- 
stipitate  i-cellc<l  ovary  subtended  by  a  minute  disk;  jjlaceiitae  2-4,  parietal; 
o\'ules  usuall\-  numerous,  anatropous;  style  short,  slender,  or  almost  wantinj;; 
sti,v;mas  2,  simple  or  2-4-cleft.  I-'ruit  an  ovoid,  oblonj;  or  conic  2-4-valvcd  cap- 
sule. Seeds  small  or  minute,  provide<l  with  a  dense  coma  of  lonj^,  mostly  white, 
silk\'  hairs.     Ivndosperm  none.     Cotyle<lons  ]ilano-convex.      Radicle  short. 

Till'  f:iiiiily  iiK"lii(Us  iiiily  llir  2  I'dllowiiiK  ncnira.  consisting  nf   2.>i)  (jr  nimv  sju'cics,  ninslly 
iiiitivcs  of  tlif  north  tcniiHi:iti-  and  arctic  /ones. 

liracls  liniliriati- or  incised;  stamens  nnnicrons;  stigmas  elongated.  i.  Pn/iii/lix. 

stiK^nias  sliort. 


Uracts  entire:  stamens  j  n 


2,  .S'rt//r. 


,v   /'.  ii/ii; iis/i/'i/iir. 
\.  /'.  (Uiiniiiial,!. 
S.  /'.  hi-l,iot>li\ihi. 


I.    POPULUS  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1034.       1753. 

Trees  with  scaly  resinous  buds,  Icrcte  or  angled  twigs  .tikI  broad  or  narrow,  usually  long- 

petioled  leaves,  tlic  stipules  iiiiiiulc,  fugacious.     Uracts  of  the  aiueuts  fimbriate  or  incised. 

Disk  cup-sbapcd,  oblicjue,  lobed  or  entire.     Slaniin.ite  anients  dense,  pendulous.     Staniinate 

flowers  with    from   4-60  staiuens,    their   filaincuts  distinct.     I'lslillate  anients   sometimes 

raceme-like  through  the  eloiigaliou  of  the  pedicels,  peiuUilous,  erect  or  s])reading.     Ovary 

sessile;  style  short,  stigmas  2-4,  entire  or  4-lobed.     Capsule  2  4-valved.    Coma  of  the  seeds 

often  very  long  and  conspicuous.     [N.imc  ancient,  used  for  these  trees  by  I'liiiy.J 

.\buut  25  sjjccies,  natives  of  the  northern  lii  inisphere.      liesides  the   fullowinn.  some  .^  others 
occur  in  tlie  western  ])arts  of  North  America. 

%  Petioles  terete  or  channeled,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  flattened  laterally.     '■  I'l  il'I.AKS. ) 
I.e.'ives  persistently  and  densely  white-tomeiUose  beneath,  1,   /'.  alha. 

Leaves  ({labrous  or  very  nearly  so  wlun  mature,  criiudate. 

iMiliajfe  striitly  glabrous  lexcejit  in  /'.  hiilsiiiiiihiii  ciiihiitiiiis):  capsule  very  short  pedicelled. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate,  rounded  or  cordate    it  the  base.  2.   /'.  Ihilsmiiih) n . 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate  lanceolate,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base. 
Leaves  .icute,  sliort-iHtiole<l. 
Leaves  acuminate,  lonjc  petioled. 
I'oliaKC  densely  tomeiUosi-  when  yonnj;;  capsides  slender  pedicelled. 

'■';•■■.•  Petioles  strongly  flattened  laterally,     :  .\si'l:.VS,  ) 
Leaves  coarsely  undulate  dentate. 
Leaves  crentd.ite-dent'cnlate. 

Leaves  ovate  or  suborbieidar,  short  pointed. 
Leaves  broadly  deltoid,  abruptly  acuminate. 

Leaves  obtuse  at  the  base;  capsules  nearly  sessile. 
Leaves  truncate  at  the  base;  capsules  sUnder  iiedicelled. 


I.   Populus  alba  L.     Abele.     White  or 
vSilver-leaf  Poplar.      (Fi^.   11 64.) 

I'opiiliis  allni  L,  .Sp,  I'l,  io,5(,      175.5, 

.■\  large  tree,  with  smooth  light  gray  bark,  at- 
taining a  maximnni  height  of  about  120°  and  a 
trunk  diameter  of  h°.  Young  foliage  densely 
white-tomentose,  the  leaves  becoming  glabrate 
and  dark  green  above,  persistently  tomentosc 
beneath,  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular  ill 
outline,  apex  acute,  base  truncate  or  subcordate, 
3-5-lobed  or  irregularly  dentate,  2'_. '-4'  long; 
petioles  nearly  terete,  shorter  than  the  blade; 
staniinate  anients  i'-2'  long. 

In  yards  and  alonu;  roadsides,  s])rinKiutr  up  from 
suckers  of  older  trees.  New  Ilruuswick  to  Virjfinia, 
Native  of  luirope  and  .\sia.  Wood  soft,  nearly 
white;  weitthl  ^s  Ihs,  per  cubic  foot,     March-May. 


(\ 

/• 

i;iniiiiiiUiiltila. 

1  • 

r 

//  i-iint/t>t(/('S. 

s, 
0. 

r. 
r 

11  i'^  1  it. 

t/l//iill/l'S. 

WILI<0\V   rAMII.Y. 


491 


2.    Populus  balsamifera  I<.     Tacainahac. 

lialsani  Poplar.     (.l'"\)i.  iiC>,S.  ) 

J\ipii/ii.\  luilsiniii/fi  ii  I,.  Sp.  \'\.  ni.il-     '75,v 

A  larfje  tree,  with  iiuarly  siiioolli  Kray  bark,  reacli- 
iiijj;  a  tiiaximnin  hei;,'lit  of  about  80°  and  a  trunk 
(liainetLT  of  7",  the  branches  stout,  spreading,  the 
large  buds  very  resinous,  the  foliage  glabrous. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate,  dark  green  and  shining 
above,  pale  beneath,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  crenulate, 
3'-5'  long,  petioles  terete;  anients  and  bracts  some- 
what pubescent;  stamens  iS  ,^0;  lobes  of  the  stigmas 
broad;  capsule  ovoid,  2-valved,  short-pcdicellcd. 

In  moist  iir  dry  soil,  especially  aloiifj  streams  and 
lakes,  Newfoundlaiul  lo  Hudson  liayaud  .Maska,  south 
to  Maine,  New  York.  Mieliinan,  Idaho  and  hrilish 
Cohnnbia.  Wcjod  soft,  weak,  brown,  eonipact:  weight 
per  cubic  foot  2,;  lbs.     .\i)ril. 

Populus  balsamifera  candicans  (.\il. )  .\.  Ciray,  Man. 
ICd.  2.  .\U).     iS5().     li.M.M  OF  (',ii.i:.\li. 
J'o/iiihis  liim/uiiiis  .\i{.  Ilorl.  Kew.  3:   (od.      17S9. 

Leaves  bro.iiler,  cordate  at  the  base:  petioles  usu.illy 
sey,  west  to  Minnesol.i,  inoslly  escaped  I'rom  c\iUivatiou 


pubescent.     New  Urunswick  to  New  Jer 
apparently  in(liKetU)US  nortliward. 


3.    Populus  angustifolia  James.     Narrow-leaved  Cottoinvood.     (Fig.  1166.) 


/;,pii/iis  tni_i;iis/i/(i/ii!  ]nmt's.  I.onif's  Ivxp.  i:  .(97.      iSi;^. 
J'ii/>ii/iis   /xi/.uiiiii/riii    var.    aiigiisli/i<lia   .S.    \Vals.    Hot. 
Kiiiff's  Ivxp.  327.     i,S7i. 

A  slender  tree,  maximum  height  about  65°,  trunk 
d'nnietcr  2°;  crown  narrowly  pyramidal,  branches  as- 
cending, foliage  glabrous.  Twigs  terete,  gray;  leaves 
lanceolate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  spreading,  dry- 
ing brownish,  gradually  acuminate  or  acute  at  the 
apex  or  some  of  them  obtuse,  narrowed,  rounded  or 
rarely  subcordate  at  the  base,  2'-4,'2' long,  \i'-\\' 
wide,  finely  crenulate  from  base  to  apex;  petioles 
plano-convex,  not  flattened  laterally;  )i'-)-2.'  long; 
lateral  veins  S-15  on  each  side  of  the  blade;  stanii- 
nate  aments  oblong-cylindric,  i'-2'<'long;  lobes  of 
the  stigmas  broad;  cajisules  ovoid,  short-pedicelled. 

Ill  moist  soil,  espt'cially  aloiijt  streams.  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory to  Dakota.  Nebraska,  New  Mixico,  and  .\ri/iina. 
Wood  soli.  weak,  brown.  coiii])acl;  weiglit  per  cubic  I'uut 
24  lbs.     .\pril 


Mav. 


4.  Populus  acuminata  RydI)Lio;.     Black 
Cottonwood,     il-'io.  1167.) 

J'iiftiiliisacuniiiitila  Kydlierg,  IhiU.  Torr.  Club,  20;  .so. 
1893. 

A  slender  tree,  with  terete  twigs,  reaching  ap- 
proximately the  dimensions  of  the  preceding  spe- 
cies, the  crown  broadly  pyramidal  with  spreading 
branches,  the  foliage  glabrous.  Leaves  rhomboid- 
lanceolate,  spreading  or  drooping,  drying  green, 
abruptly  or  gradually  long-acuminate  at  the  apex, 
cuneate,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base,  2'-()'  long, 
\'-2\i'  wide,  crenulate  or  the  base  entire;  petioles 
slender,  i'-2'z'  long;  staminate  aments  about  i  '2' 
long;  pistillate  aments  slender,  drooping,  i's' 
lortg;  capsules  ovoid,  obtuse,  distinctly  pedicclled. 

Range  apparently  nearly  that  of  the  preceding; 
species      .\pril-May. 


492 


SAI.ICACEAK. 


5.    Populus  heterophylla  L.     Swaiiip  «>r  Dowiix  I'oplar.     (  l•■i^,^  ii^'S.  ) 

I'l't'iiliis  luti-y>f>li\lhi  I..  Sp.  I'l.  i.i;|.      i7,';,v 

An  irrcmil.irly  braiu'liiiin  trei',  soinetiiiii's  So" 
liijfli  and  with  a  trunk  ,v'  in  <lianicter,  llic  bark 
rounli.  YouMfj  foliage  densely  tonientosc.  Leaves 
lon>;-peliole(l,  broadly  ovale,  ohtnse  or  subacute  at 
tlu-  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  tlie 
base,  crenulate-ilenticulate,  ,s'-()'  lonj^,  or  those  of 
young  plants  much  larj^'cr,  jjlabrous  or  somewhat 
lloccosc  beneatli  when  mature;  petioles  terete; 
bracts  j^labrous  or  nearly  so;  staminate  aments 
stout,  3'-4'  loii^,  <)"-i2"  in  diameter,  droo])in.i;; 
stamens  numerous;  ])islillate  aments  raceme-like, 
])eduncled,  erect  or  spreading,  loosely  llowereil; 
capsules  ovoid,  ac\ite,  2-valvcd,  4"  6"  long,  shorter 
than  or  e<iualling  their  ])edicels. 

In  swamps,  MPiitlurii  Cninu  cticiil  and  Ni  h  V(irk  to 
("iicujjia.  wisttn  I,(iuisian.-i.  nnrlli  in  the  Misr-i'-sippi  Val- 
U  y  tn  Indiana  and  ArUansa-^.  WikkI  suit.  weak,  ccun- 
pact.  brown,  uiinlil  per  ciiliic  I'nnt  ;ii  lbs.     .\pvil   May. 

6.    Populus  grandidentata  Michx.     LaiKL-tdothcd  Aspen.     (Fij^.  1169. 

!''•[ ul'iiiii aiididcnlala  Mic-li.\.  I'M.  bur.  Am.  2:  :\y.  is,i;. 
A  forest  tree  with  smooth,  greenish-gray  hark, 
inaxinium  height  about  75^,  and  trunk  diameter 
2|<°.  Leaves  ovate-orbicular,  those  of  very  young 
])lants  densely  wliilc-tomcntosc  beneath,  some- 
times r'  long,  with  irregularly  denticulate  margins, 
tliose  of  older  trees  tomentose  when  young,  gla- 
brous when  mature,  short-ac\iininate,  coarsely  nn- 
dulatc-dentate,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  base  2^i'- 
4'  long;  petioles  slender,  llattened  laterally;  bracts 
silky,  irregularly  4-7-clcft;  staminate  aments  2'- 
4'  long,  about  5"  in  diameter,  drooping;  pistillate 
aments  somewhat  pubescent,  dense,  3'-5'  long  in 
fruit,  also  drooping;  stigma-lobes  narrow;  capsule 
conic,  acute,  2-valved,  about  3"  long,  rather  less 
than  i"  in  diameter,  papillose. 

In  ricli  wiKids,  Ndv.i  .Scntia  tn  Ont.-irin  and  Minni- 
snt:i.  sciutli  t(i  Ni-w  Jirscy  and  in  tile  .MltKlianiis  tn 
Nnrtli  Carnliua.-inil  Tcinussif.  W'nml  snft,  weak,  lijilit 
brnwn,  cnnipact;  wiinlit  per  cid)ic  fnnt  29  lbs.     .\pril. 

7.    Populus  tremuloides  Miclix.     Aiiieri- 
caii  A.spcu.     (  Fi^;.  1170. ) 

I'ltpiihis  liitniiUiidts  Miclix.  I'l.  lior,  .\in.  2:  24,^.  iSt)^. 
l\  .■////(';//(■;/ .v/v  I, udwid,  Ncui-  Wilde  liauniz.  ,^5.  I75,i.(?) 
A  slender  tree,  with  smooth,  light  green  bark, 
reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  100°  and  a 
trunk  diameter  of  3'^,  the  young  foliage  glabrous, 
excepting  the  ciliate  margins  of  the  leaves.  Pet- 
ioles very  slender,  llattened  laterally,  causing  the 
leaves  to  quiver  in  the  slightest  breeze;  leaves 
broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  short-acuminate  at  the 
apex,  finely  crenulate  all  around,  truncate,  rounded 
or  subcordate  at  base,  I'-^Yi'  broad,  or  those  of 
very  young  plants  much  larger;  bracts  silky,  deeply 
3-5-cleft  into  linear  lobes;  aments  drooping,  the 
staminate  i.!2'-2.'i'  long,  3"-4''''  in  diameter,  the 
pistillate  longer,  dense;  stigma-lobes  linear;  cap- 
sule like  that  of  the  preceding  species,  but  some- 
what smaller.  * 
In  dry  or  moist  soil.  Newfoundland  t<i  Hudson  liay  and  .Maska,  south  to  Xiw  Jersey.  Pennsylvania, 
Kentucky,  in  the  Kncky  Mnmitains  to  Mexico  and  In  I.nwer  California.  Ascends  to  .v««i  ft.  in  the 
Adirnndacks,     Wood  soft,  weak,  light  brnwn;  weight  Jier  cid)ic  font,  25  lbs.     March-May. 


WIIJ.OW    l'"AMII-V. 

8.   Populus  nigra  I,.     lUack  P(>i)lar. 
(  I'ijr.   I  171.  ) 

/'••l^iihi-.  in\i(i  I,.  Sp.  ri.  \i'\\.     175,!. 

A  larj,'e  tree,  soimliines  i(ii)°  tall  jiiid  tlu-  trunk 
4"=  in  ilianu-ter,  usually  much  smaller.  Tw^s  tt- 
rete;  young  foliage  somuuliat  pubescent,  the  ma- 
ture leaves  firm,  nearly  or  (|uite  glabrous;  jietioles 
slender,  llattcned  laterally;  leaves  broadly  deltoid, 
abruptly  acuminate  at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneale  or 
obtuse  at  the  base,  crenate,  2'-4'  long;  stamiiiate 
aments  \' -2'  long;  stamens  about  20;  pistillate 
aments  2'-$'  long  in  fruit,  spreading;  cajisule  ob- 
long, very  obtuse,  borne  on  ])e(licels  of  much  less 
than  their  own  length. 

X'allt  ys  of  llu'  IIiKKnii  and  Ililawarc  Kivcrs,  natn- 
rali/id  from  I'Uirni)i-,     April   May. 

Till'  I.omb.irdy  I'oplar.  J\i/iii/ii\  i/i/a/n/n.  coiniuotily 
plaiitid  ri>r  ornanuiU,  occasionally  •-prcads  by  scnilinK 
up  -hoots  lioui  its  -ulitcir.Muaii  part-. 


Populus  deltoides  .Marsh.     Cottonwood 


Necklace  Poplar. 

/'.ipiihis  (/i-//"ii/c:s  Marsh.  Mh.  .\ni.  i./i.     17S5. 
/':'/<ii/i/s  (\iriiliiiciiv\  Mociu'li,  \'cr'.  I'l.  .'<i.     17S5. 
/'.i/y/i/iis  iiioiiili/'(i\i  .\it    Iloii.  Kcw.  3;  406.     17S9. 
I','l>iilii^  aii'^iihila  .\il.  Ilorl.  Kcw.  3;  407.     17S9. 

.V  large  tree,  the  greatest  of  the  poplars,  attain- 
ing a  maxinunn  height  of  150°  and  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  '^i\  the  bark  grayish-green,  somewhat 
rough  when  old.  I'oliagc  glabrous;  leave.-  broadly 
deltoid-ovate,  abruptly  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cren- 
ulate,  truncate  at  the  base,  4'-;'  long;  petiole  flat- 
tened laterally,  stout,  about  as  long  as  the  blade; 
bracts  glabrous,  deeply  fimbriate;  staminate  amcnls 
drooping,  ^'-5'  long,  5"-6"  in  diameter;  pistillate 
aments  loosely  flowered,  becoming  6'-io'  long  in 
fruit;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  4"-5"  long,  2-4-valved, 
shorter  than  or  equalling  their  pedicels. 

In  ninist  soil,  especially  along  streams  and  lakes, 
OikIhc  to  the  Xortliwesl  Territory,  south  to  New  Jer- 
slv.  I'lorida,  Colorado  and  New  Mexico.  Wood  soft, 
weak,  (lark  brown;  wcIkIiI  per  cubic  fool  24  11)S. 
.\prilMay.     .Mso  called  Carolina  Poplar. 


2.   SALIX  L.  Sp.  PI.  1015.       1753. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  single-scaled  buds,  the  scales  with  an  adherent  mendirane  within, 
tnostly  narrow  and  short-petiolcd  leaves  and  persistent  or  early  deciduous  broad  or  minute 
stipules.  liractsof  the  aments  en^tire.  Disk  gland  like,  small  or  minute.  Staminate  aments 
dense,  erect,  s])reading  or  drooping.  Staminate  flowers  with  l-io,  mostly  2,  stamens,  their 
fdaments  distinct  or  sometimes  united.  IMstillate  aments  usually  erect  or  spreading.  (1vary 
sessile  or  short-stipitate.  Style  short  or  filiform.  Stigmas  2,  entire  or  2-cleft.  Capsule 
mostly  2-valved.     [Name  ancient.] 

.Vbout  160  species,  of  wide  KeoKrapliic  distribution  tliroUKlnait  the  north  temperate  and  arctic 
zones,  a  few  in  the  southern  hetnisplicre.  liesides  the  following:,  some  45  others  occur  m  the 
northern  and  uestern  parts  of  North  .\merica. 

:|-.  Filaments  pubescent,  at  least  toward  the  base;  stamens  more  than  2  (3-7). 
No  glands  on  petioles  or  stipules. 

Cajjsule  ovoid,  about  twice  as  long  as  its  pedicel. 
Leaves  short  ix-tioled.  lanceolate. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  green  on  both  sides. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  silvery  white  beneath. 
Leaves  slender  petioled.  broadly  lanceolate. 
Capsule  long-conie.  niucli  longer  than  its  pedicel. 
Petioles  an<l  stipules  prominently  glandular. 

;|::;:   Filaments  pubescent;  stamens  only  2. 
Trees,  ctdlivated  and  natur.ilized  or  adventive. 


1.  S.  nil; I  a. 

2.  S.  iranli. 

},.  S,  iiiii\\i;(/(i/<iii/fs 
5.  5.  /i(ii;ilis. 
4.  .S'.  hiiiilii. 


k 


494 


SALICACKAU 


(>.  .S.  ii/hii. 

7.  .V,  /lii/n/iiiiiiii 

N.  .v.  pill f>in,<i. 

i)  S.  /I  II  villi  ills. 

i<].  .V  I ilitiihild. 

1 1,  .v.  nslilii. 


1 1 

.S. 

Illl  III  ill's. 

1-1. 

.S', 

Irish's. 

I.S- 

.s. 

,lis,,'l,>l. 

1(1. 

.V 

\ri  iii-ii. 

'7- 

>. 

pilioliii  1 

|S. 

,V 

iirii  VI  III  III pii. 

I'l- 

•V. 

ilru  1  Illl  mil. 

20. 

.V 

i;  III  II  III. 

21 

.v. 

iiiiii/iilii. 

12. 

s. 

viiiiniiilis. 

2.!. 

s. 

pliylliiijiiliii. 

24. 

s. 

Iiiii-.i  iiii. 

2,^. 

s. 

Ill  1  Inn. 

Ciips\ilc  Kl'itirnu^;  I'llatmiit-  ili^timl 

llraiu'liis  iiiil  itrii(ii>iim;  lia\ts  Imui  ulatc 
I.ravf.  Klalilnii>  oil  Until  sjdi  > 
I.iavi  -.  silky  mi  Imtli  -kU-.  win  11  yniiiin. 
I.ravis  liiiiMi  lamiiilatr  ;  litaiulu-.  (InioiiiMK 
CapMiU  s  liiiiuiiliiM  ;  lilaiiuiils  iitiiUd;  Uavis  nlilatucdlali- 
Kivcr  l)aiiW  slinili,  willi  limai  laiutnlati  Uavts. 
I.ciw  ari'tic  sliriili-.,  willi  nlinvaU-  or  (p\al  nhtii-r  k-avi'H. 
l.ravis  KlabiDiis,  >.ir(iii^rly  ritiiiilali  il  lii'iu-alh. 
I.tayf;-  iliiisily  l(iiiuiil(i-i  silky  In  iiialli. 

'.!::;::;:  Filaments  glabrous;  capsule  tomentose  or  pubescent. 
SlitJiiias  si-ssilf  iir  viTy  nearly  so. 
I.iavis  loiiuiitdsf  liiiuatli. 

I.iavcs  (il)loiin  lamiiilatf,  sUiiilir  |Kli(ilc(l;  aliunts  i'.x|)aiiiliiiK  willi  tlii'  loayi'S. 

12.  .V.  Dihhiiiiia 
I.cavi'M  olilaiu'tdlalf,  slmrt  prlidlicl;  aiiiiiits  ixpaiidiiiK  liifon  the  Uavfs, 
l.i'ayi's  2'    1'  limn;  rmiutiu  atiutits  alicnil  1'  ImiK. 
I.ravis  r    2'  Iniin ;  riuiliiin  atiunls  '•'  lotiK- 
MaliirL-  Kaycs  ulalnniis  m  slijtlitly  silky  In  tiiatli. 
I.tavis  iililiiti^j  (ir  (ililiinn  laiutnlali-.  aiiitf. 
l.eayis  tloiinaUil  laiui  (ilalc,  loiin  aiiiiiiinaU', 

CapsiiU-  sliiirl  |n  ilicilUil,  1  '."  Imin;  Uavis  Maik  in  drying. 
Capsuli-  sUiuK  r  pidici  1U(1.  2"   \'  Iniin;  liayrs  nriin  in  tliyiiiK. 
Slyk-  filil'onii,  ^■c|llaliin^f  or  InnmT  than  tlu-  stiKiiias. 
I.cayis  pirsisUiitly  Uiiiitiilnsc  or  silky  bfiiiatli. 

Arctic  nr  alpine  slinih^;  anuiils  niircildinn  with  tlic  leaves. 
iMiiitint;  anuiits  i'  nr  le~s  \ii\\% 
I'nlHsceiicc  silvery  silky. 
I'ubesceiice  tdtlU-lilnse. 
VruitiiiK  aineiils  2'   s    IniiR. 
I.iiw  linu  slinili;  leaves  dblniijj 

Intrddiieed  tree;  leaves  linear  lanceolate,  lonn  aeiiniinale. 
Mature  leaves  glalirous  Ik  neatli. 

Leaves  2'-,V  loiiU.  shining;  above 

Leaves  '.■'    2'  loiiK.  dnll;  low  arctic  shrubs. 

Leaves  (iblotin  or  lalieicilate,  short  pelioled. 
Leaves  elliptic  or  broa<lly  obovate.  lonu  petioled, 

::w[:  :•;  :■:  Filaments  glabrous;  capsule  glabrous. 
Large  shrubs,  with  sirrale  or  serrulate  U  ;i\es. 
Mature  leaves  fjlabnius. 

Leaves  laiiceokite  or  ov;iti-  lanceolate,  acuiiiinale. 
Shrubs, 

Leaves  ureeii  both  sid.s,  narrow;  c;ii)sules  2"-.V'  I'lUK. 
Le;ives  very  ulaucoiis  beneath,  broad;  cajisules  3"   5"  loiif!. 
Tree  v'    S"    hiifh. 
Leaves  ellil)tic,  obov;ite  or  oblontf.  merely  acute. 

Leaves  ylaueolis  billeath;  c;ipsule  slemler  pedicelled. 
Leaves  ureeii  both  sides;  c;ipsuli'  nearly  or  (|uilc  sessile. 
Li  aves  densely  silky  pubescent. 
Low  boK  shrub,  with  entire  nhibroiis  U;\vc- 
Low  diffuse  ^ilabroiis  ali)iiie  ;ind  arctic  shrubs, 

Le;ives  oblonj;  or  obovate.  inirrowed  ;it  the  l)ase;  aiiunts  many  llowen  il 
Leaves  orbicular,  cordate  at  the  base;  pistillate  anients  few  (lowered, 

I.   Salix  nigra  Marsh.     Black  Willow.     (Kiy.  ii73-) 

.S'(;// 1   ///;■(,;  .Maish,  .\rb,  .\m,  i,vi      ir"<,s. 

.\  ircc,  with  rouf^h  (laky  dark  brown  bark, 
allaining  a  iiiaxiiiniin  lieij^hl  of  about  120'  and  a 
trunk  diameter  of  ;,'■  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  a])ex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  short-pctioled,  serrulate,  somewliat  pubescent 
when  younj,;,  f^labrous  .ind  urcen  ahove,  somewhat 
paler,  and  sometimes  pubescent  on  the  veins  be- 
neath wlicn  mature,  2'..'  .s'  Ion;;,  2"-9"  wide; 
stipules  various,  persistent  or  deciduous;  ameiits  ex- 
panding witli  the  leaves,  on  short  lateral  br.inches, 
the  staminate  \'-2'  lon>(,  the  pistillate  i.'j'^'  long 
aiul  spreading  in  fruit;  stamens  3-7,  distinct,  their 
filaments  pubescent  below;  scales  deciduous;  stig- 
mas nearly  sessile;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous, 
about  twice  as  long  as  its  pedicel. 

Alontt  striams  and  lakes.  New  Ilninswick  to  west- 
ern ()iit;irio,  I'lorida  and  Calildrnia,  Hybridizes  with 
.V  nihil.  Wood  soft,  weak,  linlit  brown;  weight  per 
cubic  foot  28  lbs,     .\pril-May, 

Y,  2:  2ix),      \'^\'S. 


S.  Illl  ilii III. 

S.  i;liiiiiiipli\llii. 

.v.  Missiuii  ii'iisis. 


2>». 

S. 

hiilsiiiiiilii  II. 

V'. 

S. 

Iliii  1  lii\  i. 

SI. 

s. 

iiilniiipli  villi. 

.V. 

s. 

IIIVI  IlllilllilS. 

IV 

s. 

1  ':-ii  III  si. 

.Vb 

.V, 

Ill  1  liiiiiii. 

Salix  nigra  falcata  (  Pursli  1  Torr,  I'l,  N 
Sali  V  fiiliiihi  I'ursh,  I'l.  .Vni,  .Sept,  2:  1)14,      1H14, 

Leaves  narrower,  2"-3"  wide,  falcate,  green  on  both  sides 


Massachusetts  to  I'lorida. 


Wll.I.oW    lAMII.V. 


495 


a.   Salix  Wardii   \W\i\>.     Ward 

.S,,/i,   ///;■;,/ VIII.  Ii:ii,li  lUlil);  W.inl.  Hull,  T.  S,  N.il 

.S(i/i.i-  iruiiti  ltil)t),  Card.  iV  iM.r.  8:  ,\'\\.      i>')v 

.\  Iri'f,  siiiiR-tiiiR's  .V)"  liixli,  tlif  trunk  rfiuliiiiK  >i' 
ill  (liainuU-r,  the  liraiiclies  s|)rcaclinf;  i>r  ilniopinK, 
thf  hark  dark  ri'ddisli  lirovvii,  tovitimI  willi  ^tiiall 
.scalt'S.  Ia'MVi's  laiiii'olatv  nr  dhldiiKdaiU'colali', 
liiiix -at'UtiiiiiaU-  i>r  aoiitt.-  al  llii-  api'x,  roiindid,  sub- 
ciirdalu,  or  sotiii-  of   tlRlil   iiariowi'd   at   Ihi-  basu, 


«i,,.'' 


-7'  1""K. 


,2 


-1 


widi-,  brij^lil  i^rt'cn  abuvi-,  sil- 


(Vln.  1175.  ) 

Ilaiidl.   \tt.   .\kad. 


very  white  and  usiiallx  sonuwliat  piiUfsfeiit  Iie- 
iieatli;  stipnK-.-i  ot'tiMi  lar^jc,  sdiiutiiuf^  inMsi^U'iil; 
aiiu'iits  '  .-cpaiidiiij;  with  the  leaves,  terminal,  the 
staniiiiate2'-4''l(HiK,  the  jiislillateas  lonj,' or  shorter; 
stamens  36,  se])arale;  lilaments  ])ilose  al  the  base; 
seales  villous  without,  cleeiduous;  eajisule  eonic, 
j^labrous,  about  Iwiee  as  louj,'  as  its  pedieel. 

.Mipiijf  sin  aiiis  and  lakes,  Maryland  In  Tennessee, 
Missiniii  ami  tlie  Indian  Terrilory.  sinitli  U>  I'lorida 
WcKid  dark  limwn.     MareliMay. 

3.    Salix  amygdaloides   Anders.      Peach-leave-d  Willi iw. 

.Si;//' I    iini\i;ihihiiili  s  .XtiiUis,  nl'\ . 

1858;  114.'      I.\s^. 

A  small  tree,  similar  to  the  preeedini;  sjieeies, 
souietinies  711"  hi.nh  and  the  trunk  2°  in  dianieler, 
the  brown  b.irk  scaly.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pubescent  when  yining,  Kkd)rous  when 
old,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  slijj;htly  glaucous 
beneath,  long-acuininate  al  the  a])ex,  narrowed  at 
the  ba.se,  ,^'i'-,s'  long,  .about  l'  wide,  shari)ly  ser- 
rulate, slelider-petioled;  jietioles  y,"-'"  long, 
glandless;  stipules  commonly  fugacious;  ameiils 
a])]>earing  with  the  leaves,  terminal  on  short  lateral 
branches,  the  slaminate  l'~-2'  long,  the  ]nstillate 
loose,  s])reailiiig  and  2'j'-4'  long  in  fruit;  stamens 
more  than  2;  lilaments  distinct,  jnibescent  at  the 
base;  scales  deciduous;  stigmas  nearly  sessile:  cap- 
sule narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  glabnnis,  al  length 
about  as  lon.g  as  its  filiform  pedicel. 

(In  lake  and  river  slioris,  (Juelne  to  British  Colum- 
bia. New  York,  Missouri  and  New  Mexico,  Wood 
soft,  weak,  liiilit  brown;  weiKhl  2S  lbs.     April-May. 


4.    Salix  lucida  Muhl.     vSliiiiiiig;  Willow. 

Siilix  li(ii,iu  Mulil.  Nciie  Sehrift.  C.cs.  Nat.  V\.  Iit;rliii. 

4:  2,v».   />/■  ''■  /■  7-      i^'.V 

.\  tall  shr.ib,  or  .sometimes  a  tree  20°  high,  the 
bark  smooth  or  slightly  scaly,  the  twi.gs  yellowish-  ^ 

brown,  shining.  Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate-lanceo-  \\  j  \', 
late  or  ovate,  mostly  long-acuminate,  narrowed  y'VJ/ ^ 
or  rounded  at  the  base,  shar])ly  serrulate  all  around, 
green  and  glossy  on  both  sides  or  bearing  a  few, 
scattered  hairs  when  very  youn.g,  ,'/-,s' long,  \'-\\i' 
wide  when  mature;  stipules  small,  semi-cordate  or 
obloii.g,  very  glandular,  coinnionly  persistent;  peti- 
oles stout,  3"-6"  lon,g,  glandular  at  the  base  of  the 
blade;  aineiits  on  short,  lateral  leafy  branches,  the 
slaminate  stout,  I '-2'  long,  the  jji.stillati;  dense, 
2'-;,'  long  ill  fruit,  often  long-persistent;  bracts  de- 
ciduous; stamens  about  ,5;  filaments  pubescent  be- 
low; stigmas  nearly  sessile;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid, 
acute,  glabrous,  much  longer  than  its  pedicel. 

In  swamps  and  aloiiK  streams  and  lakes.  Newfoiiiid- 
l.uut  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  New  Jersey,  Kentucky 
and  Nebraska.     A  most  beautiful  willow.     .April-May. 


Glossy  Willow 


49'' 


SAI.KACi;  Al- 


Crack    Willow. 

n-) 


Salix  fragilis  decipiens  <  11' 

■avi-..  aiipi^irs  tn  Ik-  knuuii  ( 


5.    Salix   fragilis   I. 

liriule  Willi  )\v.      (Im.il;.  i  i; 

.Si///  1     /',/;•  ','/»    I,.   S)).    I'l.    I'll^.  175,;. 

.\  mil.  >lon(lL-r  liic,  with  nm^liish  s^'iay  hark, 
.■illMiiiinj{  M  iii.ixiimim  lifi.nlil  of  al)out  So"  .iinl  a 
trunk  iliaiiK-tcr  of  7  ,  Uvi.tjs  reddish  ii^rc'i'ii.  vi-rv 
hritlk-  ,it  lit-  l)M-.c.  I.cavi-s  laiu'i'olati',  lonji-acii- 
iiiiiiale,  narrowi'd  at  the  base,  sliarply  serrulate, 
glalin'usoii  both  sides,  rather  d.irk  ;rreeu  above, 
])aler  beneath,  ^'-6'  lou.i;,  'j'  1'  wide;  i;laud\i- 
hir  at  tlie  b  ise  of  the  lilade;  ])elioles  V'-S"  l<>uii(, 
;<hiudularaI)ove;  stipules seuiieordale,  fu).jacious; 
slauiiiiale  aineuts  i '  2'  lou;.;;  stamens  2,  or  some- 
times vl;  lilameiils  pubeseeut  below,  distiuet; 
]>islillate  ameuls  ,V-.S'  h'li.ii  >"  Iruil.  rallier  loose; 
slif,'mas  nearly  sessile;  capsule  lonji-conie,  gla- 
brous, 2'j"-ji"  loMj;,  short-pedieelled. 

l'!soai)e(l  fvoui  euUivatinn,  ^lassacluiseetts  to 
New  J(  rsi  V  and  reniisylvaiiia.  Xative  of  I-hMiipe. 
Ily1)iidi/es  with  tile  fiiilnwini;  spieies.  The  tuiys 
bleak  ,iway  and  ^.'I'nw  iiUniuw  plants,     .\piil   May. 

illni.  1  .\ii(leis..  with  yelhiwish  nr  red  twin's  and  smaller  hrinliter  «reen 

iilv  in  cultivation  within  our  n.rea. 


6.     Salix    alba    ]..      White-   Willow. 
Humino;don  Willow.     (  Fi.i;'.  117S.) 

Sil/l'.t   tlllhl   I,.  Sp.    I'l.    IiiJI.         17.S.V 

A  large  tree,  sometimes  <>  r'  tall  auil  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  .s';  b.irk  gray,  rougli;  twigs  brittle  at  the 
base.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  obloiig-lanceolale,  acute 
or  acuminate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  serrulate,  silky- 
pubescent  on  both  sides  when  young,  less  soand  jiale 
or  glaucous  beneath  when  maUire,  2' -('2'  long,  4"- 
s"  wide;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  deciduous;  ]ieti- 
oles  2"-.;"  long,  glaiidless  av  sparingly  glandular; 
aments  on  short  lateral  leafy  brandies;  scales  decid- 
uous; stamens  2;  filaments  distinct,  pubescent  at  the 
base;  pistillate  aments  linear-eyliudr.  •,  I  'z'-'z' 
long;  stigmas  nearly  sessile;  capsule  ovoid,  acute, 
glabrous,  short-pedicelled  or  sessile. 

In  moist  soil.  cs))eeially  aloinf  streams,  N"ew  liriins- 
wick  and  Ontario  to  Pennsylvania,  spiiriiiyly  csciped 
from  cultivation.     Native  of  lairope.     .\pril   May. 

Salix  alba  coerulea  i,I.  !•;.  .Smith  1  Koeli,  Dendr, 

Sa/i  f  ,''ri  ii/i  ii  ].  M.  Smith.  I'JikI-  Hot.   /)/,  -'/,'/.      i"«)i. 

Mature  leavi  s  bhii-li  «r(i  11.  irlabmus.  txl.uicolis  In  lie, 

Salix  alba  vitellina    1.  •  Kocli.  Demlr.  2   ,=, 

Sii/ii    :i/i//ni,i   I..  S]).  I'l.  \'.i\.  2,  in   .       17'>,;. 

Mature  haves  fihibrolls  above  ;     wins  velhiwi-ll-un  en 


2:  ,^1 
nil. 


I!m  I 


(  Icca-ioiial  ill  tliv  l%asteni  States. 
isi,,i,      l',i  111. IN    ( Isll.U. 


above; 


Till 


niiiiioiu-l  form  in  North  .\iiu  rica. 


7.    Salix   Babylonica   I,.     Weei)iii,i;  Willow. 
Kiii,L,f  \\'ilIow.      '  I'"i;4.  1179.1 

.S'(7// I    /.'j/'i/.. ///,<;  I..  Sp,   I'l.  I"I7.       175, V 

.\  large  tree,  with  rough  .gray  bark,  sometimes  at- 
tain in.g  a  height  of  70^  and  a  trunk  di.inieter  of  6',  the 
twi,gs  slender,  green,  elongated,  ilroo])iiig.  l.i-.ives 
niridwh  lanceolate,  long-acnminate  at  the  apex,  ser- 
rulate all  .iround,  n.irroweil  at  the  base,  sparsely  ])ubes- 
ceiit  when  young,  glabrous  when  mature,  green 
above,  paler  beiieith,  ('  7'  long,  T,"  C>"  wide,  some- 
times curling  into  rings;  jietioles  t,"~(>"  long,  gl.indu- 
lar  .above;  aments  appearing  on  short  lateral  le.ify 
branches;  scales  ovatedaiu'eolate,  obtuse,  deciiluous; 
stamens  2;  style  almost  none;  c.iiisiile  ovoid-conic, 
sessile,  glabrous. 

Widely  culliv.iti  il  ami  ^oiiutiiiu  •-  ^-plc.idillj;  by  the  (lis 
tributioii  of  its  twij;s      Nati\e  of  .\-.i,i,     .\pril   M.iy. 


'? 


WIIJ.OW    I'AJIII.V. 

8.   Salix  purpurea  I<.     Purple  Willow. 

S(i/i  I  pui/uiicii  I,.  S]).  ri.  1017,     175,;. 

A  sk-iKlt-r  shrub  (ir  siiiiill  Irou,  willi  purplish   flex- 
ible luij^s,  luaxiiiiuni   lieiglit  about    12^;    briint-hes 
iifleii  trailiiij?;  bark  siuoolh  auil  very  bitter.    Leaves 
(iblaiK'eolateor  spatulalc,  acute,  serrulate,  uarrowed 
at  the  base,  short-petioled,  (glabrous,  f^reeu   above, 
paler  and  somewhat  j^lauoous  beueath,  i  'i'-.i'  lou;^-, 
2 '."-4"  wiile,    some   of   them    commonly   subo])-   >" 
]iosite;   stipules  minute;    petioles   \"-i"  louj;,  not 
>;l;inclular;    anients   a])pearin).;    before    the    leaves, 
dense,    leafv-bracted    at    the    base,    the   staniinate      »'JI^, 
about    1'  lonj^,  the  pistillate    \'~2'  long,  sessile  or     •*»?J'"'^ 
nearlv   so;    stamens   2;    filaments   and    sometimes      ,,■  «,'.■ 
■also  the  anthers  \mited,  pubescent;  scales  jnirjile, 
persistent;    stij^mas   very    nearly    sessile;    ca))sules 
ovoid-conic,  obtuse,  tonientose,  2 '2"  lonj.;. 

Sparinjtly  c-^caped  Irdiu  cultivation  in  Uic  AtlaiUie 
Stato.  Native  ol'  I-;urci])e.  Also  calkcl  liilter,  1<  ise 
and  Wliipcnrd  Willnw.     Aiiril   May. 


497 


I I8u. ) 


9.   Salix  fluviatilis  Xutt.    Saml 


'    IciOl    ^1    11 

10.    Salix  reticulata  L.     Xel-\xiiicil 
Willow.      (I'is.  1  iX-. ) 

Sail  \    itiiiulala  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  loiS.       175,;. 

A  procumbent  sIuhIi,  y  10'  high,  often  sending 
out  roots  from  the  twigs,  the  young  shoots  4-sided, 
imrjile-green.  Leaves  elliptic  or  oboxate,  thick,  ob- 
tuse, narrowed,  numdcct  or  subcordate  at  the  base, 
slender-petioled,  glabrous  or  somewhat  silky-pubes- 
cent when  young,  dark  green  above,  not  shining, 
glaucous  and  strongly  relicnlate-veined  Ijcneath,  l'- 
2'  long;  petioles  4"- 12"  long,  channeled,  not  glan- 
dular; leaves  obscurely  crenulate  or  entire;  stipules 
otilong,  obtuse;  anients  ternunal,  long-stalked, 
dense;  scides  obliise;  stamens  2;  filaments  ilislinct, 
puliesceiit  at  the  base;  stigmas  sessile;  capsule  ovoid- 
conic,  sessile,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  about  ;,"  long. 

I.abr.idipi  and  ijiubec  to  Alaska,  south  ill  the  Kocky 
^^lUlltaills  to  Coloiadn.  Also  in  iiortlurii  ICuroiie  and 
.Asia.     June, 


15' 

)ar  Willow.    Rix-cr-hank  Willow.    iFig;.  uSi.) 

Sdli^liiiiffifo/iii  Mulil.  Neue  .Scliril't.  (Us.  \al.  I'l.  lier- 

liii.  4:  2,?S.   /)/.  6.    /:  6.     iNi;      Not  I.aiii.  177'^. 
Siili  i  /ln:i\i/ili.s  Null.  Sylva,  i:  7,v      1^(2. 

A  much-branched  shrub,  2°~12^  I'igli.  forming 
thickets,  or  sometimes  a  sleniler  tree,  2o°-,iCi°  tall,  and 
with  a  trunk  i^  in  diameter,  the  young  foliage  silky- 
])ubescenl,  the  mature  leaves  glabrous,  or  ■.k:'.''K'  vo, 
those  of  seedlings  piunatcly  <lentateor  lobed.  Leaves 
liuear-l.inci'olati-  or  linear-obloiig,  2 '^'-4' long,  2^;."  - 
"1"  wide,  .acuminate,  remotely  denticulate  with  some- 
what spreading  teeth,  short-jietioled,  bright  green; 
])etioles  not  glandular;  sti])nles  minute  or  none; 
anieuts  on  short,  leafy  branches,  linear-cylindric,  the 
staniinate  ilcuse,  I'-i'.'  long,  the  pistillate  looser, 
abo\il  2'  long  ill  fruit;  scales  deciduous;  stamens  2; 
filaments  pubescent,  distinct;  stigmas  broad,  sessile; 
capsule  ovoid-conic,  glabrous  or  silky,  about  2"  long. 
.\loiiK  streams  and  lakes.  Ouebec  to  llic  Noillnve^t 
Territory  and  Ore^fou,  soiitli  to  Vii>;iiiia,  Keiitiuky  ami 
Me.sieo.  Wood  -.nri,  reddish  brown;  ueiKlit  per 
April  Jlay. 


N\w 
cubit 


'^l^^^i'-^^vr^^  t;  ,/f>^A  Vy:4:. 


vSAI.ICACKAE 
II 


Salix  vestita  Piirsh. 

(Fis.  I  iS;,.  ) 

.S'i///r  zt'slilii  I'lirsli,  I'l.  Am.  Si.])!.  M 


Hairv  Willmv. 


^'4 


A  low  shrill),  similar  to  the  preceding  s])frii>,  tliu 
twigs 4-si(ieil,  green.  Leaves ohov.ile,  thick,  iiiosUy 
retuse  or  eniarginate  at  the  apex,  slightly  creiuilate, 
larroweil  or  rounded  at  the  hase,  dark  green  and 
glahroiis  above,  jiersisteiitly  toinentose-silky  be- 
neath, short -jK'tioled,  \'~2'  long;  petioles  2"-^" 
long,  channeled,  not  glandular;  ainents  teriniiial, 
unl'olding  after  the  leaves,  stalked;  stamens  2:  tila- 
nieiits  distinct;  ca])siiles  narrowly  ovoid-conic, 
sessile,  densely  silky-tonieiilose,  about  ,^"  long. 

Labrador  and   Ouebee  ti>  the   Xorlliwist  Teiritnry. 
June. 


'J 
Salix  Bebbiana  Sars 


15 


Sali.i 


sliiilii   kicliaids.    l-'rank.  Jourii.  .\y\>.  7,^,^ 
N'cit  Tliuill.  171)!). 
Sail  V  IlibhiniKi  Sartj.  t'lard.  ^;  l-'or.  8;  .)ii,^.     I'^ai. 

\  shrub,  6°-iS°  tall,  or  .sometimes  a  tree  25° 
high,  the  twigs  jnibescent  or  luiberulenl,  terete. 
Leaves  elliptic,  oblong  or  oblcnig-lanceolate, 
acute,  acuminate  or  some  of  them  blunt  at  the 
apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  ba>e,  sparingly 
serrate  or  entire,  dull  green  and  jniljernlent 
above,  pale,  reticulate-veined  and  toiiientose  be- 
neath or  nearly  glabrous  on  both  sides  when  very 
old;  petioles  2"-6"  long;  stipules  semicordale, 
.acute,  deciduous;  ameiitsse.ssile,  expandin.g with 
or  before  the  leaves,  dense,  the  staininate  I'-l  'j' 
long,  the  pistillate  2' long  in  fruit;  scales  villous, 
per.-,istent  or  deciduous;  stamens  2\  filaments 
ili.stinct,  glabrous;  stigmas  nearly  sessile;  capsuli' 
very  narrowly  long-conic,  diMisely  pubescent, 
twice  as  long  as  the  filiform  pe<licel. 

In  (h y  soil  and  al(jiiy  stiriiiiis.  ,\iilii.i)>li  to  Hud 
son  Hay  and  Urilisli  Col  11111  liia.  soulh  li>  New  Jersey. 
I'eiiiisylvatlia,  Nebraska  and  It. ill.      .Vpril   Jlay. 

13.    Salix  humilis  Marsh 


Prairie  Willow.      (Fig.  iiS-;.  ) 

.S'j//i  /;H«////i  Marsh.  ,\rb.  .\in.  1  )n.      17S5. 

A  shrub,  j°-S°  tall,  the  twigs  toinentose 
or  pubescent,  terete.  Leaves  oblanceolale, 
petioled,  2'  4'  long,  4"-S"  wiile,  acule  ,it 
both  ends  or  the  lower  broader  and  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  sjiaiingly  denliculate,  the  mar- 
gins slightly  revoliite,  the  iqijier  surface 
dark  green,  dull,  jniberulent  or  glabrous,  the 
lower  densely  and  ])ersisteiitly  gray-lomeii- 
to.se;  Jietioles  2"-;/'  long;  stipules  obli(|Uelv 
lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute,  coimnoidy  per- 
sistent; aments  unfolding  much  before  the 
leaves,  sessile,  ovoid-<iblong,  short,  dense, 
the  pistillate  about  1 '  long  in  fruit;  stanu'iis 
2;  lilamellts glabrous;  stigmas  liearlv  si'>sile; 
ca|)sule  narrowly  conic,  densely  pubescent, 
much  longer  than  its  ])edicel. 

Ill  dry  soil.  N.)v;i  Scotia  In  western  Ontario, 
•-until  to  North  Cimlina.  Teimessti-  and  Ne 
bra-Ua  llvliridi,^es  with  .S.  (//n  (i/n; .  Anril- 
.Mav 


WILLI  )\V    lAMIl.V. 


499 


1  »!'/"»• 


2 


14.    Salix  tristis  Ail.      Dwarf  CiImv 

.S,i/n   //7i//.t  Ail.  IIciil.  Kiw.  3:  ,;>).;.       17-u. 

A  UiI'UmI,  slciickr  shrill),  1^-2^  lull,  llie  twij^s 
turcU-,  piilifnilfiil,  Ihe  imts  loii.i;  and  tliit-k. 
Leaves  oblanceolate  or  liiii..ii  cibl'iii;.;,  aeiite  nr 
obliisisli,  somewhat  iimliilale,  j.:  eeii  ami  pii- 
lieniUiit  or  f^labroiis  above,  persistently  .md 
(li't'sely  while-toiiieiitose  beneath,  r.iinieroiis, 
crowded,  l'-2'  lon.i;,  their  margins  revolnte; 
petioles  about  1"  loni;;  stipules  minute,  decid- 
uous; aiueutsex])andin,L;  much  before  the  leaves, 
dense,  very  small,  coni])aratively  few-flowered, 
sessile,  the  pistillate  globose-ovoid  and  about 
'i'  long  i  1  fruit;  scales  persistent;  stamens  j; 
filamentsglabrous;  stigmas  sessile  or  nearly  so; 
capsn'e  ovoid  with  a  long,  slender  beak,  tomeii- 
t-.iiose,  about  1,"  long,  luuch  longer  than  its 
filiform  pedicel. 

In  dry  soil,  Nnvii  Sccitiii  i?l,  Maine  In  MiniU'^cilM, 
siuuli  to  I'Morida  ;nid  TcMnessee.     Miircli   .Xpril. 


Will.nv 


I  ISO.) 


Salix  discolor  Mtilil. 


uicotis  Willow. 

Sa/i.i-  (/i.ui>/(ir  TilnM.  N\iie  Scluift, 

lin.  4:  2,V|.    />/■  ''■  /■  I-       1''^";. 
Sii/i  \  til, ',,/>//, 1/, I  yUvhx.  Id.  Hor.  .\in.  2:  J2.s.       is.i^. 

.\  shrub  or  low  tree,  maximum  height  25^,  trunk 
diameter  1";  twigs  jiuberiilent  or  glabrous;  young 
leaves  sometimes  pubescent.  ^Mature  leaves  usually 
gialirous,  briglit  green  above,  glaucous  and  nearly 
white  beneath,  oblong  or  obU)n,g-lanceolale,  acute  at 
both  enils,  irregularlv  serrate  or  nearly  entire,  slen- 
der-petioled,  3'-,s'  long,  S"-i,S"  wide;  jielioles  ,,"- 
12"  long;  stipules  (ibh(|uely  lanceolate  or  semicor- 
date,  comnionh-  di'ciduons;  anients  unfolding  much 
before  the  leavis,  dense,  the  ]>istillate  I  '.'  -;,'longiii 
fruit;  scales  persistent,  obtuse,  brown-i)ur]de,  vil- 
lous; stamens  2;  fdaments  glabrous;  stigmas  nearly 
sessile;  caj>sule  narrowly  conic,  tapering  to  a  sk-iider 
beak,  tomenlose,  2 'j"  ;,"  long,  much  longer  than 
its  peilicel. 

In  ^wiiui|)s  or  en  nmi^l  tiilKi<li-.  Nova  Scoi',:  in  M;ni- 
itnh.i.  Delaware  and  Missouri.     Wood  snfl,    vrak,  yel- 


.  less  loiueiUiise;  Ka\i 

vSilkv  Willow. 


Salix  discolor  prinoides  1  I'lu-li 
Siili  \  f>i  iiiitidi  ^  I'lusl},  I'l.  .\ni.  St;)l.  u\  \ 
l'i>tillale  anuiil--  luosti ;  caii-ule 

16.    Salix  sericea  Marsh 

I  I'ig-.   1  iSS.  ) 
Sii/i  i.\ii  iiiii  Marsh.  .\rl).  .\ni.  1(0.      17S5. 

.\  shrub,  5°-l2°  tall,  with  slender  puqilish  pnbi'rnlent 
twigs,  the  young  leaves  densely  silky-pubescent.  .Ma- 
ture leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
narrowed  or ol)tiise  at  the  base,  serrulate  all  arounil  with 
gland-lipped  teeth,  dark  green  above,  p.iler  and  somi- 
wliat  glaucous  beneath,  turning  brown  ur  black  in  ilry- 
ing,  2'.' -4'  long,  5"-  10"  wide;  stipules  narrow,  de- 
ciduous; petioles  2"  7"  lon,g,  sometimes  glandular; 
ameiils  eNpanding  before  the  leaves,  sessile,  usually 
with  a  few  leafy  bracts  at  the  base,  clense,  the  statninale 
.dioul  1'  long,  the  jiistillate  I'-l  '..'  long  in  fruit;  scales 
villous,  persistent;  stamens  2;  fdaments  glabrous;  style 
verv  short;  capsule  ovoid-oblong,  obtusu,  pnliesceiit. 
short -l)edicelled,  about  I  '."  long. 

In  swanips  iiiid  alnnu  -teani-i,  .M.iim-  to  Mi(liiH::in  ,md 
\irniuia.     May. 


low-lirown;  weivtlil  i)er  cabic  i 

Xnders.  in  DC.  I'rodr.  16:  I'.irt  j.  jk 
iSl). 

conunonlv  narrower 


l  .'7  ills,    Marcli-April. 


Kaiitie  iif  tile  type. 


500  sai.icaci;ai:. 

/        ■/ 

17.     Salix    petiolaris    J.    V,.    SiniUi. 

Sk-nder  W'illcnv.      (  Ti^-   nSy.  ) 

.S'li'// I  f>tli(>ltiiis  J.    IC.   Smilli.  'I'laii--.    I.iini.   Sue.  6 

A  shrub,  similar  to  tlic  preceding;  species,  Iml 
the  young  leaves  only  sliglitly  silky,  the 
branches  slender,  upright  or  ascendiii.g.  Ma- 
ture leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
serrulate  with  blunt  cartilaginous  teeth,  remain- 
in,g  green  in  drying, .("  S"  wide;  petioles  2" -^" 
long:  stipules  deciduous;  ainents  expanding  lic- 
fore  the  leaves,  the  pistillate  short-pctluneled, 
usually  rather  loose,  about  i'  long  in  fruit;  sta- 
mens 2;  filaments  glabrous;  stignuis  nearly  ses- 
sile; capsule  tai)ering  from  an  ovoid  or  oblong 
base,  pubescent,  2"-'/'  long,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  filiform  pedicel. 

In    swamps,   New    linuiswick   tn  the    Nurlliwist 
Territory,  soutli  to  Tennessee  and  Michijran.     May 
Salix  petiolaris  gracilis  .\nders.  in  DC.  I'mdr.  16:  I'art  J.  2.v=;.      iHJ'^. 
aidii/is  .\n(Urs.  I'roe.  .\ni.  .\im(1.  4:  (17.      i.^^js. 
dieels  nearly  as  Inii^  a^  llic  capsules:  leaves  rallier  narmwir.     K.iny:t  uiukUriniiu-d. 


So/ 1  I 
I'l 

18 


Salix  argyrocarpa  Aiukr.s.     .Silver 
Willow.      (  Ki.i;-.  i  lyo. ) 

.S".  tiii;  \  nhcu pii  .Viiders.  Miin.  .Sal.  107.  /'.  i^i'.  1S67. 
An  erector  diffuse  shrub,  6'-2°  high,  the  twi.gs 
dark  green,  nearly  terete,  shining.  Leaves  ob- 
long or  oblanceolate.  acute  at  each  end  or  the 
lower  obtuse,  short-petioleil,  entire  or  crenu- 
late,  bright  green  and  glabrous  above,  persist- 
ently silvery-silky  beneath,  I '-2'  long,  3"-6" 
wide,  the  margins  slightly  revolute;  anients  un- 
folding with  the  leaves,  leafy -bracted  at  the  base, 
dense,  i'  or  less  long;  scales  persistent,  villous; 
stamens  2,  distinct,  their  filaments  glabrous; 
stvle  slender,  longer  than  the  stigmas;  cap.sule 
oblong-conic,  densely  silvery,  acute,  i"~i'i" 
long,  about  twice  as  long  as  its  pedicel. 

I,al)r.i(l(ir  and  yiiebcc  to  tlie  White  MouiUains  ol' 
New  llanipsliirc.  llybriili/is  witli  .V  pliyin  luli.i. 
Jinu-  July. 


19.  Salix  desertorum  Richards.     Deseft 
Willow.     (  VV^.  I  lyi .  ) 

.Si(//i    ,1,  SI  I  lorn  III    Kicliard-.    iMatik.    Jumii.  .\pp. 

A   shrub,    6'   12'    high,    with    purplish-green 

twigs.     Leaves  oljlong  or  oblanceolate,  acute  at 

the  apex  and  cuneate  at  the  base  or  the  lower 

obtuse  at  both   ends,  entire  or  very   nearly  so, 

very  short-petiolcd,  tonieiilose  on  both  sides  or 

glabrate   above  when  old,   Yz'-'i'    long,    2"  4" 

wide;  stipules  fugacious;  ainents  expanding  with 

the  leaves,  dense,  '..'or  less  long,  leafy -bracted 

at  the  base;  stamens  2;  fdaments  gl.ibrous;  style 

about  as   long   as    the   deeply    2  cleft    stigmas; 

capside  ovoid-conic,  acute,  densely  tomentose, 

about  2"  long,  very  shorl-pedicelled. 

.XnlicDSli  and  Ouebec  In  wi-^tevn  .-irctic  .\tnirica, 
siintli    a1uii«    tin     K( 
.Suiuiiu  r 


L-kv    Muniilains   in   (Jnliirado. 


WILLOW   lAMILV 


20.    Salix  glauca  L.     X()illn.'ni  Willi nv. 

(  iM.i^.    I  1<)2.  ) 
Sa/i  I  L;/aU(<i  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  icuo.      175;,. 

A  low  arctic  slinih,  \vitli  tcrclc  brown  twi;,'s,  the 
vouni^'  shoots  ami  leaves  lU'iisely  toiiiLMilose,  1)ecoin- 
iiij,'  gl;i1)rnlc  when  ohl.  Leaves  elHptic  or  ellii)tic- 
lanceohite,  entire,  ohtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  l'-,V  long,  '/-i'  wide;  petioles 
i"~5"  loiij,';  stipules  deciduous;  anicnts  borne  on 
short  leafy  branches,  the  staminatc  dense,  about  1' 
lont;,  the  pistillate  2'  ;,'  loni;  in  fruit,  rather  loose; 
stamens  2;  filaments  distinct;  scales  persistent, 
densely  white-villous;  capsule  ovoid-conic,  densely 
whitc-tonientose,  sessile  or  very  short-pedicelled, 
3"  long;  style  about  as  long  as  the  stignuis. 

Arctic  America  frcmi  Labradm  U>  Alaska.  Alsd  in 
arctic  and  idiiinc  ICuiupe  and  Asia,     .'^nnmur. 


■■•''•J;. 


21.    Salix  Candida   MueLr<;c.      I  loarv  Willow 


{  ^'i(,^  1  193.) 

.S,i/n  ,,n/,/i,/ii  I'liUflKc;  Wind.  Sp.  I'l.  4:  7..>.  I^"6. 
An  erect  shrub,  2=  -5°  tall,  the  older  twigs  red 
or  purple  and  terete,  the  younger  densely  white- 
lonientose.  Leaves  persistently  whitc-tonientose 
beneath,  green  and  loosely  tomentose  or  becom- 
ing glabrate  above  when  mature,  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  thick,  sparingly  repand-denliculate  or 
entire,  acute  at  lioth  ends  or  the  lower  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  2'  -4'  long,  :,"-.S"  wide,  their  margins 
slightly  revolnte;  petioles  ]'y'-2"  long;  stipules 
lanceolate-subulate,  about  eciualling  the  petioles, 
deciduous;  anients  expanding  before  the  leaves 
dense,  cylindric,  the  staminate  about  i'  long,  the 
])istillate  i'  2' long  in  fruit;  1)racts  villou.s,  persist- 
ent; stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  style  filiform, 
red,  three  times  as  long  as  the  stigmas;  capsule 
ovoidconic,  acute,  densely  tomentose,  2'2"-3" 
long,  very  short-pedicelled. 

Ill  boK-^,  Labiadnr  and  Hudson  bay  In  tlic  Ncitlli- 
wol  Tt-rritniv.  snulli  h>  Niw  Jersey,  uisurii  New 
York  and  Iowa.  Ilvliridi/is  with  S.pi/i,>/di/iimd  .">. 
<.<i,lal,i.     Mav. 


22.    Salix  viminalis  L.     Osier  Willow. 

(  \''\)i.  1 1 94.  ) 
.S'.(//i-  :iiinihilis  1..  ,Sp,  I'l.  1021.      17.^; 

A  small  slender  tree  or  shrub,  with  terete 
green  twigs.  Leaves  elongated-lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex, 
sparingly  repand-crennlate  or  entire,  revolutc- 
margined,  short-petioled,  dark  green  .and  gla- 
brous above,  ])crsistently  silvery -silky  beneath, 
5'-6'  long,  2"  S"  wide;  stipules  narrow,  tlecidu- 
ous;  aments  expanding  before  the  leaves,  dense, 
the  iiistillalc  2'-;/  long  and  nearly  '.. '  in  diam- 
eterin  fruit;  st.iuiens  j;  filaments  glabrous;  style 
longer  than  the  stigmas;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid- 
conic, acute,  silky-pubescent,  aliout  .V'  long, 
verv  short-] ledicel led, 

C'lilliv.itcd   I'or  wicker  wail    and  Dcci-iniially  r> 
pill  iiiln  wet  places  in  tile    ICasttrn   and    Middle 


c.i 
State-. 


Native  of  I'Un-op.- and  .\sia      .\piil   May 


5'>^ 


sAi.rcALi'Ai;. 


23.    Salix  phylicifolia  h.     Tea -leaved 
Willow.      1  I''i<;.  I  195.  ) 

Silli  X    f'llvHii/iiliil  I..  Sp,    I'l.   IciK).        17,>v 

A  shrub  i°-io'  I'iyli,  iiuicli  liraiiclicil,  the  twi^s 
jjlabrous,  dark  piir])lc-f»rL'cn,  soiiiL-tiiiios  j^hiucoiis. 
I.faves  ol)li)iiKi  lanceolate  or  elliptic,  acute  or  ob- 
tuse at  the  apex,  minutely  repaiul-crenulate  or 
entire,  iiarrf)\ve(l  at  the  base,  bright  ),'reen  and 
shining  above,  pale  and  {glaucous  beneath,  I  'j'  ;/ 
long,  '.'-i'  wide;  petioles  3"-S"  lonn;  stipules 
minute,  fugacious,  or  wanting;  aments  sessile, 
sparingly  leafy -bracted  at  the  l)ase,  dense,  oblong- 
cylindric,  the  standnate  1'  or  less  long,  the  ))istil- 
late  I '-2' long  in  fruit;  scales  villous,  persistent; 
stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  style  rather  longer 
than  the  stigmas;  capsule  conic,  acute,  jiuliescent 
or  tonieiitose,  2/2"  long,  much  longer  th.in  its 
pedicel. 

Swauips,  I.iibradnrlci  Manitii1)aand  the  Wlnte  .Mnmi- 
tain^iif  New  Ilanip-lnn  .     Al-niii  ICurnpf. 


24.    Salix   Brownii   I'.ehh.     Koherl  Hiowii's  Willow. 

S'lli  X   ai,li,ii  K.  I!r.  Ko--'  Voy.  cxliv.    iM.i.    N. it  fall. 
Stiii  \    llrnu  mi  1!l)i1),  UcmU.  lint.  ('.a/..  14:  1 15.       iS-;,^. 

.■\  low,  much  branched  shrub,  the  twigs  4- 
angled,  slender.  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
glabrous  or  sometimes  ciliolatc,  acute  or  the  lower 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  entire  or  rarely  with  a  few 
minute  distant  teeth,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
short-petioled,  \'-i'  long,  ^"-S"  wide,  remaining 
green  in  drying,  the  lower  surface  pale  or  glaucous, 
the  margins  not  revolute;  ])Ctioles  only  1"-,^" 
long;  stipules  narrow,  deciduous;  aments  borne 
on  short  leafy  branches,  the  pistillate  i'-2','  long 
in  fruit;  scales  villous,  jiersistent;  obovate,  ob- 
tuse, green  or  black-tijiped;  stamens  2;  lilamcnts 
glabrous;  style  fdiform,  much  longer  than  the 
stigmas;  capsule  ovoiil-conic,  tonientose,  short- 
jiedicelled,  acute,  about  I'i"  long. 

I.ibrailcir  tii  Alaska,  ■iiiutll  tn  (Jmbcc,  -'lid  ill  tin- 
Kinkv  !\Ii'iiiitiiiii>  Ici  Cnl.ii;i(lii,      Smiiiiur. 


.SlltllllRV. 

(  I-'i--.    I  I</>.  ) 


25.    Salix  arctica  Tall.     Arctic  Willow. 
C'.roiiiul  Willow.     <  I-'ig;.  1197.) 


S>i!ix  aicliiii  I'all.  l-l.  Unss.  i:  I'art 


1 7S><. 


.\  low  branching  shrub,  the  twigs  terete  or 
nearly  so.  Leaves  glabrous,  ellijitic  or  broadly 
obovate,  entire,  obtuse  and  usually  rounded  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  loiig- 
petioled,  p.ile  an<l  glaucous  beneath,  i'  2'  long, 
'-•'-I.'i'  wide;  petioles  slender,  I2'  I'a'  long; 
aments  borne  at  the  ends  of  short  leafy  branches, 
very  dense  the  pistillate  I '-2'  long  in  fruit;  scales 
dark  jiurplc,  obovate.  olituse,  densely  white  vil- 
lous, persistent;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous; 
st\le  liliforin,  longer  than  the  stigmas;  capsule 
conic,  villous,  very  short-])edicelled. 

Aniic  Ami  rii;i  and  A'-ia.     .Suiiinu'r. 


WILLOW    1-AMILV. 


503 


26.    Salix  cordata  MiiliL     Ilcarl-k-avc'd 
Willow.      ( I'iiT.  1 19S.  ) 

Siiliv  oniliihi  Mulil.   Ntuc  Sclirift.  C.cs.  Niil.  l"r.  liir- 

liii.  4;  .',^6.   /'/.  ').    /'.  ,'.       iMi;. 

A  slirub,  5-12"  high,  the  twij^s  imberulent  or 
glabrous;  young  leaves  pubeseent.  JIature  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  green  on  both  sirles  or  ])aler  be- 
neath, acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed,  obtuse  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrulate  with  glan- 
dular teeth,  green  in  drying;  sti|)nks  obli([uc,  ser- 
rulate, usually  large  and  persistent;  petioles  4"  9" 
long;  amcnts  bracted  at  the  base,  expanding  before 
the  leaves,  the  stamiuate  about  i'  long,  the  pistil- 
late i,';'-2';'  in  fruit;  scales  silk> ,  persistent;  sta- 
mens 2;  fdanients  glabrous;  style  short;  capsules 
narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous,  2"-^"  long,  short- 
pedicellfd. 

In  wit  sdil.  Nuw  liruiiswick  In  liiitisli  Columbia, 
south  to  Vir^tiniil.  Missouri.  Colorado  and  Calil'oruia. 
Ilvbridizis  with  .S'.  snina  and  olluv  s])Lcii.'s.  April- 
Ma  v. 

Salix  cordata  angustata  i  I'ursli  1  Atukrs.  Moti. 
Suli  v  aiif;ns/<i/<i  I'uvsli.  I'l,  Am.  Sept.  61;,.       im  ). 

Leaves  narrower,  liuear-lanceolale.     Kani;t-  of  the  typi-. 

Salix  cordata  Mackenzieana  Hook.  b'l.  l!or.  .\m. 


i.W 


2:  14c).     iS;,9. 


Small  trei-.     Li-avcs  lanceolate  or  ublanceolate.    Manitoba  and  Northwest  Territory  to  California. 

27.  Salix  glaucophylla  Bebb.     Broad- 
kavtd   Willow.      iViii-  1  i99- ) 

.V.  i^/iiiiu'/>/iy//<i  liebl),  in  .\.  Cray,  Man.  Hd.  (,.  4.S5.  18S9. 
.\  shrub,  4°~i(j'  high,  foliage  glabrous  or  when 
young  sparingly  pubescent.  ^Mature  leaves  ovate, 
obovatc  or  oblong-lanceolate,  firm,  dark  green  and 
shining  above,  white-glaucous  beneath,  short- 
acuminate,  the  base  rounded  or  acute,  serrulate 
with  gland-tipped  teeth,  2'~4'  long,  '2'-2'  wide; 
stipules  large,  persistent;  petioles  stout,  3"-6"  long; 
anients  expanding  before  the  leaves,  leafy-bracted 
at  the  base,  the  stamiuate  i'-2'  long,  the  pistillate 
I'i'-.i'loug  in  fruit;  scales  densely  white-villous, 
persistent;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  style  fdi- 
forni;  capsule  beaked  from  an  ovoid  base,  acute, 
glabrous,  3"-5"  long,  slendcr-pedicelled. 

( (11  sand  dunes,  Lake  Michigan,  norlheni  Illinois  and 
Wisconsin.     Variable  in  leaf-form.     April. 


28.    Salix  Missouriensis  Ikbb. 

Mon.  Sal.  i.v). 


Missouri  Willow. 

iS()-. 


(  Fijr. 


Sdfit    (Dii/d/ii  var.   :rs/i/a  .Vudcr 

Not  .v.  :r</i/ti  Pursli.  1S14. 
S<i/i  >   .l/Zv.v.iw; /, //.v/,v  r.tbb,  Card.  iS:  I'or.  8:  ;■,-:,.       iSo.s. 

.\  tree,  often  ,so^  higlb  the  trunk  sometimes  1  '.. '  in 
diameter,  the  thin  gray  bark  with  small  appressed 
scales.  Twigs  of  the  season  pubescent  or  jiuberulent; 
leaves  lanceolate,  or  oblaiiceolate,  acuminate,  finely 
serrate  with  minute  gland-tipped  teeth,  rounded  or 
narrowed  at  the  base,  pubescent  when  young,  glabrous 


Ilill  I  ^'V^  CO  tiL   iiie  oa:^v-,  |/nw\.r>vviit   ,»  i.*-.i   _,v^,...^,  ^......  v......  .    . 

or  nearly  so  when  mature,  green  above,  pale  and  usu-  j  | 

ally    glaucous    beneath,    ^'-6'    long,    .'a'-i'i'    wi<lc;  i| 

petioles  '/i'  long  or  less;   stipules  often  C'  long,  per-  ^ 


sistcnt  or  deciduous;  atnents  narrowly  cylindric,  un- 
folding long  before  the  leaves,  the  stamiuate  about 
I'j'long,  the  pistillate  ;,'-4' long;  scales  persistent, 
villous;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  style  very 
short;  capsule  iiarri>wly  ovoid,  glabrous,  :-,-.]  times  as 
long  as  its  pedicel. 

On   1     'r  bank-..   Missouri  and  Nebraska.     Wooil  dark 
brown.     March   .\pril. 


L 


504 


SAMCACl'AK. 


Salix  balsamifera  dlook.  )  liarratt.     Ualsani  Willow. 


(  I*"i,!Lf.  1201 .  ) 
H.M.k.   l-l    liur.  Am. 


S(i/ii   (Kidiila  var.  Ihi/sdiiii/ci ,1 

2:  i.in.      iSvi. 
Sii/ir  hnlsiinii/ifii  liainilt;  Ilncik.   I'M.    llor.  .\iii.  Im-. 

cil.     .\s  syiiciiiym.     i.^,(<(. 

A  slinil),  4°-io  hij.jli,  tlie  twij,'s  jjlabroiis,  shin- 
ing, tilt  youngest  foliage  piiliescent.  Mature 
leaves  elliptic,  ovate-oval  orol)<)vate,  tliiii,  gla- 
brous, acute  or  some  of  thciii  obtuse  at  tlic  ajicx, 
rounile<l  or  subconlatc  at  tlie  l)ase,  ilark  fjrecii 
above,  jjlaucous  and  prominently  retieulatc-vcincil 
beneath,  2'-;,'  lonj,',  I'-i'.'  wiilc,  slightly  crenu- 
late-serrulatc,  the  minute  teeth  glandular;  stipules 
minute  or  none;  petioles  slender,  3"-6"  long; 
ainents  expanding  with  the  leaves,  leafy-bracted  at 
the  base,  cylindric,  the  slaminate  dense,  about  1' 
long,  the  pistillate  rather  loose,  2'-y  long  in  fruit; 
scales  villous,  persistent;  stamens  2;  filaments  gla- 
brous; style  almost  none;  cajisnles  very  narrow, 
acute,  glabrous,  2"-2|^"  long,  slender-jicdicclled. 

In  swamps.  Labrador  to  M.iniluba,  soulli  to  Maitif. 
( )iitari()  and  Mintasot.i.     May. 


Willow 


30.    Salix   Barclayi  Anders.     Barclay 

.V.  11,11,  layi  .\\\(\>.-\s.  Ofv.  llandl.Wl.  .\l<ad.  1858:  125.  iS,>. 

A  low  shrub,  with  dark  brown  glabrous  twigs,  the 
young  shoots  pubescent.  Leaves  obovate,  oval,  or 
oval-lanceolate,  short-pointed  at  the  ape.v,  serrulate, 
floccose-pubescent  when  young,  when  mature  gla- 
brous, bright  green  above,  pale  beneath.  I '-2'  long, 
yi'-x'  wide;  petioles  i' '-2 "long;  stijiules ovate,  acute, 
deciduous;  aments  unfolding  with  the  leaves,  borne 
at  the  ends  of  short  branches,  dense,  sprea<ling  or 
erect,  the  staminatc  i'  long,  the  pistillate  2'-^^'  long 
in  fruit;  scales  persistent,  slightly  villous;  stamens  2; 
filaments  distinct;  capsule  narrowly  conic,  glabrous, 
acute,  3"  long;  style  longer  than  the  stigmas. 

Nortluvcstirn  arclic  .\nurioa.     .Summer. 
Sahx  Barclayi  latiiiscula  .\mkr'-.  in  DC   I'nulr.  16;  I'arl  2. 

2,S5.         I.SllS. 

Leaves  oval  (ir  111 luvali-.  Mibcurdatc  at  llie  basi-;  sti])- 
ules  cordate.     Xcwfoumlland  ^  accmdiu^:  tn  .\ndcrssnti  : 

Salix  adenophylla  Hook,     rurry  Willow.     <  Fi,u.  i2o,v) 

Sttli  I  ,j,l,ii,ipli\il,i  IIiKik.  I"l.  li<ir.  .\in.  2:  1  |6.     1SJ9. 

A  straggling  shrub,  ,^°-.S°  high,  the  twigs,  peti- 
oles, stipules  and  leaves  densely  silky-tonientose, 
the  silky  h.iirs  falling  away  from  the  leaves  w  hen 
old.  Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  short-acuminate,  or 
the  lower  obtu.sc  at  the  apex,  cordate  or  rounded 
at  the  base,  finely  serrulate  with  gland-tipped 
teeth,  l'-2'  long,  .S"  l  % '  wide;  petioles  stout, 
'  '  J  "^.i"  long,  dilated  at  the  base;  stipules  ovatc- 
cordalc,  obtuse,  serrulate,  persistent;  anicnts 
leafy-bracted  at  the  base,  dense,  expanding  with 
the  leaves,  the  staininate  about  1 '  long,  the  pis- 
tillate I  '2 '-4'  long  in  fruit;  scales  villous,  ])ersist- 
ent;  stamens  2;  fdiiuients  glabrous;  style  lili- 
forni,  longer  than  the  stigmas;  capsule  sessile  or 
very  nearly  so,  ovoid-conic,  acute,  I  \i"-2"  long. 

(In  lake  and  rivir  slmn^-.  I.iliradur  tn  (Inlariii, 
I'ciniM'lvania  and  .Micliinan  Hybridizes  with  .V 
1 1,1  ,Uii,i.     .\prir.May. 


WII.I.OW    lAMII.V. 
32.    Salix  myrtilloides  L.     Hot;  Willow 

.V1//1   ;(n //;7/(i/./iA  I,.  Sj).  I'l.  loll).      175,;. 

An  erect  slender  uliilif""'^  sliruU,  i"'-.^''  '•;.!,''••  ^'i-' 
twigs  li.nlit  brown,  terete.  Leaves  ol)loii.tj,  elliptic 
or  somewhat  obovatc,  ohlusc  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
entire,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,  I'-z'j'long, 
4"-S"  wide,  short-pctioled,  bright  K^ccn  above, 
pale  or  glaucous  beneath,  their  margins  slightly 
revolute;  ainenls  exi)anding  with  the  leaves,  Icafy- 
bracted  at  the  base,  rather  dense,  1'  or  less  long, 
or  the  pistillate  longer  in  fruit;  scales  persistent, 
obtuse,  slightly  villous;  stamens  2;  lilaments  gla- 
brous; style  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  stigmas; 
capsule  oblong-conic,  obtuse,  glabrous,  2>2"  long, 
2-3  times  as  long  as  the  filiform  pedicel  which 
slightly  exceeds  the  scale. 

In  bdKS,  New  Urunswick  and  (Jucbec  Ici  Urilish 
C'cihiinliia,  south  tn  Xiw  Jiisiy  and  I(iw:\.  .\ls.i  111 
nurthcrn  l^unipc.     .April  May. 

Salix  myrtilloides  pedicellaris  Audirs.  Mnn.  Sal.   .  .      .     , 
I.cavis  narrower.  oUIomk  liiU'iu"  01  nblanccolalc;  pedicels  ^onu-tinies  lonRei 

33.    Salix  Uva-ursi  Ptirsh.     IkarlK-rry  Willow.     ( I'i 


5"5 


Katige  of  till.-  l.vpc. 

1205.) 

.S<//;  1    /':;iiirsi   I'ursli.  V\.  Am.  Sept.  6|n.       1S14. 
.Si?//  1   Ciilliii  Tiickirni.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  45:  .V).     1^4?- 

A  depressed  or  prostrate  glabrous  shrub,  the 
terete  brown  branches  6'- 12'  long,  diffuse  from  a 
deep  central  root.  Leaves  obovatc  or  elliptic,  ob- 
tuse or  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
crenulate-denticulate  or  entire,  4"-io"  long,  2"- 
5"  wide,  jirominently  veined,  deep  green  and 
shining  above,  pale  beneath;  petioles  i"-2"long; 
anieuts  leafy -bracled  at  the  base,  dense,  about  '2' 
long  ill  flower,  the  pistillate  I'-i'  long  in  fruit; 
scales  persistent,  obovate,  obtuse,  densely  silky; 
stamens  usually  solitary,  rarely  2;  filaments  gla- 
brous; stvlc  short;  capsule  ovoid-coiiic,  acute, 
glabrous,  very  shorl-pedicellcd. 

I.abiadiir  and  Hudson  Hay,  south  lollu- suinmiu  of 
llu'  iiiouiuaiiis  of  New  York  and  New  Kngland. 
Jlay  Juiu- 


34- 


Salix  herbacea  L.     Dwarf  Willow. 
( Fig.  I  206, ) 

.S'i(//  r  Iii-iIhiu;i  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  iol>.       ir.S.V 

A  depressed  matted  shrub,  with  very  slender  angled 
twigs  I '-6'  long,  the  youngest  foliage  somewhat 
pube;-cent.  :Mature  leaves  glabrous,  suborbicular, 
rounded  or  refuse  at  thj  apex,  cordate  or  rounded  at 
the  base,  thin,  crenulate-denticulate  all  around,  finely 
reticulate-veined,  bright  green  and  shining  on  both 
sides,  5"-iii"  in  diameter;  petioles  very  slender,  2"- 
.j"  long;  aments  terminating  2-leaved  branchlets,  4- 
iii-flowered,  2"  4"  long;  scales  obovate,  obtuse,  per- 
sistent, glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stamens  2;  filaments 
glabrous;  style  rather  longer  than  the  2-clefl  stigmas; 
capsule  narrowly  conic,  glabrous,  nearly  sessile. 

Labrador  and  UuehfC.  tlirouij::!  arctic  .Xmcrioa.  and  on 
tile  While  Mountains  of  New  Ilatiip'^liire  and  Mt  Kalah 
din,  Maine.     Also  in  Ivinope  and  A?-in,     Snimiiei. 


5"'' 


liHTII.ACI'AIC 


i 
i 


Family  0.     BETULACEAE  A-^anlli,  .\\Aun:  2(j.s.       1X25. 

liiucii  1"amii.v. 
Monoecious  or  \X'i"\'  raaiv  dioLvioiis  trcL-s  or  sliru1)s,  with  altfriiaU'  jiLtiolud 
siiii])li.'  1l;i\xs,  and  small  tlowcrs  in  linear-cvlindric  oMonj^  or  sii1ij;1o1h)sc  anicnts. 
Stipules  iuo>tl>'  fugacious.  Staniinate  anients  pendulous.  Staniinate  llowers 
1-3  to);ctlifr  in  the  axil  of  each  liract,  consistinj;  of  a  nicnihranous  2-4-i)artfd 
calyx  or  none,  and  2-10  stamens  inserted  on  the  recejitacle,  their  filaments  dis- 
tinct, their  anthers  2-celled,  the  anther-sacs  sometimes  distinct  and  borne  on  the 
forks  ipf  the  2-cleft  filaments.  Pistillate  anients  erect,  si)readini^  or  drooping;, 
s])ike-like  or  capitate.  Pistillate  flowers  with  or  without  a  cal>x  adnate  to  the 
solitary  i-j-celled  ovary:  >t>le  2-cleft  or  2-divided;  o\ules  i-j  in  each  ca\ity  of 
the  ovary,  anatropoiis,  pendulous.  Fruit  a  small  compressed  or  oxoid-i^lohose, 
mostly  I -celled  and  1 -seeded  tutt  or  samara.  Testa  memhranous.  Ivndos])erm 
none.     Cotyledons  fleshy.     Radicle  short. 

six  uiiura  ami  almut  75  spt-cits.  iiinsUy  iialivi-*  i<(  Uii-  nuitliirii  luini-iiluu-. 
.StainiiiaU  lloui-rs  sniiiary  in  tin-  axil  (if  laili  liiait,  lU^titutc  '■!'  a  I'.ilyx ;  ])i>-tillali  llnwci  >  witli  a  ealyx. 
.SlamiiiaU    llnwi  is  willi  iki  brailUts;  iiistillaU'  aimiils  spiki  iikc;  mil  >iiiall,  MibUiulril  l)y  or 
1  luldsiil  ill  a  laiiri'  bvaiUil. 
I'luiliiin  liiiutli  I  Mat,   ;  I'lfft  ami  iiuisid,  1.   L':ii/>iiiii\. 

I'ltiilinir  liractli  I  lilailil'.  i  like,  clustd,  iiu-iuliraiKJiis.  2.   Cv//;]'/. 

.St.iiiiiiiaU   llc.wns  u  iUi  -'  bracUtls;  pistillate  flowtis  ;   j,  cajiitati  :  nut  laiyt.  iiK-losi-<l  by  a  k-.ify 
iinnliK-iv.  .V    I'liiyliis. 

.Staniinati  llnui  rs  5-riloKitlar  in  the  axil  dftacli  bract,  with  a  calyx:  iiistill.ili'  Ibiweis  witlnmt  a  lalvx. 
Staiiuiis  2;  lilainelUs  zck-lt.  tacli  fork  bcariiin  i'"  antlicrsac;  liuitiiiK  bracts  vli'bid  or  t  ntirc, 

lUcidudiis.  _|.   Utiiila. 

.Staiiiiiis  );  aiithirsacs  adn.atc;  friiitinj;  bracts  woiidy,  inisc  ur  .s-timtlRil,  persistent.  ,s.  Alitin. 

1.    CARPINUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  ws.       1753. 

Trees  or  slinibs,  with  smooth  )^ray  hark,  furrowed  and  ridged  stems  and  slraiiilit-veined 
leaves,  the  i)rimary  veins  terminating  in  the  larger  tcelli.  .Xineiits  expanding;  before  the 
leaves,  Staniiiiate  anienls  linear-cylindric,  sessile  at  the  ends  of  short  lateral  branches  of 
the  preceding  season,  their  flowers  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  consisting  of  }.-\2  sta- 
mens; filaments  short,  2-cleft,  each  fork  bearing  an  anther-sac.  Pistillate  flowers  in  small 
terminal  anients,  2  to  each  bract,  consisting  of  a  2-celled  ovarv  ailnate  to  a  calyx  and  sub- 
tended by  a  flat  jiersistent  bractlet,  which  becomes  much  enlarged,  foliaceous  aii<l  lobed  or 
incised  in  fruit,  the  bracts  deciduous;  style  slender  or  almost  none;  stigmas  2,  subulate.  Nut 
small,  ovoid,  acute,  borne  at  the  base  of  the  large  bractlet.      [The  .•incient  name.  ] 

.\bmil  12  si),cies.  11  itives  iif  the  iicirtlu-ni  luinisplien-,  only  the  fiillnwiiiur  .\iiurican. 

I.    Carpinus  Caroliniana  Walt.     Atiierican  Hornbeam.      Blue  Heech. 
Water  Heech.      1  Ki.i,^   1207.  ) 

C'liit'iitiis  Ctiiiiliiiiiiii  Walt.  I'l.  Car,  2,/j,  17S.-*. 
.■\  small  tree,  with  sunder  terete  gray  twigs, 
aU,iining  a  maximum  height  of  about  40"^  and 
a  trunk  diameter  of  2'/i^.  Leaves  ovatc-ob- 
loiig,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sharply 
and  ilouVily  serrate  all  around,  rounded  or 
subcordatc  at  the  base,  somewliat  inei|uilat- 
eral,  2 '^'-4'  long,  I'-l  '2' wide,  green  on  both 
sides,  glabrous  above,  slightly  pubescent  on 
the  veins  beneath,  petioles  very  slender,  4"- 
7"  long;  staniinate  anients  I'-i  N'  long,  their 
bracts  triall,gular-ovate,  acuminate,  puberu- 
lent;  anther-sacs  villous  at  thesumniit;  bract- 
let of  the  pistillate  flowers  .^-lobed  at  the  base, 
firni-inembranous,  strongly  veined  and  about 
1'  long  when  mature,  its  middle  lobe  lanceo- 
late, acute,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  lateral 
ones,  incised-deutatc  on  one  side,  often 
nearly  entire  on  the  other;  nut  somewhat 
compressed,  2"  long. 

In  moist  woods  ami  along  streams,  Nova  Sco- 
tia to  (liitaiioaml  .Minnesota,  south  lo  IHorida 
,iiid  Texas.  Wood  very  hard  and  strong,  durable,  light  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  45  lbs.  ,\pril- 
May,  tile  fruit  ripe  .Auii.   Sept. 


IlIRCH    I'AMII.V. 


507 


/ 


2.   OSTRYA  Scop,  Fl.  Cam.  414.       17^11,. 

Trees  similar  to  the  Honiheaiiis,  the  trunks  furrowed,  the  primary  veins  of  the  leaves 
sini))le  or  forked,  the  anients  expandiuj^  with  or  before  the  leaves.  Staniiuate  anieuts  ses- 
sile at  the  ends  of  hranchlets  of  the  preceding  season,  their  (lowers  as  in  Cai  fiiiius,  solitary  in 
the  axil  of  each  hract;  fdaineiits  2-cleft,  I'istillate  anients  small,  tiTininal,  erect,  the  flowers 
2  to  each  liract,  subtended  by  a  tubular,  persistent  braetlet  which  enlarges  into  a  membran- 
ous, nerved,  bladder-like  sac  in  fruit.  Style  slender;  stiKtnas  2,  suliulate.  Nut  ovoid-ob- 
louK,  com]iresscd,  smooth,  sessile  in  the  base  of  the  inflated  sac.  Mature  pistillate  ameut 
hoj)  like.     [The  ancient  name.] 

iMiur  spicics,  ttiL-  folIiiwinK.  i  in  tl'v  Snutlnvist,  i  in  MumiH' and  Asia,  i  Japanese. 

I.   Ostrya  Virginiana  f  Mill.  )  Willd.    Hop-  i\         t^S^-    ''^^'■' 

hornhcain.      Iron-wood.      (  Mr.  1208.) 

Onftiini^   riifiiiiidiui  Mill  Card.  Diet.  Ivd.   .'<.      1768. 
(htiva  r/ri,' /"/'(/ Wind.  S]).  I'l.  4:  )(iii.       iSn.s. 

A  tree,  with  a  maximum  height  of  about  50°, 
trunk  diameter  of  2,  twi^s  of  the  season  pubescent. 
Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  the  a])ex  acuminate, 
the  base  rouniled  or  ineiiuilateral,  sharply  and 
doubly  serrate,  sparingly  pubescent  and  green 
above,  pul)escent  or  tomentosc  beneath,  2'i'-4' 
long,  I'-i'j'  wide;  petioles  rarely  more  than  2" 
long;  staminate  anients  i 'i '-3' long,  their  bracts 
triangular-ovate,  acuminate;  anther-sacs  villous  at 
the  summit;  braetlet  of  each  fertile  (lower  forming 
a  sac  6"-S"  long  and  4"-,s"  in  iliameter  in  fruit, 
acute,  cuspidate,  pubescent,  villous  near  and  at  the 
base  w  ith  bristly  hairs,  parallel-veined  and  finely  re- 
ticulated; nut  2, 'i"  long,  compressed,  shining;  ripe 
fertile  anients  erect  or  spreading,  i  'j'-2'j'  long. 

Ill  dry  woods.  Cape  lirttDii  Island  to  MiiiiKsota,  I'lorida  and  Texas 


W'lKid  similar  In 


Hnnibr'atn,  but  licavier;  weinlU  per  cubic  foot  51  lbs.     .Vpril  May.     I'mil  ripe  July-AuK- 

3.  CORYLUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  99S.  1753- 
vShrubs  or  small  trees,  with  broail  thin  serrulate  or  inciseil  leaves.  Staminate  aments 
sessile  at  the  ends  of  twigs  of  the  previous  season,  expanding  much  before  the  leaves,  the 
(lowcis  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  of  about  4  stamens  and  2  biactlets;  filaments  2- 
cleft  or  2-divided,  each  fork  bearing  an  anther-sac,  which  is  villous  at  the  summit.  Cal\  x 
none.  I'istillate  (lowers  from  scaly  buds,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  short  branches  of  the  sea- 
son, each  in  the  axil  of  a  bract,  consisting  of  an  incompletely  2-cel!eil  ovary  adnate  to  a 
calyx,  a  short  style  and  2  slender  stigmas;  l)ractlets  2,  enlarged  in  fruit,  forming  a  leaf-like 
involucre  to  the  nut,  remaining  nearly  distinct  or  unileil  into  a  tulnilar  beak.  Nut  ovoid  or 
oblong,  sometimes  compressed,  large,  bony.     [Xame  Greek,  from  the  helmet-like  involucre.] 

Sincies  7.  ill  till'  iiDitlicMi  luinisiilieiv.     HtsiiKs  tlu-  fnUowiiiK   anollicr  occurs  in  Califi>niia. 
IiivoUicri- (if  2  briiail  lacinialc  braclk-ts;  leaves  stTnilalc.  i.   C  .{iiii-riiiiini. 

Imiilucial  bractk-ls  united,  piulciii(ied  into  a  tubular  bristly  beak.  2.   C.  1  ,'sliiitii. 

I.  Corylus  Americana  Walt.     Ha/,el-mit. 

(  Fii;.   1  2oy. ) 
C«iyli(s  Aiiiciici!iia  Wall.  1"1.  Car.  2,Vi.      I7>'^. 

A  shrub,  ;,°-S°  tall,  the  young  shoots  russet- 
brown,  densely  hispid-pubescent  with  pinkish  hairs, 
the  twigs  becoming  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate  or 
broadly  oval,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  serru- 
late all  around,  cordate  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so  above,  finely  tomentose  beneath, 
3' -6'  long,  2'-4,!^'  wide;  petioles  2"-4"  long;  stam- 
inate aments  mostly  solitary,  ^'-4'  long;  involucre 
of  the  nut  compressed,  composed  of  the  2  nearly 
distinct  (inely  pubescent  leaf-like  bractlcts,  which 
are  laciniate  on  their  margins,  commonly  broader 
than  high  and  more  or  less  exceeding  the  nut; 
nut   compressed,    light   brown,    striate,    '.'   high. 

Ill  tliiikcts,  Maim-  and  Ontario  to  Manitoba,  I'l.irida 
and  Kansas,     March    Xiiril,     Nuts  rii>c  July  .Vu«:, 


5oS 

2 


r.inTi.ACi'.Ai' 

I'.i-akc.l  lla/A-l- 


/.■>.-i 


Corylus  rostrata  Ail. 

nut.      I  Imk-   i-;hi.  ) 

Ci'i  v/ii.t  rusliiilii  .\it.  llwit    Ki  w   3:  v'li.       I7«.). 

.\  shrub,  siiiiilnr  to  tlic  iircifdiii^;  species,  liut  the 

foliage    iisuiiUy   less   imlicsi-eiit.     Leaves  ovate  or 

narrowly  oval,  acuiiiinatc  at  the  apex,  cordate  or 

obtuse  at  the  base,  inciseil-serrate  and  serrulate, 

glabrous,  or  with  sunie  scattered  appresseil  hairs 

above.  sparinj;ly  ]>ubesci'tU  at  least  on  the  veins  be- 

niMth,  2'j'-4'  Ion).,',    \'-i%'  wide;  petioles  2"    \" 

loni;;  in voliicral  bractlets  bristly  hairy,  united  to  the 

s\innnit  and  prolonged  into  a  tubular  beak  about 

twice  the  lenj^th  of  the  nut,  laciniate  at  the  summit; 

nut  ovoid,  scarcely  compressed,  striate,  ,s"-7"  binl'' 

In  lliiekets,  Nova  Scotia  to  I!riti^ll  L'oluniliiii,  ••oiilli 
to   (',( iirKia,  Ttinussee,    Kansas   and    (Mvnoii.     .\iiril 
May.      I'ruil  ri))e  Ann.   Seiit. 


4.    BETULA  L.  Sp.  PI.  9S2. 


Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  with  dentate  or  serrate  leaves,  scaly  buds  and  (lowers  ol  both 
kinds  ill  ameiits  cxiiandiii);  before  or  with  the  leaves,  the  i)istillatc  erect  or  S])reailiiig.  Stani- 
inatc  (lowers  aliont  3  together  in  the  axil  of  each  l)ract,  consisting  of  a  membranous,  usually 
4-tootlied  jieriauth,  2  stamens,  all<l  subtended  by  2  Ijractlets;  fdamcnts  short,  rleeply  2-cleft, 
e.ich  fork  bearing  an  anther-sac.  I'istillate  flowers  2  or  3  f  rarely  i  i  in  the  axil  of  each  bract, 
the  bracts  ;,-lobed,  or  sometimes  entire,  deciduous  with  the  fruits;  perianth  none;  ovary  ses- 
sile, 2-celled;  styles  3,  stigmatic  at  the  apex,  mostly  persistent.  Nut  small,  compressed, 
meiubranous-wingcd  on  each  side  (a  samara),  shorter  than  the  bracts.     [The  ancient  name.] 

.Vlioul  ,vS  -pecic,  natives  of  thi  iioitli  temperate  and  arctic  /ones. 

:;:  Trees. 
I'niitintr  aiiunls  |H<luncUil;  bark  clialky  while. 

Leaves  deltoid,  acuniinate;  lateral  lolie^  of  frnitintf  bracts  ^liorl,  divergent. 

Leaves  ovale  or  -uliorliieular;  lateral  lohes  of  tlie  fruiliiiK  bracts  asceiuliiiK. 
I'niitini;  aments  pedunckd;  l).irk  greenish  brown  or  brown. 

We-itern;  leaves  ovate,  often  obtuse  at  the  l)ase. 

M.istern:  leaves  rhombic,  acute  at  both  ends, 
t'niiliiig  anuiits  sessile,  at  tlie  ends  of  slmrt  branclies;  liark  brown  or  yellowish. 

I'niiting  bracts  2"  lonit.  lobed  .it  tile  apex:  leaves  sliininj;  .abovi-. 

I'ruitiiiB  bracts  4"  lon>j,  lobed  to  about  the  iMidille;  leaves  dull  aliove. 

■■:■-  ■■:■  .Shrubs. 
Twii;-  (ilamlularwarty:  leaves  glabrous. 
Twin'  not  nlaudular  w.'Uty,  glabrous  or  pubescent. 

I.eavt  s  nlabidus;  upper  frnitinn  hiaets  mostly  entire.  .  .?.   II.  luiini. 

Vounn  foliage  densely  pubescent;  bracts  globed,  y.   II.  pinnila. 


II.  t^o/^iili/,<li,t. 

II.  t'apyi  ij\i  ii. 

II.  ihiiilrilhllis. 

(.   II.  Hit;  I  a. 

5.  /»'.  Iiiila. 

(1.  //.  /;(/-,;. 

7.   11.  i^hiiiiliilii.^a. 


I.    Betula  populifolia  Marsli.     Aiiimcnu  White  Birch.     (Fi>j.  121  i.) 


15: 


linhl  brown:  weight  per  cubic  foot  ,)6  lbs. 


Ilelula  fxifiiili/ii/iii  ^^arsll.  Arb.  .Am.  lo.       i~^-i. 
/!.  a/ha  var.  populi/,<lia  .Spacli,  .\nti.  .Sei.  Nat.  1  :i. 
1.S7.      1S41. 

.\  slender  tree  with  very  white  smooth  bark, 
tardily  separating  in  thin  sheets;  maximuin  height 
45';  trunk  diameter  l|i'°;  the  twigs  russet,  warty. 
Leaves  deltoid,  pubescent  on  the  veins  when 
young,  nearly  glabrous  when  old,  minutely  glandu- 
lar, dark  green  above,  light  green  beneath,  long- 
acuminate,  shari)ly  dentate  and  commonly  some- 
what lobed,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  base,  I'j'- 
2 '2'  long,  I '-2'  wide,  slender-petioled;  petioles 
channeled;  stainiuate  aments  2'-3'  long;  pistillate 
ameuts  cylindric,  in  fruit  9"-iS"  long,  ;/'-5"  iu 
diameter,  slendcr-pedu  icled;  fruiting  bracts  pu- 
berulent,  l"-2"  long,  their  lateral  lobes  divergent, 
larger  than  the  middle  one;  unt  narrower  than  its 
wings. 

In  moist  or  dry  soil.  New  lirnnswick  to  southern  On 
tario.  reniisylvania  and  Delaware.  Wood  soft,  weak, 
Leaves  tremulous  like  those  of  the  .\speiis.     -May. 


IIIRCII    lAMII.V. 


5<J'> 


2.    Betula  papyrifera  M;ir>li.     Tapci"  or  Caiitn.' iiiivli.     '  Imk.  '-•• 


lultilii  fitif>\)i/iiii  Mar^li.  Aril,  Am.  m. 
i:,liil(i  /III/)]  I  mill  Ait.  I  lent,  Ktw.  3;   \\- 


17S9, 


A  larjre  forest  Ircc  with  inn.viinutn  lici^l't  •' 
;ilinut  Nil'  and  trunk  diaiiifter  of  \\  Hark,  exci'iit 
of  tilt'  yoiiiij;  wood,  peelini;  in  thin  layers.  I.cavus 
ovate,  acute  or  .icuniinale,  dentate  and  detitieulate, 
siihcordalc,  trumatc  or  obtuse  at  the  liase,  dark 
j;reeii  ;ind  j;l.d)rons  above,  (glandular  ami  pubes- 
eeiit  on  the  veins  beneath,  sleiider-petioled,  l.'j'- 
■I'j'lonn,  I ';,' wide;  petioles  'j'-i.'/j' lonj;;  stain- 
iiiate  aineiits  2'  4'  lont;;  pistillate  anients  cyliii- 
dric,  slender-pediineled,  1'  2'  Ioujl;,  '4'  '2' in  dia- 
meter in  fruit,  spreading  or  somewhat  drooping; 
frnitiu).;  bracts  2"  ;,"  louK,  pubcrulent  or  ciliate; 
nut  narrower  than  its  wini;s. 

New  riiiuKlland    In    .\l.i-k.i.   Tinrtlii  rn    ruinsylvaiiia. 

Micliit'.iii  and   Wa-liiiiutnn.     \V 1   hard,  -tmii;;.   rcd- 

li-h-brnu  11;  wiinlit  pi  1  cubic  funl  57  Ih' 


W 

lubic  I'l 
white  oulir  liark  iiUcn  stinu  to  tourist'' 


Tlic  chalk\ 
April   May.' 


Betula  papyrifera  minor  Tuckirm.  .\ni.  Jihum.  Sci.  45:   ^i.     \!<\',.     This  is  ,1  low  liushy  Idrm, 
iccurriiiu  on  tin,-  higher  mountains  ni  Niw  I'jiHland  and  iinrllu-rn  New  York. 

3.    Betula  occidentalis  Hook.     \Vi.stc-ni 
Red  IJiri'ii.     (Imk-  '^ifv  ' 

/li'liilti  t>i,  ill,  iiliilis  lliiok.  I'M.  r.or.  .\m.  2:  155.  i^vy. 
A  tree,  attaining  a  ni.-iximuin  height  of  about  40^ 
and  a  trunk  diameter  of  i_V,°,  the  bark  smooth,  dark 
bronze,  the  twigs  grav-brown,  warty.  Leaves 
broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  acute  or  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  sharply  serrate,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the 
base,  short-pctioled,  glabrous  on  both  sides  or  spar- 
ingly pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  1'  2' long; 
petioles  slender,  2"-6"  long;  pistillate  ameiits  man- 
ifestly peduncled,  cylindric,  spreading  or  jjcndant, 
I '-i>i' long,  about  5"  in  diameter  in  fruit;  fruiting 
bracts  ciiiolate,  aliout  :;"  long,  their  lateral  lobes 
ascen.ling  usually  shorter  than  the  middle  one; 
nut  much  luirrower  than  its  wings. 

Western  Nibrask.i  to  lirilisli  CnUunbia.  California 
and  New  >ri-xico.  Wood  soft,  strong,  brittle,  light 
brown;  wt  ',^;ht  per  cubic  foot  ,^S  lbs.     .\pril   >ray. 

4.    Betula  nigra  L.      River  Birch.     Red  Birch.      (Fip.  1214.  ) 

lli-niln  iiiiii,!  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  n.sj.       I7,i^ 

A  slender  tree,  sometimes  i)o°  high  and  the  trunk 
2,'^°  ill  diameter;  bark  reildish  or  greenish-brown, 
peeling  in  very  thin  layers;  twigs  reddish.  Young 
shoots,  petioles  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves  tomen- 
tose;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  apex  acute  or  obtuse, 
irregularly  serrate  or  somewhat  lobed,  base  cuueatc, 
when  mature  dark  green  ami  glabrous  above,  pale  and 
glabrous  or  somewhat  tomeutose  beneath,  I'^'-.V 
long;  petioles  ,^"-8"  long;  staminate  aments  mo.stly 
clustered  in  2'sor,Vs,  2''<'-3>2' long;  pistillate  aments 
oliloug-cylindric,  spreading,  peduncled,  i'-2'  long, 
5"-6"  in  diameter  in  fruit;  fruiting  bracts  tomeu- 
tose, about  eciually  .^-lobed,  ,V-,s"  long;  nut  broadly 
obovate,  wider  than  its  wings,  pubescent  at  the  b.ase. 

.Along  streams  aiul  lakes,  .Massachusetts  to  Inwa 
and  Kansas,  south  to  I'lorida  ami  Texas.  \Vo<id  hard, 
strong,  brown;  weight  |ier  cubic  foot  .',(1  lbs.  The  bark 
of  the  branches  peels  uff  in  almost  membranous  lavers. 
April   .May. 


5IO 


lil'TrLACI'AK. 


5.    Betula  lenta  L,. 


;Xfl   ^fM   ''^A  /v       :'A        >twlHiiiiilliiii(l  1(1  wisUiii  <  Inlarici,  I'loiuli  :iii(l  Ii-ii 

fi    '^U     'M  ' 'MP  U   "'''*^'<^'-     \Vnii(l   li;ir<l,  ^-liniiK.  (lirk  liKiwn;   uiiKlil   piT 

ut    "J      '''    Vij?/    ciil>il  I'diil  17  lbs.     The  incMiialii- nil  nf  tin- lir.imlii-, -111(1 

'  -'.rJ-'      f(ili:nri-  isiiiiK'  as   oil    of   \\  inltrKiiLii  1    is   dislilUd    in 

f  conniurie.    Tivi-  nuuli  rcsi-iiihUs  llii- cluri\  .     AluilMay 


(|lianlitiis  ami  is  an  iinixirtaiU  aitick- 1 

6.    Betula  lutea   :\;iclix.  f.     Yellow  Hirch 

III  lull)  liilai  Mii-li\.  r.  All).  .\iii.  2:  i,SJ.     />/.  .i.       iM-'. 

A  lar^L'  forest  tree,  similar  to  tlie  preceding  species, 

reaching  a  nmxiiiiuiii  lieiglit  of  about  100°  and  a  trunk 

diameter  of  4',  the  bark  yellowish  or  gray,  sejiarating 

in  tliiu  layers  or  close,  the  twigs  gray-brown.     Leaves 

ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  mostly  acuminate  at  the  apex, 

rounded,  obtuse   or    rarely  subcordate  at    the   base, 

sharply  serrulate   all    around,  dark   gr   :n  and   dull 

above,  puliescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  lyi'A'  lo"g. 

petioles  4"-9"  long;  staminatc  anients  usually   2-4 

together;  ])istillatc  anienls  sessile,  oblong  or  oblong- 

cylindric,    1'.'  or  less  long,   7"-9"   thick    in    fruit, 

rather   loose;  bracts   nearly  e(|iially  .^-lobcd   to   the 

middle,    ciliolate,    the   lateral    lobes  ascending;   nut 

broadly  oblong,  wider  than  its  wings. 

NtuTdiiiullaiul  to  Maiiil(plia.  soiilli  to  Nuitli  Catolin.i 
and  T(  iiiussfi-.  mainly  in  tin-  .MUnli.iiiics      Woe'  jianl, 
strony.  liulit  liidwn;  wiivrht  pir  cubic  fmA  (i  lbs.     A^'il 
Mav. 


Cherry,  Ulack  or  Succt  Hircli.      (  Fi.u.  1215.) 

/!(lii/<i  Icnia  !,.  Sp.  I'l.  ■»>;.       I7.s,v 

A  large  forest  tree,  sometimes  So"  high,  with  dark 
brown  close  smooth  bark,  becoming  furrowed,  not 
separating  in  layers;  foliage  aromatic;  t\^^gs  smooth, 
warty,  young  leaves  silky.  Mature  leaves  ovale  or 
ovatc-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  base  cordate 
or  rounded,  sharply  serrulate,  bright  green,  and 
shining  above,  dull  green  and  pubescent  on  the 
veins  beneath,  2'. '-4'  long,  i'-2'  wide;  petioles 
j"-6"  long;  staminate  aments  clustered.  2 '.'-4' 
long;  pistillate  aments  sessile,  dense,  oblong,  about 
i'  long  and  '.'  in  diameter  in  fruit,  nearly  erect; 
bracts  glabrous  or  minutely  puberulent,  appresscd, 
about  2"  long,  nearly  equally  ,^-lobed,  the  lateral 
lobes  somewhat  divergent;  nut  oblong,  broader 
than  its  wings. 

NtwIdiiiKlland  Id  wrsti  in  Oiilarid,  I'ldiida  and  Tin 


C.rav  Hircli. 


7.    Betula  glandulosa  MicJix.     (ilaiuliilar 
or  Scrub  IJircli.      1  l-'ig.   1217.  ) 

Hilulii  L;hiiuliili>\'i  Midix.  I'l.  Ilor.  .\ni.  2:  i""!.       iSo; 

.V  shrub,  i°-4°  high,  the  twigs  brown,  glandular- 
warty,  not  pubescent.  I<eavcs  orbicular,  oval  or  ob- 
ovate,  glabrous,  rounded  at  the  ajjcx;  rounded,  nar- 
rowed or  cuneate  at  the  base,  crenate-dclitatc,  bright 
green  above,  pale  green  an  1  glandular-dotted  beneath, 
sliort-])etiolcd,  }i'  t'  long;  jietioles  i"-3"  long; 
staminate  aments  commonly  solitary,  about  '2'  long; 
pistillate  aments  cyliiidric,  erect.  ])e(luncled,  5"-i2" 
long  and  about  2"  in  diameter  in  fruit;  fruiting  bracts 
glabrous,  the  lateral  !obes  d.vcrgent.  rather  shoiter 
than  the  middle  one;  nut  oblong,  usually  narrower 
than  its  wings. 

Niwfdundland  Id  .Maska.  tin-  lii^jlicr  niduntaiiis  of 
Maiiuanl  niiitlii  rn  Ni  w  Vnrk.  Midiiifaii,  .Miniu»dta  and 
in  tile  Kdiky  Mountains  to  Coloii'do.  .\lso  in  .\sia. 
Jiini-  July 


8. 


lURCH  FAMILY. 
Betula  nana  L.     Dwarf  Bircli. 


5" 


(  Fit 


121S.) 


Hi  tula  null,!   I..  Sp.   I'l.  i^S^.        i;-5;,. 

/.'.  .l//i//i(»  I  //Spacli,  Ann.  Sci.  X;U.  (  II. )  15: 195.   1^41. 

A  low  diffuse  shrub,  similar  to  the  prececlin;^ 
specifs,  hut  the  twifjs  jj;laiiclless,  puberulent  or 
glal)rous.  Leaves  orl)icular,  obovate,  or  rcniform 
and  wider  than  long,  bri>;ht  green,  firm,  glabrous, 
on  both  sides  when  mature,  deoly  and  incisclv 
creiiulate,  rouinled  at  the  apex,  rounded,  obtuse 
or  cuiicate  at  the  base,  t,"-\o"  long;  jietioles 
rarely  more  than  i"  long-  stainiiiate  aments  yi'- 
\'  long,  solitary  or  clustered;  pistillate  aments  ob- 
long, sessile  or  short-pedunclcd,  erect  or  some- 
what spreading,  3"-,s"  long;  fruiting  bracts  gla- 
brous, the  lower  usually  3-lobed,  the  upper  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  mostly  entire,  nut  oblong,  wingless 
or  luirrowly  winged. 

C.reeiiliuul  and  Labnulur  tn  HuiImiu  liav.  Alsii  in 
ticirtluru  I'Unii])!-  and  ,\-ia.     May  JiiiK-. 


9.    Betula  pumila  I<.     Low  I?irdi 


':  Ki.tr.   1219. ) 

Jliiiila  f>iniiil,i  I,.  Maiit.  i2(.       1767 

.\  bog  shrub,  2=*- 15°  tall,  the  twigs  Ijrown,  be- 
coming glabrous,  the  young  foliage  denselj- 
brownish-tomentose.  Leaves  obovate,  broadly 
oval  or  orbicular,  rounded  at  both  ends  or  some 
of  them  cuneate-narrowed  at  the  base,  rather 
coarsely  dentate,  when  mature  glabrous  and 
dull  green  a'oove,  pale,  persistently  tomentose 
or  becoming  glabrous  beneath  and  prominently 
reticulate-veined,  '>'-i'.'  long;  petioles  i'^"- 
;,"  long;  fruiting  pistillate  aments  oblong-cylin- 
dric,  erect,  pedunclcd,  i'  long  or  less,  about  .■^" 
iu  diameter;  bracts  puberulent  or  ciliolate,  the 
lateral  lobes  spreading  at  right  angles,  shorter 
than  the  middle  one;  nut  oblong,  mostly  rather 
broader  than  its  wings. 

In  bi)g:s,  NewlouMilIanil  to  weslt-rn  Oiitarin  and 
the  Nortliwe^t  Territciry.  xiutli  to  Nrw  Jersey,  (  Hiio 
and  .Miiniesola.     .May  June. 


5.    ALNUS  Caertn.  I'r.  .S:  vSoiu.  2:  54.   />/. 


V". 


1 79 1 . 


Shrubs  or  trees,  with  dentate  or  serrulate  leaves,  few-scaled  buds,  and  llowers  of  both 
kinds  ill  aments,  cxi)anding  before,  witli  or  after  the  leaves,  making  their  first  appearance 
during  the  preceding  season,  the  staniinate  pendulous,  the  pistillate  erect,  clustered.  Stam- 
inate  flowers  t,  or  sometimes  h  in  the  a.\d  of  each  bract,  consisting  of  a  mostly  4-parted  peri- 
anth, 4  stamens  and  .subtended  by  I  or  2  bractlcts;  filaments  short,  simple;  anther-sacs  ad- 
nate.  I'istillate  flowers  2~t,  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  without  a  perianth,  but  subtended  l)y 
2  .)  minute  bractlcts;  ovary  sessile,  2-cellcd;  styles  2;  bracts  woody,  i)ersistcnt,  ,s-toothed  or 
erose.  Nut  small,  coinprcs.sed,  wingless  or  winged.  [Ancient  Latin  name  derived  from  the 
Celtic,  ill  allusion  to  the  growth  of  these  trees  along  streams.] 

.About  1 1  si)eeies,  natives  of  the  uoitlieni  hemisphere  and  the  .Xiulesof  South  .\iiuriea  liesides 
the  followiiiK,  some  (  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  Aineriea. 

Nut  bordered  by  a  iiieinhraiioiis  wiiiK  on  eaeli  siile.  i,   .(.  .\l iinh,ntlt}. 

Nut  acute  margined,  wiiisliss. 

Leaves  obovate,  broadly  oval  or  suborbicular.  dull;  aments  expaiKliliK  lonn  before  llie  leaves. 
Leaves  fii'ely  toiK.iitose  or  Klauecms  l)eiieath,  2.   A.  iinaiui. 

Leaves  Kreeii,  glabrous  or  spariiiKlv  pubescent  betieatli 

Leaves  liiiely  serrulate;  foliage  not  ({lutincuis;  native  t,.  A.  iiii;iis,i. 

Leaves  ileiitatesei  rate:  twiRs  Klulinous;  iiitrodueed  tree.  ').   .1.  i;/n/iihis,i. 

Leaves  oblontf.  hritjlit  Kreeii  and  sliiniiiK;  above;  aiuetitsexpandiiiK:  in  aututnii.  s    .L  iiiiii  i/iiihi. 

33 


5'; 


HETrLACHAK. 


Alnus  Alnobetula  (l\hrh.  )  K.  Kocli. 


wt 

™^'- 


Alnus  incana 


L.  >  Will.l. 

lUhihi  Atniis  vai.  iiiniiKi  I,.  Sj).  I'l.  Jul.  2 
Alnus  iiiiiiiiii  Wind,  Sp.  I'l.  4.  ,\VS-      1N>,5- 

A  shrub,  or  rarely  a  small  tree,  .S°-25°  high,  the 
twin?  k1>'''J''ous,  the  vduhj;  shoots  pubescent.  Leaves 
oval  or  ovate,  acute  or  sometimes  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
finely  serr\ilate  or  dentate,  with  the  teeth  serrulate, 
obtuse  or  some  of  them  acute  at  the  base,  dark  green 
above,  pale  or  glaucous  and  pubescent,  at  least  on 
the  veins  beneath,  2'  5'long,  i  '2'-4' wiile,  the  veins 
prominent  on  the  lower  surface;  stipules  oblong- 
lanceolate,  'lei'iduous;  petioles.)"  12"  long;  anients 
appearing  froin  naked  buds,  unfolding  much  before 
the  leaves,  the  staniinate  1  ';'  ,1'  long,  the  ])istillate 
ovoid,  about  '2'  long  and  3" -5"  in  diameter  in  fruit, 
their  bracts  5-toothcd;  nut  orbicular,  coriaceous- 
margined. 

Ill  vM  t  --nil.  N\  wfnuiKUaiid  to  llic  Ndithwi'St  Tirri- 
tiiry.  --nutli  111  soiulurii  .New  Vmk,  I'l  iitisylvania  and 
Nebraska  .Msuiii  luiro]>e  and  .\sia.  WikkI  suit,  linlit 
brown :  wii>;li'  ]Kr  cubii- flint  2.S  lbs.     .Vpril 


( ireeii  or  Mountain  Alder.  (  Fij^.  1 220. ) 

Miiohiliilit  Ivhrli.  ili'ilr.  2:  -2.       I7^S. 
licliiliX  .-■//7(i'/\(.'liaix;  Vill.  Hist.  I'l.  Daupli.  3:  7.'*9.    1780. 
.i/iiiis  rh  ii/is  i^C.  I'M.  I'l.  3:.iiil       i'>".i 
A/iiiis  Ahiohiiiiln  K.  Kmli,  Iiindr  2:  I'art  1,625.     1^72. 

A  shrub,  2°-io^  '"gli,  the  young  foliage  glutinous 

and  more  or  less  pubescent,     heaves  oval  or  ovate, 

obtuse  or  acute,  sharply  and  more  or  less  irregularly 

serrulate   or   incised-serrulate,    when    mature   dark 

green  and  glabrous  above,  light-green  ami  usually 

pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  2'  ,s'  lon.g,  ^'2'-^' 

wide;  petioles  .)"- 12"  long;  aments  expanding  with 

the  leaves,  the  statniuate  slender,  naked,  I'i'-i^-i' 

long,  the  pistillate  from  scaly  buds,  oblong  or  ovoid- 

oblong.slcnder-pednucled, becoming  6"  S"  long  and 

.\"  S"  i"  diameter  in  fruit,  their  bracts  irregularly  s- 

tootlicd;  nut  oblong,  the  thin  wings  about  as  broad 

as  the  body. 

NiwfiiumllatKl  to  .\laska,  Massaduisitts.  Xiw  York. 
.MirliiKaii  aiui  liritisli  Columbia,  and  in  llic  liijiliir  .\lli - 
uliaiiiis  iif  \'irKi"ia  and  .N'nrtli  Carolina  .Mso  in  lUiiope 
and  .\sia      June-. 

Speckk-d  or  Hoary  Aider.     (  F'i^'.  1221.) 

i,n\-    i7''',v        -'^ 
\ 


font  2,s  lbs.     .\pril  May 

Alnus  rugosa  (DuRoi)  K.  Koch. 

'■>-, 


.J 


vSiiiooth  Alder. 


1222. ) 
1 12 

lSii,S, 
'.vS, 


r'- 


Ih'liila  Alnus  I  iix'>s:t  DiiKoi,  llarlik,  I: 
Alnus  siiriiliila  Willd.  Sp,  I'l,  4:  ,',,(6, 
Ahius  iui;isii  K,  Km-li,  Dtiidr,  2;  i'art  I,  *v, 

A  shrub  5°-2o°  tall,  or  sometimes  a  small  tree, 
attaining  a  maximum  height  of  .jo"  and  a  trunk 
diameter  of  6',  the  bark  smooth,  the  younger 
shoots  somewhat  pubescent.  Leaves  green  on 
both  sides,  obovate  or  oval,  mostly  obtuse  and 
/  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the 
base,  sharply  and  minutely  serrulate,  when  mature 
glabrous  above,  usually  jinbesccnt  on  the  veins  be- 
neath, y~5'  long,  stipules  oval,  deciduous;  petioles 
4"-l2"  long;  aments  ap])earing  from  naked  buds, 
unfolding  much  before  the  leaves  (or  in  the  South 
after  the  leaves),  the  staniinate  2'  4'  long,  the  pis- 
tillate ovoid,  6"'i)"  long  in  fruit;  nut  ovate,  nar- 
rowly coriaceous-margined. 

In  wet  soil,  or  nil  hillsides,  Maine  to  Ohio  and  INIin- 
nesota,  I'lorida  and  Texas.  Wood  soft,  litflit  Ijtown; 
weiRlit  per  cubic  foot  29  lbs.     March  April. 


I5IRCII    FAMILY. 


513 


4.  Alnus  glutinosa  (  L.  )  Medio.    luiro- 
pcan  Alder.      (  Fi^.  1223.) 

Hfliilii  .Vims  \i\x.  nliili)ii<sa  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  i>Sv     175,^. 
.  l/ini^ c/ii/iiiiisn  Xicdic.  I'fl.  .\iiat.   •■,c)T,.       iStio. 

A  tree,  reaching  a  inaxiinuni  height  of  ahout 
75°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  212°,  the  hark 
smooth,  the  branches  nearly  liorizontal,  the 
foHagc  glutinous.  Leaves  broadly  oval,  orbicu- 
lar or  ohovate,  thick,  dark  green,  dull,  often 
obtuse  at  both  ends,  dentate  and  the  teeth  den- 
ticulate, glabrous  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins 
beneath,  2'-$'  long;  petioles  ,'i'-i'  long; 
aments  appearing  from  naked  buds,  expanding 
much  before  the  leaves,  the  stamiuate  3'  4' 
long,  the  ])istillate  ovoid-oblong,  (/'-g"  long 
in  fruit;  nut  wingless,  coriaceous-margined. 

Ill  wil  placi'S.  siiutlierii  Ni'w  York  iiii<l  N\\v  Jii 
si'v,  isi-:iin(l  fioiii  cultivation  and  becdiuiiitf  ii.itii 
lali/fdii  a  kwliicilities.  Native  cif  ICurope.  Wcmd 
soft,  liruwii;  weight  per  cubic  fool  ,^5  lbs.     April. 


5.  Alnus  maritima  (  Mar.sli.  )  Muhl. 
Seaside  Alder.     (  Fis;.  1--4.) 

Iliiiilc!  Alnus  iiuiiiliina  Marsh.  .\rb.  Am.  2ii.      17.S5. 
.Minis  111,11  iliiiiii   Mull).;  Nutt.   .Svlv.i,   I:    ?.).   /.    loj. 

.\  small  tree,  sometimes  ,^0-  tall  and  the  trunk 
6'  in  diameter,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so 
throughout.  Leaves  oblong,  ovate-oblong  or 
ohovate,  firm,  acute  at  both  ends,  bright  green 
and  shining  above,  pale  green  and  dull  beneath, 
sharply  serrulate,  2'-4'  long,  I'-i'  wide;  petioles 
;,"-i(>"  long;  aments  unfolding  long  after  the 
leaves,  their  buds  developing  during  the  sea.son, 
the  stamiuate  i'-2'i'  long,  the  pistillate  oblong, 
9"-i2"  long,  5"-7"in  diameter  in  fruit;  nut  ob- 
long-obovate,  wingless,  coriaceous-margined. 

Ill  wit  soil,  southern  Delaware  and  eastern  Mary- 
land; also  ill  llie  Indian  Territory.  Closely  related 
to  .t.  /ii/tmihi!  ol'iiortlu-asterii  .\sia.  and  perhaps  not 
specifically  distinct  from  it.  Wood  soft,  liglitlirown; 
weijflit  per  cubic  loot  ,^i  lbs.     .\UK.  Sept. 


Fainilv 


1879. 


FAGACEAE  Dnule,  IMiaii.  409. 
Iii:i;cii  F.\Mii,v. 

Trees  or  .shrtihs.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  siiii])le,  dentate,  serrate,  loI)ed, 
cleft  or  entire,  pinnately  veined,  the  stiptdes,  if  any,  decidiiotts.  F'lowers  small, 
nionoecions,  the  staniinate  in  pendulous  erect  or  spreading;:  aments,  or  capitate, 
the  pistillate  s(ditary  or  several  to,u^ether,  subtended  l)y  an  involticre  of  partly  or 
wholly  tmited  bracts,  which  becomes  a  bur  or  cuji.  Petals  none.  vStaminate 
flowers  with  a  4-7-lobed  periaiUh  and  4-20  stamens;  fdaments  .slender,  di.stinct, 
.simple;  anther-sacs  adnate,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  4-S- 
lobed  urn-.shaped  or  oblong  perianth,  adnate  to  the  3-7-celled  ovary;  o\tdes  1-2 
in  each  cavity,  only  i  in  each  ovary  rii)ening,  pendulous,  anatrojiotts;  styles  as 
many  as  the  cavities  of  the  ovary,  linear,  terminally  or  longitudinally  stigniatic. 
Fruit  a  i -seeded  nut,  with  a  coriaceous  or  .somewhat  bony  exocarp.  Te.sta  thin. 
FIndosperm  none;  cotyledons  large,  fleshy,  often  rugose;  radicle  .short. 

.Miout  5  Renera  and  375  species,  of  very  wide  Keo(fraphic  distribution. 
Staniinate  flowers  capitate:  nut  sharply  triaiiKular.  i.  fairiis. 

Stamiuate  flowers  in  slender  aments;  nut  rounde<l  or  piano  convex. 

I'istillate  flowers  2-5  in  each  involucre;  involucre  becoming  globose  and  verv  prickly  in  fniit, 
eticlositiB  the  nuts.  "  2.   Caslanra. 

I'istillate  flower  i  in  each  involucre;  involucre  of  numerous  scales  f(iriiiinf{  a  cup  in  fruit  and 
subtending  the  acorn.  3.  Qiictius. 


514 


I-AGACKAK. 


I.    FAGUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  997.       175;,. 

Trees,  with  smooth  H^ht  Rray  bark,  and  serrate  straijLjht-vcined  leaves.  I^'Iowlms  appear- 
ing with  tlic  leaves,  the  statniiiate  in  sleuilcr-pcduncled  pendulous  globose  heads,  the  pistillate 
ab(»ut  2  together  in  short-peduuclcd  subulatc-bracted  involucres  in  the  upper  axils.  Staniin- 
ate  flowers  yellowish  green,  subtended  by  deciduous  bracts,  consisting  of  a  campanulate 
4-S-lohed  calyx,  and  S- 16  stamens  with  filiform  filaments.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  6-lobed  peri- 
anth adnate  to  a  3-cellcd  ovary;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  usually  i  only  of  each  ovary  maturing; 
styles  7i,  filiform.  Nut  coriaceous,  sharply  vangled,  enclosed  in  the  4-valved  bur.  [Name 
from  the  (Ireek,  to  eat,  referring  to  the  esculent  nuts.] 

.•\bi)Ul  4  siiecies,  natives  (if  llio  mirtlKiii  hcniisi)lii.rf.  Only  llu- follnv,  iiiK  i>  ualivi-  in  Nculli 
America. 


I.    Fagus  Americana  Sweet.     American  Ik-ech.     (Kir.  1225.) 

/•'aqiis  Ai>if>  iiiiiiii  [/n/i/o/iii]  Miuiicli.  Ilausv.  5: 

i62.      1770. 
I'ligiis  Aiiiei  Uiiiia  Sweet.  IIoil.  liril.  ,570.       1.S26. 
l''ai^iis/eri  iii^hwa  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  362.      1789. 

A  large  forest  tree,  with  maximum  height  of 
about  120',  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  4'..^,  the 
lower  branches  spreading.  Leaves  ovate  or 
ovatc-oblong,  firm,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  ob- 
tuse or  narrowed  at  the  base,  2'-4'.'  long,  i'- 
3'  wide,  densely  silky  when  young,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so  when  mature,  green  on  both  sides,  not 
shining,  rather  coarsely  serrate;  petioles  2"-6" 
long;  heads  of  slaniin;ite  flowers  6"-9"  in  dia- 
meter, hanging  on  peduncles  i'-,;'  long;  bur 
6"-i()"  high,  densely  tomcntose,  its  soft 
j)rickles  recurved  or  spreading;  nut  pubescent, 
or  at  length  nearly  glabrous,  brown;  seed 
sweet. 

Iiirioh  -nil.  NnvaSciiliii  tu  Ontario  unci  Wi-cnu 
sin.  smitli  t(i  I'lcirida  .itid  '1\  \iis.  Wciml  liard. 
strnnj;,  IhukIi.  close  t;rainiil;  idlor  lij^hl  or  iliiik 
rid:  wti(fhl  \\  \h>.  per  cubic  loot.  .April  May. 
Nut-  ripe  .Sept.  Oct.  Leaves  of  seeiUinn-  and 
younir  shoots  are  sonutiines  piiinatilid. 


2.   CASTANEA  Adaii.s.  Fam.  PI.  2: 


.■)l^■ 


'7'''.V 


Trees  or  shrubs,  with  serrate  straight-veined  leaves,  their  teeth  shar])ly  acuniin.ite. 
I'lowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  the  staniiiuite  in  erect  or  spreading  narrowly  cylindric 
inlcrru))tcd  axillary  yellowish  .iments,  several  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  the  bracts  fugacious, 
the  pistillate'  borne  in  i)rickly  involucres  at  the  bases  of  the  slaniinatc  aiiients  or  in  separate 
axils.  .Staminatc  flowers  2bracteolatc,  consisting  of  a  mostly  6-lobed  campanulate  perianth 
and  numerous  stamens,  sometimes  also  with  an  abortive  ovary;  filaments  filiform,  longex- 
serted.  Pistillate  flowers  2  5  (commonly  3  1  in  each  involucre,  consisting  of  an  urn-sha])ed 
6-lobed  perianth  adnate  to  the  mostly  (^j-cellcd  ovar)-,  ami  usually  with  4  12  abortive  stamens; 
ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  i  ovule  only  of  each  ovary  usually  maturing;  styles  as  many  as  the 
cavities  of  the  ovary,  slender,  exscrted;  stigmas  minute.  Pistillate  involucre  cidargiiig  and 
becoming  a  globose  mostly  .(-valved  very  prickly  bur  in  fruit,  enclosing  i-several  nuts.  Nut 
rounded  or  plano-convex,  i -seeded,  the  shell  coriaceous.  Seed  large,  sweet.  Style  mostly 
persistent.     [N.ime  Cireek,  from  a  city  in  Tlicssaly.] 

I'our  01  five  species,  uativesof  the  noilheni  heinispliere.  llesidesllie  folUnvitiK.  another  occurs 
in  tile  southeastern  I  idled  States. 

Leave-  green  on  both  sides;  inits  ii-ually  25  in  each  invohiere;  large  tree.  I.   ('.  itniln/a. 

Leaves  densely  while  tonieiito-e  biiieiith;  nut  usually  solitary,  slinib  or  small  tree     2    C  fitoitihi. 


I!Ki:CII    I'AMILY. 


515 


usv.  5; 
1 7S9. 


I.    Castanea  dentata  (Marsh.)   Horkh.     American  Cliestiiut.     (Fip;.  1226.) 

/■'(!i;iis  Ciis/iiiiiii  ilciihilii  Marsh.  .\rl>.  .\ni.  46.       IJ^.S. 

Ciistiiiiin  tit  ii/ala  liorkli.  Ilaiidb.  I'drslI),  1:741.       lS(». 

C.  :-c:ttti  var.  .\iiui  itinia  Micli.x.  l-'l,  Hor.  Am.  2:  19,5.      iSo,;. 

.■\  large  for.^st  tree,  with  gray  bark  rough  in  longitudinal 
plates,  reaching  a  uiaxiniuni  height  of  about  1(K)°  and  a 
trunk  (liauietcrof  14°;  lower  branches  spreading.  Leaves 
oblong-Ianccolatc,  glabrous,  firm,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  coarsely  serrate,  with 
very  sharp-pointed  ascending  teeth,  rather  dark  green 
above,  lighter  beneath,  ,s'-i2'  long,  ijz'-i'  wide;  petioles 
stout.  ,'2'-!'  long;  staminate  aments  erect,  numerous, 
Ijornc  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  6'-i2' long,  4"-5"  in  di- 
ameter; burs  I  I. '-4'  in  diameter,  solitary  or  2-4  together, 
enclosing  i  ,s  nuts;  nuts  puberulent,  dark  brown,  plano- 
convex or  angle<l  on  the  face,  or  when  solitary  ovoid. 

In   rich   soil,  Maine-  and   Ontario  ti)  Micliigan   and   Ten- 


MM 


I7.S 


/.l.v 


J'ti_t;i(:i  fill  III  ilti  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  99s.       i7s,^ 

Cii^liiiiiti  piiinila  y\'\\\.  Card.  Did.  ICd.  S.  no.  2.      176J*. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree,  sometimes  45°  high  and  with 
a  trunk  5°  in  diameter,  the  young  shoots  puberulent. 
Leaves  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  sharply  serrate  with 
ascending  or  divergent  teeth,  dark  green  and  glabrous 
above,  densely  white-tomentulose  beneath,  3'-6'  long, 
I '-2 '2'  wide;  staminate  aments  erect  or  somewhat 
spreading,  3'-s'  long,  3"-4"  in  diameter;  burs  1  ','  in 
diameter  or  less,  commonly  .spicatc,  enclosing  a  soli- 
tary ovoi<l  brown  nut  1  rarely  2  1;  sued  very  sweet. 

In  dry  soil.  Niw  Ji  Tscy  and  IVinisylvania  to  Indiana, 
Morida  and  'IVxas.  Wood  stront;,  coarse  RrainL<l,  dark 
hroun;  weiuhl  per  cubic  foot  37  lbs.   June.    Nuts  riin- Sept. 

3.    QUERCUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  (J94. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  pinnatifid  lobed  dentate  crenate  or  entire  leaves,  deciduous  or  in 
some  species  persistent.  I'lowers  very  small,  green  or  yellowish,  appearing  with  or  before 
the  leaves,  the  staminate  numerous  in  slender  mostly  drooping  aments,  the  pistillate  soli- 
tary in  niany-bracted  involucres  borne  on  the  twigs  of  the  preceding  season  or  on  the  young 
shoots.  Stannnate  flowers  subtended  by  caducous  bracts,  consisting  of  a  mostly  6-lobed 
campanulatp  perianth  and  6-12  stamens  with  liliforui  filaments,  sometimes  also  with  an  abor- 
tive pilose  ovary.  I'istillate  flowers  with  an  urn-shaped  or  oblong  calyx,  adnate  to  a  mostly 
3-celled  ovary;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary,  rarely  more  than  1  in  each  ovary  matur 
ing;  styles  as  many  as  the  ovary-cavities,  short,  erect  or  recurved.  I'ruit  consisting  of  the 
imbricated  and  more  or  less  united  bracts  of  the  involucre  1  cup  1,  sul)tending  or  nearly  enclos- 
ing the  ovoid,  oblong  or  subglobosc  i-seedcd  coriaceous  nut  1  acorn).  [The  ancient  Latin 
name,  probably  of  Celtic  derivation,  signifying  "beautiful  tree."] 

.\l)out  I'oo  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.     Iksides  the  following,  sonic  V'  otliers 
occur  in  the  western  and  southern  sections  of  North  .America. 

■'•   i.tti-^-t's  ttr  llifir  Itilics  bn'sllt-lipptti,  iltiitliimis:  n.^utis  iiui/i/iiii^ 

I    Leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  lobed. 
Leaves  sfreen  on  botli  sides. 

Cup  of  the  acorn  saucer  shaped,  nuicli  broader  tlian  higli. 
Cups"   12"  broad;  acorn  ovoid:  leaves  dull. 
Cup4"-S"  broad;  leaves  shining. 

.\c(irn  sul)Kliib()se  or  short-ovoid;  northern. 
.\corii  ovoid;  southern. 
Cup  of  the  acorn  turbinate  or  heniispheric. 

Iinur  bark  Bray;  leaves  shinini;  liotli  sides. 

Itnur  bark  orange;  leaves  ])nbescenl  in  the  axils  of  tlie  veins  beneath 
Leaves  white  or  gray  lotnenttdose  luiieath. 

Large  tree;  leaf-lolies  lanceolate  or  linear  lanceolate,  lonif.  f>.   ('.  iiii;i/ti/ii. 

Shrub  or  low  tree;  leaf-lobes  triangular  ovate,  short.  7.  {J.  iiiiini. 


Ill  iiii/iiiiiii  11/ sfLiiiitl  yt\ir. 


1.  (_'.  nihi  ii. 


O.  />a/iis/ri.i. 
O.  Tivtiiia. 

O.  I't'itiiifti. 
(I.  :'i/ii/iiiii. 


5 '6 


I'AGACEAK 


*■  ^  Leaves  3  5-Iobed  above  the  middle  or  entire,  obovate  or  spatulate  in  outline. 
lAiivcs  (il)iivati' iiiiicatc.  bnnvii  llcicoiisi' l)c'iicMtli  >    ('    .I/.//rA/     '''«. 

I.L'iivi's  s])at\ilali;,  kI'I'T"'"^  ImiUi  siiKs.  <)    ( '.  iiii;i(i. 

\i  \    Leaves  entire,  oblong,  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong  isometimes  lobed  in  no.  in. 
Leaves  Hiuar-otiloii^t.  Krtrti  and  Klalirous  dii  l)olli  sides.  10.   <J.  I'lirlli's. 

Leaves  (ihlimif,  ulabnius.  dark  K'l^eii  and  shining  .itxive.  11.   (]'.  hiiit  ifolio. 

Leaves  olilonn  <ir  lanceolate,  lirown  tonieiitiildse  lieneath.  12.   (_>.  itiihi  itai  ia. 

•>•■  -A-   l.iif.'i's  oiIIudIiiIh's  iiol  hi  isllc  lif'fxil.  liiu  iiliiKiis:  iwi'nis  niiiliii  iiit;  hi  mi  1 11  in  11  0/  /ii  s/  ifiii . 

t  Leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  lobed. 
Matnre  leaves  pali-.  or  Klaiioius  and  jfl'dinms  Ueneatli ;  en])  sli.illow.  1,^ 

Mature  leaves  tonieiitidcise  beneath;  eii])  unelhird  to  lully  as  loiivt  as  the  aeiirn. 
I'ljper  scales  of  the  cu))  not  awned. 

Leaves  yellowish  hrown  tonieiitnlose  beneath:  acorn  ovoicL  14. 

Leaves  white  tolllenlulose  beneath;  acorn  de))ressedKlobose. 
I'l)I)er  scales  aw  ne<L  forniinj;  a  IriiiKt  aronnd  the  acorn.  i(>.   (_'.  iinii  /ni  ,/;/>.(. 

t  i    Leaves  crenate  or  dentate,  not  lobed. 
I'mit  iH(liincled. 

rediincle  much  longer  than  i)etioles;  leaves  while  tonientiih)se  beneath.     17.   (_'.  ftlali'iiniJi's. 


O.  II I  Int. 


(_>.  iiiiiii'i . 

I'j.  Iviillil. 
(  '.    IIKIi  I  Hi 


I'ediincl 
Teeth 
Teeth 
l'"ruit  sessile. 

Tall  tree;  leaves  ( 

Shrill)  or  low  tree 

*  •:•:-  vi-  /.,(jr(\5  iii/iit 


liiallinn  or  shorter  than  the  iietioles;  leaves  jtray  toinentulosi'  beneath, 
f  the  leaves  acute  or  inucronnlate. 
f  the  leaves  rounded. 

iblou);  or  lanceolate. 

;  leaves  oval  or  obovate. 

■  1  III  rely  :,  illi  a  Jfif  hiisth-  lififiid  lohi-s). 

Red  Oak. 


is. 

(). 

Milium  III. 

U). 

0. 

/'rill  IIS. 

20. 

0. 

Ill  II  III  hill  III. 

21. 

0. 

fiihiiuilrs. 

22. 

0. 

I'll  i;  III  III  nil 

I.    Quercus  rubra  L. 


:'fri;  rtiii. 

( V\^.  1228. ) 

Oiiriiii.i  iiihiii  L.  Si>.  ri.  i)</>.       I7.S.?- 

("'.  iimhii^iiii  Michx.  I".  Mist.  .\rb.  Am.  J:  I2n.  />/.  .7.    1^12. 

.\  larj.tc  forest  tree,  with  a  iiiaximtiiii  heij^ht  of 
about  140°,  and  a  trunk  (liaiiieter  of  7°,  the  bark 
(lark^r'ty.  slij^htly  rou>;heiie(L  Leaves  oval  or  some- 
what obovate  in  outline,  deciduous,  when  mature 
>;lal)rous,  or  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  lie- 
iieatli.  4'  S'  loiij;,  },'"b'  wide,  dull  green  above,  paler 
beucatli,  sinuses  rounded,  lobes  trianj;iilar-lancco- 
late,  tapcrinjf  from  a  Iiroail  base  to  an  acuminate 
apex,  I  4-t()()lhed  or  entire,  teeth  and  apices  lipped 
with  filiform  bristles;  ])etiolcs  \'2'-^'  long;  styles 
slender,  sjireadinj;;  fruit  maturing  the  second 
autumn;  cup  .saucer-shaped,  its  base  flat  or  slightly 
convex,  .S"-i2"  broad,  liracts  ovate  or  ovatc-lan- 
ccolate,  obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  appressed;  acoru 
ovoid,  about  i'  long,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  cup. 

Nova   .Scotia   to   Ontario   and    Minnesota,    south   to 
I'lorida.  Kaiisiis  and  Texas.    Wood  hard,  strong,  coarse- 
Kiained;  color  liKht  reddish  brown;  wei>;ht  per  cubic 
foot  41  lbs.     May  June,     .\corns  ripe  Oct.   Nov. 
Quercus  rubra  runcinata  .\.  DC.  I'rodr.  16:  I'art  2.  >»<.      iSiV). 

I'erliaps  a  hybrid  with  O.  ilii^iliitii. 


Leaf-lobes  nearly  entire;  ac(jni  '   '  hi(;h.     Near  St.  Louis. 

2.   Quercus  palustris  DuKoi.     Swamp  Oak. 

O.  piiliiilris  DuKoi,  Harbk.  2:  ;>(».  fl.  ,-.  /".  /.     1772. 

A  forest  tree,  inaximiini  height  about  120°  and 
trunk  diameter  ,s°,  the  lower  branches  deflexed; 
bark  brown,  rough  when  old.  Leaves  broadly 
olilong  or  obovate  in  outline,  deeply  pinnatifid, 
sometimes  almost  to  the  miilrib,  bright  green 
glabrous  and  shining  above,  duller,  glabrous  or 
with  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  tlie  veins  be- 
neath, 3'  -5'  long,  the  lobes  oblong,  lanceolate 
or  triangular  lanceolate,  divergent,  1 -.(-toothed 
or  entire,  teeth  and  apices  tijiped  with  filifurm 
bristles;  styles  slender;  fruit  maturing  in  the  .sec- 
ond autumn;  cup  saiicer-shapcd,  4" -6"  broad, 
base  flat,  bracts  triangular-ovate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
appressed;  acorn  subglobosc  or  ovoid,  4"-7" 
high,  often  striate,  2-,^  times  as  long  as  the  cup. 

In  moist  (fround,  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin, 
Delaware  and  .Arkansas.  Wood  hard,  very  strong. 
coarse  Kr.iined;  color  litjht  brown;  weiyht  percubii 
foot  4.^  lbs.     May  June,     .\corns  ripe  Sept    I  )cl. 


Pin  Oak.      (  Fi>^.  I22y.) 


lU'KCH   FAMILY. 


5'7 


3.   Quercus  Texana  Buckley.     Texan  Red 
Oak.     (FiK^  1230.) 

Q.  Trxana  liuikUy.  I'loo.  I'liila.  Aciul.  i860:  444.      '"^f*). 

A  forest  tree,  similar  to  the  preceilinj^  species  ami 
to  Q.  riihia,  attaiiiiiij^  a  iiiaxitiuiiii  heijjlit  of  about 
200°  anil  a  trunk  diameter  of  S°,  usually  smaller. 
Bark  re(l<lisli-l)rown,  with  broad  ridges  broken  into 
plates;  leaves  mostly  obovatc  in  outline,  bright 
green  and  shining  above,  paler  and  with  tufts  of  wool 
in  the  axils  beneath,  2'-6'  long,  truncate  or  broadly 
wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  5-9 
oblong  or  triangular  lobes,  which  are  entire  or  coarsely 
few  toothed,  the  lobes  and  teeth  bristle-tipped;  styles 
short;  fruit  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  sea- 
son; cup  deeply  saucer-shaped,  ,s"~S"  broad,  its  scales 
obtiisish  or  acute,  appressed;  acorn  ovoid,  'j'-i'  long, 
2-3  times  as  high  as  the  cup. 

Soulluiii  Iiuliaiia  Ui  Utw.x  :iiiil  Missouri,  l'"l(iriilii  atul 
'IV-xiis.  Wood  h:uil,  linlit  n(ll)rouii;  wtinht  per  iMibic 
fool  s;  lbs.     April  May.     Ai'onis  ripe  Sipl.  Oct. 


Quercus  coccinea  Wanj;.     vScarlet  Oak. 


(FiR.  1231.) 
Oiti'iiiis  t-dii/iira  Wang.  Amer.  44.  />/.  /.  /.  9.  17S7. 
.•\  forest  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of 
about  160°,  the  trunk  diameter  sometimes  5°; 
inner  bark  pale  reddish  or  gray;  foliage  turning 
scarlet  in  autumn.  Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid, 
glabrous,  bright  green  and  shining  above,  paler 
and  sometimes  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the 
veins  beneath,  4'-S'  long,  rather  thin,  the  lobes 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  divergent  or  ascending, 
few-toothed,  the  teeth  and  apices  bristle-tipped; 
fruit  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  sea- 
son; styles  slender,  rccurved-spreading;  cup 
hemispheric  or  top-shaped,  its  bracts  triangular- 
lanceolate,  appressed  or  the  upper  slightly  scpiar- 
rose,  mostly  glabrous;  acorn  ovoid  or  ovoid-glo- 
bose, 6"- 10"  high,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  cup. 

Ill  (Irv  soil,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota, 
l-'lorida  ."iiul  Missouri.  Wood  hard,  slionjr,  coarse- 
gniiiuil.  Unlit  bnnvii  or  red:  weijjlit  461bs.  per  cubic 
loot.     May  June,     .\coriis  ripe  Seiit.  Oct. 


5.    Quercus  velutina  Lam.     Black  Oak. 

(JiieiYKs  :'i/ii/iihi  I.aiii.  I^iicycl.  1:721.      17S,^. 

().  /iiic/ori'ii  Harlrani,  Travels.  ,^7.     Name  only.       17111. 

O.  coiiiiua  var.  liiulorhi  \.  Ciiay,  Man.  Ivd.  5,  4.S4.    iSt>7, 

A  large  forest  tree,  similar  to  O.  u'ftiiita,  maxi- 
mum height  about  150°,  trunk  diameter  5^;  outer 
bark  very  dark  brown,  rough  in  low  ridges,  the  in- 
ner bright  orange.  Leaves  pinnatifid  or  lobed  to 
beyond  the  middle,  firm,  brown-pubescent  or  some- 
times stellate-pubescent  when  young,  when  mature 
glabrous  and  dark  dull  green  above,  pale  green 
and  usually  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  the 
broad  oblong  or  triangular-lanceidate  lobes  and 
their  teeth  bristle-tipped;  fruit  maturing  in  the 
autumn  of  the  second  season;  cup  hemispheric  or 
top-shaped,  connnonly  narrowed  into  a  short  stalk, 
its  bracts  mostly  pubescent,  the  upper  somewhat 
squarrose;  acorn  ovoid,  /j'-i'  high,  more  or  less 
longer  than  the  cup. 

JIaine  to  Ontario,  Miiinesola.  I'Morida  and  Texa-.. 
Wood  reddish-brown;  weixlH  per  cubic  fool  44  lbs. 
May-June. 


518 


I'AGACHAE. 


6.    Quercus  digitata  (  Marsh.  )  Sudw. 
Spanish  Oak.      <  Imr.  1233.) 

(Jiiiiiiis  iii'urii  liiiiiliila  M.Trsli.  Arb.  Am.  121.  17S.S. 
(J.  fiiluilii  Miilix.  Hist.  Cluii.  Am.  lU.  pl.jS.  i.Sn. 
{Jnfi;  IIS  (III; i/ti/ii  Smlw.  ('..iril.  \:  iMir,  5:  it>).  iSc)2. 
A  tree,  with  inuxiinuin  hci){ht  of  about  95^, 
and  trunk  diameter  of  5".  Leaves  dark  green 
and  glabrous  above,  gray-t(>mcntuli)se  beneath, 
deeply  pinnatifid  into  37  linear  or  lanceolate 
lobes,  often  falcate,  acuminate,  entire  or  den- 
tate; teeth  and  apices  bristle-tipped;  terminal 
lobes  commonly  elongated;  styles  slender;  fruit 
niaturingduring  the  second  autumn;  cupsaucer- 
sliai)eil  with  a  turbinate  base,  s"-y"  broad,  its 
bracts  ovate,  obtuse,  apprcssed;  acorn  subglo- 
bosc  or  depressed,  about  twice  as  high  as  the  cup. 

Ill  dry  soil,  I.imn  Inland  1  ?i.  New  Jcrsry  In  I'lnr- 
ida.  Missouri  aiul  Tixas.  Wood  liiird,  stmiiM'. 
cnarsi-  vtraiiud,  litrlit  reddish  liiDwn:  \vci(;lil  jitr 
cubic  fiidt  4  5lbs.    May-June.   .Xcorns  ripe  .Sept.   (let. 

7.    Quercus  nana  (Marsh.)  Sarj;.     Bear  or  Scrub  Oak.     (I'ig.  1234.) 

(Jill  i\  IIS  Ill/ill!  iiiiiiii  Marsh.  Arb.  .\in.  12,^.      i7S,s. 
Ijtirr,  IIS  i/iii/ii/ia  Waiitf.  .filler.  -(.).  />/.  Ik  /.  /-.       i;^;;. 
(Jill  iliis  iiaiia  Sarg.  trard.  &  Hor.  8:  9,5.      1.S95. 

A  shrub  or  rarely  a  small  tree,  often  forming 
dense  thickets,  nia.ximum  height  about  25°,  and 
trunk  diameter  6';  bark  gray,  nearly  smooth. 
Leaves  mostly  obovate,  2'-5'  long,  short-petiolcd, 
dark  green  and  glabrous  aljove,  grayish-white 
tomentulose  beneath,  3-7-lQbed;  lobes  triangular- 
ovate,  acute,  bristle-tipped;  styles  recurved;  fruit 
maturing  the  second  autunni;  cup  saucer-shaped, 
4"-6''  broad,  with  a  turbinate  or  rounded  base;  its 
bracts  lanceolate,  apprcssed;  acorn  globose-ovoid, 
more  or  less  longer  than  the  cup. 

In  sandy  or  rookvsdil,  Maine  tdOliin,  Delaware,  and 
the  iiKiuiUainsof  Virginia  aiul  Kentucky.  Woud  liard, 
strong,  lijrlil  brown.     May.     .\iuriis  ripe  Oct.   Nov. 

A  liybiid  of  this,  iiiesuniably  with  (_'.  inniiiKi,  was 
found  by  Dr.  Robbins  at  I'xbridKe,  JFa.ss. 

8.  Quercus  Marylandica  Muench.     IMack-Jack  or  Barren  Oak 

(Jiit'iriis  iiiiiiii  ft  \,   S().  ri.  i)9,s.      175,?. 

{Jiiii ills  Mm  yliiinliLii  Muench.  II.iusv.  5:  2,^;>.      1770. 

A  tree,  sometimes  60°  high,  usually  lower;  maxi- 
mum trunk  diameter  2°;  bark  nearly  black,  very 
rough  in  ridges.  Leaves  obovate  in  outline,  stel- 
late-pubescent above  and  lirowii-tomentose  beneath 
when  young,  ^-.-s-lobed  toward  the  broad  usually 
nearly  truncate  apex,  cuneate  below,  the  lobes 
short,  entire  or  sjiaringly  toothed,  bristle-tipped; 
mature  leaves  dark  green,  glabrous  above,  paler 
and  more  or  less  floccose  beneath,  3' 7'  long,  2'-^' 
wide;  fruit  maturing  the  second  autumn;  styles 
recurved;  cup  deep,  5"  s"  broad,  its  bracts  oblong- 
lanceolate,  appressed,  pubescent;  acorn  ovoid,  2-3 
times  as  high  as  the  cup. 

In  dry  soil,  I.oiin  Island,  N.  V.,  to  Ohio  and  Nebraska, 
south  to  IMorida  and  Texas.  Wood  hard,  .strong,  dark 
blown;  wei'iht  per  cubic  foot  46  lbs,  May-June. 
.\eorns  rii-f  ( let.   Nov. 

Quercus  Riidkini  Hritton.  lUill.  Torr.  Club,  9:  14.  a  hybrid  of  this  with  (J.  I'hellos,  occurs  from 
Stateii  Island.  N.  Y  .  to  North  Carolina. 

Quercus  Brittoni  W.T.  Davis,  Seieti.  .Am.  67:  i.(=,.  isaliybrid  with  ('.  ;//,  //i'/zi;.   Statcn  Island.  N.Y. 


.10- 


KRlvCH    I'AMILY. 


519 


9.    Quercus  nigra  I^.     Water  Oak.     (Fig.  12^6.) 

fjiii:riiis  nit;  I II  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  (/>,s.       175,^ 

Qiinriis  iiiffia  var.  (H/iuttiiii  I.ani.  ICiuyil.  i:  721.      17"*.^ 

(Jiiinns  iii/iiii/iKi  Wiilt.  I'l.  Ciir.  2,v).      '17MS. 

A  trt-e,  with  niaxiinuni  height  of  about  .S<)°  and  trunk 
diameter  of  4" ;  bark  gray,  rough  in  ridges.  Leaves 
spatulateor  obovate,  i  -.vlobed  at  the  apex,  or  some  of 
them  entire  and  rounded,  coriaceous,  short-pctiolcd, 
rather  bright  green  and  shining  on  ))oth  sides,  finely 
reticuhile-veincd,  glabrous  when  mature  except  tufts 
of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath,  I'i'  ,^'  long, 
the  U)bes  low,  usually  obtuse  and  bristle- tipped;  styles 
recurved;  fruit  maturing  the  second  autumn;  cup  sau- 
cer-shaped with  a  rounded  base,  5"  -7"  broad,  its  bracts 
apprcssed;  acorn  globose-ovoid,  2-_;  times  as  high  as 
the  cup. 

.MdiiK  slnanis  aiul  swamps  or  somLtinus  on  tlic  up 
land,  Hclawari-  to  Ktntuiky.  Missouri,  I'lorida  ami  Ttxas. 
Wood  hard,  stronjr,  cross-Krained,  linlit  hrowii;  wimkIiI  pir 
tiihic  Idol  45  Ills.  April  !May.  .\corns  ripe  Sv]>l.  (Kl. 
I.iavis  of  siidlinKS  and  young;  shouts  incised  or  piiiiiatirid, 
very  bristly. 


10. 

A 


Quercus  Phellos  h. 

(Fig.  1237.) 


Willow  Oak. 


-,  IIS  J'lifllos  I..  Sp.  I'l.  (i</l.       I75,v 

tree,  with  slightly  roughened  reddish-brown 


bark,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  So°  and 
a  trunk  diameter  of  3°.  Leaves  narrowly  oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  acute  Ht  both  ciuls,  very 
short-petioled,  bristle-tipped,  glabrous  or  very 
slightly  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath 
when  mature,  2'-4'  long,  4"-i2"  wide;  styles  slen- 
der, recurved-spreaditig;  fruit  maturing  in  the  au- 
tumn of  the  second  season;  cup  saucer-shaped, 
nearly  flat  on  the  base,  4"-6"  broad;  acorn  subglo- 
bose,  .\"-(i"  high. 

Ill  moist  woods,  I.oiik  Island,  N.  V.  to  I'lorida, 
Missouri  and  Tixas.  Wood  slroiij;,  ratliir  soft  and 
closf.jrraimd,  reddish  hrowii;  weight  per  cubic  foot 
.(')  Ills.     Ajiril  May.     .\corus  ripe  .Sept. -Oct. 

Quercus  heterophylla  Miclix.  f.  Hist.  Am.  2:  S7,  f>l   ii>,  the  Hartiaiii  Oak,  iirobably  a  liyhrid  of  O. 
Pill  i'l  OS  with  ('.  ;  iihra.  but  iierliapsadisliiict  sjKcies.  iuteiiuediate  in  leaf  and  fruit  characters  between 


llie  two,  oecurs  from  Stateii  Island  to  North  Carolina. 

II.   Quercus  laurifolia  Michx.     Laurel 
Oak.     (.Fig.  1238.  ) 

Oiieitiis  lain  ilol  ill  Mielix.  Hist.  Clieiies  .\iii.  iio.  10. 
'  pi.  17.       iSoi. 

Trunk  sometimes  100°  tall,  reaching  4°  in  diam- 
eter at  the  base;  bark  nearly  black,  with  flat  ridges. 
Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-obovatc,  often  somewhat 
falcate,  very  green  and  shining  above,  paler  be- 
neath, glabrous  when  mature,  i';'-6'  long,  ,s"-2' 
wide,  entire,  or  those  of  young  shoots  undulatc- 
lobed,  the  apex  bristle-tipped;  styles  rather  short, 
recurving;  fruit  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  sec- 
ond season;  abortive  ovules  in  the  summit  of  the 
acorn;  cup  saucer-shaped,  4'"-6"  wide,  its  base 
somewhat  rounded,  its  scales  ovate,  rounded,  ap- 
pressed;  acorn  ovoid  or  nearly  liemispheric,  3-4 
times  as  long  as  the  cup. 

.\loun  streams  and  swamps,  southeastern  VirKinia  to 
l-'lorida  and  Louisiana,  mostly  iie:ir  the  coast.  Wood 
dark  reddish  brown,  stroiitt;wei>;lit  per  cubic  fool  |!^lbs. 


(_'.  I'IicIIks  hybridizes  also  with  O.  nana. 


520 


I' ACAClCAi;. 

12.    Quercus  imbricaria  Miclix.     Sliinjfle  Oak.     (Imh.  i:;,vj.) 

Qiifit  ii\  imhi  lull  ill  Miilix    Ili^lCluii  Am  v     />/.  i^< 

If).         I.HdI. 

A  forist  trei',  witli  iiiaNiiiiiiin  lR'i>;ht  al)i(Ut  ux)", 
and  trunk  (liaiiiftcr  of  .Vj".  I. caves  oMoit)^  or 
lanceolate,  fiitire,  coriaccons,  acute  at  both  ends, 
short-peliolcil,  bristle-tipped,  dark  jjrccn  above, 
jjersistently  jjray-tonientulose  bcneatli,  y-y'  lonjj;, 
9"-2'  wide;  styles  recurved;  fruit  maturing  the  sec- 
ond autumn;  cup  lieniisplieric  or  turbinate,  5 "-7" 
'    I  '  V    J^  ^^/  broad,  its  bracts  apprcsscd;  acorn  suliglnbose,  5"- 

Ciiitral  riiiiisylvaiiia  Ici  .MioliJKaii,  Ntbiaska,  (ii'iir- 
nia,  Tiinussii  and  .vrkansis.  Wond  li;ird.  loarse- 
Krainiil,  liK'H  rt'ddi^li  tiruwii;  wiinlit  )n  1  cubic  loot 
17  ll)>.     April  May. 

Quercus  Leana  Null.  Sylva,  i;  \s\.  I'l  >''.  i>  a  hybrid 
of  this  and  ('.  -.i  liiliiiii.  with  inliinicdiatc  characters. 
Ohio  to  Missouri  and  District  of  Cidundiia 

Quercus  tridentata  ICiinclni,  (_'.  ni^i'i  \;\r.  h  idniliila 
.\.  DC.  I'rodr.  16:  I'art  .'.  u\.  is  a  liybrid  with  O.  Maiy- 
hiHiliiti.     Illinois  atiil  I'cnnsylvania. 
.\  hybrid  with  ('.  f>ci/iis/i  is  was  found  by  Dr.  ICnttdniann  near  St.  I.ouis,  >bi 

13.    Quercus  alba  L.     WliitcOak.     (Fig.  1240.) 

Oiiii ills  (ilhii  I,.  Sp.  \'\.  mi'".       l7,S,v 

A  large  forest  tree,  with  light  gray  bark  scaling 
off  in  thin  j)lates;  nia\iniuin  height  about  l.so*^, 
trunk  diameter  8".  Leaves  obovate  in  outline, 
green  above,  pale  and  more  or  less  glaucous  be- 
neath, piibcscent  when  young,  nearly  glabrous 
when  old,  thin,  pinnatifid  into  3-9  oblong  obtuse 
ascemUng  toothed  or  entire  lobes,  -\'-~'  long,  2'- 
4'.'  wide;  petioles  about  '.'  long;  styles  short, 
erect;  fruit  maturing  the  first  season,  peduncled; 
cup  depressed-hemispheric,  7"  10"  broad,  its 
bracts  thick,  obtuse,  woolly  or  at  length  glaliratc, 
closely  apprcssed;  acorn  ovoid-oblong,  1'  high  or 
less,  ,^-4  times  as  high  as  the  cup. 

Maine  to  Ontario.  Minnesr)ta,  Florida  and  Texas. 
\V(Hid  liard,  stmntr,  ti>U(";h.  close  (trained:  color  brown; 
wtinht  per  cubic  foot  )h  lbs.  May  June,  .\corns 
ripe  Se])!.   Oct. 

Hybrids  with  (>.  mail I'l a i/>ii  have  been  nbserved 
in  Illinois:  with  ('.  iiiiiioi .  from  Illinois  to  Xir^inia 
and  .South  Carolina,  and  with  (_'.  /'liiiiis,  near  Wash 
inuton.  D.  C.  and  New  York." 

14.    Quercus  minor  (  Marsh,  i  vSarg. 

(>iii 


Post  or  Iron  ();ik. 


241.) 


(  TiK. 

IIS  11/ /hi  h//;m/  .Marsh.  .\r1i.  .\ni.  120.  i7,S.s. 
(Jill ; .  lis  s/i//(i/ii  WaUK.  .\nier.  7s.   />/.  f,.  j   /,-.     17S7. 
('.  iililiisiliiha  Mich.x   Hist  Clieti.  .\ni.  1.  '/>/.  /.     iHoi. 
[liiiiiiis  w//«io  Sai(;ent.  Cianl.  \  iMir.  2:  (71        iSScj. 

A  tree,  with  rough  gray  bark,  or  sometimes  a 
shrub;  maximum  licight  about  i(«^  and  trunk 
diameter  4°.  Leaves  broadly  ol)ovatc  in  out- 
line, deeply  lyrate-pinnatifid  iuto  ;, -7  broad 
rounded  often  deeply  undulate  or  toothed  lobes, 
when  mature  firm,  glabrous,  dark  green  and 
shining  above,  brown-toinentidoie  beneath,  5'- 
S'  long,  4'~6'  wide  or  smaller;  petioles  stout, 
'2'-!'  long;  fruit  maturing  the  first  season, 
nearly  or  (|uite  sessile;  styles  short;  cup  heini- 
s])heric,  6"-8"  broa<l,  base  narrowed,  its  bracts 
lanceolate,  subacute,  slightly  squarrose;  acorn 
ovoid,  6"-io"  high,  2,^  times  as  long  as  tliecup. 

In  dry  soil.  Massachusetts  to  southern  New  York, 
Michigan.  I'lorida  and  Texas.  Wood  liaril.  close- 
tfrained,  very  dur.ible,  brown;  weight  jier  cubic  foot 
52  lbs.     May  Jinie.     .Xcorns  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 


Itl'.l'CIl   I'AMII.V. 


521 


7 


15.    Quercus  lyrtlta  Walt.     Swaiiip,  Ovcrc 

ijiii-i;ii^  Iviiilii  \V;iU.  I'l.  Cm.  ^.(i.      I7,SV 

A  lar^e  tree,  tnaxiiiiuiii  heiKlit  aliout  n*)'  and  trunk 
(liaiiieler  .v'l";  l»ark  >,'ray  or  rf(l<lisli,  in  thin  plates. 
Leaves  olxn-ite  in  onlline,  mostly  narroweil  at  the 
base,  6'  S'  lonjj,  lyrate-pinnatifid  or  lolicd  to  beyond 
the  middle,  thin,  when  mature  bright  }.;reeTi,  glabrous 
and  shininj.'  above,  densely  white-tomcntulose  be- 
neath, the  lobes  lanceolate  or  oblonK,  rounded  or  sub- 
acute, entire  or  toothed,  the  upper  pair  the  larger  and 
usually  divergent;  petioles  .^"  y"  lonj;;  fruit  matur- 
ing the  first  season,  pcduiicled;  styles  short;  i  up  de- 
pressed-globose, I'-i'..'  in  diameter,  'z'~\'  hi«h,  its 
bracts  broad,  thin,  cuspidate;  acorn  depressed-globose, 
'/i'-i'/i'  high,  nearly  or  ijuite  immersed  in  the  cup^. 

Ill  swamps  iir.ilon^f^trianis,  New  Jcrsty  to  Imliana.iiul 
MissdUii.  I'hiriila  ami  Trxas.  Woucl  liatd.  >.trnin;.  IipukIi. 
iliisi-  utaiiHil.  VI  ry  (UiraliU-,  dark  brown;  wiiijht  iki  cubic 
fiiut  ,SJ  lbs.     .\iiril   May. 


nip  or  Tost  (Jak.     (Fij;.  i-'4.'. 


16.    Quercus  macrocarpa  Miclix. 


Mossy -Clip  or  Hur  ( )ak.      (Fig.  i  243. ) 
(>ii,i,ii\    mill  loKii />(!    Miilix.  Ilisl.  Chen.    Am. 


In  rifli  siiil.  Nuva  Scotia  In  Maniloba 
\V'M)d  hard,  stnnij,',  tiiuj;li,  clnsc  tr,:iiiu( 


iiicii  nmi) /^(i 
/>/.  -■,•.       iSoi, 
Oiiiiiiis  ii/irii,Vonin.\  Midi.x.  I'.  Hist.  Aib    Am.  2: 
'  pi.  -•.      I. Si 2. 

A  large  tree,  with  gray  llaky  bark;  maximum 
height  about  if*)'',  and  trunk  diameter  S'. 
Leaves  obovate  or  oblong-obovate  in  outline, 
rather  thin,  irregularly  lobed,  pinnatitid,  or 
some  coarsely  crenale;  when  mature  bright 
green  and  shining  above,  grayish-white-tomen- 
tulose  beneath,  4'-.S'  long,  the  IoIks  toothed  or 
entire,  rounded,  ascending  or  simicwhat  ilivcr- 
genl;  jietioles  '.'-I'long;  fruit short-peduncled 
or  sessile,  maturing  the  first  season;  styles 
short;  cu))  hemispheric  or  subglobose,  S"  2'  iu 
diameter,  its  bracts  tloccose,  thick,  hard,  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  the  lower  acute,  the  ui)per  subu- 
late-tipped, the  tips  forming  a  fringe  around  the 
acorn;  acorn  ,S"-i'.'  hnig,  ovoid,  1-2  times  as 
high  as  the  cup. 

ulli  1(1  Massaoliiisilts.  IViiiisylvania,  Kansas  and  'I'lXas. 

olnr  <lark  brown;  wiikIh  )'>  lbs.     May  Juiu- 


17.    Quercus  platanoides  (  Lam.  )  .Sudw.     Swamp  White  Oak. 


;  720.       17S;, 
(ks.  Nat.  I'l. 


('.  I'l  inns  pliiliDioiilis  I.ani.  Ijuyd.  i 
QiicitKs  hiiiiliii    Willd.   N'fUf  Sc'lirilt. 

livrliii,  3:  \ify       iSoi. 
(_)  /)/,//.;;M/i/,\Sudw.  Kci).  Secy.  Ajtric  1892:327.   l^9,V 

A  large  tree,  with  flaky  gray  bark;  maximum 
height  about  1 10'  and  trunk  diameter  >■)'.  Leaves 
obovate,  or  oblong-obovate,  coarsely  toothed  or 
sometimes  lobed  nearly  to  the  middle,  narrowed  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  firm,  when  mature  4'-7'  long,  1 
3'.'  4'i'  wide,  dark  green,  dull  and  glabrous 
above,  densely  white-tomentulose  beneath;  peti-  | 
oles  stout,  3"-9"  long;  fruit  maturing  the  first 
year;  peduncles  2-5  times  as  long  as  the  petioles; 
cup  hemispheric,  its  bracts  pubescent,  lanceolate, 
appressed,  the  lower  obtuse,  the  upper  acute  or 
acuminate;  acorn  oblong-ovoid,  about  I'high;  cup 
about  6"  high;  seed  rather  sweet. 

In  nioisl  or  swanii)v  soil,  fjutbic  to  MiiliiKaii, 
Cecillia  and  .\rkansas."  Wooil  hard,  strong,  lonuli. 
closi- Kraimd,  \\\i\\\  brown;  wiiMlil  4"^  lbs.  per  cubic 
foot       May  Juiu-      .Acorns  ripi  Siiit.   Oct. 


I'.MlACKAi:. 


ig.    Quercus  Prinus  L 

Old  I,  11^  l'iiin(\  I..  S]).  \'\.  <f/>.       \'>>,. 

\  larni"  forest  trie;  tnaMiiiuiii  lici){lit  almut  kkj", 
ami  trunk  iliauu-ter  5  ;  lower  branches  spreading;; 
liark     brown,    riiljjcd,     sli>;htly     flaky.      Leaves      J 
coarsely  crcnatc,  ohlonn,  olilonj^-laiiceolate  or  oli-      1 
ovate,  when    mature  dark   ureen,   >{la1)roiis    and 
feclily  shining  above,  finely  Kray-tomeiitulose  be- 
neath, .s'  S'  loii}{,    I'j'  4'  wide;  petioles  slender, 
yi'-ili'   lon>{;    fruit   tnatnrinj;   the    first   season;    T, 
peilunclcs  C(|uallinj;  or  shorter  than   the  petioles;       ) 
styles  very  sliort;  cup  heinisplieric,  'I'-i 'j' broad, 
its  bracts   tonientose,   triangular-ovate,    acute   or 
cuspidate,  ajipressed;   acorn  ovoid,    I'-i'.'  high, 
2-3  times  as  hinh  as  the  cup;  seed  edible,  but  not 
very  sweet. 

In  <lrysiiil.  Maim  tci  scnilhi  rn  ( (iitarin,  Alabania  and 
Tinmssic.  WimkI  lianl.  slroi  „'.  cIum.-  ^raimd,  dura 
bit;  color  dark  brown;  wtij;lit  jK-r  mbic  liml  (7  lbs 
JIay-Junc.     .Xcoriis  ripe  ( let    Nii\. 


18.   Quercus  Michauxii  Niitt.     Cou  ()ak. 
Maskit  Oak.      (  I'l^.  IJ45.  ) 

(_>«i;i((>  Miiliiiii  I  //  Nmt.  1,111    2    .>I5.       i-'iS 

A  larv;c  tree,  with  )i^ri\\  flaky  bark;  maximum 
height  about  mid  ami  tnnik  diameter  7  .  Leaves 
obovate  or  broadly  oblong,  apes  acute  »)r  acuminate, 
base  narrowed,  rounded  or  subcordate,  when  mature 
bright  ).;recn,  shining  above,  |>ale  and  jjray  lomentu- 
lose  beneath,  sharply  toothed,  .\'-;'  lonj^,  2/'j'-4'j' 
wide,  the  teeth  acute  or  nnicronulale;  petioles  slen- 
der, 'j'  I'j 'lotiK,  fruit  maturin)4  the  first  season, 
short-pedundcil  or  sessile;  styles  very  short;  cup 
depressed-hemispheric,  1'  I'l'  broad,  its  br.icts 
thick,  ovale  or  lanceolate,  appresscd;  acorns  ovoid, 
I'-i  '.'  hiK'h,  about  3  times  as  hij;h  as  the  cup. 

Ill  iiinisi  mill.  Ik  liiwari-  In  IiidiaiKi  Vikaiisis,  I'lnr 
ida  and  Tt  xas  WikkI  li.ird.  stnnin.  toiiyli,  drn-i  ,  dnra- 
lil<  .  cipliir  linlil  briiwii:  wi  iulil  51'  llis.  per  cubic  font. 
.Xpril   May.     Aiinns  ripi    ,S<  pi    ( let,  swcil  and  cdllilc. 

Rofk  Chestnut  Oak. 


(  iMK 


20.    Quercus  acuminata  (Miclix.  )  Sarjj. 
Clie.stmit  or  Yellow  Oak.      ( I'iK-  '-47-) 

(>iir>i  II \  /')  iiin\  ,ii  iiiiiiiiiilii  Micli.v   Hist.  Clienes  .\n\. 


iiiiiiiiiilii  Mii-bx   Hist.  Cliene 

no.  .=;.  />/.  V  iSii. 
Oiiiiiii\    Miilili  iiluixii    luim  liii.    Trans.    .Si     l.duis 

Acad.  3:  .ini.  1S77. 
Oiirii  lis  ii<  iiiiiiiiii/ii  Sarn,  Card.  iV  l''iii.  8:  ii.;.      i''<i,S. 

A  tree  with  gray  flaky  bark,  much  rescnddiug 
the  chestnut;  maximum  height  about  160",  and 
trunk  diameter  3'j'.  Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate 
or  sometimes  obovatc,  apex  acuminate  or  acute, 
base  narrowed  or  rounded;  coarsely  toothed,  when 
mature  dark  green  and  shining  above,  pale,  gray- 
tomentulose  and  prominently  veined  beneath, 
4'-<i'  long,  I '-2,!.'  wide;  petioles  slender,  'i'-i' 
long;  fruit  sessile  or  very  short-peduncle<l,  matur- 
ing the  first  season;  cup  hemispheric,  5"  8" 
broail,  its  bracts  floccose,  ovale,  thick,  acute  or 
cuspidate,  appresscd;  acorn  ovoid,  6"-  10"  high, 
about  twice  as  high  as  the  cup. 

Ill  dry  sdil.  prcfirriiiK  liniestoui-  ridscs.  Veriuont  aiul  Oiitarin  to  Minnesota,  south  to  .Mabauia 
and  Tixas.  Wood  hard.  slrouK.  dinsc,  close  Rrainid,  durable,  dark  brown;  weijtlit  per  cubic  foot 
54  lbs.     May  June,     .\eorns  ripe  Oct.   Nov.,  edible. 


I.ouis 


m;r';cn;i'AMii,v. 
21.    Quercus  prinoides  Willd.     .Scruli  Chcstmil  Oak.     (  Fi^.  i  :!48.  ) 


523 


(Jill  I  (  IIS   /il  illiiii/i'\ 

Vt.  llirliii,  3:  ,vi; 


Willil.  Nine  Si-lirifl    f.t- 
1H.1L 


Nat. 


A  sliruli,  J°-I5°  tall,  sometimes  treelike,  the 
liiirk  n™.''''  Leaves  obovalc,  i'<mrsely  toothed, 
wiifii  mature  hriKhl  xrecii  ami  somewhat  shiil- 
iii),'  al>ove,  Krav-toiiientiilose  Ijeiiealh,  2,'i'  5' 
Itm^,  2'  y  wide,  iiioslly  arute  or  sliort-acumi- 
iiate  at  the  n\>e\,  narrowed  at  tlie  hase,  the 
teeth  short,  triangular,  >ul)acute  or  obtuse; 
jiclioles  slender,  ^"  9"  loun;  fruit  sessile, 
maturing  the  first  season;  cup  hemispheric,  thin, 
ahout  '.'  liii  111  and  onc- 
floccose,  trian>;ular-ovatc  or  ohlon^- 
appressed;  acorn  ovoid,  obtuse,  2-,Ui"ies  aslonn 
as  the  cup;  seed  sweet. 

Ill  drv  saiiily  hi  tmUy  siiil,  Maim-  tn  Miiiiuw)la. 
siiiitli  111  Alabama  and  Tixas.  .Xppaiiiilly  inter 
(fi.iilo  with  till-  )iii niliiin.  .April  May  Acinus 
vipf  Sept,   (lit.     Calli  (1  aNu  Cliiiikapiii  O.ik. 

22.    Quercus  Virginiana  Mill. 

( >iii  I 


1;  Lii|f  iiL'iinspiici  11:,  llllll,  i     A 

c-half  as  liigli,  its  bracts      'f  J 
,te  or  oblonn-lanceolate,       R  ^ 


Live  Oak.      (  Fij;.  1249. ) 

(■aid     Did.   i;.l    >.   im. 


1    I'll  1,'iiiiiiiiii  .Mill. 
1(1.      i7t)S.  ' 
Oiu-n  us  :ii<ii\  \'\\.    Hmt.  Kiw.  3:   i.s').      K'''>- 

.\  tree,  with  rounh  brown  bark,  attaining  a 
maximum  height  of  about  6<i  and  trunk  diam- 
eter of  7",  but  often  shrul)l)y,  tlic  young  shoots 
puberulent.  Leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous,  ob- 
long, elliptic  or  oblaiiceolale,  ajiex  obtuse,  base 
narrowed  or  rounded,  entire  or  with  a  few  bristle- 
tipped  teeth,  bright  green  and  glabrous  above, 
pale  green  and  puberulent  or  becoming  glabrous 
beneath,  l'-;,' long;  petioles  stout,  T'-.'/'long; 
fruit  peduncled,  maturing  the  first  season;  pe- 
<luncle  '4  '  i'  long;  cup  turbinate,  5"  S"  broad, 
its  bracts  closely  appressed,  ovale  or  lanceolate; 
acorn  ovoid-oblong,  about  twice  as  high  as  the 
cup;  seed  not  edible;  cotyledons  united. 

In  dry  soil,  Virtfiiiia  tn  I'lmiila.  Te.x.is  anil 
Mexico,  mostly  near  llie  euast.  .\!mi  in  Clili.i. 
WiMid  very  lianl,  tiniv;li.  elu-e  grained  and  lUiise, 
Cdliir  yilluw  lirnwll;  weiiilil  per  enhie  fimt  51)  \\>s. 
Mateli  .Vpril.     .Xionis  ripe  Sept  1  )et. 


181  • 


I'auiily  S.     ULMACEAE  Miihcl,  liK-m.  2:  905. 

ICl.M    l'".\MII,V. 

Trees  or  .slinihs,  willi  alteriiale  .simple  strrale  petioled  ])iiiiiately  veined  stipu- 
late leaves,  the  stipules  usually  fuo;aei(iiis.  Flowers  small,  monoecious,  ilioe- 
cious,  perfect  or  p)lyK'aiuous,  lateral  or  axillary,  clustered,  or  the  pistillate  .s(}li- 
tary.  Perianth  ^-y-parted  or  of  3-9  distinct  se])als.  Petals  none.  Stamens  in 
our  species  as  many  as  the  jieriantli-lohesor  .sei)als  and  opposite  them;  filaments 
straight;  anthers  ovate  or  oval,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  ( )vary  i-celled  (rarely 
2-celled),  mostly  sujjerior;  ovule  .solitary,  jjendulous,  anatropous  or  amphitro- 
])otis;  styles  or  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  samara,  drupe  or  nut.  Ivndosperm  of  the 
.seed  little  or  none.     luuhrvo  straight  or  curved;  cotyledons  mo.stly  flat. 

,\l)nul  i,^  geiieia  and  i.iu  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

IHiiwers  borne  in  elusleis  mi  twigs  iif  tin  precedinK  season;  fruit  a  sain.iia.  nr  nut  like. 

I'loweis  e.xpandinn  bel'iire  the  leaves;  ealv.x  4-q-cleft;  fruit  ,1  samara.  i.  I'hiiiis. 

IMowers  expanding  with  the  leaves;  calyx  l-s-eleft;  fruit  nut  like,  2.  I'laiu-ia. 

I'Mowers  borne  on  twigs  <if  the  .season,  the  pistillate  mostly  solitary;  fruit  a  drupe.  ,v  tcllis. 


5^4 


II.MACI'.M'. 


I.   ULMUS  L.  Sp.  ri. 


/.■>.v 


Trees,  with  z-raiiked  slraiKlit-veineil  iiie(|iiilatcr.il  serrate  leaves,  with  thin  ca(Uieoiis 
stipules.  I'lowcrs  perfect  or  polyjjatnous,  faseielcd  ur  racemose,  greenish,  uiifolilinj;  hcfore 
the  leaves,  home  axillary  on  the  twi)j;s  of  tlie  prcccdiiij;  season.  Calyx  canipanulate,  4-c>- 
lohed,  persistent,  its  lohes  iinhricated.  I'ilanients  erect,  slender,  exscrled.  Ovary  sessile  or 
stalked,  compressed.  Styles  2,  divergent,  stij^malic  alony  the  inner  marjiin.  I'ruit  a  isceded 
flat  orbicular  or  oval  samara,  its  inenihranons  wiiij^s  continuous  all  arouiul  except  .it  the 
apex,  commonly  as  liroad  as  or  broader  than  the  hody.  Ivmhryo  straij»ht.  [I'hc  ancient 
Latin  name  of  the  elm;  Celtic  (/;//.] 


.Miiait  16  siHcic-.  iiiitivis  of  llie  luirthirn  heini-iplii  re. 
in  the  scMillnvtslvru  I'niled  Slates  and  one  in  Mexico. 


liesidis  the  fnllnwinK.  aiiotliir  occurs 


Leaves  siiionth  nr  >linlilly  nuiKli  almvr:  "ianiarM  (liti'.clv  liliati'. 
None  of  the  branclu  •-  curkv-wiiijrcd ;  siimar.ifacf-  tilabrnU'*. 
S111UC  or  all  iif  the  liraiiclics  ecirky  win^'ed;  nimiara  f.icr-  i>ulitsciiit. 
Leaves  .>'   ;'  Inuji,  llnwcvi  ractiuiise:  uurthcru. 
Leave-  i'    i'  loiij;;  llnuers  fa>cicUil.  '-n\itlurii 
Liaves  viry  ri'Ujrli  .ibuvi  ;  sinuav.i  Ui>t  eiliale.  '.wins  imt  cuvky  u  iuniil. 


I.    r    .h,/, 


■b 


it  In  In. 
/ii/:;i. 


I.    Ulmus  Americana  L. 

if-i- 


\iii(jricaiL  White  <ir  Water  ICliii. 

//       riiinis  .\iiiii  iiiiiiii  L.  .S]>.  ri.  2.'6. 


( I'ig. 
1 7,i,V 


1 2511. ) 


A  larj;e  tree,  with  ^|^r■Ay  llaky  hark,  and  j^lahrous 

'r    or  sparinf;ly  pubescent  twij^s  and  buds;  maximum 

'    hei>;ht  .iboiit   120°,  and   trunk  diameter  il'^;   the 

branches  not  corky-winj.;cct,  terete.     Leaves  oval  or 

obovatc,  apex  abruptly  acuminate,  base  obtuse  or 

obtusish,  and  very  ine(|uilateral,  sharply  and  usually 

-S^-r-r       doubly  serrate,  slij;htly  rouj;h  above,  pubescent  or 

J^^   bcconiinj;  glabrous   beneath,    2'-,s'   long,    i'j'-3' 

^      wiile;  flowers  fascicled;  pedicels  filiform,  droopinj.;, 

jointed;  calyx  7  i)-lobcd,  oblique,  its  lobes  oblong, 
rounded;  samara  ovate-oval,  reliculate-veincd,  5"- 
6"  long,  its  laces  glabrous,  its  margins  densely  cil- 
iate;  styles  strongly  incurve<l. 

In  Minisi  sciil,  tsjHcially  alnnjj  streams.  .\'c\v  biuiid 
land  til  .Manitoba,  l-'lnrida  .iiid  Texas.  Wood  hard, 
strong,  diise-siraini  il.  cuniiiacl.  dark  brown;  weight 
per  cubie  fool  (0,5  lljs.  March  .\))ril.  .Samaras  ripe 
111  .Mav. 


2.    Ulmus  racemosa  Tlnmias.     Cork 

/■/»;/(,( /r;<,  "/I'm;  Tlioiiias,  .\m.  Joiirii   Sci.  19:  170.    iSji. 

A  large  tree,  attaining  a  ma\imum  height  of 
about  100"  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  .(\  the  young 
twigs  puberuleut;  bud-scales  ciliatc  aiul  sr>mcwhat 
liubescent;  branches,  or  some  of  them,  winged  by 
narrow  plates  of  cork.  Leaves  similar  to  the  ]ire- 
ceding,  but  less  sharply  serrate,  smooth  above; 
flowers  racemose;  pedicels  liliforiu,  drooping, 
jointed;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  rounded;  samara  oval, 
6"-S"  long,  its  faces  jiubescent  or  puberuleut,  its 
margins  densely  ciliatc;  jiersistcnt  styles  strongly 
incurved  and  overlapping. 

Ill  rieli  soil.  (Jiubeelo  ( )iilario.  Mielii^'aii.  Tennessee 
and  Nebraska.  Wood  hard,  slroiiK.  tnilKh.  com])act; 
color  IikIiI  reddisli-bi  •  11;  Hei((lit  per  cubic  foot  45  lbs. 
April.     Called  alsip  ClilT,  ilickory  or  Swamp  lilm. 

UlmuB  campestris  1.  ,  fn  111  luirope.  distiiiKuishcd  by 
its  nearly  or  (|uite  glabrous,  not  ciliale  samaras,  and 
wiiiKless  branclies.  rarely  escapes  froin  cultivation. 


<J'iR- 


i:i,M    I'AMILY. 
3.    Ulmus  alata  Michx.     Winded  lU 

I'liiiii^  iiliilti  Mii-hx.  I'l.  lic.r.  Am,  I:  17,;.       i>iii.V 

A  small  tree,  sonuliiiies  50°  IiIkIi  aii<l  with  a 
trunk  diaiiicler  of  2'2'';  the  branches,  or  most  of 
tlicm,  with  corky  wiiix-like  ridges.  Twins  ami  l)U(ls 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  oblunn,  oblong-lance- 
olate or  obluiiff-ovate,  acntc,  doubly  serrate,  base 
obtuse,  inequilater.il  and  sometimes  sul)cordate, 
rougliish  above,  pubescent  beneath,  at  least  on  the 
veins,  I '  ;,'lonj;.  '2'  1 '+ 'wide,  the  veins  ascending, 
some  of  them  commonly  forked;  flowers  fascicled; 
pedicels  filiform;  calyx-lobes  obovate,  rouniled;  sa- 
mara oblong,  4"-5"  long,  pubescent  on  the  faces, 
the  margins  densely  ciliate;  styles  very  slender. 

In  ilrv  cir  mni-^l  soil,  sdutlurii  Virginia  to  I'lorida, 
wist  tc.'-.oiithcrn  lUiiKiis.  Arkansas  and  Texas.  Wncid 
lianl.  wiiik,  ciiuipact;  mlor  tirown:  wiinlit  l)cr  t-ubic 
fiKit  47  lb-..     .March. 


5^5 


1  \/?\  /"''\^i 


V''..*  'V 


Ulmus  fulva  Michx.     vSlippery,  Red  or  Moose  I':im.     (Fir.  1253.) 


I  liinis  />ii/i,s,riis  Walt.  )'l.  Car.  ill.       17S8.  ? 
/7iinis/ii/:'(i  Michx.  I'l.  Hor.  Am.  i:  172.      i.So,^. 

A  tree,  with  rough  gray  fragrant  bark,  uiaxi- 
nnun  height  about  70-',  and  trunk  diameter  2>^°; 
twigs  rough-])ubescent;  branches  not  corky- 
winged;  bu<l-scales  densely  brown-tomv  ntose. 
Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  obovate,  very  rough 
with  short  ])apillae  above,  pubescent  beneath, 
sharply  doubly  serrate,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
obtuse,  ineiiuilateral  and  commonly  cordate  at 
the  base,  4'-S'  long,  2'  2,'2'  wide;  (lowers  fas- 
cicled; pedicels  2"-;,"  long,  spreading,  jointed 
near  the  base;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  subacute, 
samara  oval-orbicular,  6"  9"  long,  pubescent 
over  the  seed,  otherwise  glabrous,  the  margins 
not  ciliate,  retuse. 

In  wdihIs,  iin  hills  and  aloiiK  slroiims.  (juebic 
to  North  Dakota,  I'lorida  aiulTexas.  Wood  hard, 
stronji.  conijiact,  durable;  color  dark  reddish- 
brown:  wiinht  i)er  cubic  fool  );  lbs.  I'oliatfe  and 
unicilaKiiious  inner  bark  very  fraRranl  in  drying. 
March  April. 


2.    PLANERA  J.  F.  Oiiicl.  Syst.  2;  Part  i,  150.       1791. 

Trees,  similar  to  the  elms,  the  flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  unfolding  with  the 
leaves.  Staminate  flowers  fascicled  on  twigs  of  the  preceding  season,  the  pistillate  or  per- 
fect ones  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year.  Calyx  4-5-cleft,  cainpanulate,  persistent,  the 
lobes  imbricated.  Filaments  filiform,  straight,  exscrted.  Ovary  stalked,  ovoid,  slightly 
compressed,  I -celled.  vStyles  2,  spreading,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  I'rnit  nut-like; 
coriaceous,  oblitiuely  ovoid,  compressed,  ridged  on  the  back,  covered  with  short  fleshy  i)ro- 
cc;.ses.  Kmbryo  straight,  [Name  in  honor  of  Johann  Jakob  I'laner,  1743-17S9.  Professor 
of  Rotany  in  Ivrfnrt,] 

.■\  itidiiotypic  Kcniis  of  ■ioiitiieasterii  North  .\liierica. 


526 


ii,:\iaci;ai;. 


Planera  aquatica  (Walt.)  J.  F.  Giiiel. 

(!*%•  1254-  ) 


Plaiier-tree.     Water  Ivlni. 


Aiii'iiyinos  (ji/ii(i/ii<i  Walt.  I'"l.  Car.  jp,      17SS. 
Pliinria  iii/iiii/u<i  ].   !•.  ('■nifl.  Syst.  2;  I'art  i. 
150.      I7i>i. 

A  small  true,  sometimes  40°  '''kIi.  ati<l 
with  a  trunk  2°  in  iltamcter,  the  foliage 
nearly  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  cor- 
date and  usually  somewhat  inefiuilateral  at 
the  base,  serrate,  i'-2'  long;  petioles  lyi"- 
2"  long;  stipules  lanceolate,  about  as  long  as 
the  petioles,  deciduous;  staiiiinate  (lowers 
fascicled  and  somewhat  racemose  from  scaly 
buds  borne  at  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  pre- 
ceding season;  perfect  or  pistillate  (lowers 
on  short  branches;  fruit  2"  ;,"  long,  about 
equalling  its  stalk,  its  soft  processes  ^4" 
long. 

In  s«anii)s,  .Missouri  to  sinillurii  Indiana. 
Ki'iitui'Uy  and  Nurtli  Carolina,  soiitli  to  Louisi- 
ana anil  I'lorida.  Wood  soft,  wiak,  oonipact. 
litflit  brown;  wiiKlil  per  cubic  foot  ^j  lbs. 
April  .May. 

3.    CELTIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  104:,.       1753. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  serrate  or  entire  pinnately  veined  or  in  some  species  3  5-nerved 
leaves,  and  polygamous  or  monoecious  (rarely  dioecious?)  flowers,  borne  in  the  axils  of 
leaves  of  the  season,  the  staniinate  clustered,  the  fert-'.e  siditary  or  2-;,  together.  Calyx 
4-6-partcd  or  of  distinct  sepals.  I'ilanients  erect,  exsertcd.  Ovary  sessile.  Stigmas  2,  re- 
curved or  divergent,  tonientose  or  plumo.se.  I'ruit  an  ovoid  or  globose  drupe,  the  exocarp 
pulpy,  the  endocarp  bony.  Seed-coal  membranous.  Hnd)ryo  curved.  [Name  ancient,  used 
by  I'liny  for  an  .African  Lotus-tree.] 

.\b()ut  t)o  spfcits.  natives  of  liiniKialt-  and  tropical  regions.  licsiiUs  tin-  fcjllow  inn.  sonii-  3 
others  occur  in  the  soiitlurn  .uul  southwestern  parts  of  North  .America. 

Leaves  sharply  serrate,  thin;  ripe  drupe  4"  5"  in  diameter. 
Le.ives  entire  or  nearly  so,  thick;  drupe  2'i"-X'  in  diameter. 


1.  C.  ii,(  i(/i-)i/j/i\. 

2.  C.  .lA/Av/.\(/'/)/);t;;v;t. 


I.    Celtis  occidentalis  L.     HackbL-rry.     Siij^ar-beny.     (Hi^ 


I'l-llii  iii\nl,-iili>li\  L.  Sp.  I'l.  1044.      17S.V 
Cfllh  f'iniiilii  I'ursli,  I'l.  .\m.  Sejit.  200.      IM 4. 

.A  tree  or  shrub,  attaining  a  maximum 
height  of  about  125'  and  a  trunk  diameter 
of  g'^,  the  bark  diirk  ;  nd  rough,  the  twigs 
glabrous.  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate,  mostly  thin,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  ineciuilateral  and  3-nerved 
at  the  base,  pinnately  veined,  1)2'-^'  long, 
1'  2'2'  wiilc,  glabrous  above,  jniljescent,  at 
least  on  the  veins,  beneath;  staminate  (lowers 
numerous;  ])i.stillale  (lowers  usually  solitary, 
slendcr-pcduncled;  calyx -segments  linear- 
oblong,  deciduous;  drupe  globose  and  pur- 
ple, or  nearly  black  w  hen  mature,  or  orange, 
4"-5"  in  diameter,  sometimes  edible. 

In  dry  soil,  (Juebec  to  Manitoba,  south  to 
Louisiana,  North  Carolina.  Missouri  and  Kan 
sas.  Wood  soft,  weak,  eiiarsetfrained;  color 
liKht  yellow;  weight  per  cubic  foot  (o  lbs. 
April  May.  I'ruit  ripe  .Sept.  .\lso  known  as 
Nettle  tree  and  I'alse  Ivlni. 


i:l:m  I  amily.  5-7 

2.    Celtis  Mississippiensis  Rose.     Southern  I lackljurrv.     t  Imr.  i2=^C\) 


Cfllis  ^f/ssissify/'iiiiu's   liosc.   Iiicl.   Akiic,   lo 

A  true,  hiiiiilar  to  the  jiri'Cfdiny  s])fcies, 
Init  I'uiiiiiiouly  smaller,  llif  bark  lit;lit  .U'^'y, 
rouj;h  anil  warty.  Leaves  ovale  or  lanceo- 
late, firm,  sliininj;,  entire  or  with  a  few  low 
sharp  teeth,  ."vnerved  and  prominently  pin- 
iiately  veined,  K'idirons  on  both  sides,  long- 
acnminatc  at  the  apex,  inc(|iiilaleral  and 
ohtnsc  or  sometimes  cordate  at  the  base,  l' 
3'  lonj;,  'j'-l'j'  wide;  pednncles  mostly 
shorter  than  those  of  the  prccedinj^  sjiecies: 
drupe  ylobosc,  pnrple-black,  2'j"-,V  i" 
diameter. 

Ill  dr\  -nil.  Ninth  Carolina  tiismillurii  lUi 
iii>j~  .uiil  ."SIi--iiuri,  M>ulli  l'>  I'luricla  mul  Ti'.\,i>. 
ri.ili.ilily  inti.rHr.iiK^  with  ( '.  ■'<  ,/i'<///.(//,i. 
.\pril.      l-'niil  rijii'  Julv    .\uk. 


I"aniil>  9.     MORACEAE  l.indl.  W-.  Kin,i;(l.  2(>(>.       iS^j. 
Mri.iii:uK\-  I'amii.s'. 

'I'l-CLS,  slinilisor  la-rlis,  iimstlv  willi  milky  sap,  alttTiiati.' or  opiiosiic  jvlioled 
stiinilate  lfa\e-s,  and  small  mnnnc-cioii.s  nr  dii)t.-cintis  a xillarv  clustered  llowers,  or 
llie  ])i-tillale  (lowers  .solitary  in  .some  exotic  t;ener.a.  Calyx  mostly  4-5-parted. 
Petals  none.  Slaminale  llowers  panicled,  s]iicale  or  cajntale,  the  .stamens  as 
many  as  the  caly  x-sc!;inents.  l-'ilanients  erect  or  inflexecl  in  tlie  Inid.  Pi.stillate 
(lowers  capitate,  spicate  or  c\  niose.  ()\ar\'  sniierior,  i -celled  in  oiir  i^enera. 
Ovnle  solitarv,  iiendnlous,  anatroiv'iis.  Styles  1  or  2.  l'"ruit  various.  ICnihryo 
slrai,L;hl,  ciu'ved  or  spiral. 


.MidUl  .i.S  MciK-ra  and  1125  species,  natives  i,f  temperate  and  Uopicat  rep;icins. 
i>  /■'litis,  thi'  I'in,  iif  which  there  are  uvcriHM  known  species. 

Tn a  -  01  >lir\itis:  stipnUs  rajjacious. 

Slaminale  and  pislillale  iIovmts  sjiikcd:  Uavis  lU  titatc  or  lobcd 
Slaminale  Itowi  r-  raciniosL-  orsjiikcd;  iiistillali  c.iiMt.ile. 
I'istillaU-  iiirianlli  deiply  .)  cUI'l:  leaves  eiilire. 
ristillale  iierianlh   ;    |  loollud;  leaves  varions 
I'!n  el  orluiiiiiiK  lieilis;  >liimles  petsistelil. 

'I'wiiiiiiK  sines;  |iistilliiie  llouirs  in  amenl  liki'  clusters. 
I'.uel  lierli;  jiislillale  llouels  siiicale. 


The  largest  yetuis 


1      .!/.■/ 7M, 

2.  y.M  \/.'ii. 

;.      Ill  ,>ll\S:>llllill  . 


I  liiiiniln\ 
I  \i  mill  his 


I.    MORUS  I,.  Sp.  PI.  vsh.       1; 


OvV 


Trees  or  shrubs,  with  milky  sap,  alternate  deulaleaml  often  lobed,  3-nerved  leaves,  fu^a- 
cious  stipules,  and  small  nionoecioiis  or  dioecious  (lowers,  in  axillary  anicnt-like  spikes,  the 
pistillate  sjiikcs  ripening  into  a  succulent  ai,'i;re!;ate  fruit.  ,Staiuiuatc  (lowers  with  a  pparted 
Iieriauth,  its  sej,'mcnts  somewhat  iudiric.ited,  and  .\  stamens,  the  filaments  indexed  in  the 
bud.  strainhteniti.i,'  and  exserled  in  anthesis.  Pistillate  (lowers  with  a  , (-parted  persistent 
])erianth,  which  becomes  (leshy  iu  fruit,  a  sessile  ovary,  ami  2  linear  s]ireadinx  slijjmas. 
I'rnitinj.,'  jicrianth  enclosing  the  riiieued  ov.iry,  the  exocarp  succulent,  the  enik>carp  crusta- 
ceous.     Albmucu  scanty;  embryocurved.     (The  aucieul  namcofthe  mulberry;  Celtic  iiioi:] 

.Vbout  10  siiecies.  natives  ot  tin-  noiUiem  liemlslihete.  Ilesiiles  Hit  I'ollov.  im;.  aiiollui  occurs 
ill  tile  southwestern  I'nited  .Stiles. 

Leaves  roli(tli  above,  imbesceiit  beiicith:  fruit  purple;  spikes  1'    1  '.'  (oiii,.,  1.   M.  1  iihni 

Leaves  smooth  .iiid  ulabrous.  or  velv  nearlvso.  on  both  sides,  I'ruil  ne.uly  while    spikes  5"   7"  h<\\\x. 

J.    .1/.  (iHhi. 


"it 


34 


52S 


M()K.\Ci:.\Iv 


I.    Morus  rubra  1,.     Red  .Mulhciry.     (  Im«;.  i257-) 

.M,n  IIS  I  lihiii  I,.  S]).   rl.  ',M.. 


A  tree,  attaiiiiiiji  a  tiiaxiiiiuiii  height  of 
about  65°  and  a  trunk  dianictfr  of  7',  tlic 
bark  l)r(i\vu  ami  rou^li.  Leaves  ovale  or 
nearly  orliieiilar  in  outline,  seahrous  above, 
persistently  pubescent  beneath,  or  when 
youn^  almost  toiuentose,  aeuuiinate  at  the 
a])ex,  rounded,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the 
base,  serrate-dentate  or  3  j-Iobed,  ,i'-5' 
loll),';  petioles  slender,  7"  iS"  Iimj;;  staini- 
nate  spikes  droopinj^,  i '•'.,' lonj,';  iiistillate 
spikes  sprcadiii.i;  or  pendulous  in  fruit,  l'- 
I '.'  long,  .\"-^"  in  diameter  when  mature, 
slendcr-peduiicled,  dark  purple-red,  deli- 
cious. 

In  ricli  <iiil,  Wriiiiiut  ami  ()iU;irici  In  Miclii- 
SiM\  and  Siiutli  Paknl.i,  siiiitli  tci  I'loiida  anil 
Tixa'-.  WimhI  ■-lilt,  wiak,  iniiipait.  ibnable; 
rnlor  li^;lil  ycllnu:  \vi  iylil  l>ii  iiibii'  I'mit  ,■57 
\\i^.     April   M:iy.     I'niil  ripe   in  .liinc. 


'»:i> 


2.    Morus  alba  L.     While  Mullnrry 

Motus  iilba  I..  Sp.  I'l.  i|Si).      r/.^.i. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  41 1  lii.^h  ami  with 
a  trunk  ,v  in  diameter,  the  bark  lij,dil  .i;ray, 
rouyh,  the  branches  spreadinj,'.  Leaves 
ovate,  thill,  smooth,  jjlabrons  and  somewhat 
shining  on  both  sides,  acute  or  abruptly  acu- 
minate at  tlu'  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  cor- 
date at  the  base,  varying  from  serr.ite  to  v.-iri- 
ously  lobcd,  2'-6'  Uuig;  petioles  slender, 
shorter  tlmn  the  blades;  staniinate  spikes 
slender,  drooping,  about  1'  long;  pistillate 
spikes  oblong  or  subglobose,  drooping,  ,s"- 
7"  long,  X,"  in  diiimeter  .ind  white  or  ])inkisli 
when  mature,  not  as  succulent  as  those  of 
the  preceding  species. 

Sp:uill^tly  i—c.ipi  il  rinni  culliv atiim.  :\I;iiuf 
and  iint.iri.i  tn  I'loiida.  IiUrniliiecd  rnnii  the 
n!cl  Wiiild  111!  i'ltibuK  silk\viMiii<.  May.  I'ruit 
iipi-  July  .Vuk'. 


I'ig.  125S.) 


m 


2.    TOXYLON    R;il'.  Am.  M..mli.  Mag.  2:  1  i.s.       i.Sj;. 

I  Mali.ik.x   Nutt.  Cicu.  2:  2;,;,.       IMS, I 

.\  tree,  with  milky  sap,  thick  entire  dark  gri'i-n  alternate  jietioled  piuuately  veined 
leaves,  stout  axillarv  spines,  caducous  slipuli'S  and  ilioecions  axillary  llowcrs,  the  st.iminate 
racemose,  the  ]iistillatc  capitate.  Stamiuatc  (lowers  with  a  .(-jKirted  c.dyx,  its  segnuiit^  val- 
vatc,  and  .(  st.imens,  tlu'  fil.imeiits  inllexed  in  the  bud,  slraightri  ing  and  somcwh.it  I'xseili'd 
in  anlhesis.  I'islilhite  Mowers  with  a  .(-deft  c;dyx  enclosing  the  sessile  ovary,  and  a  lilil^rm 
simple  long-exscrted  style,  the  calyces  ln'coining  llcsliy  and  cdargeil  in  fruit,  deusily  aggre- 
gated into  a  large  globular  head.  I'indosperm  none;  embr\o  curveil.  [Name  (ireck,  signi- 
fying bow-wood.  ] 

A  nrmiiiypic  gtuiis  (if  the  '^iiutli  ccntr.il  fnitrd  Statis, 


Mn.IU'.KKY    I'AMII.V. 


529 


I.    Toxylon  pomiferum  Raf.     ( )sagu  Oraii^f.     (Kij;.  i2,S9.  ) 

'/'•nvlnii  /iiiinif'i'i  inn   K:il'.  Am.   Mmitli.   Min;.  2;   luS. 
IM7. 

Mtuhir,!  iiiii i]iiliiua  Null.  Cifii.  2:  2!,\.    l.Si.s. 

A  tree  with  ridged  brown  bark,  an<l  spreading 
branches;  inaxiinuni  height  about  60',  and  trunk 
diameter  2'j^;  foliage  i)ul)erulcnl  when  young, 
glabrous  when  mature.  Leaves  ovate,  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  glossy,  entire,  •,'-(>' 
loTig,  apex  acuminate,  base  obtuse,  truncate  or 
subcordate;  jjctioles  ','2'  long:  axillary  spines 
straight,  sometimes  3'  long;  staminate  racemes 
li'-i'  long,  usually  numerous;  flowers  about  i" 
broad;  head  of  ])istillatc  (lowers  pcduncled,  ])en- 
dulous,  about  i'  in  diameter,  ripening  into  a  hard 
yellowish  tnbercled  syncarp  2'-6'  in  diameter. 

In  riili  soil,  MissDuri  .iiid  Kansiis  tn  Texas.  Wood 
hard,  very  sUouk.  ili-nsi-,  durabU-;  color  liri^lit  oraiiife: 
wciifln  i»r  cubic  I'oot  (.S  11)>.  Much  plaiUcd  for 
MiiIkis  ami  occasionally  s])ontancous  in  llic  ICasl. 
May  June.     l'i\iit  ripe  Oct. -Nov. 

3.    BROUSSONETIA  I.Ikr;  Vent.  Tabl.  3:  547.       1799. 

Trees,  with  milky  sap,  the  leaves  alternate,  pctiolcd,  entire,  .serrate,  or  3  s-lobed,  3- 
nerved  at  the  base.  I'lowcrs  dioecious,  the  staminate  in  cylindric  ament-Iike  spikes,  the 
pistillate  capitate.  .Staminate  llowers  with  a  deeply  4-cleft  perianth,  )  stamens,  and  a  mi- 
nute rudimentary  ovary.  Pistillate  (lowers  with  an  ovoid  or  tubular  3  , (-toothed  perianth,  a 
stalked  ovary  and  a  2-cleft  style.  Head  of  fruit  globular,  the  drupes  red.  exsertcd  beyond 
the  persistent  ])eri,inth.     [Name  in  honor  of  liroussonct,  ImcucIi  naturalist.] 

.\boiit  .|  ..peeio.  uati\i--  of  (altera  .\si,i. 

I.   Broussonetia  papyrifera  (  L.  ;  Wiit. 
PajK'!' Miilhcrrv.      (  I'i^-  i-<'o.  ) 

Jfoi  IIS  /<(l/>ll  i/,l,l    I.,   .Sp.    I'l.   (K~<t>.  I7.S.V 

/!roiiss<iiii/i(i  /tiifiri  i/fi ii  Vent.  Tabl.  3;  ,S4.s.       lyo'j. 

.\  small  tree,  sometimes  .\n^  high,  the  young 

shoots  hirsute-toincntose.     Leaves  mostly  ovale, 

thin,   long-petioled,  serrate   nearly  all   around, 

often  deeply  3-lobcd,  sometimes  with  a  lobe  on 

one  side  only,  as  in   Siis.<(r/'rifi,  rarely  5-lobed, 

rough    above,    tomcntose   beneath,   3'-N'   long, 

the  sinuses  rounded;    petioles   '2'  3'  long,  liir- 

sutc-tomenlose,  at  least  when  young;  spikes  of 

staminate  (lowers  2'-3'  long;  pe<lunclc<l;  heads 

of  pistillate  llowers    '/   i'   in   diameter,  stout- 

])eduuclcd.  •^^ 

]{-capeil  from  i  idliv.itioM.  -oiUluiti  \<  w  NUrk  to 
('■eor^ia  and  Mis-nuri.      M;iy  Jane. 


i        '  ; 


4.    HUMULUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  lo.^S.       1753. 

Twining  herbaceous  percanial  rough  vines,  with  broad  opposite  thin  petiolcd  palmatcly 
veined  serrate  3  7-lobed  or  undivided  leaves,  lanceolate  membranous  jjcrsistent  .stipules, 
ami  dioecious  axillary  flowers,  tlu'  staniinale  panicled.  the  pistillate  in  ament-likc  drooping 
chisUrcd  s))ikcs.  .Staminate  (lowers  with  ;i  s-parted  calyx,  the  segments  distinct  and  ind)ri- 
catcd,  and  ,s  short  erect  stamens.  I'istillate  (lowers  in  2's  in  the  axil  of  each  bract  of  the 
anient,  consisting  of  a  membranous  entire  perianth,  clasping  the  ovary,  and  2  liliform  cadu- 
cous stigmas.  iMuiling  anicnls  cone  like,  the  persistent  bracts  subtending  the  compressed 
ovate  achcncs.  Kndosperni  tleshy.  bjnbryo  s])ir.ally  coiled.  |  Name  said  to  be  the  diminu- 
tive of  the  Latin  hiuniis,  earth.] 

Two  speeii-,  llu'  followiiij;  widely  di'-lril)tiUd  IhrouKli  the  noitli  leini  erale  zone,  the  other 
native  of  nottluM-tetn  .\sia. 


I.     Humulus    Lupulus    L.     Hoj), 

lliniiiilits   l.ii(:iilti\  \,    Sp.  I'l.  hij>.       175V 

A  (k'xtrorsely  Iwiiiiiij^  or  iiroslralL-  vine,  oftfti  25° 

loiij^,  very  rouj^li  with  stiirrcllcxiil  liairs.    I.cavcsor- 

biculiiror  ovate  in  outline,  ^leiiderpetiolecl,  ileejily 

'-  v*    3-;'-cleft  or  some  of  the  upper  ones  ovate,  aeute  and 

merely  serrate;    petioles    '.•'-,'/  long;    stii)ulcs  rc- 

llexed,    ovate    or    lanceolate,    acniniiiatc,    4"-i2" 

lonj;;  ])anicles  of  slaminatc  llowers  2'  ,s'  long;  ripe 

pistillate  clusters  Miops  1  1  '-2  'j'  lon^;  fruiting  bracts 

broadly  ovate,  concave,   thin,  glabrous   or   nearly 

so,  obtuse,  much  longer  than  the  achenes;  fruiting 

calyx  and  achene  strongly  resinous-aromatic. 

In  lliickits  anil  mi  river  bank?-.  Nova  Scntia  In  Man 
itiilia.  Miiitli  til  snutlurii  New  NUrU.  I'ciiii-ylvania,  in 
tlu'  .\1U  ijliaiiii  ~  111  (K()iv;ia.  tn  Kaii-a-,  and  in  tlu- 
KncUy  .M<i\iiilaiii>  tci  Aii/niia  ami  Ni  u  Mixicn.  ICx 
lcii>ivtly  i—caiiid  fmiii  cuUivalicni  Xali\i-  al^c  nf 
Muinpi- and  Asia      July  Auk      I'rnit  ripe  .Sipl.   (Id 

5.    CANNABIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1027.       175;,. 

.■\  stout  erect  rough  and  puberulenl  herb,  with  alternate  and  opposite  petiolcd  digitatcly 
5-1  I -divided  thin  leaves,  persistent  subulate  stipules,  and  greenish  dioecious  axillary  (lowers, 
the  slaminate  paniclcd,  the  pistillate  spicatc.  .Staniinatc  tlowcrs  with  a  5-parted  calyx,  the 
sepals  distinct  and  imbricated,  and  5  sliort  stamens.  Tislillatc  llowers  solitary  in  the  axils 
of  foliaceons  bracts,  consisting  of  a  thin  entire  calyx  clas])ing  the  sessile  ovary,  and  i  fili- 
form caducous  stigmas.  I'ruil  a  compressed  acheuc.  lCiido~perm  lleshy;  embryo  curved. 
[The  classic  name  of  hemp.]  ; 

.\  iiMnc>lyi)ic  (;iiius  111'  cciUral  .\>ia. 

I.    Cannabis  sativa  I,.       Ikinp. 
(  \'\'^.  ijdj.  ; 

i'iiiiiuibis  iali.ii  \,    ,S]).  I'l.  li>-'7-       l7.S,i. 

An  annual  branching  herb,  3  -  10  tall,  the  inner 
fibrous  liark  very  tough,  the  branches  nearly  erect. 
Leaves  divided  to  the  base,  the  segments  lanceo- 
late or  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
sharply  and  coarsely  seriate,  .^'-6'  long,  '^  '-i '  wide; 
stamin.itc  panicles  narrow,  loose,  peduneled,  ,V-,S' 
long;  pedicels  filiform,  bracteolatc,  1"-,;"  long; 
pistillate  spikes  erect,  leafy-bracted,  l'  long  or  less 
in  fruit;  achene  crustaceous,  ovoid-oblong,  about 
2"  high. 

In  \v,ist(  jilaces.  Ni  w  lininsvviek  to  <  Hitario  and 
Mtiiiu-^ot,i,  -oiitli  to  Noiili  Carolina.  'I'eiiiu  s-re  and 
Kansas  Widely  (iislributed  in  all  t>  niiieiate  nyioiis 
tlilcaiyli  eiiltiv.ilioii,  and  <iceasionally  a  tronbli  sniiie 
wteil.     Native  of  luirope  .iiiil  .\sia      July  ,Sept 


\  J  v/  -- 


1' 


2 

"3 


I'aiiiily  10.     URTICACEAE  RticlKiili.  Coii.si).  .S3.       1S2N. 

Ni.Tir.i;  I'.xMii.v. 
Ik-rlis  'some  li()i)ic:il  s])i.-cie's  slirtili.s  or  livc-.s),  with  watcrv  sap,  alteTiiatc  or 
oliliositc  iiiosllv-  sti])iilate'  simiik-  Itaxtis,  and  small  orcciiisli  diocciotis,  moiioc- 
ciotis  or  ])()l\g,aiiioiis  tlowcrs,  \arioiisl_\-  chislc-rcd.  Calvx  2-5-ck'ft,  or  of  distinct 
sejials.  IV'lals  none.  vSlamens  in  the  .slaminatc  tlowcrs  as  man.v  as  the  lobes 
or  ,scg;nicnls  of  the  calyx  (sepals)  and  opposite  them,  the  tllanients  inllexed  ;'nd 
anthers  reversed  in  the  laid,  straig;hteniii<;;it  anthesis.  Ovary  sii])erior,  1 -celled; 
stvlc  simjile;  stigma  cajntate  and  peliicillate,  or  (ilil'orni;  ovule  solitary,  erect  or 
asccndin.i;,  ortliotropoiis,  or  in  .•some  gener,i  parth'  amphitro])ons.  l-'niil  an 
aclicnc.     l''ndosperm  oil\ ,  tistialh'  not  copious;  emhrvd  straight. 

.Mioiit  -|o  liciiera  and  175  sjieeies  of  wide  yeo^fraphie  ili-.tribiitioa 


NiriTi.i':  i\Mii,v. 


.-i.i' 


III  il)^  willi  ^liiiKiiiK  liiiir-, 

I.iavts  iii>]iiisili';  bnili  kiti<l-  of  ll(p\vfr-i  .)  iiarti'd;  aclutu'  straiulit. 
Leaves  alUriiati  ;  stamitiati   tlmviis  5-))aitiil:  arlu  lu-  nl)lii|iu-. 
llirlis  witlidul  stitiuini;  l\aii--. 

I'l'ivvir  eUi-tir--  |iaiiii.U(1  nr  r;])ike<l.  not  iii\  nhuratc;  liavi-s  iiio-lly 
I'islillau   calyx  vparud  or  of  ^  Mpal-. 
Pistillate  ealyx  j   j-tootlud  or  entire. 
I'lower  clusters  involiierate  liv  U-ai'v  '.irarls,  leaves  alternate. 


.ppositi-. 


I  I  /ii  lis/ 1  inn. 


.l./i.r.i. 
/Ii<('liiii(i  ill. 
Pill  ii/'ii  ill. 


I.    URTICA  L.  Sp.  IM.  9S;,.       1753. 

Annual  or  jiertMinial  siiii]ile  or  braiieliinj.;  IiltIjs,  with  stin.t;in}4  liairs,  ojipositc  ^-7- 
nerveil  ])ft.ii'U'il  ileiilatc  or  incised  leaves,  and  ilistinct  or  connate  stiptilcs.  I'louers  very 
small  and  niiinerous,  aNillary,  cvinose- paniculate,  or  glomerate,  dioecious,  monoecious  or  an- 
drogynous. Staminatc  (lowers  with  a  dee))ly  .)-partL'd  calyx  and  4  stamens,  ristillatc 
calvx  .|-i)arted,  the  segments  unc(iual,  the  exterior  ones  usually  smaller  than  the  inner; 
ovary  straight;  sti.yina  sessile  or  nearly  so;  ovide  erect,  ortl;f)tropous.  Achene  compressed, 
ovate  or  ohlonj.!,  enclosed  liv  the  persistent  memliranoiis  or  sliL;htIy  Ikshy  caly.x.  Seed- 
coat  thin;  endosi)erm  little;  cotyledons  liroad.      (The  ancien'  Latin  n.inie.] 

,\lioUt  \ii  specie-,  ol'  wide  ;;eo^,'r.•lpllic  1  list  ri  lull  ion. 
Perennials.  .> "   7    tall;  llower  cUisters  lar^e.  eonipoinid. 

Leaves  ovate.  eor<late  at  base. 

Leavis  laeiiiiate,  rarely  eoiilate. 
.\nniial-.  '>'   2'      l.ill;  llouei  elii-ters  sin.ill.  mostly  glomerate. 

Leaves  oval,  laeini.ite  dentate:  jjlaiil  leal'y  at  tile  toji. 

Liaves  ovi.te  or  laiieeolate,  eri  iiate    iipjiir  leave-.  \  <  ry  -mail. 

\ 

I.    Urtica  dioica  L.     Sliii.oin.i.;  or  (Itxal 
Xctlk'.      (  Imo.  i2(),v  ) 

I'lliiii  ilioiiii  L.  Sji.  I'l.  i,>\.      \-^,\. 

rerennial,  densely  beset  with  stin.!.;inj;  hairs, 
stem  rather  stout,  2°--X'  tall.  ])uherulent  above. 
Leaves  thin,  ovate,  lon^-])etioleil.  .acute  or  acu- 
minate at  the  apex,  eord.itc  at  the  base,  sh.irply 
or  incisely  serrate  with  tri.invjular  or  lanceolate 
acute  teeth,  pubescent  bene.ilh,  ,v  .--nerved,  .^'- 
,S'  lonji,  l'  3'  wide;  petioles  very  slender,  shorter 
than  the  blades;  stipules  lanceolate;  llower- 
clustcrs  Iar>;e,  cotn]ioiind,  cyinose  ]ianicidate; 
flowers  dioecious  or  androt^ynoiis. 

Ill  waste  places,  Ni>va  Seolia  lo  ( )Mtai  io  and  Mill 
lu-ota,  s.)\itli  to  Soutli  Carolina  and  Mi--oiiri. 
.\alur.ili/eil  I'roiii  luiiopc.  Native  al-o  of  A-i.i. 
I'laiit  lowir.  -toiUer  ,in<l  iiuicli  more  -tiiiyiiiii  than 
till-  following  species.     July   Sept. 

2.    Urtica  gracilis  Ait.     Slciukr  XlIIIl'. 
I  Flo-.  I  .-(.4. ) 

/  I  1  Hill  ^iiii  ilis  .\\\..  llort.  Ken.  3;.;ii,       17811. 

Terennial,  sparingly  arnieil  with  stin!.;in,i.( 
h.-iirs.  stem  usuallv  slender,  erect,  simple  or  with 
few  erect  branches,  2  7  tall.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate,  slender-petioled,  long- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  sometimes 
rounded  at  the  base  '  rarely  suhcordate),  sharply 
serrate,  i-5-nerved,  s])arin).;ly  pubescent,  ;,'-6' 
l->iiK.  'i'-^h'  wide;  petioles  shorter  than  the 
blades,  usually  bristly;  stipules  lanceolate; 
llower-elusters  compound,  smaller  than  those  of 
the  prccedinj.;  species,  but  commonly  longerthan 
the  petioles;  flowers  dioecious  or  androgynous. 

In  dry  soil.  Xova  Scotia  to  Hritisli  Columbia, 
south  to  North  Carolina.  Louisiana  and  Kansas. 
Iiiiie-Oet. 


53^ 


IRTICACHAI' 


3.    Urtica  urens  U.     Small  Ncltlc.     (  Imk-  i-^'.s) 


I'lliiti  mills  I,.  Sp.  \'\    i)'^).       175,! 

Aniuiiil,  stum  ralher  stout,  6'-i.S'  liij^li, 
asciiiiliii.i;  or  ert'ct,  it  and  its  slender 
lirani'lics  stinj^in^f-hristly.  I.tavi's  tliin, 
j^lahrousor  viry  marly  so,  c]li))lic,  ov.d  or 
ovate  in  outline,  deeply  iucisi-d  or  some- 
times doubly  serrate,  with  acute,  ascend- 
ing or  sjireadinK  teeth,  ;,-,S-ncrved,  ob- 
tuse at  both  ends,  or  acutisli,  i'-,^'  lonj;, 
slendcr-petiolcd;  petioles  often  .as  lonj;  as 
the  blades;  sli])ules  short;  llowcr-chisters 
oblonj;,  rather  dense,  mostly  shorter  than 
the  petioles;  llowers  androj^ynous. 


In  waste  pliiei  -i.  Newrumiillatul  to  nmtlieni 
New  Viivk,  Ni  w  Jerst  y  and  llnrida.  .\1mi 
nil  tile  raeific  Coiist,  Natur.ili/eil  1111111  \',\\ 
rii)n-.     May  Sejjt. 


4.    Urtica  chamaedryoides   I'msli.     Weak  Xittk-.      (  Imk.  i26ri.  ) 


I  I  lit 


lIlilllHIl 


iiyi'iiii-s   I'lirsli,   1-1.   Am    Sept. 


Annual,  siiarin^ly  stinj^iiiK-brislly  but 
otherwise  nearly  or  (juitc  j;labrous,  stem  very 
slender,  weak,  ascending,  simple  or  branched, 
6'  _V'  lonjj;.  Leaves  slender-petioled,  thin, 
crenate-dentate,  the  lower  broadly  ovate  or 
orbicular,  obtuse  at  the  apex  and  usually  cor- 
date at  the  base,  '.'-i!::'  wide,  the  upper 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  the 
uppermost  very  small;  stipules  lanceolate- 
sul)ulate;  flower-clusters  small,  glomerate, 
shorter  than  the  petioles;  flowers  androgy- 
nous. 


Ill  tliickets.  Kiiituoky  to  .\rk.iiisas 
(iiori;ia  and  Te.xas.     April-.Vun. 


>utli  to 


2.    URTICASTRUM   Fain-.  I'lium.  204.       1759. 

I  I<.\i'ouTi:.\  Oaud.  in  I'reyc.  \'oy.  Hot.  49S.      1S26.  | 

Terennial  herbs,  armed  with  stinginj.;  hairs,  the  leaves  broad,  alternate,  scrr.ate,  pctiolcd, 
the  llowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  sessile  in  loose  axillary  compound  cymes.  Staniinate 
flowers  in  our  species  with  ,s  imbricated  sepals,  ,s  stamens  and  a  rudimentary  ovary.  Pistil- 
late flowers  with  4  une<iual  sepals,  the  outer  i  or  2  minute,  an  obli<iuc  or  nearly  strai^dit  com- 
pressed ovary  and  a  subulate  slender  persistent  style;  ovule  erect,  .\cherie  very  obli(|ue, 
flat,  rcflexed.     Seed-coat  membranous.     Kndosperm  scanty  or  wantiuj;.     [I-atin,  star  nettle.] 

About  2,5  species,  mostly  of  tropical  ilistribution,  only  the  foUowiiiK  North  .\inericaii. 


NliTTM',  I'AMII.V. 


533 


mill  ti) 


^ 


I.    Urticastrum  divaricatum  ( L.  )  Kunt/.c. 
Wood  Xcltk-.      (  Kii;.  i  267.  ) 

t'llicii  cliviii  iiiihi  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  <|S,.       I75.t. 
I.npoili-ii  ( '.(».n/('//v/v  tiaiul.  in  I'n  yi'.  \'iiy.  lint.  (ciS.   i.S2fi.    - 
t  I  li(iisl)  inn  i/iriii  ii(i/iii)i    Kutilzf,    Ki  v.   tUii.   I'l.    d.vs. 
iS.il. 

Stem  rather  cslout,  erect  or  ;isci'ii(liiij{,  i,'."-)^  tall.  - 
Leaves  thin,  ovate,  l()ii)j;-petiole(l,  aciiiiiinate  or  acute  ' 
at  the  apex,  sharply  senate,  v'lerved  anil  innnatcly 
veineil,  glabrous  or  with  some  stin>,'iiij;  hairs,  ;,'  7' 
long,  2'  5'  wide;  petioles  very  slender.  1  '.'  5'  lotiKI 
stipule  solitary,  small,  lanceolate,  2cleft,  commonly 
deciduous;  llower-chisters  larj;e  and  loose,  often 
lonjjer  than  the  petioles,  llie  lower  staminate,  the 
upper  pistillate,  diverj^ent,  2'  fi'  hroad  in  fruit;  ulti- 
mate branches  of  the  fruitinj^;  clusters  flat,  cuneate, 
eiiuirj;inate;  acheue  twice  as  lonj;  .is  the  calyx,  gla- 
hrous,  I  '."  lonj;. 

In  rich  w Is,  Nnv.i  Scotia  lu  ( Intarin  and  Miiuusnta. 

south  tci  I'lorida  and   Kansas.     .\sccnd>-  In  .;c««i  ft.  in  llu 
.\ilinindacks.     July  .Anp;. 


iSi.S. 


3.    ADICEA  Kaf.  Aim.  Nat.  179. 

|rii,i;.\  I.indl.  Coll.    /)/.  /.      iSji.] 

Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous  or  pubescent  stingless  herbs,  with  opposite  petioled 
mostly  ;,nervcd  leaves,  connate  stipules,  and  small  numerous  monoecious  or  dioecious  flow- 
ers in  axillary  cymose  or  glomerate  clusters.  Staminate  (lowers  mostly  4-parted  (sometimes 
2-  or  3-parted)  and  with  a  rudimentary  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  ^-parted,  the  segtnents  in 
most  sjjecies  nneiiual,  each  sid)tending  a  staminodium  in  the  form  of  a  concave  scale;  ovary 
str.iighl;  stigma  sessile,  pedicillatc.  Achene  compressed,  ovate  or  suborbicnlar.  Seed-coat 
thin.     Ivndospcrm  scanty  or  none.     [Name  unexplained.] 

.Miiiut  i.so  species,  chiilly  in  the  Impirs,  nio-~l  abundant  in  tropical  .\nurica.  licsides  the  fob 
lowinsji  another  occurs  in  the  snutlicni  Initcd  Stall  s. 

I.   Adicea  pumila  ( L.  )  Raf.     Ckanveed. 
Riclnvted.     ( Fis.  i26cS.) 


/'i  /ii,j  fiiiii/i/ii  I..  Sp.  ri.  (jS(.       i; 
.ti/itiii  />iniii/ti  Kaf. ;  Torr    I'l.  N, 

nyin.      iS);. 
nira  piiniilii  \.  Cray.  Man.  4,57. 


V.  2;  : 

i8.(S 


Annual,  stems  pellucid,  erect,  usually  branched, 
glabrous,  succulent,  6'-2°  high.  Leaves  mem- 
branous, ovate,  slender-petioled,  acuminate  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base. 
3-nerved,  coarsely  dentate,  i'-,=i'  long,  sparingly 
pubescent  with  scattered  hairs;  petioles  often  as 
long  as  the  blades  and  much  longer  than  the  pis- 
tillate flower-clusters;  sepals  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  lanceolate,  nearly  eipial;  achene  ovate, 
acute,  '."  long. 

In  swampy,  shaded  situations,  often  on  old  logs, 
Xiw  lUunswick  to  western  Dnlario  and  Minnesota, 
siiulh  to  I-'Iorida,  Louisiana  .and  Kansas,  .\scendsto 
icioo  It.  in  Virtfini.'i.     .\lsu  in  Japan.     July-.Sept. 

4.    BOEHMERIA  Jacq.  Stirp.  Am.  246.   />/.  /jj.       1763. 

rerennial  slingless  herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  even  trees),  with  opposite  or 
alternnte  petioled  3-nerved  leaves,  distinct  or  connate  stipules,  and  small  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious flowers,  glomerate  in  axillary  spikes  or  heads,  the  fertile  clusters  sometimes  leafy  at 
the  summit.  Staminate  flowers  mostly  4-])arted  or  the  calyx  of  4  distinct  sepals,  usually 
with  a  rudimentary  ovary.  I'istill.itc  calyx  tubular  or  urn-shaped,  2-4toothed  or  entire,  en- 
closing the  scs.sile  or  stalked  ovary;  stigma  subulate,  papillose  or  pubescent  along  one  side. 
Achene  enclosed  by  the  withering-persistent  pistillate  calyx.  [In  honor  of  Georg  Rudolph 
Hoehmer,  1723-1S03,  I'rofessor  in  Wittenberg.] 

.\bout  5u  species,  mostly  natives  of  tropical  regions,  the  foUowini;  of  eastern  North  America. 


^'^k 


334 


t  inKAci'Ai; 


I.    Boehmeria  cylindrica  i  L.  <  Willd. 

/■///,.;  I  i////r/w,i;  I.   Sp   ri.  1  VI''       irii. 

/i'.i<7/h;. //,;  I  |7///, ///..•  Willil.  Sp    I'l    4    !pi,       i-n^; 

A  ptTiMinial  rounh  ])iilifsi'fMt  or  nearly  siiiddUi 
ami  ulaliroiis  I'rcct  liratichiiiK  lifrl),  1  ;,  tail. 
Sli'iii  slilf;  k-avfs  (iv.iti-.  ovalc-dbliinv;  or  <)\.ilL'-laii- 
icolatf,  lliiii,  slcii(l(i-]ii-li()li'il,  (i|)i)(p-.itc.  or  -ionic  al- 
tt-riiali-,  coarsely  (liiilaU',  1'  5'  loii),',  '..'  i'..'\viilc; 
IH-tioU'S  sliorti'r  than  llic  lilados;  slijiiiU'S  laiu-eo- 
Iati'-s\iliulali'.  ilistinct;  llowi  <  -iliofcioiisor  anilroj,'y- 
nons;  staniinalo  spikis  usually  inti'rruptfil,  llic  pis- 
tillate mostly  I'ontinuous,  \'  \';'  lonj,';  aclifiie 
ovate-oval,  ai-nti',  ratlu-r  less  than  i"  Imiji. 

In    mcii-l    ~iiil.    (Jmlui-  .ui<l   (HUaii.'  lo   Mnuu-ol.i. 

-nUtll  tn   I'lntiila  .itlil   KilM-a-i,       Inly    S(  (il 

Boehmeria  cylindrica  scdbra  I'lirtir.  Hull    Tuvi    Clul'. 

16    2\.       I>S,). 
I.iavis  firiii.  iiiukIi  almvi-.  toinnildsi-  hiiiralli,  -linrt- 
|)tt>iik(l   (IV   marly   x-^-ilv,   usually  nlUxiil;    Iruilinvf 
spikts  nnii'li  Imiui  r  Ui.iti  tin- iivtinU  •-      IV  nii^yh  aula. 
Niw  Jvrsiy,  and  -^nullu  rii  Niw  Vurk, 

5.  PARIETARIA  L.  Sj..  I'l.  1..5-'.  175;,. 
Annua!  or  iicrtMitiial  stini;lcss  ililfuso  or  iTifl  licrlis.  with  altirnalc  entire  ;,-nervcil  per- 
tiolvil  k-avfS,  no  sti]niles.  ami  axill.irv  glomerate  ]>  ilynaniou-;  llowvrs,  involucrate  liy  leafy 
liracts.  Calyx  of  the  staminatc  llmvers  l-parteil  or  of  (  'rarely  ^  ilistincl  sepals.  I'ertilc 
tlowers  with  a  tubular  or  <'auii)auulate  .(-lohcil  calyx  iuvestinj;  the  ovary,  a  short  or  slender 
style,  and  .1  iienicillatc  stij.;uia.  .\chene  enclosed  liy  the  \vithcrini.i-persi-,tent  pistillate 
calyx.     [Ancient  I.atiu,  referring;  to  the  j,'ro\vtli  of  some  species  on  walls.  | 

Abnut  7  -pi  cies,  widilv  di-lribuled:  In  ~idrs  ilu-    I'MlLiuin;;,  annther  ucctir-   in   tlie   -outluin 
rnitid  Stale-. 

1.    Parietaria  Pennsylvanica  Miihl. 

IViiiisvKaiiia  IVlIiliirw      (  I'"iir.  ij-n.  ) 


/',iiii/iiiia   jyiimyl: iiiiii'i   Mnlil.:  Willil,    Sp.    I'l    4: 
055.        iSoCi. 

Annual,  imliesceut,  stem  weak.  sini])Ic  or  spar- 
\\\)^\\-  branched,  .isccndinj;  or  recliniuj.;,  very  slen- 
iler,  4'-i5'  loiij;.  I.,eaves  lanceolate  or  oblonj;- 
lauceolate,  meml)ranous,  tlotteil.  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  ^-nerved  and  with  i-_^ 
pairs  of  w  eaker  veins  above,  slender-petii  ileil,  I '  - ;/ 
lonj;,  V'  '.:'  wide;  petioles  %  '  1  '  lout;,  almost  lili- 
forni;  tlowers  ).;lomcr,ite  in  all  exce]il  the  lowist 
axils,  the  clusters  shorter  than  the  jieliolcs;  bracts 
of  the  iiiv(ducre  linear,  j  5  limes  as  l(>n>{  as  the 
flowers;  style  almost  none;  aclicne  about  'j"lonK- 

I  Hi  dry  nicks  aiwl  bank-.  ( )iitario  to  Hrilisli  (Jiiluin- 
bi.i,  -.mill  to  I'lorid.i.  Colorado  and  Mexico.  Jiiiu    .\iij; 


1S25. 


Family  ii.     LORANTHACEAE  I).  Don,  I'loilr.  I'l.  Xc'iul.  i  |: 

.MlSTI.i:Tni:    I-\.MII,N-. 

Parasitic  .^rceii  >hnil)s  or  licrbs,  ctmtaiiiitiy;  ehli)niiili>ll,  .i^rowiti.i^  on  wondy 
plants  ami  ahsorliinj.;  I'mal  t'foin  their  sap  llinitioli  spL'ci;ili/L-(l  rnols  c;ill(.(l  liatis- 
toria  (a  few  tropical  .sjiccics  terrestrial).  lA'a\es  in  llie  followino;  oeiiera  oi)po- 
site,  in  /ur.oiiiiio/skvd  redticed  tf)  ojiposite  scales.  Flowers  rejj^nlar,  terniinal  or 
axillar>\  clustered  or  solilar\',  dioecious  or  nioiioecions,  and  i)eriantli  siin])le,  or 
in  .some  exotic  >;ener;i  perfei't,  and  with  ])erianth  of  both  calyx  and  corolla. 
Cahx-tnhe  adnate  to  theo\-ar>-,  its  iinil)  entire,  toothed  or  lohed.  .Stamens  2-6; 
anthers  2-celled  or  coiilltieiitly  i -celled.  Ovary  solitary,  erect;  style  simple  or 
none;  stio:ma  terminal,  undivided,  obtuse.  I"'rnit  a  berry.  Seed  solitary,  its 
te.sta  indistinj.(nishable  from  the  endosperm,  which  is  tistially  copious  and  fleshy; 
cmbrvo  terete  or  anolcd. 


MISTI.l-Toi;   lAMII.V. 


535 


All., Ill  ji  uiinri  1111(1  ^  ■  1  -pt  liis,  wiilcly  (li^tiiliiilcil ;  iiici-.t  .il.uiid.iTil  in  tin|,ii;il  n^jicnis. 
,i\(.. -ciU   like,  iiiiitcil  ill  llic  liasf:  antliiTs  in  Hid.  hrrrv  )mliiiuli  il  1     A'./ :.'//"/"/V/ r,f. 

.IMS  ihitk,  ll;U;  .iiitlu  rs  ?iilUil;  Ikitv  sessile  -'    I'lioi ,uliii,li on. 


I.    RAZOUMOFSKYA  llnlTiu.  Unit.  M..m|.       iSoS. 
I  \Kii  rTiiiiiiiiM   Hid).  11.  T:iur.  3: 'iJ<».       iSni-l 

Stii.ill  (ir  Miimiti-  lU'sliy  Hliilirous  ])l:iiiH,  p.irasitic  oil  tlif  liranclies  of  cmiifcrous  trees, 
tliiir  liniiii'lics  i-iiii,'K(l,  and  k-avi-s  n-ihu'Cil  to  olipositu  i-oniiatc  scalt'S.  I'lowrrs  clioci-ious, 
not  hraitcil,  solitai  ■  or  sevoral  tonutlicr  in  the  axils  of  the  scak-s.  Statninate  llowers  with  a 
2  S-l>arte<lc-alyx  ami  usually  an  C(iual  uuiiihor  of  sliiuciis,  the  anthers  sessile  on  the  sc>,'- 
nieuts.  ristillate  llowcrs  with  the  ovary  adnatc  to  the  lulie  of  the  eal\x,  the  ealy\-liiiil>  2- 
parted.  Hisk  iireseul  in  both  kinds  of  (lowers.  licrry  (leshy,  ovoid,  more  <ir  less  flattened, 
home  on  ,1  short  soniewliat  recurved  pedunele.  Ivtnhryo  enclosed  in  the  copious  endosperm. 
[Ill  honor  of  .\le\is  K  i/ouniofski,  Russian  liotaiiist.  | 

Ahoiil  1.1  siueiis,  Hesidrs  tile  l,ill. nviin;.  7  •>!  «  ullu  is  iHiur  ill  wi^U  1  n  Ndtli  .\mi  lien  ami 
Mexico.  2  ill  ICur'ipe  and  .\sia. 


I.    Razoumofskya  pusilla  (  IVrk  i  Kmit/i.-. 
Small  .MiNllctdc.      (  Im.h.  1271.  i 

.Il iiii//i'i/iitiiii  ^11 U//11  III    I'leU,    Kip.   N     V.   .Slate   .Mil-. 

2,s:  t».i.       |S7,v 
.■\iiiiilliohiiiin  iiiiiiiilinii   l^nir.lm     Hull.  Tciri.  L'liih,  2: 

IV      Willlout  deseriptinii.      is-|. 
A',i:iiiiiil>i/U  1,1  luiullii  Klillt/.i\  Ke\,  (mii.  I'l.  ,ss-,       is,,! 

I'lant  inconspicuous,  stems  2"-iii"  lonj,',  lU'arly  te- 
rete when  fresh,  somewhat  4-aii>;led  when  dry,  sim- 
ple or  s|).irin};ly  liranclied,  j,'reenish-hrown,  slender. 
Sc;iles  sutiorliicular,  ajipresseil,  olitiise.  about  'j" 
wide,  connate  at  the  base;  flowers  slrictl\'  dioecious 
illie  stamiiiate  and  pistillate  plants  sometimes  on  dif- 
ferent trees),  solitary  in  most  of  the  axils,  lon),'er 
than  the  scales;  berry  ovoid-oblonj,',  acute.  ;ibout  1" 
lou^,  iioddiiiK  "u  a  sli>;litly  exserted  jieduncle;  secils 
enclosed  in  a  viscid  mucus. 


I  111    tulys  111 
Vi.rk  and  111.    1 


-pillces.  N\\v    Haiii|)s|iiie.  iiotlhrin    New 
iiemi'i  M  liimi  III'  reiiii-ylv.mia.     .June. 


2.    PHORADENDRON   Xmt.  Jotini.  Aiad.  IMiila.  (  II.  )  i:  1S5.       1S47-50. 

.Shrubs,  parasitic  ou  trees,  with  opposite  coriaceous  flat  entire  or  undulate  faintly  nerved 
leaves,  terete  usually  Jointed  and  lirittle  twij,'s,  and  dioecious  axillary  spicate  bracted  small 
flowers,  solitaryorscvcr.il  in  the  axil  of  each  bract.  .Slaniiuate  flowers  with  a;i-l'>'>cd  rarely 
2  t-lobed  1  globose  or  ovoid  calyx,  bearing  .1  sessile  transversely  2-celled  anther  at  the  base  of 
each  lobe.  Pistillate  (lowers  with  a  similar  calyx  adiiale  to  the  ovoid  inferior  ovary.  Style 
short,  obtuse  or  capitate.  I'rnit  a  sessile  ovoid  or  globose  fleshy  berry.  ICiidosperm  copious, 
[(".reek,  tree-thief,  from  its  parasitic  habit.  | 


About 


species,  all  .\nu-ricaii.     lU-ides  the  folluwiiii;. 


iirfinlliers  ncciii  in  tin-  WesU  in  Stale 


I.    Phoradendron  flavescens    ( I'lirsh  ) 
Xiitl.    .\niL-rican  Mi.sllctoe.    ( l-'ig.   1272.) 

I'isiinii  //,/rv.v,-,;;v  Puish,  l-'l.  Am.  Sept.  1 1 ).     1S14. 
I'lioiiiili'iiilroii  tiavisaiis  Xutl.;  A.  Cray,  Man.  ICd. 

A  branching  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent 
shrub,  the  twigs  rather  stout,  terete,  brittle  at 
the  base.  Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  rounded 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  short  petioles,  3-5- 
nervcd,  entire,  i'-2'  long,  ,s"-io"  wide,  dark 
green,  coriaceous;  petioles  !"-4"  long;  spikes 
.solitary,  or  2  or  3  together  in  the  axils,  linear, 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  berry  globose,  white, 
about  2"  in  diameter 

I'.irasilie  on  diciihinus  leaved  trees,  imtalily  011 
the  Tupelo  and  Ked  Maple,  central  New  Jersey  to 
Ohio.  Iiuliana  and  Missouri,  smitli  to  I'lorida  and 
Texas.     May-July. 


5.V' 


SANT.M.ACI-.AI' 


I   Nuit. 


I'aiiiilv  ij.     SANTALACEAE  K,  Hi.  I'lodr.  l-l.  X..v.  II. .11.  i:  ■>,:,,,.      iSm. 

Sandalwood  1' a  mils'. 

Ikrlis  or  >linil>^  (  >oiiic  ixolk-  >;;fniT;i  iR-i's  i,  willi  altiTiialc  or  o])|io>itf  (.•iilirc 
tx^tipulati'  kavi>.  l*'lo\vt.M>  ilu>tfri'(l  or  solitary,  axillary  or  tcriiiiiial,  ])trri.vt, 
iiioiioi-iiotis  or  (lio».cioii>,  iiio>ll\  );ri(.'iii>li.  Cal>  x  adii.itc  to  tjic  l.ax.-  ol'  the 
ovary,  or  to  tin.' <lisk,  ,v ''-I' •'>*.•  1.  lla- lolic^  vah.itf.  lVtal>  iioiic.  Slamcii-  a- 
maiiv  as  till' (.-alys-loliis  and  iiiNcrti'd  mar  their  liaMs,  or  opiMoitc  tlaiii  \\\m>u 
till.' iolii.ll  or  aiimilar  disk:  lilaiiU'iUs  skiidcr  or  sliort.  (Kar>  i-ci'lkMl:  o\  idcs 
2-4,  pciidiiloiis  from  the  stmmiit  of  tlic  central  placenta:  >tyle  cylin<lric.  conic 
or  sometimes  none;  sti>;ma  cajjitati'.  I''rnit  a  drupe  or  nut.  Seed  i ,  o\did 
or  k'" >'"'><■■•     Testa  none;  endo>|)irm  eopiou.s,  lle>li>  :  emhryo  >mall,  apical. 

.\tiiiul  .'■>  Kiiui.i  anil  .'.vi  >i)i  rits.  itidsily  <>{  tropii'iil  (li-nilinti.iii.  a  li  u  in  tin  ti  ni|KiaU  /iims. 
I'ritniiial  lurti-    11ii\mi>.  pi  rlirt.  i'viuum' (ir  ^ulitary.  i,   I'l'iihtiulni. 

•Sliiiili;  lliwif.  inipi  III  Tl    nii)-.lly  i(itpiiiiiii>.  ranniiiM-.  i    I'yi  iiUii  ia. 

X.    COMANDRA   Nntt.  (kn.  i:   157.       iSiS. 

(»lal)roiis  fffi-t  pcriiiiiial  liirlis,  sumc  (or  all  •■)  parasilif  mi  mots  dl  nilur  jilants.  Leaves 
altiriialc,  (iMoiij;,  oval,  liinccolate  or  linear,  entire,  jiinnately  veined.  I'lowers  pcrleit,  ter- 
minal or  axillary,  rarely  solitary,  tyniose,  hraelless.  Calyx  eanipanulate,  the  liase  of  its 
tiil)e  adnale  to  the  ovary,  its  litnli  .s-lohed  (rarely  .(-lohcd  i.  Stamens  ,s,  or  rarely  4,  inserted 
at  the  bases  of  the  calyx-lolies  and  lielwecn  the  lolies  of  tile  disk,  attai'lied  to  the  middle  of 
the  lolies  liy  tnfts  of  hairs.  .Vnthcrs  ovate,  2-celled.  I'rnil  dru|)aee(iiis,  j-loliose  or  ovoid, 
crowned  by  the  persistent  ealyx.     [Creek,  rcfcrrinjj  to  the  hairy  attachiiieiits  of  the  anthers.] 

iMiiir  known  >iici.ii>.  llic  following  Noilli  .\inriii.Mii.  one  lairoiivaii 
Cyiiiis  iiinsily  iiMynilMiM   iln-ti  n  cl  at  tin   ■.iiininit  of  tin   -iitn;  Kavr-  aiiiti .  Ms-iU  ;  slyU  -U  iicUr. 

Leaves  iiiiloiiv;,  pali   yrciti,  fi nit  k'oIio-i- urn  >lia|)r(l  1     C'  iniili, IliUa. 

I.i  aves  lanei  iilati- or  iitaar.  ttlaiii-oiis;  I'riiil  ovoid  2    C.  iMttlhtn. 

I'liliincUs  few,  axillary;  U  avis  ova!,  olitlisi.  slioit  petiolid;  slyli   -liort  .V   ( '.  tividii 

I.    Comandra  umbellata  1  L. 

Ikistanl  Toad-llax.      1  l-'io.   i 

I'lliwiiiiil  Kill  III  I  hi  I II  III  I,    Sp    \'\    .M»        17SV 
Ciiiii,iii,/iii  iiiii'ulUii,!  Nnit.  (kti,  ::  157       'iS|S 

^^,_^         ,,  .,,     ,  Stem  slender,  very  leafy,  iisnally  liranehc.l,  ()'   iS' 

f^^N^.     'y  ^Y,.  \    f  *•""■     '''^''^■'''*    ohloiij;    or    ohloiiji-laiiceolate,    pale 

Hreen,  acute  or  suhacute  at  l>otli  ends,  sessile,  as- 
ceiidin)^,  'j '-i'4'  loiiji.  the  lower  smaller;  cymes 
several-llowercd,  coryniliose  at  the  simimit  of  the 
plant  or  also  axillary;  (leduiicUs  filifoim,  '^'-i' 
lon)^;  pedicels  very  short;  cal\x  Hffeiiish-whitc  or 
inirplisli,  ahout  2"liiKli;  style  slender;  drupe  j.;!"'- 
hose,  2'."-;,"  in  clianietcr,  crowned  hy  the  up])er 
jiart  of  the  c.ilyxtuhe  and  its  5  oMoiix  lobes. 

Ill  dry  til  lil>  and  ihickits.  Cape  Union  Nl.iiid  to  Oii- 
latio  and  lirilisli  Columbia.  >oiitli  to  CiorKia,  .Vti/oiia 
and  California.     .Vjiril  Julv 


2.    Comandra  pallida  A.  DC.     I'alc 
Comandra.      t  Imi^.  IJ74.  ) 

CoiiKinili ii  fidllida  \.  PC.  I'rodr.  14:  »'iV'.       '"".sr- 

Similar  to  the  jireccdiiij^  species  but  p.iler  and 
j^laucous,  usually  much  branched,  the  leaves  nar- 
rower, linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  the  low- 
est and  those  of  the  stem  oblonjjelliptic;  cymes 
few  several- (lowered,  eoryinbose-clustered  at  the 
summit;  peduncles  usually  short;  pedicels  about  1" 
loiij,;;  calyx  purjilish,  about  2"  liiKh;  fruit  ovoid- 
obhiiif;,  ,^"-4"  hiKh  and  2"-2'j"  in  diameter, 
crowned  by  the  short  upper  part  of  the  cal\  x-lube 
and  its  5  oblong  lobe? 

Ill  dry  soil.  -Maiiiloli.i  to  llrilisli  Colunibia,  vonlh  to 
Minnesota,  Kansas.  '1\  xas.  New  Mexico  ami  Caliloriiia 
Aiiril  July 


SANDAI.WdOli    I'AMII.V 


^" 


Comandra  livida  Kuliar(l>.     Ni)itln.iii 
C'liiiaiidiM.      I  Imk.   I  -7,S-) 


. .--'  I'.iiihiih/iii  /i:ii/<i  KitlMiiK    A]!)!    I'lMtik    Juiuii 


•,u 


Slfiii  sli'iiilt-r,  usually  i|uilc  siiniilc,  I'-ii'  IiIkIi. 
Leaves  o\nl,  thin.  dhtUHC  or  roumlpil  at  the  api'v, 
iiarniwed  at  tht  hast-,  slii)it-pcti<>lc<l,  '.. '-i'  lou^, 
,'+'- 'j' wide;  petioles  i"  2"1oiik;  cymes  a\illar\, 
few  fofteii  only  i  to  each  ))laiit;,  i -,s-tl"\vcrcil;  ])c- 
lUincle  shorter  than  its  subtenciinK  leaf,  filiform; 
flowers  sessile;  style  very  slioil;  di  upe  nlohose-oli- 
lon^'.  ahoiil  ;\"  in  diameter,  red,  edililc,  crowned  by 
the  ovate  cal\  \-lolies. 

In  inoi^t  soil,  Ni  wfnundlatut  to  IIud~on  Hay  and 
tlif  Niirlhwist  'ftrritdiy.  suiitli  l^  \'<  ininiu.  (Hiiario, 
.MiiliiK.in  and  Itrili^li  (.ulinnliia.     JniU'  Jnl>. 


2.  PYRULARIA  Midix.  I"l.  Bor.  Am.  2:  2;,i.  is,,v 
A  hranchinj;  shrub  >  the  Asiatic  sjtecies  Ireesi,  with  thin  alternate  pinnalelyveined  en- 
tire shortpctiolcd  deciduous  leaves,  and  dioecious  or  jiolyganions  sni.ill  Krcenish  racemose 
flowers.  Staininate  flowers  with  a  canijianidate  ;, -5-clefl  calyx,  the  lobes  valvate,  recurved 
or  spreading.  I>nbcsccnt  at  tin-  base  within;  disk  of  ;,  5  distinct  ^jlands  or  scales;  .stamens 
4  or  5,  inserted  between  tlu'  glands  and  opposite  the  calyx-lobes;  filaments  short;  anthers 
ovate.  I'istill.ilc  and  perfect  flowers  with  a  toi)-shaped  calyx  adnatc  to  the  obovoiil  ovary; 
style  short,  stout;  slijjma  capitate,  (le|ircs^ed.  I'ruit  a  pear-shalied  or  oval  drujie,  the  enilo- 
carp  thin  and  endosperm  of  the  seed  very  oily.  [Name  from  Pyriis,  the  pear,  from  the 
similar  shape  of  the  fruit.  ] 

.\'-iattc 


■fluce  -iiicies,  tfic  loUnwiMy  .iiid  twi 

I.    Pyrularia  pubera  Miclis. 
HtilTalo-tiiU.     I  I'i'i.  iJTf' 


Oil-mil. 


I'yi  \(huiii  fiiihiia  Mielw.  I'l,  Tut.  Am.  2:  2.',;,.       ini^, 
J/iiiiiilh'iiiii  olt-il'eia   Mulil.;   Willil.   Sp.    I'l,   4:   11. '.i. 

1S.1.S. 
jyniliii  ill  iild/ri,!  .\.  Cray.  Man,  VA.  ?.  .^s^.      iSss. 

A  straj,'Klinj.(  or  erect  much  branched  shrub,  ,^°- 
15°  tall,  with  terete  twigs,  the  youiiK  foliaj^e  pulies- 
cent.  Leaves  oblon;.;,  oblonu-laiiceolate  or  some- 
what obovate,  nearly  glabrous  w  hen  nnitnrc,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  },'-•,'  lon>,',  .S"-i'i' 
wide;  jietioles  2"-.)"  lonj;;  racemes  terminatiuj; 
short  branches,  the  staminale  maiiy-flnwered,  \'- 
2'  lonu,  the  pistillate  few-flowered  and  shorter; 
jiediecls  slender,  i,'."-2"  Ion;;;  staininate  flowers 
about  2"  broad;  calyx  ;v  5-clefl;  driqie  about  1' 
lonj{,  crowned  by  the  ovate  acute  calyx-lobes. 

In  ricli  wniids.  siiutlu-rn  l'iiin~ylv.iiiia  td  Ciiniyia. 
niusily  in  tin- niontUain-,    M:i\ ,    I'uiit  tiin  .\\iii,   Scipl. 

Faiiiilv  i,v     ARISTOLOCHIACEAE  lUtiiiif,  lumiii.  I'l 

HlUTllWIIKT    I'AMll.V. 

Herl)s  or  shnil>s,  acaiik^cvm ,  or  with  creel  or  Iwiiiitis  and  leafy  sleiiis. 
Lea\es  alternate  or  l)as;il,  ])etiok-(l.  mostly  eordate  or  reiiiform,  exstiinilale. 
Flowers  axillary  or  lermiiial,  solitary  or  eliistered,  perfect,  mostly  lar>;e,  regular 
or  irreoidar.  CalvN-ttihe  adiiate  to  the  ovary,  its  limh  :,-l<'l>ed,  6-lol)ed  or  irreg- 
ular. Petals  none.  Stamens  fi-many,  inserted  on  the  pistil,  the  anthers  2-celled, 
exlrorse,  their  sacs  lonj^itudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  wholly  or  partly  inferior, 
mo.stlv  6-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity,  anatropons,  horizontal  or  pen- 
dulous. I-rnit  a  many-seeded  mostly  f.-celled  capsule.  .Seeds  ovoid  or  ol)loni,^ 
angled  or  compressed,  the  testa  crnstaceous,  smooth  or  wrinkled,  usually  with  a 
fle.shy  or  dilated  raphe;  endosperm  copious,  fleshy;  einli'yo  minute. 


Jav.  l:  Si.       1S30. 


.V"^ 


ARISToI.oCHIACI-AI':. 


I'ivf  miui.i  .mil  ;iliiiiit  jiHi -ptijv~,  of  wide  ilisUihiuinii  in  Unpifal  and  ti  in|Hi:ili'  unidns. 
Ai'.niU -II  lit  luili^;  iHii.intli  nunLii,   ;  lulml,  piisistinl;  lilanuiit'i  <li--tiiu't.  i.   .  I  •■ti  in  iii . 

l.i.ily  iitil  IkiIis  im   twiiiin^t  viiRs;  piiiiintli  invmilar,  (lecidmius;  anllurs  Mssilc,  adiiati-  tu  tin- 
'itiunia.  J.  Ai  isltilthliiii. 


I.    ASARUM   L.  Sp.  I'l.  442. 


/.■1.V 


\  (illii  i>  cm-nr  in 

I.    (  illhlili  ll\i\ 


.  I.  /  't'l :;  iill\  Hill. 
.  I.  iihii  <  inillnnii. 
.1.  ill  il'i'liitiii. 


AcaulfSiciit  perennial  often  ilnstered  lierbs,  witli  slender  aromatic  hraiielieil  lootstocks, 
thick  fibre lus-tlesliy  roots,  lon^'-pctioleil  cordate  ovate  liastatc  or  orbicular  entire  leaves,  and 
solitary  larye  pecluncled  purjile-browii  or  mottled  llowcrs,  borne  very  near  or  U])oii  the 
ground.  Calyx  campaiiulalc  or  hemispheric,  adtiate  to  the  ovary  at  least  below,  rc.i;ularly 
vlobed,  the  lohcs  valvate.  Stamens  12,  inserted  on  the  ovary;  filaments  short,  stout;  con- 
nective of  the  anther-sacs  more  or  less  continued  beyond  them  as  a  tip.  Ovary  partly  or 
wholly  iiiler''^"  ')-celled,  the  parietal  placcntar  intruded;  ovules  numerous,  horizontal  or 
pendulous.  Cajisnle  coriaceous,  crowned  by  the  wilherin.n-persistcnt  calyx  and  stamens, 
sulitjlohose or  lieniispheric,  at  unj.;th  bursting  irregularly  or  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Seeds 
compressed.     [The  ancient  name,  meaning  obscure.  ] 

.\biiiit  1^  sjH  lit  -.  iMtivo  .if  till-  iioitli  tiiii]H  rate  /nm-.     lUsidis  tin-  fnlluwiniL; 
we-tirii  N.'Vtli  .\imrica.     TIk-  ^lueies  arc  known  .is  .\\,ii ,if>iu\,i. 
Caly\  Inlii-s  laiici olatc,  aiumiii.iti-;  -tyli-  ii  Icibid;  jilant  imbcsceiil.  1. 

C.ily\  Icilii  ■- -holt,  rouiiiKil.  -tyli-. '>.  lacli  j-cU'ft:  plants  (jlalirous  i>r  nearly  sn. 

Am  111  IS  n.it  ]i.  .iim  d  ;  k-a\i-  ■ 'vliiiiilar  nr  limadly  ovale;  calyx  campanulatf, 
C.ilyx  '.      ^  ■  \"\\\i.  iMiiitrailcil  ,it  thr  tlimat. 
Calyx  s"-2ii"  liiiiK.  ii"t  I'niilr.utcd  at  llie  tliroat  ^ 

.\iitIiLr-.  piiinteil;  leaves  m  >nim- > if  tlutu  ha-tati-;  r,ily\  urn  •-lia]Hd.  ( 

I.   Asarum  Canadense  I,.     WiM 

C.iiiSer.      (  Imr.  1277.  ) 

.hiiiiiiii  Cdiiiii/iiisr  I..  Sp.  IM.    i\2.       I7,\i. 

l''ine!y  pubescent,  petioles  rather  slender,  <■>'- 

12'  long.     Leaves  commonly  2  to  each  plant, 

renifurm,  thin,  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  l'-;' 

broad,  dark  green,  not  mottleil,  the  basal  sinus 

ilee])  anil  o|ien;  llowcr  slelider-peduni'led  from 

between  the  bases  of  the  petioles,  i'  broad  or 

nil  ire  when  expanded,  brownish  purple;  calyx 

ovoid,  its  tube  completely  adiiate  to  the  ovary, 

its  lobes  inllexcd  in  the  bud,  ovate-lanceolate, 

acute  or   long-acuminr.tc,  spreading,  ei|ualling 

or  longer  than  the  tube;   lilaments  longer  than 

the  anthers;  style  6-lobed;  stigmas  radiating  on 

the  lobes,  capsule  h"-' ."  in  diameter. 

Ill  rich  wnnils.  New  llriinswiiU  tn  Maiiitulia. 
smitli  to  N'lilli  Caiiiliiia.  .Mi--iiitii  and  K.iiisas. 
.\-ciiids  111  ;iK>i  ft.  ill  Virginia.  Calkd  al-n  Ciiiada 
Siiakeri'iil.  .\pril  May.  IVrli.i)>-- iiuliidi-- j-pii'ie^. 
Kiiiil>liieks  with  the  flavnr  nf  yiiiyir. 


Vin 


2.    Asarum  Virginicum   I 

A^'iiiini   I  '11  ^  :  III,  II  ij  I..  Sp.  I'l.    II-'-       17^.1 

Roi»tstocks  slender,  scaly,  clustered,  simple  or 
br  inched.  Leaves  I  - ;,  to  each  plant  or  branch, 
couaceoiis,  glabrous,  orbicular  or  broailly  ovate, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  i  ';'-,"■,'  wide,  usually  mot- 
tled, the  basal  sinus  open  or  nearly  closed;  peti- 
oles pubescent  along  one  side  or  glabrous,  ;/  -7' 
long,  ascending;  llowcr  short-peduncled,  purple, 
6"-.S"  long;  calyx  cainjianulale,  narrowed  at 
the  throat,  its  tube  adiiatc  to  the  lower  part  of 
the  ovary,  free  above,  the  lobes  ovate  or  nearly 
semicircular,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the 
tube;  peduncle  U'-'j'  long;  filaments  much 
shorter  tli.  the  anthers;  .anthers  not  pointed; 
styles  0,  eacii  j-lobed,  the  stigmas  sessile  below 
the  lobes;  capsule  hemispheric,  about  \"  high. 

Ill  rich  wniiils,  \"irKiiiia  and  W'l -l  Vir^tinia  tu 
r.inrsiia  and  Suiilh  Carnliiia.  .\-mid-.  tu  j.v*'  ft.  ti 
\'iiKi'iia.     May   liiiic. 


,llll;l 


lUKTIlWORT    lAMII.V. 


5:->'j 


3.    Asarum  macranthum  (Sluiulw.)  Small.     Larj,a--tl(i\vi.rcd  A>aiiiiii. 

(  I'ig- 

//<'iiiii/ii'/:(i  nun  I  a  11 1 Ini III  SlnitUw  . ;  SinalLMcin. 

Torr.  Clul).  4:  150.  a?,  ^yimiiyiu,      \^>-)\. 
.lutiiiiii  null  iitiillnnii  Small,  Mil        "on.  Chil). 

5:  i.i'i.       i>"^'U. 

( ilahrous,  rootstocks  more  or  k'ss  l)ranclicil. 
Leaves  i  or  2  to  each  plant  or  liraiuh, 
broadly  t)val(.'  or  suborhicular,  dark  green 
an<l  nsually  mottled  above,  ])aler  beneath, 
2'-4' loii}^,  I 'i'-^' wide,  obtuse  or  subacute 
at  the  apex,  the  basal  sinus  mostly  narrow; 
petioles 3'- S'  long,  ascending;  calyx  lubnlar- 
campanulate,  S"-2o"  long,  not  or  scarcely 
contracted  at  the  throat,  the  lobes  somewhat 
unc(|nal,  olitnse,  mottled  with  violet  on  the 
inner  side,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the  tube;  peduncle  .s"-2o"  long;  filaments 
shorter  than  the  anthers;  anthers  e(iually  4- 
ribbed,  not  pointed;   styles  6.  each  2-cleft. 

Ill  villi  iiiiiiiiitaiii  ucHid-.,  X'iryiiiia  and  Nnitli 
Caioliiij.     May  July 

4.  Asarum  arifolium  Miclix.     Ilalbcid- 
Itavcd  Asaniiii.      (FiK-   12S0. ; 

.1,  III  ih:'iinii  Jliclix.  1-"1.  ll'ir.  Am.  I:  270.       is,,^, 

I'libescent,  at  least  on  the  veins  of  the  leaves, 
rootstocks  slender,  usually  Itranched  anil  with 
.  (ir  2  leaves  to  each  branch.  I.caxes  rather 
thick,  usually  mottled,  olHuse  at  the  apex,  2'-5' 
long,  some  of  them  hastate,  some  suborbicular, 
the  basal  sinus  often  broad;  petioles  more  or 
less  pubescent,  ,''-!S'  long,  erect  or  ascending; 
flower  stout-peJuucled,  about  l'  long;  calyx 
urn-shaped,  much  contracted  at  the  throat,  the 
lobes  rounded,  aliout  one-tifth  as  long  as  the 
tube,  which  is  aihiate  to  the  lower  half  of  the 
ovary;  anthers  nearly  sessile,  short-pointed; 
styles  6,  2-cleft,  with  a  sessile  stigma  below  the 
cleft;  capsule  subglobose,  about  N"  in  diameter. 

Ill  UMixl-,  \'  itiiiiia  to  'IVillU'SSee.  I'Iniiil.i  and 
.\laliama,  .VmiikIs  In  ,<i»ki  ft.  ill  Vii'tfiuia.  .Vinil- 
.lliiiv- 


2.   ARISTOLOCHIA  L.  Sp.  PI. 


,f.., 


Perennial  herlis  or  twining  vines.  Leaves  alternate,  nuistly  pctiokd  and  entire  fsome 
exotic  sjiecies  t,  7lobed  1,  conlale,  p.-ilmately  ;,-maiiyiurvcil.  I'lowers  irregular,  solitary  or 
clustered.  Calyx  adiiate  to  the  ovary,  at  least  to  its  base,  the  tulie  narrow,  usually  inflated 
around  the  style  and  contracted  at  the  throat,  the  limb  spreading  or  rellexed,  entire,  3-6- 
lobed  or  appendaged.  vStaniens  mostly  6;  anthers  sessile,  adnate  to  the  short  style  or 
stigma,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longiludiiiall>  dehiscent.  Ovary  jiartly  or  wholly  inferiiir,  mostly 
h-celled  with  6  parietal  placentae.  .Style  3  fi-lolicd.  Capsule  naked,  septicidally  fi-valved. 
.Seeds  v  iv  numerous,  horizontal,  comiiressed,  their  sides  Hat  or  concave.  [Named  for  its 
suiiposcii  medicinal  jiropcrtics.] 

.•\l)iiut  i.sii  species,  widely  disUiluiUd  in  tic]|iical  and  liiiiiHiati  iiKii.ns 
some  (1  ulliers  ciceiir  in  tin-  scniUieni  and  uistcin  I'liiud  Stales. 


Uesidc-  llu  full  iwiiiu 


ICrecl  larlis 

Calvx-tubc  liiiil;  lluweis  sdlitary.  ipr  'n-al  >c,ily  br.iuclie- 

Calv\-lubi  sliaJKlil:  llnwers  a.villary,  clu-urrd. 
Tall  twi'iiiiik'  vims;  llnwii*  axillary;  cdyxlube  lniil 

I.iaves  mimiuly  pulHsciiil;  calyx  iimli  11, il,  spveading. 

Leaves  1(1111' Mlnsc;  calvx  limb  niiinsc.  ntlixcd 


.1.  Si  I  f^riiliii  ill. 
.  I.   C/i  lllil/ilis. 

.  I.   llliU  I  of>llvllil. 
.1.  Ii'lllilllo'sii. 


540 


.\kist(>i,()Ciii.\ci:ak. 


I.  Aristolochia  Serpentaria  L.   Virt,niiia  vSnakcroot.    SeriKMiiary.  {Ki<;.ijSi.) 

.\i  iilKli'i'lii,!  Si  I  fifiiliii  ill  I,.  Sj).  I'l.  i/'i.       I75(. 

A  ])ert'nni;il  ihiIksci'IU  nearly  erect  lierh,  lo'-^" 
tall,  with  short  rootstocks  ami  liI)rous  aromatic 
roots.  Leaves  ovate,  ovate-laiiceolate  or  obloti),'- 
laiiceolate,  thin,  ^reen  on  both  sides,  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  cordate  or  hastate  at  the  base,  I'i'-.i' 
lonj,',  '.'-2'  wide;  petioles  V'-i'  lonj,';  lowest 
leaves  reduced  to  scales;  flowers  solitary  and  ter- 
minal, on  slender  basal  scaly  branches;  tube  of 
the  calyx  curved  like  the  letter  S,  enlartjcd  at  the 
ovary  and  at  its  throat,  the  limb  short,  sprcadiii).;, 
slij^jhtly  vlobcd;  anthers  conti>;\ious  in  pairs; 
stij^ina  vlobed;  capsule  subulobose,  ridj^eil,  about 
j..'indiaiiKter.   I'lowerssonKtimcscteistoKanious. 


Ill  dry  wn.iils,  Cmuicclicul  and  N\\v  York  tn  Michi- 
gan. I'liiiida.  Louisiana  and  .Mi>.s(itiri.  .\>oi.iicl-.  In 
2,S'«>  ft.  in  Virginia.    June-July.     I'nut  ripe  Si  pi. 


2.    Aristolochia  Clematitis  L. 

liirlluviMl.      I  Fit;.   12S2.  ) 

.\i  hli'liu  ln\i  (7iiuii/i/i\  I..  .Sp.  I'l.  i.i'j.       17^^. 

Hi-ib.ireons,  jHTcnnial;  stem  creel,  i,'la- 
brous,  /ijj/aj.;,  slri;ilc,  I  "-2"  tall.  Leaves 
ilark  >;recn,  reniform,  subacute  or  nbtuse  at 
the  apex,  kI'i'itoi's  <'r  their  niari,;ins  mi- 
nutely si)iiiulose-ciliate,  strongly  reticulale- 
veiiied,  2'-,s'  wide;  petioles  shorter  than  the 
blades:  flowers  fascicled  in  the  axils,  i '  i  ', ' 
Ions.;;  tube  of  the  Ciilyx  yellowish  j^reen, 
straij;ht,  enlar).;ed  around  the  ov.iry,  the 
lolics  appendaj^cd;  anthers  e<iuidistaiil. 


Near   Itliaea  ,ind    I'hi-liin^;.  .\.  \'.      INeaiml 
mi  eiiUi\  aliiiii.     Native  of -.miuIu  rii  l-'.utnpe. 


fr 
.Suillliler 


l-^'-i.v  ) 


r 


Aristolochia  macronhylla  I. am.     nmchiiiaii  s  I'ipi.-.      i  l-i.i;. 

.  h  i^/.'/i',  liiii  iiliin  I'/'/n  I'i'ii  I. am.  Ivlievel. 

.  (/ /vA'/,/, ///,;  .y//)//.<  I.'Hel.  Sliv]).  .N(i\ .  1  ;.       17^1 

A  twininj.;  vine,  the  stem  sometimes  I'iii  diame- 
ter and  yr  loiij;,  the  branches  very  slender,  terete. 
^reeli,  glabrous.  I.eavi'S  thin,  broadly  reniform 
or  suborbieular,  densely  i)nbesceiit  beneath  when 
\oiing,  Lilabroiis  or  nearly  so  and  6'  15'  broad 
when  mature;  petioles  slender,  1'  1' loiij;;  pedun- 
cles solitary  or  2  or  ,^  lojrt.ihcr  in  the  axils,  about 
as  long  as  the  petioles,  each  uili.  a  suborbieular 
cla^piui;  bract  at  alxmt  the  middle  '.. '  1'  in  dia- 
inclcr;  calyx-tnbe  strongly  curved.  1'  or  more 
long,  inflated  above  the  ovary,  conlracled  at  tlie 
throat,  yellowish  green,  veiny,  the  limb  il.it, 
spre.iding,  purple-lirown,  somewhat  ,^-lobed;  ;ni- 
thers  contiguous  in  pairs  under  the  ;-,  lolies  of  the 
stigma;  capsule  oblong-cylindrie,  strongly  jiarallel- 
nerved,  2'   3'  long,  ,S"   10"  in  dia:iiet'r. 

Ill   lieli   «"iiiN,   ^cmiliern    I'eiiiwyi'aiiia  tn  Miiiiie 
^iila.   i.rorirja,    'I'eiiiu -.^n-   ami    Kau-a'-.     A--iiii(ls   to 
45i«irt,  ill  \'irv;iiiia,     .May  Jam.     I'nnt  liiK   Se|it. 


1 7'^,! . 


HIKTIIWOKT    1-AMIIA' 

4.   Aristolochia  tomentosa  Sims. 
Woolly  Pipt'-vine.     1  Fi},'.  12S4.  ) 

.(.  loiiiiiilKMt  Sims,  I'.cil.  M;ii;.  />/.  //'V-  i">ii. 
A  twining  vine,  similar  to  the  prect'ilinjj, 
but  the  twigs,  petioles,  leaves  and  pedun- 
cles persistently  tonieiitose.  Leaves  suh- 
orbicular  or  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or 
rounded  at  the  apex,  3'-6'  broad  when 
mature;  petiok-s  rather  stout,  i'-,^'  long; 
]/Cilunclcs  axillary,  mostly  solitary,  slen- 
der, bractless;  calyx  densely  tomentose,  \ 
the  tube  sharply  curved,  yellowish  green, 
about  1/2'  long,  its  throat  nearly  closed, 
the  limb  becoming  reflcxed,  wrinkled, 
dark  piirple,  vlobcd;  anthers  contiguous 
in  pairs  beneath  the  3  spreading  lobes  of 
the  stigma;  capsule  oblong-cylindric. 

In  wikkN.  Missouri  ami  sdnilK-ni  Illinois 
to  Noitii  Carolina,  Alaliama  and  I'lorida. 
M.iy  J\nu-. 

I-aiiiily  14.     POLYGONACEAE  Liiidl.  Xal.  Sy.st.  Ivl.  2,  211.       1836.* 

r.ri'Kwiii-.AT  1'amii.\'. 
Hcrh^.  twining  \ines,  slinilisor  trees,  with  alteniale  or  soiiictiiiies  ojipdsitc  or 
whorkd  siiiipk-  iiiostlv  ciuirc  kaxes,  joiiilod  slciiis,  and  iistiall>-  sheathing;  united 
siii)ides  loereaei.  I-dowers  small,  re>;idar,  j)erl'ect,  dioecious,  monoecious  or 
l)ol\jj;anioiis,  spicate,  racemose,  cor\nil)ose,  innhellale  or  jjanicled.  Petals  none. 
Caly.x  inferior,  free  fnan  the  ovary,  2-6-elefl  or  2-(>-parled,  the  ,se,i;menls  or 
sei>als  more  or  less  imliricaled,  sometimes  pi-ialoid,  sometimes  de\elo])in^ 
winj^s  in  fruit.  vSlanien^  j-i),  inserted  near  the  base  of  liie  calyx,  or  in  slanii- 
nate  flowers  crowded  toward  the  centre;  fdanients  fdiform  or  subulate,  often 
dilated  al  llie  base,  distinct  or  united  into  a  rin.o;;  aiuliers  2-celled,  the  .sacs 
lonj,Mtudinally  deiiiscent.  Pistil  solitary;  ovary  superior,  i-celled;  ovule  soli- 
tary, orthotropous,  erect  or  pendulous;  style  j-^^-cleft  or  2~,v])arted  (rarely 
4-]>arted),  sometimes  \er.v  short;  sliojnuis  capil;ile  or  tufted,  rarel>' J-clefl;  fruit 
a  lenlicidar  fvan^led  or  rarely  4  an.t,ded  acheue,  usually  invested  liy  the  ])ersiNt- 
enl  cal.Nx;  seed  shajied  like  the  p.-ricarp;  endosperm  mealy;  cotyledons  accmn- 
beiil  or  inciuidient,  tlat;  end)ryo  straioht  or  ctn-\-ed. 

About  VI  jtciu  la  an.l  s.k,  spi  fit--,  of  wiili-  i;i  n^iupliio  ili-uilnilion. 
I'lowirs  siiliU'udiil  by  iiivoluiri-s 

I  )i'i'i  at-  )>itsitil.  cMly\  .?   I  ]iarUi!,  slaini-ns  ■,  m  Iruri. 

I  iirt  at- 1101U  ;  i.ilyx 'i  rU  It  m  'i  panid;  slaniin-- ,,:  .uluiu/  ;-ani;li  il. 
I'lowi  r-  not  invoUur.iti  ,  -tanu  ii-  |  s. 

<  iinai-  i)n--(.iit;  sUjrmas  Uilu  d. 

C'lilyv  0  partid;  styli-  ;  iiailiil;  a<-lu  in-  ;  :nii;li  ■!. 
Calyx  |)iirtt(l;  styU-  -•palUil;  ailii  ni  U  nliiiilar. 
I  Hit  .11-  iiir^int:  ^liwtiias  tapilaii'. 

I'tilii'il-  nioslly  sivi  ral  loyiUur:  ai-lHiK-  iiiiuli  "-luiias-ini;  tlic  talyx.       >.    /■'tii;t'/']  i  niii. 
I'lclicils  Usually  fasc-iiU  d;  ailniu-  mostly  i  luln-i  d  by  llu  inl, nm.il  i.dyx.    o.   /'I'/txoiniii/. 
I'l'diiHls  solitary:  k'avi- joiiittd  at  tin-  tp.i-i  .  '  ;.   I'>'l\-i:i'ii,llii. 

<  >iirar  oli-iiitc  iir  u.Mitini; :  ^tii;Mias  _■  i-Utl.  s.   Hi  iiiiiiiiliiii. 

I.    MACOUNASTRUM   Small. 
[KciiNnaA  I..  .M.int.  ,;,=;.       ^-f^-.     Not  /\',<i/ix  .\dans.  1  r^'vv  I 

I.owyl.ibrous  animal  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  erect  or  siireailing  simiile  or  forked  stems, 
alternate  or  opposite  entire  Kavcs.  funne'form  nieinbranous  ocrcae,  and  luinule  jierfcct  ter- 
minal clustcreil  (lowers,  subtended  by  a  several-leaved  involucre.  Calyx  2-1-parted  (usually 
.Vpiirted',  greenish-white,  the  segments  valvale.  e(|ual;  pedicels  short,  subtended  by  trans- 
parent bracts;  stamens  1  or  4,  alternale  with  and  often  protruding  between  the  calyx-seg- 
ments; filaments  sliovt,  stout;  anthers  ovoiil.  Style  .;  .vp'ftcd;  sti.gnias  capitate;  aclicnc 
ovoid,  vaiiglcd  or  leiitii-nlar.  i  xccediiig  the  persistent  calyx;  embryo  eccentric,  acciinibent. 

■l'\vi>  nv  ilufc  ■.]ii  I  ii-,  tip    Inlliiwini:  I  iuumlic'ii  .il,  llu   '•llu  r^  cil  llic  l-.ii;lu  i  llini.il.iyas. 

' Text  I'ontribntcd  b\-  Pr.    ImiN  K.  Smm.i.. 


.tfiiioiiiitts/niiii. 
I'.i  ill"  1 1 II 1 1 II  I. 


h'liiiir  I'. 
('  I  \  I  ill. 


54-  i'()I.vc.(»naci;.m:. 

I.    Macounastrum  Islandicum  i  L. )  vSiuall. 
Macounastruin.     ( Fis-  12S5.) 

h'iiiiiii;iti  /.\/iiii(/it(i  I..  Main    (s.       I7'i7. 

Steins  very  slender,  r'-4'  loii^',  soiiietiiiics  tufted. 
I.cavi's  ohovatf,  oblong  or  almost  orbicular,  i"-5" 
\oun,  Ik-shy,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  sessile  or  short-peti- 
oled;  ocrcae  about  ';"  loiim  involucre  consi>.linj;  of 
;-'i  obovate  or  orbicular  leaves  more  or  less  uniteil  at 
their  bases;  (lowers  fascicled  in  the  involucres,  short- 
])edicelle(l;  calyx  yi"  long,  the  segments  ovale-lan- 
ceolale,  rather  obtuse;  stamens  very  short;  style- 
branches  short;  achenc  less  than  l"  lonj^,  brown, 
often  slightly  curved,  striate,  its  face.-,  convex. 

( 'iieeiil. 111(1  aiul   l.iiliiadcii   In  Iluilsnn   liay  and  .Alaska 
.Msci  ill  aii'tie  I'liirnpe  and  Asia.     SiniiiiK  r 

2.    ERIOGONUM   Midix.  Fl,  H.m 


iSfi-'v 


Annual  or  perennial  acaulesceut  or  leafy  stcmiucd  herbs,  some  species  vtrv  woody  at 
the  base,  with  simjde  or  branched,  often  tufted  stems,  ;ind  entire  alternate  opjiosite  or  w  liorled 
leaves.  I'Mowcrs  small,  fascicled,  eymose,  uniliellate  or  capitate,  sulitendeil  by  s-^-toothed 
or  cleft  eampanulate  top-shaped  or  almost  cylindric  iuvolucies.  Cal\  \  6-clefl  or  6-parled, 
usually  colored,  the  sciimeuts  e(|ual  or  the  outer  ones  larger.  Stamens  y,  included  or  e\- 
serted;  filaments  filiform,  often  villous;  anthers  oblong.  Style  3-parted;  stigmas  ca])itate. 
Achene  pyramidal,  ,vaiigled,  more  or  less  swollen  near  the  base,  invested  by  the  calyx-seg- 
ments, or  winged,  luiibryo  axial  (irstinewhat  cccentiic.  |C.reek,  referring  to  the  woolly 
and  jointed  stems.  ] 

.\b(iut  I'»i  sjn-cies.  natives  III'  .\iiu  riea.  nin-lly  of  tlu  utslern  I'liiUil  SI, ties. 
Stem  leafy  to  the  snininil. 

Stem  leaves  alteriiale;  stem  sttiiinse. 
.\elune  nl.ibiniis,  wiiiv;i  il  ill  fruit, 
.\eheiie  villuns.  not  winiivd 
Stem  leaves  wliniled;  stem  Innieiitosi-. 

Knluist,  liasal  leaves  rnundid  at  tlu-  liasi  ;   llnweis  ytlluw. 
.SU  ndei  ;  tiasal  lea\es  narripwid  at  tile  base:   llnwers  wliiti  or  i)iiil<, 
Sti  ni  leafy  below,  iiaki  il  above. 

Inviiliures  i  leet  on  hianelies  of  tile  eyiiies 
Invuliieres  in  asillary  and  terniinal  illistei-. 

Leaves  narrowly  obloiij;  or  otilaneeolale,  llat,  loiiK  pelinled. 
Leaves  oblniij;.  timre  or  less  crisped,  short  petioUd. 
-Veauleseent;  seipose;  scapes  more  or  less  tufted. 
Sea])!-  simple;  inlloreseeiue  capitate. 

Iieiisely  tonienlose:  U  avis  sjiatlilale.  numerous. 
Sliylitly  lomeiitose;  leave-  lim  ai  or  linear  -pattilate,  few. 
.Seape  hrandied  at  tin-  siiinniit. 

Inlloresei-iK-i-  rennlarly  umbellate.  M, 

Inllon  seeiiec-  irregularly  nniliellale  or  p.inieulate  11. 

Inllorc  si-eiu-i   eyniose,  12 

Seape  braiu'lu d  tlirou^lioiit:  involucres  solitary  on  lU  fU  xeil  |n  diuu-K  s     1  ^. 


1 .   /-. 

tiltUutn . 

1   /-.' 

Ml,, 11. 
Jaiiii  sii- 

.s  /- 

,111 11 II II  III 

6,  /-; 

ml,  1  ,'fh, ,  It  in 
(  "1  ]  nil','\ii  III 

.S,  /.'.  Ill II /I I,,/": 
11.   A',  /itiiic  it/iii  mil. 


/:'.  /I,i:iilil. 

/-.'.  I,ii  Iiii''l;  I  iiiiiii. 

/-.'.  ,  iiiii f>, mill, lilt  III . 

/-.',  til  II II II  HI . 


,-  :V-, 


I.    Eriogonum  alatum  'roir.      Wiiioc-d 
I'",rii>j;c)nnin.      (  l-'io.   ijS'i.  i 

/-.'.  iiliiliiiii  Tiirr.  SilKteaMs'  Uep.  ii^s.   /,/,  \,       is^; 

I'erennial  by  a  long  thick  root,  stem  ratiier  stout, 
erect,  strigose,  paniculately  branched,  somewhat  .ang- 
led, l°-y  tall.  Leaves  mostly  b.-isal,  spatulale,  oblaii- 
ceolate  or  narrowly  obovate,  I'-.V  lf>ng,  thosi-  of  the 
stem  alternate,  nearly  linear,  short-pelioled,  all  obtuse 
or  subacute  at  the  ajiex,  glabrous  or  pubescent  and 
with  midrib  prominent  lieneath,  ciliate:  panicle  open; 
brads  lanceolate  or  subulate;  involucres  eymose  at  the 
endsofthebrauehcs,  camiiaiiulatc,  5-toolhed,  \"~\}i" 
long,  the  segments  obtuse  and  somewhat  rellexed; 
calyx  yellowish,  l"  long,  canijiaiudatc;  stamens 
slightly  exscrted;  achene  loug-i)ointed,  2'i"-3" 
long,  reticulated,  closely  invested  by  3  wings. 

I  In  iilains,  western  Nebraska  to  Texas,  wist  tuColoiado 
and  New  Mi  xieip,     .Iline   Si-I>l 


nrCKWHEAT   lAMIl.Y. 


54.^ 


Tiaii^.   Am.    I'liil. 


I  ,S' '. 


2.    Eriogonum  longifolium  Niitt 

Hrioi^diiiiin   l(>iit;i/'oliiii)i  Null 

Siif.  1  II.  )  5:  iTq.'      iSvv.'C- 
A'.   yV  !(;/;»  wi  Hilii  ill'.  I. innate.  22 

rereiinial,  strij^ose  llirouglioiit,  sleiu  stout, 
freit,  iiimiciiliitt'ly  or  coryiiibosely  braticlu'd, 
Ifiify,  (iiiely  ^Toovcd,  2°-.)°  tall.  I.cavt'S  iiai- 
rowlv  ohloii}^  or  liiifar-oblonj;,  olitiisc  at  tlu- 
apex,  iiiort'  or  less  loiiieiitose  l)L-iic'atli,  the  U])])cr 
sessile,  the  lower  narrowed  into  petioles  uitli 
dilati-d  and  slieatliinjj  liases;  hraets  lanceolate 
or  subulate;  involueres  turl)inate-i-ani])anulate, 
|ij"-2"lonK;  peihincles  I '  lonj;  or  less;  calyx 
oblonjjf-canipanidate,  2"-t,"  liijjli,  6-parted  to 
near  the  base,  very  villous;  stamens  and  style- 
branches  exserted;  acliene  2'i"  lon}{,  much  eii- 
larjjed  at  the  ba.se,  villous,  loosely  invested  by 
the  caly.x-segnients,  not  winjj;ed. 

.Siiutliern    Missouri  to  Texas.     Alsn   ill 
June   Nov. 


Lon^-k-aved  Ivriogoiutni.      'Fig.  12S7.) 


ff,^. 


I'loriila. 


4.    Eriogonum  Jamesii  Heiith 

/Cn'«gni/ii))i  /iiiiiisii  \Wui\\.  ill  PC   I'rodr.  14:7.  iS.sA. 
/ui(ii;i>iiiiiii   Si  I  ill  inn   Turr  ;  T.   ^c   C.   I'roc.   .\iii. 
Aead.  8:  j,s,S.       i"^;').     Nut  I'ursli.  iSi  |. 

Perennial,  base  woody,  scaly,  .somewhat 
branched,  stem  usually  s])readiiig,  branched,  to- 
inentose,  slender,  6'-iS'  lonj;,  the  branches  erect, 
3  or  4  times  forked,  light  brown  or  reddish. 
Leaves  nu)slly  basal,  spatulate  or  oblong,  I'-Y 
long,  long-petioled,  the  upi)er  smaller,  sessile  in 
whorls  of  3  or  4  at  the  somewhat  swollen  nodes, 
all  obtuse  or  subacute,  dark  green  and  sjiaringlv 
tomentose  above,  densely  gray-lomentose  be- 
neath, their  ni.irgins  sometimes  sliglitly  revolute 
and  cris])ed;  intlorescence  compnundly  lymose; 
involucres  turbin.ile-campanulate,  2"  long,  5- 
toothed,  the  teeth  roundeil;  bracts  foliaceous, 
narrowly  oblong  or  obloiig-.spatulate;  calyx  white 
or  pink,  cami)aiiulate,  villous,  2  'j"-,^"  long,  its 
segments  oliloug  or  obovate;  stamens  and  slyle- 
braiichesexserted;acheiie  2  'i"-,V  long, smooth, 
villous  near  the  ajiex,  its  ingles  margined. 

On  plains.  Kansas  (?l,  CoUnaclci  tu'lVxas,  .Vrizniia  and  C'hiliualiua 

,i5 


3.  Eriogonum  Alleni  S.  Wats.    Alk-iis 
luiogomuii.     (Fig.  i2S,s.) 

/.".  Alliiii  .S.  Wats,  ill  .\.  Ciiay,  Man.  ICd.  'i.  7;,4.   i!?9o. 

Perennial,  floccose-tomelitose  throughout, 
stem  rather  stout,  erect,  sparingly  branched 
above.  I°-I'2°  tall,  I.eaves  oblong,  or  ovale- 
oblong,  l'  3'  long,  the  basal  long-]ietioled,  ob- 
tuse at  both  ends,  those  of  the  stem  in  whorls  of 
,V-,S  at  the  somewhat  swollen  nodes,  short -peti- 
oled,  narrowed  at  the  ba.se.  the  upper  small  and 
brad-like;  intlorescence  conipoundly  cyinose; 
involucres  toi)-sliaped,  5-toothed,  2'2"-3"  long, 
the  teeth  obtusish;  bracts  leaf-like,  sjiatulate; 
calyx  yellow,  1 '2"  long,  broadly  cani])anu- 
late,  its  segments  obovate  or  orbicular;  stamens 
and  style-br.inches  exserted. 

White  .SulpluuSpriiijfs,  West  Virjii'iia.  Jul>-.\un. 

Jaiiics'  EriogoiUDU.      (Fig. 


1289. ) 


Jlily-Oct. 


544 


rOI.YC.ONACHAi:. 


5.    Eriogonum    annuum    Null.       Aiiiuial 
ICriojftiiuini.     (  Im^.  i  j<)"-  • 

J.'i  i,if;iiiiinn  ainiiiiiiii  Null   'rniii>.  Am.  I'liil.  Sm'.  ill.  I 

/;■   l.iiiillii  mill  hiiiiiiii  Si'lmU-.  I.iiiii;u';i.  22:  1  |i(.     i^|i|. 

.\iiinial,    uliiti-    (lini()si-t(>nii'iitn>f    tlin>u).;li<nit, 

silii])k' or  1iraiulii-(l,  Kafy  lulow,  nakicl  .ilxivi-,  I  ' 

,V' tall,  l.i'avtscihlimg,  obloii,    i-iiu-fiilatiMUcplilaiu-f- 

iilale,  ai'uti'dr  uhliisi.'  at  till'  apex,  iiarmwcil  or  acii- 

liiiiiate  at  tlii'  lia>i',  ]HlicUM|,  tin-  inar)j;iiis  soiiK-wliat 

ri'V<)IiitiMiriTis]Hil;  influri'siriiiicynicisi';  iiivoliuTe.s 

top-sliapi'il,  l"   I  '."  liiiiK.  sii-uiid.  licit,  5-t()()tliL'(l, 

llii-  li'i'lli  iiliUist-;  l>rai'ts  triaii).;iilar,  not  I'oliai'i'iiiis; 

ialy\  while  i>r  wliilisli,  '."1"  Idii);,  I'aiiipanulate, 

6-clfl't  til  lii-yond    the  iiiiildli',   tlif  luln's  i)I»ivatc; 

ai-lietie    jMiitUi'il,     k-^s    than     1"    loiiK.    it>   aiiyles 

siiiiiiith,  its  liasi'  ahno.st  jjlohiilar. 

1)11  iilaiiis,  N(  liiaska  til 'I'l  .\as,  \m  ^-t  tn  Nr«    Mixicu 
I  xtiiiiliiin  into  Mrxii'ii.    July  Sipt. 

6.    Eriogonum  microthecum  Xuit. 
Skiukr  MrioKonuni.      (Kijj.  i2i)i.» 

ICi  ii'iidiniiii  mil  I  Ill/ill  inn  Null.  Jdiiiii.  .\i-ail.  I'liila 
I II.  I  1:  \-2.      i-^i^ 

IVreiiiiial,  wcidily,   ispeiially  hi'kiw,  tiinri'  <ir 

less  tliit'i'iisf-toiiK'iitiisi-  thrinijj;hiiiit;  stt'iii  iii-i't  or 

a^.i'ttiiliii.i;,  liraiii'luil,  I'speiially  iViiiii  thf  liaso, 

K-al'v  liiliiw,  iiakiil  almvi-,  6'   12'  hi,i;h.      I,i'avf> 

iililcinj.;  Ill'  (ililaiii'iiilalt",  ulitiiso  at  the  apix,  iiar- 

rowi-il  into  shiirl  pL'tinlfs,  ';'-2'  I'liiK.  t'"-'  ujiiiir 

lirai't-like;    itill(iresi't'iR'e   (.•iiiiipnuiKlly   oyiiKisc; 

invcihuri's  tci|)-sha]iLMl,  1  ■•"  Imij;,  s-tn'itlifd,  llu- 

tilth  (ilitiisisli;  liiai't.s  tiian).;iilar;  i-alyx  yiUciw, 

whitf  iir  iiink,  1  ";  "  lniij;,  vMiiipamilati-,  at  lin,t;th 

idii^triitt'd  ni'ar  the  iiiiddk-;  staiiiens  and  slyk- 

liraiuht's    im-ludi'il;   arlii'no    pdinteil,    1"    kinjf, 

rdu.nh  (III  the  aiiji;k--. 

W'lstirn  Niliia-ka  tu  Wa-liiiintdii,  sdulli  Id  Niu 
Ml  xiid  anil  Calildiiiia.     July  (lit 

Eriogonum  microthecum  effiisum    Nutt.  1  T 
/u  iiiL;,iiiiiiii  i-//inii>ii  Nutt.  Jduni.  .\iMil,  I'liila    ^  11.  i  i:  I'l),       lS.(S. 

Sidle  ikn-^ily  lldt'idsitdiuiutd-i-;  stnii  (liHu-ilv   liraiieliiil;  leave-  linear  dlilmii;  m    liiiiai:  in 
niireseeiui  :   ;  timi  s  idnipduinl,  ildtinati  il,  tldwers  white.     Neliriiska  tn  Mmitana  ami  New  Mixien. 

7.    Eriogonum    corymbosum    Heiith. 
Crisp-k-avc(l  Ivrio^^oiiuiii.   (  I-'i^.  1292.) 

/■..  loi  \  iiihininii  liintli.  in  DC.  rrmlr.  14:  17.       I'^^fi. 

I'ereiniial,  wiiddv,  densely  fliieeiise-toiiieiilose 
thri-n,i;h(iiit;  stem  erect,  hraiiehed,  leafy  lielow, 
naked  alxive,  6'- 12'  tall.  Leaves  iililiinn,  <i''ln>*e  at 
the  ajiex,   narruwed  at  the  hase,  petiiiled,   'i'-t^i' 


/   IdiiK,  their  niarj,'ins  inure  nr  less  crisped;  inflores- 
,        eence  cinniidiindly  cyniii.se;    invi)liicres  short-caill- 


jiamilale,  ,s-tdiithed,  almnt  !'.•"  I'liij.;,  the  teeth 
suhacnle;  liracts  trianj.jiilar  iir  trianj^ular-lanceolate, 
nut  I'dliaceiins;  cahx  hmadly  caiiipanulali',  I  "-I  ^2" 
liiiiK,  ciiiistricted  near  the  middle,  6-cleft,  the  seg- 
ments fiddle-shaped,  emarjjiiiate,  the  s  inner  ones 
shorter  than  the  miter;  style-branches  exserteil; 
acliene  i"  lonj(,  eiilarfjed  at  the  base,  nuiKh  on  the 
anj{les. 

Kansas  tip  New  Mexico,  west  to  flail  and  Arizona. 
Au({.-Se|)t. 


III.) 


^'^ 

'<>*i 


III  CK\VI1I:AT   l-AMIIA'. 


8.   Eriogonum  multiceps  Xcts. 
branched  Mrin^roiiiuii,      i  Imk-  i^'^;,.  ' 

/•;.  iiiiilliirf'^  Nffs,  Max.  Keise  N.  .\,  2:  .(4(1.       1.S41. 
/■.'.  i:ii,i/>/i(i/i'i(/i  i  lii-ntli.  Ktu- Jniini.  Hot.  5-  2(>:\.       iS.xV 

I'l-riMiniMl  by  iy  sluiidir  mol,  siii))i)su,  (k'nst.ly 
wliiu  -tiiiiiuiUiiM'  lliniu>;li<iiil;  sK^ins  sIkhI,  UilUd, 
tiuuli  l)r;itu'ln.'il,  ^oiniailiR's  M'Vi-ral  iiulifs  loiij;. 
Si;i])cs  siliiplf,  l'-5'  liij;li;  k'uves  s])iitul;itc,  '2'- 
2'  long,  nuiiifrous,  olaiise  at  tlie  a])cx,  iiiiriowed 
liulow  into  petioles;  iiillorescencei'apitatf;  iiivolu- 
LTes;,-12,  sessile,  I  '.."  loilK,  5-r)-tootlieil,  llli'  leelli 
acute;  braits  I'oliai'eous,  .s])atiilate;  calyx  white  or 
rose-color,  1'."  2'."  loiij^,  caiii])aiuilale,  soiiie- 
wliat  villous,  6-clet't  to  al)out  tile  Uliildle,  tlie  sej^- 
meutscuneate,  ohtuseor  eniarKiiiate;  stamens  and 
style-liranclies  exserted;  acliene  'j"loiij.;. 

nil  dry  ))laiiis.  Nebraska  anil  Ciilniailo.    June   .\iiu 


545 


9.   Eriogonum  pauciflorum  Punsh.     Few- 

llowered  lvrio),r(mum.     (  Fig.  1294.) 

A'.  fiiiHiitliii  Hill  riirsh.  l''l.  Am.  Sej)!.  7,v5.      isi.). 
I'.i  ifi^'iiuiiii  fHii-.'iHoriim  Xutt.  Ceil.  I:  261.       iSiS. 

I'ereiinial,  root  loiiK  and  slender,  stems  very  short, 
sinijile  or  s])ariiigly  branched,  loosely  tiifted,  covere<l 
bv  the  scarious  dilated  ba.ses  of  the  petioles.  Scapes 
erect,  slender,  simple,  slightly  toinentose,  2'  6'  high; 
leaver  line.iror  linear-spatulate,  l'-3'  long,  r.ither  ob- 
tuse, liiit  ap|)arenlly  acute  from  the  strongly  revolnte 
ni.'irgins,  glabroiisor.sparingly])ul)escent  above,  white- 
tomeiitose  or  cottony  beneath,  narrowed  into  slemler 
])etioles;  inflorescence  cftjntate;  involucres  4-10,  I  ]'z" 
long,  turbinate-cainpanulate,  5-toothed,  the  teeth  t)b- 
tuse,  more  or  less  rellexed;  calyx  white,  caini)amilate, 
1  'j"  long,  glabrous,  the  segments  ovate;  achene  i  V" 
long,  its  faces  swollen  at  about  the  middle,  incon- 
spicuously striate-reticulated. 

(Ml  dry  plains.  Nebraska  and  Cnldiado.     July  Seiit. 


10.    Eriogonum  flavum  Xmt.     Yellow  Ivriogoniun.     (F 

I')  ionotniiii  Jlaiinii  Null.  I-'ras.  Cat.      iM,^. 
/;.  sciia'iiin  ruish,  IM.  .\in.  Sept.  .'77.      1S14. 

I'ereimial,  .scapose,  white-tomeiitose  through- 
out, root  short,  scaly,  spindle-shaped,  stem  very 
short  and  thick,  simiile  .and  solitarv  or  tufted 
and  creeping,  woody.  Scapes  2'-l2'tall,  erect; 
leaves  crowded  on  the  short  stem,  linear-oblong 
or  obloug-sjiatulate,  I'-.i'  long,  niostlv  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  Hat,  narrowed  into  jietioles;  petioles 
dilated  at  the  base  and  imbricated;  inflorescence 
regularly  umbellate;  involucres  top-sha])ed,  2" - 
2  '  2  "  long,  nearly  entire,  rather  densely  clustered; 
peduncles  '4'  1  '.'  long;  br.icts  s;)atulate,  folia- 
ceous;  calyx  yellow,  ,V'  high,  to])-sliaped,  very 
villous,  the  .segments  obovate;  stamens  and  style- 
branches  exserted;  achene  con.stricted  at  the  mid- 
dle, 2"  long,  villous  at  the  summit,  the  angles 
undulate,  the  faces  swollen. 

Nebraska  aiul  Kansas  to  the  Northwest  Territory 
and  .\riz()!ia.     June  Sept. 


IR-    I  295-) 


R)I,yoonaci-;ai-: 


II.  Eriogonum  lachnogynum  Ton. 
Lonjj-rooteil  l\rin>;()iiuni.      '  Imk-  i:;*/'.  i 

/\ii, il;,iiiiiiii  /,n'/nitit;\  iiiiiii  '['iiiv  .  lUiiili  in  1>L"   rmili. 
I4:.».       1856. 

IVrt'iiiiiMl,  >(.'.i])<)sc,  nidt  Iniij;,  liisilnriii,  ^Umiis 
stolil  and  short,  IuI'IimI,  iiuicli  t)iam'liiMl,  i'oviumI 
«itli  llif  dilated  ]H'tiiilf-1iast's.  Sc'a]Hnn'i'l,  sli'iidiT, 
4'-ij'  tall,  wliiti'-totiifiitdsi',  s])ariii>{l\  bram'iK'il 
aliDvi-;  ksives  miinerous,  i-rowikvl,  laticuolate  or 
narriiwly  (ihlniij;,  'i'-l'  lotijs'.  ai'iiti'  at  the  apex, 
iianowi-d  at  the  liase,  silky  above,  white-tonien- 
tose  lieiieath,  lonf;-]X'tioleil,  their  margins  soiiie- 
whal  reviilute;  iiilloreseeiu'e  irrej^ularly  iinihellate 
or  ])atiieulate;  iiivolueres  hruailly  caiii])aiudate  or 
nearly  heinispherie,  i  'j"-2"  hinli.  sessile  or  iie- 
duneled,  ,s-toothed,  teeth  obtuse;  bracts  small,  lan- 
ceolate: calyx  caiii])annlate,  I  'i"  lonj;,  villous; 
stamens  and  style-branches  exserted. 

\V(  >u  ni  Kansas  to  Color.idn  and  Arizona,  M.iv   Nov. 


12.    Eriogonum  campanulatum  Ntttt. 
Nari-ow-leavcd  lu'loj^onuiu.    (  Fiif.  1297,  ) 

ICi  iiiaoiiiiiii    til  III  flit  II II  la  I II  III    Null.   Jmnii.     Acid. 

I'liila.  I  11.  I  I:  \U\.       iS^S. 
/u  iin;iiiiiiiii  hiiiiiiiiili    Nutt.  Jourii.  Acad.    I'liila. 

I II.  I  l:  Ki.'v       rs^S. 
JCi  ii>i;i>iniiii  iiiu  itiiif/iiiiii  Sun.  Jouni.  Acad    I'liila. 

(li.  1  I:  !(').(.       iS.tS. 

I'erennial,    scapose,    stem    short,    thick    and 

wwxly,  more  or  less  louientose;  scapes  erect  or 

nearly  so,  j^labrons,  4'   12'  tall;  leaves  crowded, 

narrowly  oblanceolate,  spatidate  or  nearly  linear, 

I'-y  li>n.l(.  obtuse  at  theajjex,  luirrowed  intoloiiji; 

petioles,    wliite-lonientose   on    both    sides,   the 

margins  sometimes  revolule;  inflorescence  com- 

poundly  cyniose;  involucres  oblony-turbinate,  i" 

lon^',  ,s-loothed,  teeth  obtuse;  bracts  triangular, 

not  foliaceous;  calyx  yellow,  ovoid-campannlate, 

about  1"  long,  6-cleft,  the  lobes  oblong  or  fiddle- 

shajied,  emarginate;  stamens  atul  style-branches 

exserted;  acliene  i  'i"  long,  enlargeil  at  b.ise. 

Nebraska   to   Oregon,    soulli    to   I'tali   and    New 
Mexico.     July-Sept. 


,  -'.ti 

■.!I 


13.   Eriogonum  cernuum  Xiiit.     Nod- 
ilinjj;  l'!rii)g<intiiii.     (  Kis-  129.S.) 

/;.  1;  I  iiiiiiiii  Niilt.  ].  Acad.  I'liila.  ( II.  I  i.  162.    1S4H. 

Annual,  low,  stem  very  short;  scape  erect,  usu- 
ally much  branched,  6'- 1 2'  high.  Leaves  con- 
lined  to  the  short  stem,  orbicular  or  oblong- 
orbicular,  less  than  1'  long,  obtuse  or  slightly 
aiiiculate,  Hal,  floicose-tomentose,  especially  be- 
neath, petioled;  iiillore.scence  j)aniculate;  invtdu- 
cres  campanulate,  slightly  more  than  '."  long, 
solitary  on  slender  deflexed  peduncles  1'  long  or 
less,  ,'i-clet't  to  near  the  niiildle,  the  lobes  olituse; 
bracts  triangular  or  lanceolate,  not  loliaceoi.s, 
calyx  whitish,  cam])anulate,  '."  long,  6-])art(-,i, 
slightly  constricted  near  the  summit,  the  seg- 
ments fjddle-sha])ed;  stamens  and  ilyle-branches 
include<I;  acliene  'j"  long,  neariv  globular  at 
the  base,  rough  on  the  angles. 

Nebraska  to  New  Mexico  ami  I'lali.     July  Sept. 


lirCKWIII'AT    I'AMH.Y, 


547 


3.    RUM  EX  I,.  vSp.  PI.  3:,3. 


'75: 


(  / 1 


% 


I'lriiiniMl  (ir  Miiiiual,  Uafv-^tiiimifcl  luTbs,  some  spt-cies  slij^litly  w ly,  llic  kavcs  in  snwc 

mainly  liasal.  Slitii  ;.;r(ii)\iil,  iiioslly  tiraiiclii'il,  irii'l,  ^jjruadinj;  or  iritpiiij^.  I.iMVts  111- 
tirf  i>r  iiiiilulaU',  tlal  or  (.risjifil,  tlu'  ocri'ae  usually  cyliuilrir,  liritllu  and  I'unaiiuus,  llu.-  intlnr- 
fscenoe  consisliuj^  of  siinjik'  or  t'oin])ouncl,  ol'ti-ii  pauii'li'il  raceniis.  I'Ikwits  j^rcfu,  iitrffcl, 
ilioffio\is,  or  ]iolyj{anio-niouoci'ii)us,  wliorli'il,  on  joiiitt'd  pfdicfls.  Corolla  none.  Calyx  fi- 
parted,  the  3  outer  sejials  utulianxed  in  fruit,  the  _\  inner  ones  mostly  developed  into  winjjs, 
one  or  all  three  of  wliieh  usually  hears  a  callosity  1  tuherele  1;  winj,'s  entire,  dentate,  or  fringed 
with  liristle-like  teeth.  Stamens  6,  iniiuiled  or  exserted;  niameiits  very  short,  ^lahrous; 
anthers  ohlonjj.  Style  vpi'rted;  stij;nias  ]H-ltate,  tufteil;  aelune  vanjjled,  the  aiijjles  more  <ir 
less  inarj^ined.  lunliryo  curved  or  nearly  straij^ht,  horne  in  one  of  the  fates  of  the  ,vanj{led 
seed.     [The  ancient  Latin  name.] 

.Vhdut  l.V  species,  ipf  wide  KeoKra])hic  distrihulion.     Iksides  the  fullnwiii^r.  sdnie  6  utlursoccur 
in  the  sdutliern  and  western  parts  (if  North  .\nierica. 


-!v    Leaves  hastate  ;  flowers  dioecious  ;  foliage  acid  ;  low  species. 


Inner  sepals  nut  develu])inkt  will^!s  in  frtiit;  acliene  granular. 
l'"ruitinK  iinur  sepals  divel(ii)inK  wiii({s;  adune  sniiidlli. 

liasal  leaves  nunurons:  winns  drhicular-cdrdate. 

Ilasal  leaves  few;  wiuRs  bmadly  nliIdtiK  Cdnlate. 


1,   A'.  Ai,los,ll,i. 


Ihisldlllllls. 

.l,f/l>.UI. 


sil/lii/'ii/iiis. 

:r>liiill(this. 

iilliisimiis. 


•V:-::    Leaves  not  hastate  ;  Howers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious  ;  foliage  scarcely  or  not  at  all  acid  ; 

tall  species. 

Leaves  Hat.  hriKht  or  HkIH  ureen.  nr  tilaucevcent. 

\Vinn;s  '■'    l'-'  lirdad,  reddish:  no  tubercles.  4.   A',  iiiiosiis. 

Winifs  small,  ni>t  red.  bearing  tubercles. 
Tubercles  usually  v 

I'cdieels  little  IdURer  than  the  win^s. 
Pedicels  scver.'il  times  limber  ll\an  the  wings, 
Tubercle  usually  n  pedicels  e(|ualliuK  the  winns. 
Leaves  wavy-margined  or  erispid.  dark  ktreen.  not  ulauccsccnt. 
WiuRs  entire,  more  dr  less  imdulale. 

Lower  leaves  uarrdwed  or  acuminate  at  the  base. 
Tubercle  I. 
Tidiercles  v 
Lower  leaves  Cdrdate  nr  rnuniled  at  the  l)ase, 

Tubt  rcles  wautiuK.  lo.  A',  ihiiiitiitdlis. 

Tubercles  uidstly  ,v 

lufldrcsceuce  nut  leafy;  pedicels  IdUi;. 
lulldrescence  leafy;  pedicels  sluirt. 
Tidierde  1;  infldrescence  not  leafy;  pedicels  slidrt. 
W'iuns  Iddlhed  or  friuKcd. 
i.dwer  leaves  cdrdate 

\Viiij;s  dvatc  or  dl  '      ir-dvale;  tubercles  nidslly  2.  1  |.   A' 

Willis  hastate  di  <      .tehastate;  tubercle  i.  15.   A'. 

Ldwer  leaves  lUd-tly  uarvdwed  at  base;  wiuifs  with  4  spreadiuK  bristle  lik 

10.   A'. 


1 1. 
12, 


.  I'alii  nlia. 
,  Hi  ilnitiiiia. 


{  I  is/>tis. 

iiiiii;li<iin')iiliis. 

stiiii;iiinnis. 


(iiihin-r. 
ohliisi/'iiliiis. 
e  teeth'. 
pcrsitiiiioiilis 


I,    Rumex  Acetosella  L.     I'Mekl  or  vSheep  Sorrel.     (Fig.  1299.) 

A'liiii,  I  .]i(li>s<llii  L.  .'^p.  V\.  i,:-fi.      175.;. 

.\nnual  or  perennial,  jjlahrons,  dioecious, 
stein  slender,  erect  or  nearly  so,  siin])le  or 
branched,  the  rootstock  woody,  horizontal  or 
creeping.  Leaves  narrowly  hastate,  l'  4'  lonj.;, 
obtuse  or  .icnte  at  the  apex,  usually  widest 
above  the  middle,  petioled,  the  basal  auricles 
entire  or  1-2-toothed,  or  the  uppermost  leaves 
nearly  linear  and  not  anricled,  all  papillo.se; 
ocreae  silvery,  2-p.-irted,  soon  lacerate;  flowers 
in  erect  panicled  racemes;  racemes  inter- 
rupted; calyx  j^'reen,  'i"  lonj;,  peilicelled; 
stamens  esserted;  achene  less  than  l"  lonj,', 
very  f,'ranular,  exceeding  the  persistent  cahx, 
its  .ingles  not  margined. 

In  dry  fields  and  on  liillsi<les  throunlidUt  Ndrth 
.\iuerica  except  the  extreme  n<inli.  In  larue  part 
natutalized  frdUi  ICumiJe.  Sniiiclinies  a  Irouble- 
SdUU'  Weill,  iMilia^e  wry  acid.  Native  al-ci  df 
.Asia,  .\sceuils  to  fwod  ft,  in  Ndrth  Car  iliua. 
May  Sep* 


54''^  I'dl.VOciNVCI'AIv 

2.    Rumex  hastatulus  Mulil.      luiKi-'lnianii'.s  Soircl. 


h'liiiirx  liiti/itliilii\  Mtilil.  Cat   VA.  i.  ,S7       i>i>>. 
A'   /: Hi; r/iiiii  11)11  Mi-iMi.  iti  DC.  I'roili    14;''!      I'^.s'i 

IVri'imial  from  a  wimhIv  l)asf.  j^lahnnis.  diKf- 
I'iipii!,;  sti'iii  ratliiT  striit,  siiiijiU-  ur  luamlu'd, 
iTiTt,  5'  20'  tall.  Iamvl's  liaslato,  ohlotij;  ur  iil)- 
laiu\(ilatf.  I '-5'  louK,  tlif  basal  miiiifrou?.,  iiioti; 
iir  li'ss  aiirii'U'il  al  tlii'  liasc,  siiliarult-,  ])fti()lf(l, 
tliDsfiir  Uif  stuin  linear,  all  papillosi-;  chtlmi' sil- 
viTv,  2-])artt'il,  at  lunjjtli  laciTati';  raii-tius  as- 
friidiiij;.  at  kiij;tli  iiiti'rru))tiil,  ialv\  j^roeti, 
slfiKlcr-podii'i-llfcl,  wiiij^riMl  in  fruit;  pfdicels 
o(|ualliiij;  or  loiij^tT  lliati  tlii'  uiiij^s;  wiiiKs  orlii- 
iiilar,  mostly  broader  than  liiK'i.  I'ordate,  i  '+  "- 
1*4"  lonj;;  staiiU'iis  slijflitly  ixsiTtuil;  ailu-tK' 
rt'dilisli,  smootli.  sliinin^j,  kss  than  i"  lonj;,  in- 
vested liy  the  ealyx-winxs,  its  angles  margined. 

On  tin  sia  loast,  southern  New  York  to  IHorida 
and  on  tin-  plains  frmn  Kansas  to  Te\as,  a  u<o«ra- 
pliio  (listritiiition  nearly  tin-  -ami  a-  that  of  <  '//,ii,>- 
f>:ii/iiiiii  /(■/>/.  1/1// r///M/;.     Mareh  Ail);. 


3.    Rumex  Acetosa  I,.      Sorrel.     Sour 

Dock.      ( I""i^.  1301.  ; 
A'liiiiiw  .Ur/osii  I..  Sp.  I'l.  (.>7.      ir.sf. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  dioeeions;  stem  ereel.  sim- 
ple, grooved,  l°-_^°  tall.  Leaves  oblong-hastate 
or  ovate-sagittate,  I'-.s'  long,  aente  at  the  apex, 
eris]u'd  or  erose  on  the  margins,  the  liasal  few, 
long-i)etioleil,  the  up])er  subsessile,  the  acute  au- 
ricles entire  or  l-tootlied  and  more  or  less  re- 
flexed;  ocreae  lacerate;  racemes  nearly  erect, 
crowiled,  at  length  interrupted;  calyx  green,  1" 
long,  pedictdled,  winged  in  frnil;  pedicels  e(|ual- 
ling  or  shorter  than  the  wings,  jointed  ne.ir  the 
middle;  wings  broadly  ovale  or  orbicular,  cor- 
date, 2"-2,'i"  long;  acliene  rather  more  than 
1"  long,  pointed,  smooth,  shining,  blackish, 
invested  liy  the  calyx-wings. 

I,abva(l<ir  to  Alaska.  Naturali/id  from  luiropc  in 
Verniiitit  New  York  and  IVnnsylvauia.  Nati\i- 
also  of  Asia.     .Summer. 


4.    Rumex  venosus  I'ursli.     \'eiiit.(l 
Dock.      ( Fig.  1302.) 
A'»wci   :;'iiiisn.s  l'ur--li,  I'M.  .\m.  .Sept.  7,vv      1S14. 

Perennial  by  a  WDody  rootstock,  glabrous,  stem 
rather  stout,  erect,  somewhat  flexuous,  6'- 15'  tall, 
grooved,  branched.  Leaves  ovate,  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  oblong,  l'-,S'  long,  acute  at  both  ends  or 
acinninate  at  the  base,  petioleil,  rather  coriaceous; 
ocreae  funnelfonn,  thin,  brittle;  racemes  mostly 
erect,  soon  interrupted;  calyx  red,  pedicelled,  very 
conspicuously  winged  in  fruit;  ])edicels  at  matur- 
ity rather  stout,  slightly  shorter  than  the  wings, 
jointeil  at  about  the  miildlc;  wings  large,  ^^'-xYi' 
broad,  suborbicular  with  a  ileej)  sinus  at  the  ba.se, 
veiny,  reddish;  style-branches  divergent  in  fruit; 
acliene,^"  long,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces  concave, 
its  angles  margined. 

Northwest  Territory  to  Oritfnn  and  Washington, 
south  to  Missouri  ami  Nevada.     May  .\UK 


niCKWIirvAT    I'AMII.V. 


549 


5.    Rumex  salicifolius  Wciiiiu.     Wliilc, 
I'ak' or  Willow -k-;iVL'(l  Dock.    (  Imj;.  i.W,.  ) 

Aiiiuii   sti/hi/'ii/im  Wtiiini.  I'luia,  4:  2S.      1S31. 

IVn'ii!iial,)^l;il>r(ms,])iiU'Kri'i'ii;sli'tn  iTci't.MsoiMiil- 
iiiK.  '"■  «>tiii'timfs  siiiviiiliiiK.  ^impK-  "i  Imiiu'luMl, 
^niDViil,  fUxumis,  1°  3"  llij,'!'.  I.i'iivts  l.iliiciiliilr, 
liiiiin-lMiuidhiU'  or  lllr  lower  nliloiiK,  MiiiU'  or  mm- 
liiiliali:  111  liolli  t-iiiis,  or  rartly  olitiisi'  Mt  tli.'  ii])i'X, 
Iii'liolfil;  r;u-fliKsi.'ri;ct,  iliviMj^'ulil  or  ri'tk-xi-il,  (K-iisc, 
ill  fniil  iitU'rnii)te«!  helow;  flowers  in  dense  dusters; 
calyx  palf  Kr^'*-'".  '"  '""K.  pedii-ellcit,  winj^ed  in 
I'niil;  pt-diiilssliijlUlylon^HrlliMiiUu' wind's,  jointtd 
raar  the  liase;  winys  trian;;iiliir-ovate,  I  '2"  loiij^, 
undulate  or  sulideiitate,  eaili  lieariii),'  a  lar^e  ovoiil 
Inlierele;  aelieiie  1 "  loti),',  dark  red,  smooth,  shining, 
its  faces  concave,  its  angles  slightly  niar.i,Mned. 

In  swamps,  I.ahnulcir  to  siiiilherti  New  York,  I'lorida, 
Texas  ami  I.ower  Califnniia.     .\lsu  in   ICurope.     May 
Sept. 

6.    Rumex  verticillatus  I,.     .Sw 


3k  ^ 


Uiiiiirt    rv/V/i //A//"v  I,.  Sp.  ri.  .VU-      '7•:^■ 

I'ereiliii.d.  ijlaliroiis,  rather  lirixlit  ),neeii;  stem 
stout,  grooved,  sitniile  or  nearly  so,  erect,  ascend- 
inj(  or  decumbent,  2°-,s^  lon,i.c,  more  or  less  flexu- 
ous  when  old.  Leaves  n.irrowly  ohlonjr,  ohlonj,;- 
lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  2'-i2'  lonj,',  narrowed  at 
hotli  ends  or  ohtusish  at  the  ajjcx,  slijrlitly  papil- 
lose, long-pelioled;  racemes  interrupted  helow, 
sjjreadiiijj;  in  fruit;  (lowers  in  rather  dense  whorls; 
calyx  green,  l"  long,  winged  in  fruit;  i)edicels 
.stout,  thickened  aliove,  jointed  near  the  base,  3-5 
times  as  long  as  the  wings:  wings  broailly  deltoid, 
2"  long,  more  or  lessdecurrent  ou  the  peilicel,  each 
hearing  a  narrowly  ovoid  tubercle;  style-branches 
retlexed  in  fruit;  acheiie  I '4'"  l""K.  reddish, 
jiointed,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces  concave. 

In  swamps.  (Juebec  to  Ontario  ami  Iowa,  ?,niitli  to 
I'lcirida  and  'I'exas,     May  July. 


7.    Rumex  altissimus  Wood.     Tall  or 
Peach-leaved  Dock.      (iMg.  1305.) 

A'liiiirv  nlh'ssiniiis  Wood,  Class-honk.  .177.       i,\S,v 
A'linitv  lliilaiiiiha  Meisn,  in   I>C.  I'mdr.  14:   47. 
l8,s6.     Nut  I,.  I75,f. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  rather  Jiale  green;  stem 

stout,  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above, 

grooved,  2*^  .l""  tall.     Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong- 

lanceolate  or   ovate-lanceolate    1  sometimes   ob- 

lanceolatel     2'-lo'   long,    acute   at    both    ends, 

papillo.se;  panicle  rather  open;  racemes  slightly 

interrupted  in  fruit;    flowers  densely  whorled; 

calyx   light   green,    i"    long,   winged    in   fruit; 

pedicels  slender,  jointed   near  the  base,  as  long 

.IS  the  wings;  wings  triangular-cordate,  2"-2'.'" 

long,  usually  one  of  them  only  bearing  an  ovoid 

tubercle;  achene   l]i"  long,  dark  red,  smooth, 

shining,  its  faces  concave. 

.\lonn  streams  and  in  swamps,  Massacliusells  to 
Nebraska.  Maryland  and  Texas.     .-Xpril  June. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


7 


5? 


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1.0 


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IB    112.2 


■  m  -■ 

!;   >£    112.0 


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U    III  1.6 


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I'OLYCOXACKAI-;. 

8.    Rumex  Patientia  L.     Patience  Dock. 

(Fij?.  1306.  ) 

h'liiiii  \  Palu'iilia  I.,  Sp.  I'l.  ,5.^?.       I7,S,(- 

IVTuniiial,  <^la1)rniis,  stem  erect,  simple  or  spar- 
ini,'Iy  liraiichoil,  {grooved,  2°-5^  tall.  Lower  leaves 
ovate-laiK'eolato,  Iciiii^-pelioled,  4'-i6'  long,  tlie 
upper  dhlonj^j-lanteolate  or  oliloiijf -elliptic,  acute  or 
obtusish,  the  uppermost  lanceolate;  fruiliiii;  panicle 
dense;  racemes  erect,  somewhat  interrupted  in 
fruit;  flowers  densely  whorled;  calyx  j^reen;  pedi- 
cels slender,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-wings, 
jointeil  below  the  miil<lle;  wings  orbicular-cordate, 
2'/_,"  long,  one  of  them  bearing  a  prominent  ovoid 
callosity;  achene  i  '3"  long,  light  brown,  smooth, 
shining,  its  faces  concave,  its  angles  obscurely 
margined. 

In  waste  places,  Vermont  and  Ontario  to  Wiscon- 
sin. Pennsylvania  anil  Kansas,  .\lsoiti  tile  I'ar  West. 
Xatnralized  from  Ivurojie.     May-June. 


9.    Rumex  Britannica  L.     Great  Water-Dock. 


Kiiiiux  Ihiliiiinitii  I..  Sp.  I'l.  .-^.y.      I7,s,v 
A'lniiiw  Hytl)oliip<illn(iii    var.?  AiiicricaiiKiii    .\. 

Ciray,  Man.  lid.  2.  377.       i8,s6. 
R.  orhiinlalKS  A.  Ciray,  Man.  I«l.  5,  420.      1S67. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  dark  green,  stem  .stout, 
erect,  more  or  less  branched,  grooved,  3°-6°  tall. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  the 
lower  \°-2°  long,  long-petioled,  the  upper  2'-6' 
long,  short -petioled;  fruiting  panicle  dense;  ra- 
cemes nearly  erect,  more  or  less  interrupted; 
flowers  densely  whorled;  calyx  light  green; 
pedicels  slender,  conspicuously  jointed  above 
the  base,  'i~2  times  as  hmg  the  calyx-wings; 
wings  broadly  cordate,  3"  long,  irregularly  den- 
ticulate, each  bearing  a  large  callosity;  achene 
ovoid-oblong,  or  oblong,  2"  long,  pointed  at 
both  ends,  brown,  smooth,  shining,  its  fjices 
cimcave,  its  angles  slightly  margined. 

In  swamps  and  wet  soil.  New  Hrunswick  and 
Ontario  to  Minnesota,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania, 
Illinois  and  Iowa.     July  .Aus;- 


1307-) 


10.    Rumex  occidentalis  S.  Wats.     Western  Dock.      (Fig.  1308.) 


A'.  I'll  /dtii/17/is  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  .\cad.  12:25,;.  1.S76. 
Perennial,  glabrous,  stem  stout,  .strict,  erect  or 
nearly  so,  strongly  grooveil,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  2°-^,''  high.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  bluish-green,  .somewhat  crisped  and 
wavy-margined,  papillose,  the  lower  S'-i2'  long, 
obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex,  more  or  le.ss  cordate 
at  the  ba.se,  lon.u-petioled,  the  upper  smaller  and 
usually  lanceolate;  panicle  rather  dense,  leafless  or 
nearly  so,  erect;  racemes  usually  not  interrupted; 
flowers  loosely  whorled;  calyx  pale  green,  1"  lon.g; 
pedicels  ob.sciirely  jointed  below  the  middle,  2-,^ 
times  lon,!.;er  than  the  calyx-win,gs;  wings  Irian.gii- 
lar-ovate,  2 '."-4"  long,  .somewhat  ilentate  or  un- 
didate,  bearing  no  tubercles;  achene  oblong,  2"- 
2';"  long,  short-jioinled,  cheslnut-l>rown,  smooth, 
shining. 

In  wet  places.  I.abtiulor  to  .\la>ka,  f)ntarii>.   Rocky 
Mountains  to  'I'exa-i,  and  to  Califi>rnia.     May  .\njf. 


iuck\viif-;at  family. 
.'urled  Dock. 


551 


(Kig.  i30(j 


II.    Rumex  crispus  L, 

IV'reiinial,  ghil)r()iis,  lUirk  j,'rci.Mi;  stem  rather 
slender,  erect,  simple  or  lir.Tiiehed  aljove,  ynxived, 
I°-.V'2°  tall.  I,caveserisped  and  wavy-marijined, 
the  lower  oblong  or  i  ihlong-lanceolate,  6'- 1 2'  long, 
long-pelioled,  the  npper  narrowly  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate, 3'-6'  long,  short-petioled,  all  cordate  or 
ol)tuse  at  the  base,  more  or  less  papillose;  panicle 
rather  open;  racemes  simple  or  Cf)niponnd.  by  the 
elongation  of  the  pedicels  apparently  continuons 
in  frnit;  flowers  rather  loosely  whorled;  calyx  dark 
green;  frniting  pedicels  i  '<-2  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx-wings,  jointed  nearthe  base;  wings  cordate, 
I  I, "-2"  long,  truncate  or  notched  at  base,  crose- 
dentate,  or  nearly  entire,  each  bearing  a  tubercle; 
achene  i"  long,  <lark  brown,  shining. 

In  fields  and  waste  places  nearly  tliroUKlniut  the 
I'nited  States  and  soutliern  lirilish  .\nierica.  Often 
a  Imublesonie  weed.  Xaturali;!ed  from  Ivurope. 
Native  also  (jf  ..\sia.     June-AuR. 

12.    Rumex  conglomeratus  Mnrr.     Clus- 
tered or  Smaller  Clreen  Dock.    (Fig.  1310.) 

A'.  ii>ii!;/(>iiirrii/iis  Jfurr.  Prodr.  l'"l    doett.  52.      1770. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  ])ale  green;  stem  slender, 
erect,  simple  or  branched,  grooved,  1°-,,°  tall. 
Leaves  ovate,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  i'-5'  long,  some 
of  them  slightly  tiddle-shaped,  acute  at  the  apex, 
obtuse  at  the  base,  crenulate  and  slightly  crisped 
on  the  margins,  petioled;  panicle  loose  and  open  in 
frnit;  racemes  leafy,  slender,  ascending,  much  in- 
terrn])ted;  flowers  loosely  w'.orled;  calyx  small, 
green;  pedicels  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  calyx- 
wings,  jointed  near  the  base;  wings  ovate,  fiddle- 
shaped,  I  'j"  lf)ng,  toothed  near  the  ba^e,  each 
bearing  a  large  ol)long  callosity;  achene  less  than 
1"  long,  j)ointed,  red,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces 
convex. 

In  waste  places,  \'irginia  to  .South  Carolina.  .Mso  in 
California.     Xaturali/ed  fnmi  ICurojie.     May-July. 

13.    Rumex  sanguineus  L.      Bloody  or 
Red-\eined  Dock.      (  ^'ig.   131  i-j 

A'liiiir  I  stiJix'iiiiitiis  I,.  Sp.  IM.  ,5;4.       175, v 

Perennial,  glabrous,  stem  -.lender,  erect, 
grooved,  simple  or  branched,  r'-,s°  high.  Leaves 
oblong,  olilong-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  i'-6' 
long,  the  lower  long-i)etioled,  cordate  at  the  base, 
acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  usually  red-veined, 
the  upper  short-petioled;  panicle  loose;  racemes 
slender,  s])reading,  not  leafy,  interrupted;  flowers 
loosely  whorled;  calyx  very  small;  pedicels  slen- 
der, l-I'j  times  a>  long  as  the  calyx-wings, 
jointed  at  the  ba.sc;  wings  oblong,  i},"  long,  one 
of  them  liearing  a  si)herical-oblong  callositv; 
achene  less  than  1"  long,  sh.n'p-])ointed,  dark 
red,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces  convex. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast,  southern  New  York  to 
Virginia  and  I,(iui--iaiia.  rneonnnon.  Xatmali/ed 
or  advc  iitive  from  ICurope,     .May   .\un. 


...  ^^..—...Ti.a.cy.fy-,-. 


.rxs^^.-si^'mm  ±tir. 


552 


I'OI.VCONACEAK. 


Rumex  pvilcher  L.      Fiddk-  Dock.      (  I-i.i;.  1312.  j 

A'liiiiti  />ii/i/ti)  I,.  Sji,  I'l.  },\'i.       i75v 

rirciiiiial,  (lark  i^Mceii;  stem  skTickr,  uivct  or procuiii 

,5 


loiiU,   lilt 


15.   Rumex  obtusifolius  L 

l\'iiiii,\  I'hIiisl/'oliKS  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  ,>,!=;.      T.s.v 

I't-rennial,  .glabrous,  dark  .i;reeii;  stem  sl<iut, 
erect,  simple  or  spMriiii.;ly  hranched,  {.grooved, 
more  or  less  scurfy  above.  2°-4''  tall.  Lower 
leaves  I iblon.y-lanceolate,  6'-l4'  lon.y.  loiix-peti- 
oled,  all  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  obtuse  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  the  upper  lanceolate  or  oblon.u- 
lanceolate,  2'-6'  loni;,  short-petioled.  the  mar- 
gins somewhat  undulate  or  crisped;  panicle 
rather  open;  racemes  nearly  erect,  continuous  or 
interrupted  below;  flowers  loosely  whorled;  ])edi- 
cels  slender,  somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx- 
winj^s,  jointed  below  the  middle;  win.ys  hastate, 
2"-2'i"  lonjj;,  fringed  with  a  few  spreading 
spiny  teeth,  one  of  them  bearini!  an  oblong 
tubercle;  achene  i"  loug,  ])ointed,  dark  red, 
smooth,  shining,  its  faces  concave,  its  angles 
slightly  margined. 

In  wastt-  places,  Nova  .Scotia  and  New  li.miswick 
loOrejt'in,  sciiitli  to  I'liirida  and  Texas.  N;iturali/.cil 
from  i'auiiiH-.     Native  also  of  Asia.     June  Ann 


bent,  grooved,  dilTusely  branched, 
braiiches  spreading.  Leaves  oblong,  or  some  of  the 
lower  riddle-shai)ed,  I '-6'  long,  long-petioled,  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base;  up])er  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  \'-y  long,  short-petioled,  usually  nar- 
rowed at  both  ends;  petioles  more  or  less  pubescent; 
l)anicle  loose;  racemes  long,  divergent,  sometimes  re- 
tlexed,  much  interrupte<l,  rather  leafy;  flowers  few  in 
the  whorls;  calyx  very  small,  green;  pedicels  ei|ualling 
the  calyx-wings,  jointed  at  or  belou  the  middle;  wings 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  2"  long,  truncate  at  the  base,  one 
larger  than  the  others  or  .all  three  of  dilTerent  sizes, 
fringeil  with  s])ine-like  teeth,  usually  two,  sometimes 
one  or  all  three  bearing  tubercles;  achene  l"  long, 
])ointed,  reddish,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces  concave. 

Ill  waste  places.  Virginia  to  I'McMida  and  Louisiana. 
.Also  nil  tile  Pacific  Coast  and  in  liall.-i>t  about  tin-  iiorllieni 
seaports.     Naturalized  rri>iii  i;iin>])e.    June  Sept. 

Broad-leaved  or  Bitter  Dock. 


(Fig.  i.iioJ 


16.   Rumex  persicarioides  L.     CkjUIlii 
Dock.      (  l'"ij;-.   i,"ii4.  1 

A' mil,  I  f-t-isiiiii  iin\l,\\  L.  .Sp.  I'l,  .ivs.      I7,s,v 

.\nnual,  pubescent.  i>ale  green;  stem  rather  stout, 
erect  and  sini])le. or  dilTusely  lirancheil,  1  '-.v'  high, or 
sometimes  s])readiiig  or  creeping,  very  leafy.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  or  oblong,  l'  12'  long,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  or  sometimes  conlate,  or  sagittate,  acute  at  the 
apex,  the  margins  undulate  and  more  or  less  crisped; 
panicle  simple  or  compound;  racemes  erect,  leafy- 
bracted,  mostly  interrupted;  flowers  densely 
whorled;  ))edicels  sleiuler,  I- 1  '2  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx-wings,  jointed  at  the  base;  calyx  very  small; 
wings  oblong,  I  "  long,  with  i-,;  liristleson  each  nnir- 
gin,e.ich  bearing  an  ovoid  or  oblong  callosity;  achene 
less  than  1"  long,  jjointed,  reddish,  smooth,  shin- 
ing, its  faces  cimvex,  its  .ingles  slightly  margined. 

(Ill  saiulv  shores.  New  Itruiiswick  to  Vir^tinia,  ex- 
teiiiliiitr  across  tile  cniiiiiuiil  tliniiijfh  Ilrilisli  .Anurica. 
south  in  till-  interior  to  Kaiis.is  and  New  Mexico  and 
on  the  I'acific  Coast  to  California  I  las  been  con  founded 
with  A'.  111,11 1'/iiiiiis  L   of  tile  Old  World.     Jlllv-Oct. 


UrCKWHEAT   FAMILY. 


553 


4,  OXYRIA  Hill,  VeR.  Syst.  lo:  24.  1765. 
I.<nv  flesliy  jflahrous  perennial  herhs,  willi  slender  erect  stems.  Leaves  mostly  liasal,  lonK- 
peliDk'd,  reinform  or  orbicular,  cordate,  ])almately  nerved,  with  cylindric  ocreae.  I'lowers 
])erfecl,  small,  ,i;reen,  in  terminal  panicled  racemes.  Calyx  unequally  4-parted,  the  outer 
sej,'nients  smaller  than  the  inner;  stamens  6,  included;  fdaments  short,  subulate,  ^lahrous;  an- 
tliers  oblong.  Ovary  i-celled;  ovule  solitary;  style  .short,  2-parted,  its  branches  divergent; 
.stigmas  iiml>riate,  persistent  on  the  large  w  ings  of  the  fruiting  calyx,  .\chene  ovale,  lenticular. 
lMnl)rvo  str;iight,  borne  in  the  centre  of  the  endos])enn.      [lireek,  sour,  from  the  acid  leaves.] 

T\Mi  kiKiwii  species,  tile  foUiiwinn.  anil  one  in  the 
Himalayas. 

I.    Oxyria  digyna  (L,. )  Caniptdera. 
MouiUain  Sorrel.      (Fig.  1315.  ) 


'  7,^^.1 


III. 


1S21. 


1S19. 


A'liiiif.i  di,i^]iiiis  L.  Sp.  ri.  ,Vi7- 
O.  i/ii;yini  Caini)ldera.  Riiinex.  i, 
Oxyria  riiii/nriiiis  Ilimk.  I'M.  ,Scol. 

Rootstock  large,  chafTy;  .stems  scape-like,  simple 
or  .sparingly  branched,  leafless  or  nearly  so,  2'-i2' 
tall.  Leaves  reniform  or  orhicular-reniform,  ^2'- 
lyi'  wide,  undulate,  sometimes  emarginate  at  the 
apex,  the  basal  long-petioled;  ocreae  oblicjue,  loose, 
those  on  the  stem  bearing  flowers;  racemes  many- 
flowered;  flowers  slender-pedicelled;  segments  ob- 
long, the  inner  erect,  the  outer  reflexed  in  fruit; 
achene  pointed,  smooth,  surrounded  by  a  broad 
membranous  wing. 

('■reeiilaiul  ami  Labrador  to  .\laska,  south  to  the 
White  Mountains  of  New  Hainpsliiiv  and  in  the  Kocky 
Mountains  lo  Colorado.  .\lso  in  northern  ICurope  and 
Asia.     July-Sept. 

5.    FAGOPYRUM  Gaertti.  Fr.  &  Seni.  2.  182.       1791. 

.Annual  or  perennial  rather  fleshy  u.sually  gl.ibrous  leafy  herbs,  with  erect,  simple  or 
branched,  striate  or  grooved  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  hastate  or  deltoid,  with  ob- 
li(|ue,  cvlindric  or  fminelform  ocreae.  I'lowers  small,  white  or  green,  in  terminal  or  axillary 
usually  paniculate  racemes,  perfect,  borne  solitary  or  several  together  from  each  ocreola, 
slender-pedicelled.  Calyx  about  eipially  5-parted,  persistent  and  unchanged  in  fruit,  the 
segments  petaloid,  shorter  than  the  achene.  .Stamens  S,  included;  filaments  filiform,  gla- 
brous; anthers  oblong.  Ovary  i-celled,  l-ovuled;  style  .^-Jiarted;  .stigmas  capitate.  .Vcheiie  3- 
angled.  Hmbryo  central,  curved,  dividing  the  mealy  endosperm  into  two  parts;  cotyledons 
broad.     [Greek,  beech-wheat,  from  the  similarity  of  the  grain.] 

About  6  species,  natives  of  IJurope  ,iiul  Asia. 
Racemes  panicled  or  corymbose;  angles  of  the  achene  not  crested.  i.   /•".  J'liiinf^yi  inii. 

Racemes  mo.stly  simple;"  angles  of  the  achene  crested,  undulate.  2.  /■'.   Tultiiititiii. 

I.  Fagopyrum  Fagopyrum  (L.)  Kar.st.     Httckwheat.     (Fig.  1316.) 

Pill  Vi;  II II II  III  I-'it,i;ii/i\i  inn  L.  Sp    I'l.  :-,()\.       1753. 
Jul'i;i>/i]iliiii  I'siiiliiilinii  Moelicli.  Melll.  290.      1794. 
r.  J^'iii^iifivniDi  Karst.  Deutscli.  I'l.  ,S22.       iSSo-S,?. 

.Annual,  glabrous  except  at  the  nodes,  .stem 
strongly  groove<l  when  old,  i°-3°  high.  Leaves 
hastate,  i'-,^'  long,  abruptly  narrowed  above  the 
middle,  acuminate,  the  nerves  on  the  lower  -ur- 
face  slightly  scurfy;  ocreae  brittle  and  fugacious; 
racemes  nu)stly  panicled,  sometimes  corymbose, 
many-llowered,  erect  or  inclined  to  droop;  pedi- 
cels as  long  as  the  calyx;  .segments  white  or  whit- 
ish; stamens  included;  style-liranclies  deflexed 
in  fruit;  achene  acute,  2'i"  long,  al)out  twice  as 
l(Mig  as  the  calyx,  its  faces  piiniately-striate 
when  mature,  the  angles  acute,  entire. 

In  waste  places,  and  persistent  in  (ielils  after  ciil 
livatiim.  Reported  from  alinosl  all  parts  of  the 
northern  liiited  .Stales  and  soutlieni  Hrilish  .\iner- 
ica.  Native  of  eastern  Ivuiope  ui  western  .Asia. 
June  Sept 


554  rOI-VGONACEAE 

2.  Fagopyrum  Tataricum  (L.  )  (^laertn. 

Tartary  Buckwlieat.      (  Fi,i<.  131 7.  ) 

Pi'hX'iiiinii  'J'ahiiiiiiiii  I..  Sp.  I'l.  ,;i>4-       175,^ 
l-'iii;of>\i  11)11  Tiiliiniiiiii  ('.acrtii.  I'"r.  vS:  Scni.  2:  1S2. 
/>/.  /.^y.  /.  f>.      1791. 

Annual,  similar  to  the  jirecedinj,'  species,  but 
the  leaves  deltoid-hastate  or  oblon.y-hastatc, 
often  broader  than  Idii.l;,  i'--l'  wide,  acute  or 
short-acuminate  at  the  apex;  racemes  terminal 
and  axillary,  mostly  solitary,  simple  and  few- 
flowered,  lon.n-peduncled;  flowers  whitish,  sliort- 
pedicelled;  achene  subacute,  2 '2"  lonj;,  its 
anjfles  cresteil  with  3  prominent  lobes  above 
the  middle,  its  faces  pinnately  sulcate  from  a 
conspicuous  groove. 

In  waste  places,  eastern  Canada  and  New  ICnu- 
land.     Adveiitive  friini  Asia.     Summer. 

6.  POLYGONUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  359.  1753. 
Annual  or  perennial,  terrestrial  or  aquatic  herbs,  some  species  woody,  with  erect,  pros- 
trate, climl)inx  or  floating;  stems,  alternate  sessile  or  pctioled  entire  leaves,  continuous  with, 
or  jointed,  to  the  cylindric  funnelform  or  two-lobcd,  often  lacerate  or  fringed  ocreae.  I'lowers 
small,  normally  perfect,  K'reeu,  white,  pink  or  purple,  variously  clustered,  the  clusters  termi- 
nal or  axillary.  Pedicels  jointed,  subtended  by  ocreae  or  ocreolae;  calyx  4-5-parted  or  4-5- 
cleft,  the  outer  sepals  or  segments  somewhat  larj.;er  than  the  inner;  stamens  5-9,  included  or 
exserted;  filaments  filiform,  or  dilated  at  the  bass,  glabrous;  anthers  oblong;  style  2-3-parted 
or  2-3-cleft,  its  branches  included  or  cxserted;  stigmas  capitate;  achene  lenticular  or  3-angled 
(  rarely  4-augled  1,  invested  by  or  exceeding  tlie  calyx.  Embryo  near  the  end  of  the  seed,  in 
one  of  its  angles.     [Greek,  many-knees,  from  the  swollen  joints  of  some  species.] 

AbdUt  20;)  sptcii-S,  of  wide  gi'ographic  ilistributioii.     liesidcs  the   foUowinp,  somi-   Xt  I'thers 
occur  in  the  western  and  southern  p.arts  of  North  .America. 

1.   Flowers  in  terminal  spicate  racemes;   calyx  5-cleft  or  5-parted ; 
Kaceme  solitary;  alpine  sjiecies;  pt-rennial.  not  aiiualic. 
Kacemes  solitary  or  2;  aipiatic  or  swamp  sptcies;  jxrennials. 

I.taves  oblonjf,  L-Uiptio,  or  elliplic-lancuolate,  not  acuminate, 
l.eavi-s  narrowly  lanceolate,  or  oblotiR-lanceolate.  not  acuminate. 
I,eave>*  ov.Ue-lanceolale,  or  oblonK-lanceolate,  usually  acuminate. 
Racemes  stveral  or  iiunierous;  annuals  or  perennials,  mostly  terrestrial. 
Ocreae  naktd  or  ciliolate,  tlieir  limbs  not  -iprL-adinjf. 
KacenRs  droopintf. 

.-Vclieiie  ovoid;  styli-  2-i)arted  to  near  the  base. 
.\oliene  broadly  obloUK-ovoid;  style  2-cleft  tobelow  the  middle. 
Racemes  trect. 

.Style-branches  scarcely  or  slifflitl ,  exserted. 
.\clKne  broadly  oblonjf,  biconvex. 
.Vclieiu-  orbicular,  Hat. 
.Style  branches  loUK-exserted;  achene  ovoiil,  soniewhiitK'bbous.  9.  /'.  liuif^islyliiiii. 
Ocreae  Iriiined  with  bristles,  their  limbs  nut  spreadiiiR. 

Racemes  not  interrui>ted,  ertct;  achene  lenticular  or  vangled. 
Ocreaf  conspicuo\isly  fringed;  achene  broadly  ovoid. 
I  )ireae  inconspicuously  fringed;  aclune  narrowly  ovoid. 
Kacenies  not  interrupted,  creel;  achene  always  3. angled. 
Ocreolae  cou'-picuously  fringed. 
Ocreolae  inconsi)iouon'^ly  frinned. 

Leaves  mostly  glabrous  above;  acheni'  pointed  at  the 
Leaves  slriitosf  above:  acheuf  pointed  at  both  en  " 
Raci       s  not  interru|)t<d,  (Irooi)iiig. 
Racei.KS  interrupted,  erect  or  droopinj;. 

Aclieui'  granular  and  dull:  racemis  drooping. 
-Vclietv-    niootli,  sliininu;  r.icenies  erect, 
Ocreae  frinRta  with  bristU-s,  tlii-ir  limbs  normally  spreadintf. 
2.  Flowers  in  long  naked  much  interrupted  spicate  racemes;  calyv  4-parted. 

3.  Flower;,  in  axillary  clusters;   stems  more  or  less  wiry,  not  twining 
I'laiUs  prostrate;  aeheiie  invtstt-d  by  tlu-  calyx. 

.\elK-tie  pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base. 

Leaves  mostly  acute;  style  ,i-p;irted  to  below  the  middle.  20. 

Leaves  mostly  obtuse;  style  vparted  to  the  base.  21. 

Achene  pointed  at  hotli  ends.  22. 

Plants  prostrate;  achene  protruding  beyond  the  calyx. 

Leaves  mostly  lonjrer  than  the  internode~;  sea  beach  s|)ecies.  23. 

Leaves  shorter  than  the  iiiteniode';;  plant  of  waste  places.  24. 


stem  not  twining. 

1.  P.  :iiipaiiii>i. 

2.  /'.  aiiipliihiinii. 
.^   /'.  Jlniluri!;lilii. 

/'.  iitii'i sum. 


P. 
P. 


/iif>ii//iiji)/iiiiii. 


J'.  Poi'loiiifiist-. 

P.  J'niiisvlx'niiii  inn. 


itids 


top. 


10. 

P 

Pi'isicaiiii. 

1 1. 

P 

pii'sicaiioidcs. 

M- 

r 

(^/>ili>iisa>niiii. 

p 
p 

Iiyih-(if>if>ri  oidi's 
si/nccinii. 

12. 

p 

Corn/. 

16. 

'T- 
IS. 

p 
p 
p 

J/\ifr<i/>i/>cr. 

fiiinclaliiiii. 

oiienlale. 

.     IQ. 

f.   riixiiiiiniinn. 

P.  <i:i(iilair. 
P.  lilloinh'. 
P.  Il,lla>di. 


nun  iliiiniiii. 
A'lili. 


nrCKWHKAT   FAMILY. 


555 


/'.   lilt  I  Kill. 

I'.  I iiiiinsissiiiiiiiii. 
P.  iiiDif'oniiii . 
P.  iisii linii. 


Plants  crc-cl  nr  asci-iuliiin.  latlR-r  stout. 
Ac'hL'iii'  iiivcslfd  by  tin-  calyx:. 

1,1'avts  cival.  iililiiiiH  (ir  dbnvati-.  iHisistL-nt.  25. 

1,1'avt'S  iianciwly  laiu'inlatc-  m  liiuMi"  nbluiiK.  persistent.  27. 

Leaves  ciblonu  laneeiilate  nr  narniwly  oblcMiK:,  fti(faci(ius.  2S 

Aetiene  nuieli  exseitid  beymid  the  ealy.\.  26. 

Plants  strictly  erect  and  very  slemler. 

Leaves  with  a  lateral  inipressimi  on  eitlier.side  of  tlie  niidveiii;  fruiting?  pedicels  stout,  erect. 

21).    /'.  Iilllti'. 
Leaves  without  lateral  impressions:  fniitiiiKpcdici' Is  slender,  delle.ved.  ,^0.   /'.  /h<ii'^lash. 

4.  FJowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  clusters,  racemes  or  panicled  racemes;  stems  mostly  twining. 
Stems  Iwininn;  herbaceous  vines. 

Outer  segments  of  the  caly.x  unchanged,  or  keeled  in  fruit 

Achene  (jrannlar  and  (lull;  ocreae  not  bristly.  t,\.   P.  C'oiiyo/rn/ii.i. 

Aclieue  smooth  and  shining:  ocreae  l)ristly.  32.   /'.  i  i/imu/t . 

Outer  segments  of  the  caly.x  conspicuously  winged  in  fruit. 
Calyx  wings  not  incised. 

limiting  calyx  ,s"  o"  long,  the  wings  crisped.  3,^  J',  smiKlnis. 

I'ruiting  c:dyx  ,^"   4"  long,  the  wings  rather  flat.  34.   /'.  duiiictorinii. 

Calyx  wings  incised,  ,l=i.   /'.  1  rhlatiiiii. 

Stems  stout,  erect,  tall:  outer  calyx  segments  winged  in  fruit.  ,^6.   /'.  /.lunii  iiiii. 

5.    Flowers  in  capitate  clusters  or  racemes  ;  stem  climbing  by  recurved  prickles. 
Leaves  sagitt;ite:  achene  3-angled.  ,^7.   I\  nv^illaliini. 

Leaves  halberd  shaped;  achene  lenticular.  ,^S.   />.  iiii/oliinii. 

1.    Polygonum  viviparum  I  .     Alpine 
liistort.     (Fi.a;.  i3i!>-) 

J'olyi;i>iii(>ii  :'i':'/fi<iriiiii  L.  Sj).  PI.  ,^fxi.       i7,S,v 

Perennial  by  a  conn-like  rootstock,  mostly  j.;la- 
hrous  and  souiL'wliat  glaucous;  stems  solitary  or 
clustered,  erect,  simple,  slender,  2'-io'  tall.  Hasal 
leaves  ol)loii,y  or  lanceolate,  i  '-S'  long,  rather  acute 
at  the  apex,  cordate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  loii,t(- 
pctioled;  stem  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear, 
I '-3'  lont;,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile, 
their  mariiiiis  often  revolute;  ocreae  lonn;,  claspin.L; 
below,  open  above;  raceme  solitary,  terminal,  nar- 
row, rather  dense,  beariu.t;  a  number  of  dark  colored 
bulblets  about  its  base;  calyx  .s-jiarted,  i)ale  rose- 
color  or  white;  stamens  S,  cxserted;  styles-parted, 
its  branches  exserted;  achene  oblon,i;,  3-an,t;led. 

("■reenland  and  Labrador  to  .\laska,  south  to  the  high 
summits  of  the  mountains  of  New  liugland.  and  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Also  in  arctic  ami 
alpitie  Murojie  and  .•\sia.     June-.\ug. 


2.    Polygonum  amphibium  I„. 

Pol Vi; It II II III  ampliibiniii  L.  Sp.  I'l.  3(11.      i7,=;,v 

Aquatic,  perennial,  .i^labrous  when  mature; 
stem  rtoatinjf  or  submersed,  simple  or  spar- 
in,t;ly  branched,  4°-2o°  loujj;.  Leaves  obloii.!,', 
elliptic  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  i  ', '-4' lonj,',  peti- 
oled, obtuse  or  sul)acute  at  the  apex,  slijj;htly 
ineeiuilateral,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the 
base,  sometimes ciliate;  ocreae cylindric,  those 
of  the  branches  often  lon,y;er  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  their  limbs  soitietimes  spreadin.y,  usu- 
ally jil'i'jrous;  raceme  terminal,  ttsually  soli- 
tary, >4  '-I '  lon,t;,  dense,  erect,  oblon.t;  or  ovoid ; 
calyx  rose-color,  5-parted;  stamens 5,  cxserted; 
style  2-clcft,  exserted;  achene  orbicular  ob- 
long, lenticular,  i>i"  long,  biconvex,  black, 
smooth  and  shining,  or  granular. 

In  poiuls  and  lakes,  (Juebec  to  .Alaska,  south  to 
noitliern  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  Colorado  ami 
California.  Ascends  to  2ix>i  ft.  in  the  .\dirou- 
dacks      .\lso  in  Luroiie.     July  Aug. 


Water  Persicaria 


R-  I3I9.) 


r()i,vi".()NAci:.\i': 


3.   Polygonum  Hartwrightii  A.  (iray. 

Hart  \Vrij,du's  IVrsicaria.    (  Imr.  1321).) 


'<>/jX<i>iiiiii  lliiil:i 
8:  291.     i-^;!). 


■I  iiihlii  A.  Ciriiy.  I'kic.  Am.  Ai'ad 


Perennial  liy  rootstocks,  nioro  or  less  hispid 
thronj^jliont;  stoni  asct'iiilini,',  ilctnnnlient  or  erect, 
6'-2°  lon.iLj,  tnany-jointed,  ijrooved,  usually  rather 
stout.  Leaves  lancer)lalc,  olilonj^-lanccolate  or  ob- 
long, 3'-6'  lonn,  ol)tuse  or  suliacute  at  the  apex, 
short-petiolcd  or  sessile;  ocreac  cylindric,  varying 
from  one-half  as  long  to  as  long  as  the  inlernodes, 
the  litnl)  abruptly  spreading,  fringed  with  short 
bristles;  racemes  usually  solitary,  dense,  '/I'-i' 
long,  oblong;  calyx  rosc-colore<l,  5  parted;  sta- 
mens 5,  exserted;  style  exsertc<l,  2-cleft  to  be- 
yond the  middle;  achene  oblong,  biconvex,  lenti- 
cular, black,  smooth,  shining. 

In  .swamps  or  moist  soil,  Hudson  liay  to  Orejjoii. 
south  to  southern  rcnnsylviinia,  K.msas,  Nevada  and 
I.owir  California.     June  .\\IK. 

Polygonum  emersum  (Michx.)  Hrittoii.     Swamp  I'ersicaria.    (  Tig.  1321. ) 


■i  I- 


l'i<lri;'<ni(ni  iiiiif>liihii(iii  var.  iiiiii\\iiiii  Mielix.  1"1.  lior. 

.\m.  I:  2.)o.       lSo,v 
/'.  Jfii/i/iii/ifixitS.  Wats.  I'roc.  Am.  .\e.  14:  295.     1879- 
/\i/]'i;«iuiiii  I'liii  rsiiin  liritton.  Trans.  X.  Y.  .\cacl.  Sci. 

Perennial  by  long  creeping  or  horizontal  root- 
stoc';s,  glabrous  or  strigosc  pubescent;  stem  erector 
assurgcnt,  commonly  simple,  channeled,  enlarged 
at  the  nodes,  i°~3°  high.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  ujiper  sometimes  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  2yi  '-S'  long,  acute  or  usually  acu- 
minate at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
petioled,  the  lateral  nerves  prominent,  sometimes 
forking;  ocreae  cylindric,  becoming  loose,  not  cili- 
ate;  racemes  i  or  2,  erect,  1 '-3' long,  linear-oblong, 
dense,  calyx  dark  rose-color,  5-parted;  stamens  5, 
exserted;  style  2-cleft,  exserted;  achene  broadly 
obovate  or  orbicular,  J^i"  long,  very  convex, 
lenticular,  black  and  slightly  granular,  but  shining. 

In  swamps  and  moist  soil.  ( )ntario  to  Northwest  Ter 
rituryand  Uritish  Columbia,  south  to  Virginia.  Louisi- 
ana and  Mexico,  .\scends  to  ,5ax)  ft.  in  Virginia. 
July  Sept. 


Polygonum  Portoricense  IJertero.    Dense-flowered  Persicaria.  (Fig.  1322. 


/'(ihxoiiinn   dcnsitloriiiii    Meisn.   in    Marl.   I"l.    liras.   5: 

I'art  I,  i,v       1^55.     Not  Hlume,  iS2,';-26. 
/\>hX">'""l  Por/oricfu.if  lierltro;  .%Ieisn.  in  DC.  I'rodr. 

14:  121.       iS,s6. 

rerennial,  more  or  less  scurfy;  stem  erect,  decum- 
bent or  floating,  3°-,=;°  long  or  longer,  branched,  en- 
larged at  the  nodes,  often  dark  brown.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  linear-lanceolate,  i'2'-i2'  long,  acuminate 
at  both  ends,  obscurely  punctate,  short-petioled,  the 
nerves  prominent  beneath;  ocreae  cylindric,  some- 
times bristly  when  young,  naked  when  mature,  some- 
times hispid;  racemes  spicate,  paniculate,  often  in 
pairs,  I '-5'  long,  dense,  erect;  calyx  white  or  whitish, 
Sparted  to  near  the  ba.se;  stamens  6-8,  included;  style 
2-3-cleft,  somewhat  exserted;  achene  lenticular  and 
strongly  biconvex  or  3-angled,  l"-i^'2"  long,  broadly 
oblong,  orbicular  or  even  broader  than  high,  black, 
smooth  and  shining,  or  minutely  granular. 

In  wet  soil.  Misstmri  to  Ktoridn,  Texas,  the  West  Indies 
and  South  .\meriea.     May-Nuv. 


v.  Cray. 
•  13-t'.  ' 

■.  Am.  Acad 

less  hispiil 
'lit  or  LTlCt, 
lally  rather 
:oliiteor  ol)- 
,t  the  apex, 
Iric,  varying 
iiiteniodes, 
with  short 
cnse,  Is'-i' 
parted;  sta- 
cleft  to  hc- 
jtivex,  leiiti- 


ly  til  OrcMJoti. 
,  Nevada  and 


•JR.  1321.) 


;Fig. 1322.) 

t.   1-1.    Bras,   5: 
in  DC.  I'mdr. 

erect,  ilecum- 
branched,  cu- 
Leaves  lan- 
ig,  acuminate 
t-petioled,  the 
iindric,  some- 
mature,  sonie- 
ilatc,  ofteu  in 
ite  or  whitish, 
nchided;  style 
lenticular  and 
'  long,  broadly 
n  high,  black, 
liar. 
Ihe  West  Indies 


nrCKWHEAT    I'AMIJA' 


6.    Polygonum  incarnatum  I'll. 
Pink  l*fr>icaria.     1  l-'iir.  i  --,2 


Slciulcr 


I'l'IViidiiii III  i III  III  ihiliiiii  I'.ll.  Ili)t.  S.  C.  iV  r,a.  I;  156.      1S1-. 

Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  stem  erect,  simjile 
or  branched  above,  nmre  or  less  swollen  at  the  nodes, 
2°-4^  tall.  Leaves  lanceolate,  y.'-^'  long,  'j'-l.'j' 
wide,  •acumin:itcal  liotli  ends,  sluirl-])etioKMl,  sparingly 
jinnctate  and  ciliate;  ocreae  cylindric,  long,  loose, 
brittle,  sometimes  ciliolate  when  young,  glalirous  when 
mature;  racemes  paniclcd,  drooping,  i^z'-V  long, 
linear,  many-nowerud;  calyx  white  or  pink,  small, 
5-parted;  stamens  6;  style  2-parted  to  near  the  liasc; 
achene  (jvoid-obloiig,  lenticular,  about  i"long,  flator 
biconcave,  smooth,  shining. 


Ill  wot  soil.  WrnicMit  ti 
I.ouisiatia.     JuiR-  St  iil. 


Illinois,  sniitli  til   I'lmiilii  and 


SiSi 


7.    Polygonum  lapathifolium  I^.     Dock- 
lea\-i.'(l  or  Pale  IVrsicaria.     (  Pi^-  1324.) 

/'i<IVi;itllHlll  hlpiltllifi'liuill  I..  Sp.   I'l.  v«'.        T.S.v 

Annual,  stem  simple  or  much  liranclied,  erect  or  as- 
cending, swollen  at  the  nodes,  1° -,i°  high,  the  pedun- 
cles and  pedicels  glandular.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, 2'  III'  long,  usually  broader  than 
those  of  the  iireceding,  attenuate  to  the  apex,  acumi- 
nate at  the  base,  short -petioled,  ciliate,  inconspicuously 
punctate;  ocreae  cylindric,  ribbed  or  striate:  racemes 
panicleil,  i'-4'  long,  ilrooi)ing,  narrow,  rather  dense; 
calyx  pink,  greenish  or  white,  5-parted;  stamens  6; 
style  2-parted  to  below  the  middle;  achene  broadlv 
oblong  or  ovoid,  lenticular,  I'Mong,  lirownish  or  black, 
slightly  reticulated  but  shining,  its  faces  concave. 

In  wasU-  placi-s.  tlironsiluml  tcmpcrale  Xortli  .\nurica. 
Naturalized    I'mni     Kuropi.-.     .SiniKlinus    a    Iroublesnme 
weed.     Native  also  of  .\sia.     June-Sept. 
Polygonum  lapathifolium  nodosum  i  Pers.  1  Small,  ^[^•m.  Torr.  Club.  5:  i  )n.      1S94. 

Pol  \  noil  mil  iioilosiiiii  I'ers.  ,Syn.  i:   |('i.       i>'i.i,S. 

(■enerally  nibn>t  and  glabrnn-;  nielli  stmil,  ri-ddisli,  ])iirple  spotted  and  with  a  purple  ring  be 

low  each  nciea.  much  thickened  at  the  nudts;  kave>  ciinspicnunsly  punctate;  racemes  i'  3'  long. 

less  diiKiping,  often  erect;  acliene  sliglitly  larirer.     ( >cca>.iiiiial  in  the  range  of  the  type. 

Polygonum  lapathifolium  incanum  (Scliniidt)  Kucli,  .Syn.  I'l.  ('•eini.  711.      18,^7. 
l'olVi;iiiiiii>i  iiuiiiiiiiii  Sclimidt.  1"1.  Hnem.  4:  in.       17115. 

I.uw,  stem  slender,  erect.  2' -12'  liigli,  slijrlitly  scurry;  leaves  lanceolate,  ovate  or  oblong,  usu- 
ally narrowed  at  the  base,  white  tomentosc  beneath,  glabrous  above;  racemes  .'j'-i':-'  long.  In 
wa'-te  i)laces.  Nova  .Scotia  to  Ontario,  New  York  and  liritish  Colnmliia. 

8.    Polygonum    Pennsylvanicum    L. 

Pennsylvania  Pcrsicaria.      (  P'i.s;'.  1325.) 

Polyi^oiiinii  Pi-iiiisj/:-iiiii, mil  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  362.       175.?. 

Annual,  glabrous  below  ;  stem  erect,  simple  or 
branched,  i°-3°  tall,  the  upper  parts,  the  peduncles 
and  pedicels  glandular.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  petioled,  ciliate,  2''-li'  long,  the 
upper  sometimes  glandular  beneath;  ocreae  cylin- 
dric, thin,  naked,  .glabrous;  racemes  paniclcd,  erect, 
thick,  oblong  or  cylindric,  dense,  i'-2'  long;  calyx 
dark  pink  or  rose-color,  5-parted;  stamens  8  or  fewer; 
style  2-cleft  to  about  the  middle;  achene  orbicular  or 
mostly  broader  than  high,  i  '2"  long,  short-pointed, 
lenticular,  smooth,  shining. 

In  moist  stiil,  Nova  .Scotia  to  Ontario,  Minnesota, 
Florida  and  Texas,  .\sceiids  to  2000  ft.  in  Virginia. 
July-.Sept. 


55^ 


roi.vcoxAcivAi:. 


9.    Polygonum  longistylum  .Small.     LoiiK'stykd  l'i.T>icaria. 


I  Hi 


l>! 


f  I''i.t;.  i;,2r>.  ) 
liiill.  T..n.  Chill, 


J 'ii/l'i;  (I  nil  III    It'iii^islylii  III   Small. 
21:   iiv)       IN,). 

.\iiiuial  or  perennial,  jilabrous  except  the  i;laii- 
cliilar  upper  branclR'saiid  peduncles;  stem  erect, 
ratlier  sltuder,  1  -;,  tall,  lieconiiniL;  soniewlial 
Wdody  lielow.  I, eaves  lanccdlate  or  ovatc-lan- 
ceolate,  i'-6'  lon.i,',  acuminate  at  Iiotli  ends,  peti- 
olcd,  tlieir  margins  undulate,  slightly  crispeil, 
more  or  less  ciliolate;  ocreae  cylindric,  entire, 
brittle,  soon  fallin.L;  away;  racemes  panicled, 
si'nietimes  ycndnate,  i'-4'  lon^;,  rather  dense, 
erect;  calyx  lilac,  5-parted  to  liclow  the  middle, 
the  liilies  petaldid;  stamens  6  .s,  included;  style 
2-parted,  slender,  conspicuously  exscrted;  stig- 
mas lilack;  achcne  broadly  ovoid,  lenticular, 
sliyhtly  yibbous  on  both  sides,  loiiii-poiuted, 
black,  uranular,  but  somewhat  shinin.y,  i '4  " 
loMi;. 

In  niciisl  snil,  Sniitlie.n  Ulinnis  anil  Mi-suuri  to 
I.iinisiaiia  and  Xiw  Mixicd.     .Xlii.;.   I 'el. 


10.   Polygonum  Persicaria  L.     I/uh  > 
Thiinil).      (Fij;.  1327.  ) 

PoljXoiiiiiii  Pcisiidi  It!   h.  .S)).  ri.   i'u.     17.SV 

Annual,  jjlabrous  or  puberulent;  stem  erect  or 
ascendin,!.;,  simple  or  much  branched,  }i°-2° 
hi).;h.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 
I '-6'  loiij;,  short-petioled  or  nearly  sessile,  acu- 
minate at  1  )Oth  ends,  conspicuously  punctate,  usu- 
ally with  a  dark  trianj,'ular  or  lunar  blotch  near 
the  centre, their  marj^dns  entire  or  slightly  eroded, 
often  ciliate;  oci  eae  cylindric,  nearly  glabrous, 
fringed  with  shcrt  bristles;  racemes  solitary  or 
panicled,  'i'-2'  long,  ovoid  or  oblong,  dense, 
erect;  calyx  pink  or  dark  purple;  stamens  mostly 
6;  style  2-,'Tparted  to  below  the  middle;  achene 
broadly  ovate  and  lenticular,  often  gibbous  or 
3-au,gled,  i"-\^4"  long,  smooth  and  shining. 

In  waste  places,  lliriiujfln'Ut  North  America,  ex" 
cepl  the  extreme  north.  Naturalized  from  Ivuriipe' 
Often  an  abuiulanl  weed.     June -Oct. 


II.   Polygonum  persicarioides  H.H.K. 

Southwestern  Persicaria.     (Fi";.  132S.) 

y.  /'(■rsitiiiinit/is  ll.li.K.  Nov.  Cell.  2:  179.       1S17. 

Perennial,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent;  stem 

erect,  decumbent  or  creeping,  simple  or  branched, 

i'-3°  long.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 

acuminate  at  both  ends,  punctate,  short-petioled  or 

subsessile,  i  'i'-io'  long;  ocreae  cylindric,  glabrous 

or  sparingly  slrigillose,  fringed  with  short  l)ristles; 

spicate  racemes  more  or  less  ])anicled,  erect,  I '-3' 

long,  narrowly  oblong  or  linear,  loosclyllowereil; 

calyx  rose-color  tinged  with  green,  ,s-j)arted  to  below 

the  middle;  stamens  ,S  or  fewer,  included;  style  2-3- 

parted  to   near   the    base;    achene    lenticular  an<l 

biconvex,  or  3-anglcd,   more  or  less   gibbous,    i" 

long,  ovoid  or  broadly  oblong,  short-pointed,  black, 

minutely  granular,  but  shinin.g. 

Nebraska  to  Mexicii;   widely  distributed  in  Impieal 
.\iiieriea.     June-  ,Se])t. 


,\wj 


K 


lUCKWHKAT   FAMILY. 


12.    Polygonum  Careyi  Oliiey.     Carey's 
Persicaria.     {Fij?.  1329.) 

Pill I'i^iiii Kill  ('((;v;r/ Olnuj-,  I'mc.  I'mvidiiict-  I'rankliii 
vScic.  1:  21).      1H47. 

Annual,  rough-glandular  Ihroughoul,  stem 
erect,  i°-.^°  tall,  simple  or  sparingly  branched 
above.  I<eavcs  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, the  u])permost  nearly  linear,  2'-ii'  long, 
short-petioled  or  nearly  sessile,  acuminate  at  both 
ends,  hispid  on  the  uiidril),  ciliate,  sparingly  punc- 
tate; ocreaecylindric,  sparsely  hispid,  fringed  with 
long  bristles;  racemes  several,  narrow,  terminal, 
loosely-flowered, drooping,  I'-z'i'long;  calyx  pur- 
plish ;  stamens  5  or  sometimes  S;  style  2-parted  to  be- 
low the  middle;  achene  lenticular,  broadly  ovoid  or 
obovoid,  i'4'"-i>i"  long,  short-pointed,  thick, 
smooth  and  shining. 

In  marshts,  ( )ntari(>  to  Rliode  Islatul,  New  Jersey 
and  I'ennsjlviinia.  .Xscends  to  2i**i  ft.  in  Pennsylva- 
nia.    Also  in  Michigan.    July-Sept. 


559 


.iN'iA 


13.    Polygonum  setaceum  Haldw. 
Bristly  Persicaria.      (Fig.  1330.) 

J'(j/lXOiiiiiil  sr/iif/ii III  lialilw.;  ]\\l.  Hot.  S.  C.  iV  (ia. 

I. ',(55.      I  Si  7. 

Perennial,  glabrous  or  strigose-pubescent 
above,  .stem  2°-4°  high,  erect,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  2'-9'  long,  mostly  short-petioled, 
acuminate  at  both  ends,  ciliate,  inconspicuously 
punctate;  ocreae  cylindric,  long,  strigose, 
fringed  with  very  long  bristles;  racemes  few, 
terminal,  l'-2,'^'  lo"g.  erect,  linear-oblong, 
sometimes  geminate,  rather  loosely  flowered; 
calyx  white  or  pink;  stamens  8;  style  3-parted 
to  below  the  nuddle;  achene  3-angled,  oblong  or 
obovoid,  short,  thick-])oiuted,  }-i"-2"  long, 
minutely  reticulated  and  rather  dull,  or  smooth 
and  shining. 

Ill  swamps,  soulln-'in  Missouri  to  Louisiana,  cast 
to  North  Carolina  and  I'Uirida.     June-Sept. 


14.  Polygonum  Opelousanum  Riddell. 
Opeluusas  Persicaria.      (Fig.  1331.  ) 

J'olygoiiKiii    0/>eloiisaiiiiiii    Riddi-U;    Small,    Hull, 
forr.  Club,  ip:  ,^5.).      1892. 

Perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout, 
stem  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  sparingly  or 
considerably  branched,  i°-t,°  tall,  becoming 
wood}-  below.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, I, ''2^-5'  long,  ses.sile,  ciliate;  ocreae  cylin- 
dric, .strigose,  fringed  with  long  bristles;  spicatc 
racemes  panicled,  erect,  often  geminate,  yi'~2' 
long,  not  densely  flowered;  calyx  white,  pedi- 
celled,  5-parted  to  below  the  middle;  stamens  8 
or  fewer,  included;  style  deeply  3-partcd;  achene 
3-angled  or  rarely  4-angled,  broadly  ovoid  or 
oliovoid,  i^"  long,  black,  smooth  and  shining 


Missouri  to  Louisiana,  Texa.s  and  Mexico. 
Sept. 


July- 
36 


56o 


roi.YC.ON'ACRAK. 


H 


Polygonum  hydropiperoides  Mielix.     MiUl  Water  IVpper.    (  Im^.  133-?.) 

/'.  /n</ni/ii/>froi</rs  Mii-lix.  I'l.  liur.  Am.  I:  .'V)-       I-'io.V 
/'I'/lXiiiniiii  iiiifr  I'tTs.  Syii.  I;  ).(i).       lS(i5, 

rfrcnniiil,  jiliilnousorstrinillosc,  stcincrctt,  (Icciiiu- 
lieiit  or  prostrate,  simple  or  liranched  above,  slciuler, 
l"-.^*^  loiiK-  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oliloiig- 
lanceolatc,  varyiiij.;  to  linear-lanceolate,  2'-6'  lonj^f, 
sliort-petioled,  acute  at  apex,  liliate,  pubescent  with 
apprcssed  hairs  on  the  midrili  1)cncath;  ocreac  cyliii- 
dric,  loose,  strit;ose,  frin.L;cd  with  lon).(  bristles;  racemes 
paniclcd,  terminal,  erect,  narrow,  more  or  less  inter- 
rupted, I  '■'-.}'  lonj;;  calyx  pink  or  greenish;  stamens 
,S;  style  vparted  to  1  iclow  the  middle ;  acheiie  3-anjjlcd, 
ovoiil  orolilong,  \"-i'i"  lonj;,  smooth,  shininj;. 

In  sw,iini)s  anil  wet  soil,  Niw  lirnnswick  Ici  Minnesota 
iuxl  Ciilifornia,  mpuiIi  to  I'luiiila  and  Mixico.    Jinie-Sei)t. 

Polygonum  hydropiperoides  Macoiini  Small.  JUni.  Dipt, 
liiil.  C'll.  Cell.  1:  .-^i.  IMl.S. 
M(iri'  riibiiM  than  tlie  lyjie.  ■■ifm  i  ,V  b'nu.  clotheil  with 
•■tunt  .•ii)i)ressi<l  hairs;  itavcs  lanceolate.  <il)tnse;  ucrio- 
lae  nmrecir  less  ciliate:  caly.s  white  or  whitish,  nftencoii- 
spiciiiins.  (Juetiec  tn  West  Virginia  atul  Indiana.  Also 
in  Califniiiia. 

16.    Polygonum   Hydropiper  L.     .Sinart-weetl.    Water  Pcpiter. 

rulys""'""  Ifydiopi/ifr  I..  Sl>.  I'l.  ,{6i.       I75V 

Aumial,  j^labroiis,  stem  erect,  sim])lc  r)r  branched, 
red  or  reddish,  sometime^  Kreen,  S'-24'  tall. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  oldonjj-lanceolatc,  i'-4'lonj;, 
short-petioled,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  ajiex,  un- 
dulate or  slightly  crisped,  punctate,  ciliate,  very 
acrid,  ocrcae  cylindnc,  fringed  with  short  bristles, 
sometimes  slij^htly  pubescent,  usually  swollen  at 
the  base  by  the  development  of  several  tlowers 
within;  racemes  panicled,  i'-;,'  long,  narrow, 
drooping,  interrupte<l;  calyx  green,  ;,-5-parted 
(usually  4-parted  )  conspicuously  punctate;  stamens 
4  or  sometimes  6;  style  short,  2-3-parted;  achcne 
lenticular  or  3-angled,  broadly  oblong  or  ovoid, 
slightly  gibbous,  i,'+"-l|^"  long,  granular,  dull. 

In  moist  waste  places,  almost  thnuiKhimt  Noith 
America.  Naturaliztf'  from  luirope  in  our  area,  per- 
liajjs  indigenous  in  the  far  Northwest.     July  Sept. 


17.   Polygonum  punctatum  \\\\.     Dotted 
or  Water  Smart-weed.     (Fig.  1334.) 


p.  piiiuliiliiiii  V.W.  liot.  s. 
/'.  lUrc  1 1.  U.K.  Nov.  C.en. 


Poiva 


C.  iS:  C.a.  1:455.      1^17- 
2:  179.      1817.     Not  I.am. 

-Xunual  or  perennial,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so, 
stem  erect  or  ascending,  rarely  prostrate,  simple  or 
branched,  i°-3°  long.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, i'  -S'  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
pctioled,  ciliate,  conspicuously  punctate,  acrid,  the 
midrib  often  with  a  few  scattered  hairs;  ocreae  cy- 
lindnc; fallingaway  at  maturity;  fringed  with  long 
bristles;  racemes  terminal,  narrow,  erect  or  slightly 
drooping;  loosely  flowered,  jj'-^'  long;  calyx 
greenish;  stamens  >S;  style  2-,vparted  to  the  base 
achene  oblong,  short,  thick,  lenticular  or  3-angled 
1J4"  long,  smooth,  shining. 

In  swamps  and  wet  places,  throutfliout  North  .\mer- 
ica  except  the  extreme  north.     ]nne-()ct. 

Polygonum  punctatum  leptostachyum  dliisn.)  .Small,  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  19:356.      1S92. 
oiiiini  acre  var.  It'/'loslailiyHiii  Mc-isn.  in  DC.  I'rodr.  14:  108.      1S56. 
ither  smaller;  stem  slender,  1°  2"  lonij;  leaves  narrower;  racemes  very  slender  and  much  in- 


It 


2 


BICKWHI'AT    I'AMII.Y. 


561 


ti-niiptid,  iliistind  ;it  tlu-  -.1111111111 
siiiitli  t(i  I'liiriilii  and  .Mt\ii,,, 


uliciU'  .ilmut  i"  Idiij;,  iibliiin;,  sliiiiiiiK.     Vi'iilliilit  tip  Califiiriiia, 

PolyKomim  punctatum  robustior  Siii.ill,  IJulI,   Tcirr,  Club.  21:  477,      iSi,;. 
LurKir  and  st,,uU  1   Uniii  tin-  tyia-.  Ualy;  slim  j     s     tall.  Cdiispii-uotislv  inlarKi  il  al  {Uv  a. ides- 
leaves  j    s   Iimik;  laienies  tliukei,  1'  .('  \.,nK.  iiiUinilited  below;  aeliene  I  '  ■''  Idiijr.  sHkIUIv  ({raiiular 
sciniewliat  nbnvoid;  lalyx-seniiKiils  wliite.     Massacliiisiits  U<  Florida,  near  llie  loast. 

18.    Polygonum  orientale  I,,     rrince's 
Feather.     (Fij^.  i;i33-> 

Poh'iiiniinii  onnilitic  f,.  Sp.  ]'l.  ,;"-.      I7,s.i. 

Amuial,  more  or  less  hispid,  stem  erect,  i°-.S'^tall, 
branched.  Leaves  ovate  or  broadly  oblong,  3'-i2' 
long,  ])etioled,  aciiniinatc  at  the  apc.\,  ciliate;  peti- 
oles slightly  winged;  ocrcae  cylindric,  loose,  with 
or  without  a  siireadim;  border,  ciliate;  racemes 
pani'-led,  obloiig-cylindric,  i'-4'  long,  dense,  droop- 
ing; (lowers  large  for  the  genu'A,  calyx  dark  ro.se- 
color  or  crimson;  stamens  7,  exscrted;  style  2clcft 
to  above  the  middle,  included;  .stigmas  large;  achene 
orbicular  or  broader  than  long,  lenticular,  flat, 
nearly  ij,"  in  diameter,  finely  reticulated  and 
rather  dull. 

In  waste  places,  escaped  from  gardens  tlinniylmiit 
eastern  Xortli  America.     Native  of  India.     AiiR.   Sept. 

19.    Poly[,onum  Virginianum    I,.     \'irgini;i 
Kiiotwoed.      (.Fig.  1336. ) 

J't'lvniiiiiiin  l'i)i;inia>iiim  I,.  ,Sp.  I'l.  ,^(>o.       175;;. 

.Annual,  nearly  glabrous  or  strigose-pubescent,  stem 
erect  or  arching,  simple  or  branched  above,  1^-4^  tall. 
Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic-ovate  or  ovate-laticcolate, 
short-i)etioled,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  2'-6'  long, 
sparingly  ciliate;  ocreae  cylindric,  strigose,  fringed 
with  short  bristles;  racemes  spicate,  erect,  terminal 
and  axillary,  naked,  greatly  elongated  and  interrupted, 
sometimes  12'  long;  calyx  curved,  greenish  or  rose- 
color,  4-clefl;  stamens 5;  .style  long,  cx.serted,  2-parted 
to  the  base,  its  branches  at  length  curled;  achene  2" 
long,  ovalc-oblong,  lenticular,  strongly  biconvex,  dark 
lirown  or  cream-colored,  smooth,  shining. 

_  111  uciods.  Xova .Scotia to  Minnesota,  south  to  I'loridaand 
Texas,     .\scends  to  .((««)  fi.  in  Xortli  Carolina.     Jiily-Xov. 

20.    Polygonum  aviculare  L.     Kiiot- 
jjras.s.      I)oor-\vt.-ed.      (Fig.  1337.) 

Po/ixdiiiiiii  az'iiiihiii-  I..  Sp.  I'l.  .vj2.       17.S,v 

Annual  or  commonly  perennial,  slender,  gla- 
brous, dull  green  or  bluish  green,  stem  prostrate 
or  ascending,  simple  or  branched,  4'-2'^  long. 
Leaves  oblong,  linear  or  oblanceolatc,  3"- 10" 
long,  nearly  sessile  or  short-petioled,  jointed  to 
the  ocreae,  narrowed  at  the  base,  usually  acute 
at  the  apex,  not  conspicuously  veined;  ocreae  ob- 
lique, silvery,  2-parted  or  at  length  lacerate; 
clusters  axillary,  1-5-Howered;  flowers  small, 
short-pedicelled;  calyx  .green,  5-parted,  the  lobes 
with  white  or  pink  borders;  stamens  5-8;  style 
short,  3-parteil  to  near  the  base;  achene  3-angled, 
ovoid,  i"  long,  acute,  reticulated. 

A  weed  in  cultivated  and  waste  groniuls.  coniinoii 
almost  throuBlioul  Xjrtli  .\Mierica,  .Vsiaand  liumpe. 
June-Oct. 


\l  V:   ' 


562 


rOLVGONACEAR. 


21.    Polygonum  littorale    Link.     Shore 

Knotweed.     (Fig.  1338.) 
/'i>/]X(iiniiii   lillonrlc   I, ink   in  Sclir:ul.  Joiini.  i:  54. 

Annual  or  ])ereunial,  stout,  glal)rous,  t)ri}{ht 
green  or  slightly  glaucous,  stem  l°-4°  long,  pros- 
trate or  ascending,  diffusely  branched  from  a 
woody  base,  striate.  Leaves  oblong,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate or  oblauccolate,  2"-9"  long,  obtuse  or 
subacute  at  the  apex,  mostly  acuminate  at  the 
base,  prominently  veined,  often  crisped,  jointed 
to  the  ocreae;  ocrcae  oblique,  2- parted,  at  length 
lacerate;  flowers  axillary,  2-6  in  each  cluster; 
calyx  green,  its  lobes  whitish-margined  or  car- 
mine; stamens  S;  style  short,  3-parted  to  the  base; 
achene  broadly  ovoid,  3-angled,  I'i"  long,  more 
or  less  narrowed  at  the  base  and  apex. 

On  shores  and  in  waste  places,  N\\v  lirunswick  to 
Mimifsota  and  California,  scmlli  tn  Virginia,  lUinnis 
and  Kansas.     .Mso  in  luinipe.     .•\UK--St'i)l. 


22.    Polygonum  Bellardi  All.      Bellard's 
Knotweed.     (Fig.  1339.) 

l\'l]X""ii'>'  Bclhitdi  All.  l''l.  I'ed.  2:  2n,s.    />/.  5»).  /  -•', 

i78,v 

Annual,  dingy  green,  stem  slender,  prostrate  or 
spreading,  i°-3^  long,  simple  or  diffusely  branched, 
striate.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, short-petioled,  2"-2o"  long,  acute  at  the  apex, 
acuminate  at  the  base,  distant,  prominently  veined 
beneath,  jointed  to  the  ocreae;  ocreae  oblique,  sil- 
very, slightly  lacerate  when  young,  becoming  much 
incised  when  old;  flowers  1-3  together  in  the  axils; 
calyx  green,  its  lobes  white-margined;  .^tamem.  8; 
style  3-parted  to  the  base,  very  short;  achene  ovoid 
or  oblong-ovoid,  3-angled,  rather  pointed  at  both 
ends,  \"-\]i"  long,  reticulated  and  rather  dull. 

In  waste  gniunds,  Washington.  I).  C  .Adventive 
from  eastern  Ivnrope  or  western  .\si:i. 


Polygonum  maritimum  L.     Seaside  Knotweed 


V    '' 


1 340. ) 


l'iil\\i;iiiiitiii  nuxiitiniiDii  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  361,     1753. 
I'l'lyiiiOiiiiii  i^liiKiioii  Null.  Cieti.  1:2,^4.     iSlS. 

Perennial  or  sometimes  annual,  glaucous,  gla- 
brous, root  usually  deep,  woody,  stem  prostrate 
or  ascending,  branched,  S'-2o'  long,  deeply 
striate.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  mostly  ecjual- 
ling  or  longer  than  the  intcrnodes,  3"-i2"  long, 
fleshy,  veined  beneath,  somewhat  ru,m>se  above, 
conspicuously  jointeil  to  the  ocreae,  the  margins 
often  re  volute;  ocreae  large,  silvery,  2-parted  or 
at  length  lacerate,  becoming  brown  at  the  base; 
flowers  1-3  together  in  the  axils,  becoming  slen- 
der-pedicellcd;  calyx  white  or  pinkish;  stamens 
.S;  style  short,  3-partcd;  achene  3-angleil,  ovoid  or 
narrowly  ovoid,  I'i''  long,  acute  or  acuminate, 
smooth,  shining,  longer  than  the  calyx. 


In  sands  of  the  seasliore,  Maine  to 
on  the  coast  of  Ivnrope,     July  Sept 


I'lorida.     .Mso 


Shore 


BrCKWHKAT  FAMILY. 


563 


/'ci/vi;oiiiiiii  Jfiiyi   Habiiigt.  Man.  Brit.  Hot.  Rd.  2 


24.    Polygonum  Rayi  Habingt.     Rav's  Knotwetd 

■^ 

Perennial  or  annual,  glabrous,  slightly  glau-  x^ij 

couB,  stem  ^'-24'  long,  prostrate,  usually  much 
branchcil,  striate.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or 
oblong,  3"-l5"  long,  short-petioled,  acute  or 
obtusish  at  the  apex,  veined  beneath,  incon- 
spicuously so  above,  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
inconspicuously  jointed  to  the  ocreae;  ocreae 
2-parted,  becoming  lacerate,  silvery,  brown  and 
glaucous  at  the  base  when  old;  flowers  2-4  to- 
gether in  the  axils;  stamens  5  or  6;  style  short, 
3-parted  to  the  base;  achene  ovoid,  3-angled, 
2"-3"  long,  slightly  granular  but  shining,  much 
exceeding  the  calyx. 

In  ■■••astf  places,  Xtw  Brunswick  and  Prince  Kd- 
wa*- '.  Island  to  British  Colnnibia.  south  along  the 
-Atlantic  Coast  to  Virginia.  Naturalized  from 
linrope  ?     May-Sept. 


(Fig.  1341.) 


25.    Polygonum   erectum  L.     Krect 
Kiiotweed.      (.Fig.  1342.) 
I'olygoiiHin  crciliim  I,.  Sp.  PI.  363.      1753. 

Annual,  glabrous,  stem  erect  or  ascending,  8'-2° 
high,  terete,  nearly  simple  or  much  branched. 
Leaves  oval,  oblong  or  obovatc,  sub.scssile  or 
short-petioled,  3'''-iS"  long,  obtuse  or  subacute  at 
the  apex,  conspicuously  jointed  to  the  ocreae; 
ocreae  oblique,  funnelform,  soon  lacerate,  silvery 
when  young;  flowers  1-2  together  in  the  axils; 
calyx  greenish,  enlarged  in  fruit;  stamens  6  (some- 
times 5)  style  very  short,  3-parted  to  near  the 
base;  achene  ovoid-pyramidal,  3-angled,  xYz" 
long,  reticulated  and  dull,  invested  by  the  calyx, 
or  the  apex  slightly  protruding. 

In  moist  or  dry  soil,  Ontario  t(i  the  Xorthwest  Ter- 
ritory, Tennessee  and  .\rkansa?..     July-Sept. 


26.  Polygonum  exsertum  Small.     Loiig- 

fruited  Knotweed.     (Fig.  1343.) 
p.  exiitliiui  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Cbib.  21:  172.      1894. 

Annual,  glabrous,  sometimes  slightly  glaucous, 
stem  slender,  brownish,  erect  or  nearly  so,  con- 
spicuously striate,  branched,  i;2°-3°tall.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  rarely  oblanceolate,  ^i'-iyi'  long,  acute 
or  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  acuminate  at  the  base, 
nearly  sessile;  ocreae  2-4-parted  when  young,  soon 
lacerate,  silvery,  becoming  brownish;  calyx  green- 
ish, or  white,  6-parted  to  near  the  base;  stamens  5 
or  6,  included;  style  3-cleft  or  3-parted,  very  short; 
achene  3-.ingled,  narrowly  pyramidal,  2 '2  "-3" 
long,  more  or  less  constricted  above  the  middle, 
chestnut-brown,  smooth,  shining,  2-3  times  as  long 
as  the  calyx,  at  length  twisted. 

Northwest  Territory,  south  to  lUiiinis,  Missouri 
and  Nebraska  and  on  the  .Mlantic  coast,  in  brackish 
marshes,  from  Maine  to  New  York.     .\ug.  Oct. 


'<    "j 


rOLYGONACKAK. 

27.    Polygonum  ramosissimum  Miclix. 

Bushy  Knotwecd.     (,Fig.  1344.) 

P.  >(7)ii('.si.ssiiiiiii>i  Miclix.  i''l.  Hor.  Am.  i:  2,^7.      1803. 

Annual,  liright  green  or  yellowish  green,  gla- 
brous, stem  erect  or  ascending,  usually  very  much 
branched,  slender,  striate,  usually  rigid,  4'-4°  tall. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  sliort-petiolcd, 
3"-2o"  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  persistent, 
conspicuously  jointed  to  theocreae;  ocreac  oblique, 
funnelforni,  few-nerved,  liecoming  deeply  lacerate; 
flowers  several  together  in  the  axillary  clusters, 
sliort-pedicellcd;  calyx  5-6-parted,  greenish-white; 
stamens  6  or  fewer;  style  very  short,  ,vparted  to  the 
l)ase;  a  'lene  ,^-angled,  acute,  sometimes  slightly 
protruding  beyond  the  calyx,  nearly  i}i"  long, 
black,  reticulated,  dull. 

Ill  saline  soil,  Miiiiii.-S(ita  lo  tlu'  Nnrlliwest  Territory, 
New  Mexico  and  California,  ami  on  tlic  Atlantic  coast 
from  Maine  lo  New  Jersey.     July-SL'pt. 

Polygonum  ramosissimum  prolificum  Small.  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  21:  171.      i'<94. 
Husliy,  much  branched,  stem  nearly  erect,  its  ititcnioiUs  sliort.  its  nodes  KiviiiK  otT  2  or  more 


branches;  leaves  narrower;  flowers  and  aclieiics  nioie  numerous 
the  coast  of  Maine, 

28.   Polygonum  camporum  Meisn. 

Prairie  Knotweed.     (Fis-  I345.) 

p.  caiiipmiini  Meisn.  in  Mart.  I'l.  liras.  5:  21.      18,^5. 

Annual  or  jjerennial,  glabrous,  stem  mostly 
erect,  slightly  striate,  much  branched,  some- 
times slightly  glaucous,  2'^-3°  tall.  Leaves 
linear-lanceolate  or  oblong,  soon  falling  away, 
subsessile,  rather  obtuse  at  the  apex,  veined  be- 
neath, 3"-i2"  long;  ocreae  fnnuelform,  early 
lacerate  and  fugacious,  dark  brown ;  flowers  sev- 
eral together  in  the  axillary  clusters,  slender  ped 
icelled;  pedicels  short;  stamens  8;  style  short, 
3-parted;  achene  pyramidal-ovoid,  3-angled, 
black,  nearly  I'l"  lon.g,  smooth,  shining. 

On  i)rairies.  Nebraska  to  Louisiana  and  New 
Jlexico.     Also  in  South  America.     July  Sept. 


Nebraska  and  Kansas;  also  on 


29.    Polygonum  tenue  Michx.     Slender 
Knotweed.      (Fi.i;.  1346.) 

J'i>lyi;t>iiinn  /(•//'((' Michx.  l''l.  Hor.  .\m.  1:2,^8,       lSo,v 
/.  Annual,   glalirous,   scnncwhat   rough    about   the 

.^^  nodes,  stem  very  slender  or  filiform,  erect,  simple 
or  branched,  somewhat  4-angled,  4'-l2'  tall. 
Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  2"-\2"  long,  articidated  to  the 
ocreac,  i-ribbed  with  a  lateral  impression  on  each 
side  of  the  rib,  the  margins  minutely  scabrous  or 
serrulate;  ocreac  funnelforni,  soon  lacerate;  flowers 
several  in  the  axillary  clusters,  green,  subsessile; 
calyx-lobes  whitish ;  stamens  S;  style  3-partcd  nearly 
to  the  base,  its  branches  diverging;  fruit  erect; 
achene  3-anglcd,  black,  \"-\^',"  long,  reticulated 
on  the  angles,  the  centre  of  its  faces  smooth. 

Dry  soil,  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  OeorKia  and  .Vrkan- 
sas,    '.\seeiuls  to  V'Hj  ft.  in  North  Carolina.     July-.Sept. 


BrCKWHEAT   FAMILY. 


565 


30.    Polygonum  Douglasii  Greene. 
Douglas'  Knotweed.     (Fig.  1347O 

Polvi;oiuiin    Poiia/iisii  C.reene,    Hull.    C:il.    .\cacl. 
("11.)  1:125.       1885. 

Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  gla- 
brous, somewhat  rough  at  the  nodes,  sometimes 
slightly  glaucous,  stem  erect,  8'-iS'  tall,  simple 
or  usually  much  branched,  almost  terete. 
Leaves  oblong  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  ,'j'-2' 
long,  sul)sessile,  rather  thin,  flat  or  revolute, 
■with  no  lateral  impressions  parallel  to  the  mid- 
rib; ocreae  oblique,  short,  soon  lacerate;  clus- 
ters axillary,  several-flowered;  the  flowers  and 
fruit  deflexed;  calyx  green  with  white  or  rose- 
colored  margin;  stamens  S;  style  ;,-parted; 
achene  3-anglcd,  i  '+'"-2"  long,  oblong  or  ovoid- 
oblong,  black,  smooth  and  shining. 

NorthwLSt  Territory  and  Hritish  Cnlunibia  to  New 
Jltxico  anil  Indian  Territory,  east  tlirouifli  (Inlario 
to  northern  New  York  and  Vermont.     June -Sept. 


Polygonum  Convolvulus  I^.     Black  Bindweed.     (Fig.   1348.) 


PohxoiiKiii  Ciiiivol-.'iihis  I,.  Sp.  PI.  :/)\.      175.?. 

Annual,  glabrous,  scurfy,  stem  twining  or  trail- 
ing, fi'-T,°  loni^,  mostly  branched,  the  interuodes 
elongated.  Leaves  ovate-sagittate  or  the  upper- 
most lanceolate-sagittate,  long-petioled,  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  slightly  ciliate,  'j'-j'long;  ocreaeob- 
lique,  short,  rough  on  the  margin;  axillary  clusters 
or  racemes  loosely  flowered;  flowers  greenish,  pen- 
dulous on  slender  pedicels;  calyx  5-parted,  closely 
investing  the  achene,  the  outer  lobes  slightly  or 
not  at  all  keeled;  stamens  S;  style  short,  nearly 
entire;  stigmas  3;  achene  3-anglcd,  obovoid-pyrani- 
idal,  I '2"  long,  thick-pointed,  black,  granular, 
rather  dull. 

In  waste  and  cuUivaled  ff'ouuds,  nearly  lliroughont 
North  America  except  the  extreme  north.  Naturalized 
from  Ivurope.  Native  of  Asia.  Sometimes  a  trouble- 
.some  weed.     Calyx  rarely  6-parted.     July-Sept. 


32.     Polygonum     cilinode     Michx. 
Fringed  Black  Bindweed.    (Fig.  1349.) 
J\  n7ino(if  Michx.  l-\.  Hor.  .\m.  i:  241.      1S03. 

Perennial,  sparingly  pubescent,  stem  red  or 
reddish,  twining  or  prostrate,  i°-io''  long. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  somewhat  hastate,  acu- 
minate at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  rather 
long-petioled,  undulate,  finely  ciliate,  i'-4' 
long,  or  the  upper  smaller;  ocreae  small,  armed 
with  reflexed  bristles  near  the  base;  racemes 
mostly  panicled,  axillary  and  terminal,  inter- 
rupted; calyx  whitish;  style  short,  3-parted  to 
the  base;  achene  3-angled,  oblong-pyramidal  or 
ovoid, nearly  l}i"  long,  very  smooth  and  shining. 

In  rocky  places.  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario.  Minne- 
sota and  r'ennsylvania,  south  in  the  AUewlianies  to 
North  Carolina."  .\scends  to  2000  ft.  in  the  Calskills. 
June-Sept. 


POLYGON  ACEAH. 

33.    Polygonum  scandens  L.     Cliinhinj^ 
False  Huckwlieat.      '  HiK-  i35'-  > 

/'dhxiiiiinii  .si(Hi(/iiis  I,.  S]).  PI.  .vn.      I7,i,v 

Perennial,  jnlal)r<)us,  stem  climbing,  2°-2()°  long, 
ramer  stout,  striate,  l)ranche<l,  rounh  on  the  ridges. 
Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  cordate  at  the  base,  i'-6' 
long  or  the  upper  smaller,  the  larger  long-petioled, 
finely  punctate,  the  margins  scabrous;  ocrcae  oblique, 
smooth  and  glabrous;  racemes  usually  numerous  and 
panicled,  interrupted,  leafy,  2'-8'  long;  flowers  yel- 
lowish-green, long-pedicelled;  calyx  g-parted,  the 
three  outer  segments  very  strongly  winged  and  decur- 
rent  on  the  pedicels,  especially  in  fruit;  stamens  8; 
style  almost  none;  stigmas  3 ;  fruiting  calyx  5"-6"  long, 
the  wings  crisped,  not  incised;  achene  2"-2>^"  long, 
3-angled,  rather  blunt  at  both  ends,  smooth,  shining. 

In  wcMids  and  tliickils,  Nciva  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  the 
Kocky  .Mountains,  south  to  I'lorida,  Nebraska  and  'IV.vas. 
Auk.  Sept. 

34.    Polygonum  dumetorum  L.     Copse  or  Hedge  Hiickwheat.    (Fig.  1350.) 

Polygi'iiiiiii  till iHcloiu III  I,.  Sp.  IM.  lid.  2,  522.      1762. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  similar  to  the  preceding  spe- 
cies, stem  extensively  twining,  2°-i2°  long,  striate, 
much  branched.  LeaveN  ovate  or  somewhat  has- 
tate, and  sometimes  inequilateral,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  I'-alj'  long,  long  peti- 
oled,  or  the  upper  smaller  and  nearly  sessile;  ocreae 
oblique,  smooth;  racemes  mostly  axillary,  numer- 
ous, much  interrupted,  leafy-bracted,  2'-5'  long; 
flowers  yellowish  green,  pendulous;  calyx  5-partcd, 
the  three  outer  segments  winged  or  keeled  and 
much  enlarged  in  fruit;  stamens  S;  style  short, 
3-parted;  fruiting  calyx  y''-^"  long,  the  wings 
nearly  flat,  not  incised;  achene  oblong,  3-angled, 
2"  long,  inclined  to  be  pointed  at  both  ends,  black, 
smooth,  shining. 

Prairies  of  Illinois  and  about  St.  Louis.  Mo.  .■Mso  in 
the  vicinity  of  Knoxville,  Tenn.  N.iturali/ed  from 
Europe  ?    July-Sept. 


35.  Polygonum  cristatum  F;iigelm.  & 

Gray.     Crested  F'al.se  Buckwheat. 

(Fig.  1352.) 

/'nhxiiiiiiiii   tiislaliiiii    liuKelui.    iS;    Cray,    Host. 
Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  5:  25f).      1S47. 

Perennial,  scurfy,  stem  slender,  twining,  2°- 
10°  long,  more  or  less  branched.  Leaves  trian- 
gular or  ovate,  I'-s'  long,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  undulate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
rather  long-petioled;  ocreae  cylindric-funncl- 
forni;  flowers  in  axillary  simple  or  compound 
often  naked  racemes  i '-5' long;  pedicels  about 
2J2"  long,  jointed  near  the  middle;  calyx 
greenish-white,  2"-2;2"  long,  ,s-parted  to  near 
the  base,  the  3  outer  segments  keeled  and  at 
maturity  winged;  stamens  S,  included;  style 
none;  stigmas  3;  fruiting  calyx  3"-4"  long,  its 
wings  incised;  achene  3-auglcd,  oblong,  black, 
smooth,  shining,  about  i ','"  long, 
cky  banks,  southern  New  York  to  Ceortfia,  the  Indian  Territory  and  Texas. 


Sandy  w< 
Aug.  Oct. 


lods  and  r( 


HUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 


567 


36.    Polygonum  Zuccarinii  Small.     Japanese  Knotweed. 

PdhK' <"'!'»'  niiftidaliim  Siib.  6c  Zutx.  I"l.  Jap.  I''iiiii. 

Silt.  2:  S4,       1S46.     N(]t  Wind.    iS2S. 
Pohiioiium  '/.It  ■arinii  Small,  Mem.  Dipt.  liot.  Ci)l. 

Cnll,  l:  15S.      ./,  M.      1X95. 

rerennial,  jilahrous,  more  or  less  scurfy,  stem 
stout,  erect,  woo<ly  below,  terete  or  slightly 
angled,  much  liranchcd,  4°-S°  tall.  Leaves  ob- 
louK-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  petioleil,  2'-6' 
loun,  acuuiinatecuspidate  at  the  apex,  truncate 
or  subcordate  at  the  base,  reticulate-vuiued  on 
both  surfaces,  their  margins  undulate;  ocreac 
oblique,  smooth,  fugacious;  racemes  mostly  ter- 
minal, panicled,  2'-4'  lonji,  or  axillary,  many- 
flowered,  more  or  less  pubescent;  flowers  green- 
ish-white, louK-pedicelled;  outer  segments  of  the 
5-parled  calyx  very  broadly  winj^'ed  in  fruit; 
stamens  8;  style  ^parted;  achene  3-an>;led,  nar- 
rowly oblong  or  oblong-pyramidal,  \]i"-\]i" 
long,  black,  smooth,  shining. 

Escaped  from  cultivation  near  Philadtlphia,  I'a  . 
Schenectady.  N.  Y..  and  .\tlantic  HiKlilaiids,  N.  J. 
Native  of  Japan.     July-Oct. 


(t'iR-  1353- ) 


Polygonum  sagittatum  L. 


Arrow -leaved  Tear-thiimb.      (Fig.  I354-) 
P(ilyi;oiuiin  sagillalinii  I,.  Sp.  PI.  .  ^-■,.      ir.S.V 

-Annual,  light  green,  stem  slender,  weak,  de- 
cumbent, or  climbing  over  other  plants  by  the 
abundant  sharp  recurved  prickles  which  arm  its 
4  prominent  angles.  Leaves  lanceolate-sagittate  or 
oblong-sagittate,  J<'-3'  long,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the 
apex,  slightly  rough  on  the  margins,  the  lower  pe- 
tioled,  the  upper  subsessile;  petioles  and  lower  sur- 
face of  the  midribs  prickly;  ocreae  oblique,  not 
ciliate,  fringed  at  the  base  by  a  few  bristle-like 
prickles;  flowers  in  rather  dense  terminal  heads  or 
racemes;  calyx  greenish  or  rose-colored  ;  stamens 
usually  S;  style  3-parted  to  below  the  middle; 
achene  3-angled,  oblong-pyramidal,  thick-pointed, 
\yi"  long,  dark  red,  smooth,  shining. 

In  wet  soil,  Newfoundland  and  Nova  Scotia  to  the 
Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Florida  and  Kansas. 
.\scends  to  .?o(»)  ft.  in  Virginia.    July-Sept. 


38.    Polygonum    arifolium    L.     Halberd- 
leaved  Tear-thmnl).     (Fig.  I355-) 

Piilyooniiiii  aii/oliinn  L.  Sp.  PI.  ,',64.       I7.^,V 

Perennial,  stem  ridged,  reclining,  2°-6°  long,  the 
ridges  armed  with  recurved  prickles.  Peduncles 
and  pedicels  glandular  or  pubescent;  leaves  broadly 
hastate,  long-petioled,  I'-io'  long,  pubescent  or 
glabrous  beneath,  the  apex  and  basal  lobes  acumi- 
nate; i)etioles  and  stronger  nerves  prickly;  ocreae 
oblique,  fringed  at  the  summit  with  short  bristles 
and  at  the  base  with  slender  prickles;  flowers  in 
terminal  and  axillary  heads  or  racemes;  calyx  rose- 
color  or  greenish,  4-parted;  stamens  6;  style  2-parted. 
achene  lenticular,  broadly  obovate,  2"  long,  strongly 
biconvex,  dark  brown,  smooth,  shining. 

In  moist  or  wet  soil.  New  lirunswick  and  Ontario  to 
Minnesota,  south  to  South  Carolina.     July-.Sepl. 


568 


POLYGONACEAE. 


n 


N>,'"' 


.  \ 


7.    POLYGONELLA  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  240.       1S03. 

Annual  or  perennial  glabrous  herbs,  sometimes  slij,'htly  woody,  with  erect  branched 
usually  conspicuously  jointed  stems,  alternate  narrow  leaves  articulated  to  the  naked  ocrcae, 
and  small  white  or  jireenish  (lowers  in  slender  panicled  racemes.  Calyx  uiie(|ually  5-parted, 
j)crsistent,  its  sc.t;ments  petalloi<l,  loosely  investing  the  achciie  or  its  base  in  fruit,  the  throe 
inner  calyx-segments  often  winged.  vStamens  S,  included;  lilamcnts  filiform,  or  much  dilated 
or  anricled  at  the  base;  anthers  oblong,  small.  Style  ^-parted,  short  or  almost  wanting; 
stigmas  capitate;  ovary  i-celled,  ovule  solitary.  Achenc  3-anglcd,  smooth.  Embryo  slen- 
der, nearly  straight,  situated  in  one  of  the  angles  of  the  seed.     [Diminutive  of  Polygonum.] 

l'"ivc  or  six  siK-cics.  natives  nf  North  .\nierica. 

.\iinual:  iiiiicr  sepals  nut  winKid  in  fruit;  pedicels  reflextd.  I.  /'.  arliiiilalii. 

Perennial;  inmr  sepals  wiuKed  in  fruit;  ptdicels  divergent. 


I.    Polygonella  articulata  (L.)  Meisn.     Coast  Jointweed 

Polvffoiiuiii  aiiicidn/uiii  I..  Sp.  I'l.  ,V),v      >7.^,V 
P<i[yi;oiic!la  (irti<i(lala  Meisn,  Gen.  2:  22S.       i8,s6-'4,^. 

Annual,  glaucous,  stem  sleniler,  wiry,  erect  or 
sometimes  difTusely  spreading,  simple  or  branched, 
striate  or  slightly  angled,  4'-io'  long.  Leaves 
linear  or  linear-subulate  (apparently  fdiform  from 
the  revolnte  margins),  sessile,  4"-2o"  long,  jointed 
to  the  summits  of  the  ocrcae,  cylindric,  slightly  ex- 
panded at  the  summit;  racemes  numerous,  erect, 
many-flowered,  i'~i yi'  long;  ocreolae  crowded  or 
imbricated  ;  pedicels  reflexed ;  calyx-segments 
white  with  a  ilark  midrib,  loosely  investing  the 
achene,  not  winged  in  fruit;  achene  narrowly  ovoid- 
pyramidal,  pointed,  i"  long,  brown,  smooth, 
shining. 


2.  /'.  Aiiifi  icijiia. 
(I-'ig-  1356.:) 


In  sands  of  the  seashore  ;uiil  sandy  soil  aloiiK  the 
coast,  Maine  to  Tlorida,  and  on  the  sliores  of  the  (ircat 
Lakes.     July-Oct. 

2.    Polygonella  Americana  (F.  &  M.)  Small. 

(FiS-  1357- ' 


Southern  Jointweed. 


iS:    M.    Jkni.    .Vcad.    St. 


In  dry  soil,  Missouri 


(,'oiiiif'yiinii    Aiiwricaiiiiiii    V 

I'elcVsb.  I  VI.  I  4:  M4.      1840, 
Polviioiiclla  iiiciiiilis  l^iiRcIm,  &  Ciray.  Host.  Jouni.  Nat. 

Ilist.  5:  2;,o.      i84,i, 
/',  .liiu-ricdnii  .Small,  Mein.  Torr.  Club.  5:  141.       1S94. 

Perennial  by  a  long  slender  root,  slightly  glaucous, 
stem  erect  or  ascending,  wiry,  somewhat  flexuous, 
iJ2°-4°  high,  simple  or  slightly  branched,  covered 
with  a  ridged  more  or  less  scaly  bark.  Leaves  linear 
or  linear-spatulate,  '^'-i'  long,  often  fascicled  on 
short  branches,  sessile,  rather  fleshy,  obtuse  and  revo- 
lnte at  the  apex;  ocreae  scarious-margined,  split  on  one 
side;  racemes  i'-3'  long,  dense,  divergent;  calyx  white 
or  pink,  its  three  inner  segments  developing  or- 
bicular cordate  wings,  the  two  outer  reflexed  in  fruit! 
pedicels  divergent,  jointeil  below  the  middle;  achenc 
elliptic-oblong,  i  '4'"  long,  chestnut-brown,  pointed  at 
both  ends,  smooth,  shining. 
to  Texas,  east  to  CeorRia  and  .Maljania,     AuR,   Oct, 


8.  BRUNNICHIA  Hanks;  Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  i;  213.  />/.  /,-.  /.  2.  1788. 
Perennial,  glabrous  herbs  with  elongated,  grooved  nmch  branched  stems  climbing  b}- 
tendrils  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  alternate  entire  broad  cordate  petioled  leaves,  the 
ocreae  obscure  or  wanting,  and  small  perfect  flowers  in  panicled  terminal  and  axillary 
racemes,  the  flowers  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  lanceolate-subulate  bracts.  Pedicels  slender, 
jointed  near  the  base.  Calyx  5-partcd,  nmch  enlarged,  coriaceous  and  winged  on  one  side 
in  fruit,  closely  investing  the  achene,  the  segments  spreading  when  fresh,  converging  when 
dry.     Stamens  7-10,  mostly  8;  filaments  filiform,  much  dilated  at  the  base;  anthers  ovate- 


liUCKWHEAT   I-A:.IILY. 


569 


1 788. 


ohloiij,'.  vStyle  ^-parted,  the  stigmas  2-cleft  at  the  suiniiiil;  ovary  imperfectly  2-cellc(l;  ovule 
solitary,  pendulous.  Acheiie  3-aiij,'lc(l.  Seed  irregularly  6-grooved,  the  cmhryo  in  one  of 
its  angles.     [Name  in  honor  of  I\I.  T.  Brunuich,  Norwegian  naturalist.] 

Two  known  spe'-ies,  the  followinK  of  southeastern  North  Aineriu  ',  tlu-  ullicr  of  tropical  Africa. 

I.    Brunnichia  cirrhosa  Baiik.s.     Brumiichia.     (Fig.  1358.) 

Ill  iiiniidiia  cirrhosa   Hanks;  Cairtn.   I'r.  i\:  Scni.  I; 

21;,.    /)/.  /,-.  /.  -».      I7S^- 
A'd/aiiiii  (nut/a  Walt.  Kl.  Car.  247.      17SS. 

Steii'  6°-2()°  long,  somewhat  woody,  rather 
tough  slender,  grooved.  Tendrils  numerous,  fdi- 
for-.i;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or 
acununate  at  the  apex,  truncate  or  snhcordate  at 
the  base,  i'-6'  long,  petioled,  slightly  puhescent 
beneath;  ocreae  obsolete  or  represented  by  a  ring 
of  short  bristles;  racemes  2'-6'  long;  flowers  in 
fascicles  of  from  2-5;  calyx  campaindate,  3"-4" 
long,  greenish,  5-parted,  its  base  strongly  winged 
along  one  side;  stamens  exserted;  achene  oblong- 
ovoid,  3"  long,  brown,  smooth,  closely  invested 
by  the  persistent  and  coriaceous  calyx  which  be- 
comes i'  or  niorp  in  length. 

On  banks  of  streams,  soulliern  Illinois  to  .\rkan- 
sas.  east  to  .South  Carolin:i  and  I'lorida.  May  June. 
Fruit  mature  in  AurusI. 

Family  15.     CHENOPODIACEAE  Duiiiort.  Anal.  F'ani.  15.       1S29. 

GOOSKI'DOT    F.\MII.V. 

Amuial  i)r  perennial  herbs,  rarely  shrul)s,  with  angled  striate  or  terete  steins. 
Leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  ex.stipnlate,  .simple,  entire,  toothed  or 
lobed,  mostly  jietioled  (in  Sa/iconi/a  reduced  to  mere  ridges).  Flowers  perfect, 
pistillate,  polygamous,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  small,  green  or  greenish,  regu- 
lar or  slightl\-  irregular,  variously  clustered,  connnonly  in  panicled  .sjjikes,  Ijract- 
less  or  bracteolate,  occasionall\-  .solitary  in  the  axils.  Petals  none.  Calyx  per- 
sistent, 2-5-lobed,  2-5-parted  or  rarely  reduced  to  a  .single  .sepal,  wanting  in  the 
pistillate  flowers  of  some  genera.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  or  divisions  of 
the  calvx,  or  fewer,  and  ojiposite  them;  filaments  .slender;  anthers  2-celled,  hni- 
gitudinally  dehi.scent.  Disk  usuall\-  none.  Ovary  mostly  superior  and  free 
from  the  calyx,  i-celled;  ovule  .solitary,  amphitropous;  .styles  1-3;  .stigmas capi- 
tate, or  2-3-iobed  or  di\-ided.  Fruit  a  utricle,  with  a  thin  or  coriaceous  peri- 
carp. Seed  \ertical  or  horizontal;  endosperm  meah",  fle.sh\-  or  wanting;  embryo 
partly  or  completely  aniutlar  or  conduplicate,  or  spirally  coiled. 

.■^bout  75  genera  and  ,S5o  species,  of  wide  f>eo(fraphical  distribution. 

■X-   Embryo  annular  or  conduplicate,  not  spirally  coiled;  endosperm  copious  lexcept  in  S.ilict'rina). 
I.eafv  herbs:  endosperm  copious. 

I'ruit  enclosed  bv  or  not  lotiRcr  th.in  the  calyx  or  bractlels. 

I'lowers  perfect  or  some  of  lliem  pistillate;  calyx  herbaceous  or  fleshy. 
Calyx  2-,s4ol)e(l  or  2-.sparte<l;  stamens  15. 

Fruitinji;  calvx  windless,  its  seffmeiUs  often  keeled. 

Calvx  herbaceous  or  but  sliglitlv  Oesliy  in  fruit;  flowers  in  panickd  spikes. 

I.   c'iii'i/<>/>iHi/inii. 
iMuitiuK- calvx  dry,  strongly  reticulated;  leaves  pi imati fid.  2.   A'oii/iii'Vtr 

Calvx  vcrv  fksliv  and  brishl  red  in  fruit;  llowers  densely  capitate. 

,^.   mil II III. 
Fruiting  calyx  horizontally  uinged.  4-   Cyiii'lmiiO- 

Calvx  of  I  sepal';  stamen  i.      "  S    Jf,iiii>/,;iis. 

I'lowers  monoecious  or  dioecious;    calyx    of    pistillate  flowers  none;    fruit  enclosed  by  2 
bractlets. 
Hractlets  Hal  or  convex,  not  silky, 
liractlets  silky-pubcstent,  conduplicate. 
I'lowers  perfect:  calyx  membranous;  leaves  filiform-linear. 
I'ruit  nmcli  exserted  beyond  tlic  crdyx. 
Leafless  fleshy  herbs  with  opiiosite  branches;  etidosi)erm  none. 

-X-  vr   Embryo  spirally  coiled  ;  endosperm  little  or  none, 
tihnib;  flowers  monoecious,  not  bracteolate. 
lierbs;  flowers  i)erfecl.  bracteolate. 

iMuitiuK  calvx  windless:  leaves  fleshy,  not  spiny. 

iMuitiuK  calvx  bordered  by  a  thin  hori/ontal  wiuR:  leaves  very  spiny. 


6.  .(/;-//'/'■  1. 

7.  Kiirnlin. 

8.  A'lif/iiii. 

9.  Coris/>rri>nnii. 
o.  Saliciiriiia. 


11.  Sill ckIhjIiis. 

12.  Ddiidia. 
i,V  So  I  sol  a. 


570 


CHKNOrODIACEAE. 


i 


I.  CHENOPODIUM  L.  vSp.  PI.  21.S.  1753. 
Annual  or  perennial,  grtrn  and  glabrous,  white-mealy  or  glandular-pubescent  lierlKS,  with 
alteraate  petiolcd  entire  sinuate-dentate  or  pinnately  lobed  leaves.  Mowers  very  small, 
green,  perfect,  sessile,  hractless,  clustered  in  axillary  or  terminal,  often  panicled  or 
compound  spikes.  Calyx  2-5-parted  or  2-5-lobed,  embracing  or  enclosing  the  utricle,  its 
segments  or  lobes  herbaceous  or  slightly  fleshy,  often  keeled  or  ridged.  Stamens  1-5;  fila- 
ments filiform  or  slender.  Styles  2  or  3;  seed  horizontal  or  vertical,  sometimes  in  both  posi- 
tions in  different  flowers  flf  the  same  8f>ecies,  firmly  attached  to  or  readily  separable  from  the 
pericarp;  endosperm  mealy,  farinaceous;  embryo  completely  or  incompletely  aimular. 
[Greek,  goose-foot,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaves.] 

.\hout  60  si)ecies,  mostly  weeds,  of  wide  geoRrapliic  distribution.     Hesides  (he  following,  some 
,S  others  occur  in  tlie  western  parts  of  North  .\uierica. 

-:■!■   Embryo  a  complete  ring. 
Leaves  white-mealj-  on  the  lower  surface. 

Leaves  or  some  of  them  sinuate-toothed  or  lobed. 
Sepals  strongly  keeled  in  fruit. 

Pericarp  firmly  attached  to  the  seed;  stem  erect,  tall.  i.  (". 

Pericarp  readily  detached  from  the  seed;  stem  low.  6.  C. 

Sepals  not  keeled  in  fruit;  stem  decumbent.  2 

Leaves  mostly  entire,  narrowly  linear  or  oblong.  v 

Leaves  green  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  surf.ices  when  mature 
Leaves  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  entire. 
Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  sinuate,  toothed  or  incised. 
Stamens  5;  calyx  not  fleshy. 

I'ericarp  readily  separable  from  the  seed. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate ;  calyx-lobes  scarcely  keeled.     ,s.  C. 
Leaves  triangular-hastate;  calyx-lobes  keeled.  6.  C. 

Pericarp  firmly  attached  to  the  seed. 

Klower-clusters,  at  least  the  upper,  longer  than  the  leaves. 

Leaves  oblong,  rhombic-ovate  or  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base. 

I  eaves  obtuse  or  merely  acute.  i.   C-  olhtiiii  find. 

Leaves  or  some  of  them  cuspidate  or  bristle-tipped.  7.  (".  Jltrlaiiduri. 
Leaves  triangular-ovate,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base.  S.  C.  uihuuni. 
Spikes  loosely  panicled  in  the  axils,  the  panicles  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

9.   C.  nturti/e. 
Stamens  only  i  or  2:  calyx  slightly  fleshy,  red.  n.   C. 

Leaves  very  coarsely  2-6-toothed.  10.  (". 

Leaves  broadly  triangular-ha.state,  entire  or  merely  undulate.  12.  C. 

•vT  -A   Embryo  an  incomplete  ring. 
Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  pinnately  lobed;  flowers  in  long  loose  panicles.       i.v   C.  /io/iys. 
Leaves  lanceolate;  flowers  in  continuous  or  interrupted  spikes. 

Spikes  borne  in  the  axils  of  the  numerous  small  upper  leaves.  14.  C 

Spikes  in  large  commonly  leafless  terminal  panicles.  15.  C 


a  I  I'll  HI 

Friiiionlii  iiiiiiiiiim. 

C.  f;  I  a  II I II  III. 

C.  ieplopliyllinn. 


4.   (".  polyspcniiiiiii. 


fldsiianmn. 
Fremonlii. 


I  uhniiii. 

Iivbi  idiiiii. 

lion  iis-Hcnritiis. 


ainbrosioidrs. 
aiilhelmiiiluiiiii. 


1.  Chenopodium  album  I,. 


Lamb's  Quarters. 
(Fig.  1359.) 


White  Goosefoot.    Pigweed. 


Chenopodium  album  L.  Sp.  I'l.  219.      1753. 

Annual,  pale  green,  stem  usually  slender,  stri- 
ate and  grooved  at  least  when  dry,  erect,  com- 
monly much  branched,  i°-io°  tall,  the  branches 
ascending.  Leaves  rhombic-ovate  or  the  upper 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  acute  or  s6metimes  obtuse  at  the  apex,  3- 
nerved,  white-mealy  beneath,  dentate,  sinuate  or 
lobed,  or  the  upper  entire,  i'-4'  long;  petiole 
often  as  long  as  the  blade;  spikes  terminal  and 
axillary,  simple  or  compound,  often  panicled; 
calyx  about  Yt"  broad  in  fruit,  its  segments 
strongly  keeled,  usually  completely  enclosing 
the  utricle;  seed  horizontal,  black,  shining, 
firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp;  embryo  a 
complete  ring. 

In  waste  places.  .\  common  weed  throughout 
North  America  except  the  extreme  north.  Natur- 
alized from  Europe.  Native  also  of  .\sia.  Widely 
distributed  as  a  weed  in  all  cultivated  regions. 
Stem  often  purple-streaked.  June-Sept. 
Chenopodium  album  viride  (L. )  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part  2,  71.  1849. 
Clienopodium  viride  L.  Sp.  PI.  219.      17,53. 

Plant  brighter  green;  leaves  green  on  both  sides  or  but  slightly  mealy  beneath.     Range  of  the 
type.     Perhaps  a  di.stinct  species. 


I!  I 


'• 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY. 


571 


Chenopodium  glaucum  L.     Oak-leaved  Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1360.) 


I7.S,V 


C/itii«f><ii/iiiiii  iilaitiinii  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  220. 
iUihiinjilaiiciim  Koch,  ,Syii.  I'l.  Ct-rm.  (*-i^.      iS,^7. 

Annual,  succulent,  stem  usually  much  branched, 
decumbent  or  prostrate,  or  with  erect  branches,  4'- 
iS'  high.  Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, slcnder-petioled  or  the  uppermost  nearly 
sessile,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed 
at  the  base,  white-mealy  beneath,  dark  green  above, 
I '-2'  long,  the  lower  or  all  of  them  sinuate-dentate 
or  lobed;  flowers  in  small  axillary  often  branched 
spikes,  the  clusters  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
or  the  upper  panioled;  calyx  about  }■."  broad,  its 
segments  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse,  neither  fleshy 
nor  keeled  in  fruit;  utricle  brown,  depressed,  its 
summit  not  completely  covered  by  the  calyx;  seed 
of  lateral  flowers  vertical,  thick,  somewhat  ex- 
serted,  that  of  terminal  flowers  commonly  horizon- 
tal; embryc  a  complete  ring. 

A  weed  in  waste  places  throUKluiut  North  America 
except  the  extreme  iiortli.  Naturalized  from  I-Uirope; 
now    fomd   in    most   cultivated   areas   of    the    Rlobe. 


June-Se|)t. 

3.   Chenopodium  leptophyllum  Uloq.)  Nittt 


Narrow -leaved  Goosefoot. 
(Fig.  1361.) 

Cliciiofi(Hliu»i  alhiim  var.  Iffiloflnlliiiii  Moq.  in  DC. 

I'rodr.  13:  Part  2,  71.      1849. 
Cliiiiiif>oiliinii  IcplKphyllum  Nutt. :  Moci.  in  DC.  Prodr. 
^J^.__    fB),r    6^    ^  \11   n  /'/         13:  Part  2,  71.     As  synonym.     1849. 

C""^       ~>  ^    larW  W     I  ///       C/iriin/xniiiiiii    Ufitofhvlliiiii    var.    ohlongifolntm    .S. 

*^— =*— '      T  fiSf    V\  ^   I  ///  Wilts.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  9;  95.      1874. 

Annual,  scarcely  succulent,  stem  slender,  usually 
erect,  striate  or  grooved,  at  least  when  dry,  branched, 
6'-2|2°  tall,  mealy  above,  the  branches  erect-ascend- 
ing. Leaves  linear  to  oblong,  white-mealy  beneath, 
green  above,  acute  or  acuminate,  or  the  lower  ob- 
tuse, entire  or  the  lower  rarely  toothed,  short-peti- 
oled,  '^'-i^^'long,  i"-3"wide,  1-3-nerved;  flowers 
in  continuous  or  interrupted  axillary  and  terminal 
simple  or  branched  spikes;  calyx  about  yi"  broad, 
its  segments  strongly  keeled  and  nearly  covering 
the  fruit;  seed  horizontal,  readily  detached  from 
the  pericarp;  embryo  a  complete  ring. 

Ill  dry  soil,  Manitoba  and  the  Northwest  Territory  to 
Missouri,    New   Mexico  and    Arizona.     Also    on    the 
shores  of   Lake  Kric  and  on  sands  of  the   seashore, 
Connecticut  to  New  Jersey.     July-Sept. 
Chenopodium  leptophyllum  subglabrum  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Q:  95.      1874. 
Leaves    scarcely   mealy   or   iiiiile    green;    flowers 
loosely  clustered.     Western  Nebraska  and  Colorado. 

4.    Chenopodium  polyspermum  I^. 

Many-seeded  Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1362.) 

Chcnopoditini  polysper»>um  I,.  Sp.  PI.  220.      1753. 

Annual,  glabrous,  not  mealy,  stem  stout  or  slen- 
der, erect  or  decumbent,  commonly  much  branched, 
striate,  6'-3°  high.  Leaves  oblong,  elliptic  or 
ovate,  slender-petioled,  entire,  thin,  green  on  both 
sides,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  rounded  or 
truncate  at  the  base,  i'-3'  long,  V'-'i'/i'  wide; 
flowers  in  loose  axillary  and  terminal  panicles; 
calyx  less  than  i"  wide,  its  segments  oblong,  sub- 
acute or  obtuse,  somewhat  scarious,  not  keeled,  not 
completely  covering  the  top  of  the  fruit;  seed 
firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp,  horizontal;  embryo 
a  complete  ring. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast,  Massachusetts  to  New 
Jersey.     Adventive  from  liurope,     July- Sept. 


572 


CHIvNorODIACKAR. 


5.  Chenopodium  Boscianum  M()(|.     Hose's 

Gcx)sefoot.  (KiR.  i,i^>3.  ) 
Cliciiof>odii<i>:  luisiiaiiuiii  M<i<|.  ICmiiii.  Chtnop.  2t.  iS.|o. 
Annual,  li^jlit  t,'rfcn,  stem  slender,  creel,  striate,  us- 
ually much  branched,  i"-3^  tall,  the  branches  very 
slender,  diverj^eut  or  ascending.  Leaves  thin,  green 
on  both  sides,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or 
.,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  slcnder- 
pctioled,  i'-2'2'  long,  the  lower  sinuate-dentate  or 
nearly  all  of  llieni  entire;  flowers  in  slender  terminal 
and  axillary  spikes;  calyxscKments  broadly  oblong, 
obtuse,  scarious-margined,  not  at  all  keeled,  or  scarcely 
so  in  fruit,  herbaceous,  nearly  covering  the  utricle; 
seed  horizontal,  readily  separating  from  the  pericarp, 
l)lack,  shining;  embryo  completely  annular. 

In  woods  and  Ihicktts,  Nlw  York  ami  N\'W  JiTst  y  to 
Indiana  and  Minnesota,  soulli  to  North  Carolina  and 
■    'xas.     July  Sept. 

6.    Chenopodium  Fremontii  S.  Wats.     Fremont's  Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1364. ) 


C'liiiiof<ihlhiiil    FrciHoiilii  S.   Wats.   liot.   Kiny's  l';x|). 

2S7.       1S71. 

Annual,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  light  green, 
stem  stout  or  slender,  erect,  grooved,  branched,  l°- 
3°  tall.  Leaves  thin,  green  on  both  sides,  broadly 
triangular-hastate,  sinuate-dentate  or  the  upper  en- 
tire, mostly  obtuse  at  the  apex,  truncate  or  abruptly 
narrowed  at  the  base,  slender-petiolcd,  I'-V  long 
and  nearly  as  vv'idc,  the  uppermost  sometimes  very 
small,  oblong  or  lanceolate  and  acute;  spikes  slen- 
der, axillary  to  the  upper  leaves  and  in  terminal 
panicles;  calyx  yz"  wide,  its  segments  keeled  in 
fruit,  and  nearly  enclosing  the  utricle;  pericarp 
easily  separable  from  the  seed;  seed  horizontal, 
shining;  embryo  completely  annular. 

In  woods  and  thickets.  Nebraska  to  Colorado  and 
Nevada,  south  to  New  Jlexico.    ]uIy-Se])t. 

Chenopodium  Fremontii  incanum  ,S.  Wats.  Proc.  \m.  .-Vcad.  9:  94. 
Low.  stems  stout  and  nuich  branched,  the  branches  and  lower  snrfaces  of 
white-mealy;  leaves  U'-i'  lonfj.     KauKC  of  the  type.     Possibly  a  distinct  species 


lensely 


7.  Chenopodium  Berlandieri  Moq.    Ber- 
landier's  Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1365.) 

CliciicpiHiiiiin  IJt'ilaiidieii  Mo(|.   ICnuni.  Chenop.  2,v 
1840. 

Annual,  slightly  mealy  when  young,  green  when 
old,  stem  erect,  commonly  much  branched,  iyi°-i° 
tall,  the  branches  slender,  ascending.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, oblong  or  rhombic-lanceolate,  slender-peti- 
olcd, thin,  some  or  all  of  them  cuspidate-acuminate 
at  the  apex  or  bristle-tipped,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
sinuate-dentate  or  entire,  yi'-iyi'  long;  flowers  in 
rather  loose  terminal  panicled  spikes;  calyx  nearly 
1"  broad,  its  segments  keeled,  completely  enclosing 
the  utricle;  pericarp  firmly  attached  to  the  horizon- 
tal seed;  embryo  a  complete  ring. 

In  dry  soil,  southern  Jlissonri  to  Texas,  and  in  Flor- 
ida.    June-Sept. 


GOOSIU'OOT   FAMILY. 


573 


8.   Chenopodium  urbicum  L.     rpri^ht 

or  City  Goosffoot.      ( I''ijr.  1366.) 
ClitnofiinUnm  iirhiiinii  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  21S,      \-},},. 

Annual,  green  or  hut  slightly  mealy,  stem  com- 
monly stout,  erect,  branched  or  simple,  channeled, 
l°-3°  tall.  Leaves  hastate  or  triauKularovate, 
acute  at  the  apex,  truncate  sulicordatc  or  al)rui>tly 
narrowed  at  the  base,  stout-pelioled,  coarsely  and 
irregularly  dentate  or  the  upi>ennost  entire,  the 
larger  j'-s'  long;  spikes  in  terminal  and  axillary 
narrow  erect  panicles,  the  upper  longer  than  the 
leaves;  calyx  yi"  broad,  its  segments  ol)long,  ob- 
tuse, herbaceous,  not  keeled  and  not  entirely  en- 
closing the  fruit;  seed  horizontal,  rather  firmly 
attached  to  the  pericarp,  its  niarg.ns  rounded; 
embryo  a  complete  ring. 

In  waste  placis.  t'spi  ciiiUy  in  till'  liliis,  Novii  Scn- 
tia  and  Oiilario  to  SDUlliL-ni  New  York.  AdvLiilive 
from  Ivunipc.  Much  k'ss  ciiniimiti  than  llif  follnwiiiK 
species.    Juiie-Stpt. 


9.  Chenopodium  murale  L,.  Xettle- 
IcavedCioosefoot.  .Sowbane.  (Fig.  1367.) 
l7i,  iiiipcH/iiim  niiira/c  J,.  .Sp.  PI.  219.      175,^ 

.\nnual,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  mealy,  some- 
what scurfy  above,  stem  erect  or  decumbent, 
usually  branched,  i°-2>2°  high,  leafy  to  the 
summit.  Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  thin,  bright 
green  on  both  sides,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  sharply  and  coarsely  sinuate-dentate, 
broadly  cuneate  or  subtruncate  at  the  base, 
slender-pctioled,  2'-4'  long;  flowers  in  loose  ax- 
illary panicles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  often  not 
longer  then  the  petioles;  calyx-segments  not  en- 
tirely enclosing  the  utricle;  .seed  sharp-edged, 
horizontal,  firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp;  em- 
bryo completely  annular;  stamens  5. 

In  wastf  places,  Jlaine  to  Micliigaii  aiul  lirilisli 
Coluiiitiia,  SdUtli  1(1  I'lorida  and  Mexico.  Natural- 
ized I'rdin  Ivurope.  Widely  distributed  as  a  weed  in 
civilized  regions.    June-Sept. 


10.    Chenopodium  hybridum  L. 

Chenopodium  hyhridniii  I,.  Sp.  PI.  219.      175.,. 

.\nnual,  bright  green,  not  mealy,  sometimes 
more  or  less  scurfy;  stem  slender,  erect,  usually 
branched,  2°-\yi°  tall.  Leaves  ovate  or  rhom- 
bic-ovate, long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  truncate 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  thin,  slen- 
der-petioled,  sharply  dentate  with  1-4  large 
acute  teeth  on  each  side,  or  the  upper  lanceo- 
late and  entire,  the  lower  4'-?'  long;  flowers  in 
large  axillary  and  terminal  panicles;  calyx 
about  i"  broad,  its  segments  oblong,  rather  ob- 
tuse, herbaceous,  slightly  keeled,  incompletely 
covering  the  fruit;  stamens  5;  seed  horizontal, 
sharp-edged,  firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp; 
embryo  a  complete  ring. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  sometimes  in  waste  places, 
Quebec  to  tlie  Northwest  Territory  and  British 
Columbia,  south  to  Boutheastern  New  York,  Ken- 
tucky, Kan.sas,  I'tah  and  New  Me.\ico.  .\lso  in 
Kurope.    July-.Sept. 


Maple-leaved  Goosefoot 


vi 


CHKNOI'ODIACEAE. 

XI.    Chenopodiuin  rubrum  L.      Red 

(loosefont.  (  Fi>;.  I, '^^'9-) 
Cliiiiopmiiinii  nihiinit  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  2i>.  \'SS- 
lUiliiin  mill  mil  Kiiilili.  I'l  ('.triii.  ICxiv  .s^s.  i.^.iif  ,w. 
Annual,  glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy,  not  mealy, 
stem  cri'i-t,  lenfy,  i°-2|i"  tall,  often  much 
branched,  the  branches  stricter  ascending.  Leaves 
thick,  \'i'-\'  long,  rhombic-ovate  or  rhombic-lan- 
ceolate, pctiolcd,  acute  acuminate  or  obtuse  at  the 
aj)cx,  narrowed  at  the  base,  coarsely  sinuate-den- 
tate or  the  upper  entire;  flowers  in  erect  compouud 
leafy-bracted  axillary  and  terminal  spikes  often 
exceeding  the  leaves;  calyx  ,V5-parted,  its  seg- 
ments slightly  fleshy,  red,  not  keeled,  obtuse,  about 
as  long  as  the  utricle:  stamens  i  ur  2,  stigmas  short; 
seed  hori/.ontal,  shining,  rather  sharp-edged,  sepa- 
rating from  the  pericarp;  embryo  annular. 

Oil  the  stMCDUst,  NVwIoundUiml  tu  Niw  Jtrsey.  and 
ill  saliiK-  soil  in  the  iiUerii>r:icri)Ss  the  eotitineiit,  snutli 
tiieetilrtil  New  York,  Nebraska  and  Kritish  Coluiuliia. 
.\ls(i  in  I'Uirope  and  .\sia.     July-Sepl. 

12.    Chenopodium  Bdnus-Henricus  L,.     Good  KitiR  Henry.     Perennial 

Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1370.  ) 

C/irii(i/)(i(iiiiiii  Hiiiiiis/liin  iiin  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  21S.      175,^ 
lUituiii  iloiiiis-Ifiiii  iiiis  Keifhb.   I'l.  denn.   V.\c.  ,sS2. 

Perennial  by  a  thick  rootstock,  glabrous,  dark 
greeu,  not  mealy;  stem  erect,  usually  stout,  simple  or 
little  branched,  channeled,  l°-2'2°  tall.  Leaves 
broadly  triangular-hastate,  palmatcly  veined,  entire 
or  undulate  (rarely  with  1  or  2  small  teeth),  the 
apex  and  basal  lobes  usually  acute,  the  lower  long- 
petiolcd  (  petiole  often  twice  as  long  as  the  blade  1, 
the  upper  much  smaller  and  short-petioled;  flowers 
in  terminal  and  axillary,  simple  or  pauicled,  com- 
monly dense  spikes  sometimes  3'-4'  long;  calyx  4- 
5-partcd,  the  segments  not  longer  than  the  fruit; 
stiguias  elongated;  seed  vertical,  or  that  of  termi- 
nal flowers  horizontal,  black,  shining,  bluut-edged; 
embryo  a  complete  ring. 

In  waste  places.  Nova  Scotia  and  Ontario  to  Massa 
chusetts  and  southern  New  York.  Naturalized  from 
Ivurope.     ]une-Se))l. 

13.    Chenopodium    Bdtrys   1^.      Feather 
Geraninm.    Jcritsaleni  Oak.    (Fig.  1371.) 

Cluiicfxiiliinii  lloliys  I..  ,Sp.  I'l.  219.       175,^ 

Annual,  green,  glandular-pube.scent  and  viscid, 
strong-sceute<l;  stem  slender,  erect,  simple  or 
branched,  S'-2°  tall.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong, 
deeply  and  usually  irregularly  pinnately  lobed, 
acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  petioled,  H'-i'  long, 
or  the  uppermost  much  smaller,  the  lobes  mostly 
obtuse  and  dentate;  flowers  very  small,  in  numer- 
ous loose  axillary  cymose  panicles  mostly  longer 
than  the  leaves;  calyx  3-5-parted,  the  segments 
lanceolate,  acute,  thin,  very  pubescent,  rather 
longer  then  the  utricle;  seed  horizontal  or  vertical, 
firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp;  embryo  an  incom- 
plete ring. 

In  waste  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota  and  Ore- 
Kon.  southeastern  New  York,  Kentucky  and  Mexico. 
Naturalized  from  ICurope.  Native  also  (if  .\sia  The 
leaves  fall  in  autumn,  leaving  the  panicles  as  narrow 
naked  wands.  Also  called  Turnpike  Geranium.  July- 
Sept. 


t;' 

II    k 


OOOSHI'OOT   FAMILY.  575 

14.    Chenopodium  ambrosioides  L.     Mexican  Tea.     (Tig.  1372.  j 

Cluiii'f'iHliinii  (iiiihi  ii.\iiiiilis  I,.  ,S|i,  I'l.  211J      175.). 

.Annual,  jjliibrous  or  slinlilly  >;lanihilarpu- 
licscent,  j;recn,  not  mealy,  strong-scented, 
stem  much  brnnclicd,  ascendiuf^  or  erect, 
leafy,  2'-,^"  IukI',  an>;ular  ami  grooved. 
Leaves  olilonjj  or  oblonj^'-lanceolate,  obtuse  or 
subacute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  a  short  peti- 
ole, repanddentate,  undulate  or  the  upjier  en- 
tire, l' -},'<'  long,  the  upper  numerous  and 
much  smaller;  flowers  in  small  dense  axillary 
spikes,  mostly  shorter  than  the  sulitendiuK 
leaves;  calyx  usually  vparted,  ccmipletely  en- 
closiuK  the  fruit;  jiericarp  readily  separable 
from  the  seed;  seed  horizontal  or  vertical, 
shiuing;  embryo  an  incomplete  ring. 

In  waste  places,  Maitu-  and  <  inlaiiu  to  I'lorid.i, 
wist  across  the  iciiUimnt  U>  Califntiiia.  Natu- 
rali/i  (1  fmin  tropical  .Anurica.  Iiitiipihucd  as  a 
weed  also  itUii southern  luuope  ami  Asia.  -Vug.- 
( )ol. 


15.    Chenopodium  anthelminticum  L.     Wormseed.     (Fig.  i37;v) 

CliciiiipiHiiuiii  aiillii-liiiiiiliiiiiii  I,.  .Sp.  PI.  220.    175,1. 

Clii'iioftudiinii  aiiihnisididfs  var.   aiilltcliiiiiilii  iiiii 
\.  Cray,  Man.  I'M.  5,  ^uS.       1.^67. 

.\nnual  or  sometimes  perennial,  rather  dark 
green,  similar  to  the  preceding  species  and  ])er- 
liaps  intergrading  with  it,  stem  somewhat 
stouter,  2jj°-3'i'°  long.  I<eaves  lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  usually  acuminate  at  the  apex 
and  narrowed  at  the  base,  slender-petiolcd, 
coarsely  dentate  or  incised,  2'-^'  long,  the 
lower  1'  or  more  wide,  the  upper  gradually 
smaller,  the  upi)crmost  commonly  liuear-lanceo- 
late  and  entire;  flowers  in  linear  usually  bract- 
less  panicled  spikes,  or  the  lower  spikes  leafy- 
bracted;  seed  horizontal  or  vertical;  embryo  an 
incomplete  ring. 

In  waste  pl.ices,  southern  New  York  and  soutlieni 
Ontario  to  Wisconsin,  south  to  1-Moridaand  Mexico. 
Naturalized  from  Ivurope.     /\UK.-Oet. 


2.    ROUBIEVA  Moq.  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  (II.)  i:  292.       1834. 

A  perennial  herb,  glandular-pubescent,  strong-scented,  prostrate,  and  diffusely  branched, 
with  narrow  small  short-petioled  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves.  Flowers  small,  green,  perfect,  or 
pistillate,  solitary,  or  in  small  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  urn-shaped,  3-5-toothed,  narrowed 
at  the  throat,  in  fruit  becoming  obovoid,  strongly  reticulated  and  closed.  Stamens  5. 
Styles  3,  exserted.  Wall  of  the  pericarp  thin,  glandular.  Seed  vertical.  Embryo  a  com- 
plete ring  in  the  mealy  endosperm.     [Name  in  honor  of  G.  J.  Roubien,  French  botanist.] 

A  monotyinc  genus  of  .South  .\mtrica,  often  included  in  Clitnopodium. 

37 


576 


CIII-NOl'ODIACHAI';. 


firk) 


I.  Roubieva  multifida  (L. )  Moci.    Cut- 

k-avecl  (ioosefoot.     Roubieva. 

(Fig.  1374.) 

ChciiopoiliKiii  III II Ui /ill II III  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  ?2'K      175,5. 
A'i>ii/iir:'(i   iiniUi/iila  Mck].   .\mi.   Sci.  Xat.  (II.l  I: 

T'svKillv  inuch  branched,  very  leafy,  pros- 
trate, or  the  branches  ascending,  6'-iS'  long. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblong  in  onllinc,  'j'-i,'.;'long,  i  '."-4"  wide, 
deeply  pinnatiHd  into  linear-oljlong  acute  en- 
tire or  toothed  lobes;  (lowers  1-5  together  in 
the  axils,  sessile,  less  than  "i"  broad,  sonic 
perfect,  some  pistillate;  fruiting  calyx  obovoid, 
obtuse,  3-nerved  and  strongly  reliculate-vcined, 
'2"  thick;  utricle  compressvd. 

In  waste  placi-;  and  1)allast,  SdUthi-ni  New  York 
to  VirK'nia.  Xal>n"ali.^eil  nr ailventivc  fmni  tropi- 
cal Anurica.     June  Se])t. 


3.    BLITUM  I..  Sp.  PI.  2.       1753. 

.Annual  glabrous  or  sparinglv  pubescent  succulent  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  has- 
tate pctiolecl  rather  light  green  leaves.  Vlowers  small,  green,  or  reddish,  aggregated  in  glo- 
bose axillary  sessile  heads,  or  the  upper  heads  forming  an  interrupted  spike.  Calyx  2-5- 
lobed,  becoming  pulpy  and  bright  red  in  fruit.  Stamens  1-5.  Pericarp  separating  from 
the  seed.  .Seed  vortical,  shining.  Embryo  a  complete  ring  in  the  mealy  endosperm. 
[The  classical  natuc  of  orachc.] 

( )ne  or  perhaps  two  species,  natives  of  Norlli  .Vnierica  anil  I'Uirope. 


t'ig-  1 375-) 


I.    Blitum  capitatum  L.     Slrawbcny  Blite. 

ISliliim  Mpil'iluiii   r..  Sp.  I'l.  2.       175,5.  f"~"""\"^>.^     5!^% 

C/;('»<i/)('(///("/ cVz/i/A/Z^w  Aschcrs.  I'l.  lirand.  572.  1S6-I.  -^.- 

vStem  ascendin.g,  erect,  or  prostrate,  6'-2'^  long, 
commonly  much  branched,  the  branches  ascend- 
ing. Leaves  usually  longer  than  wide,  \]i'-2>' 
long,  rather  thin,  sinuate-dentate,  or  the  upper  or 
sometimes  all  of  them  entire,  cordate  or  rcniforni, 
the  apex  and  basal  lobes  acute  or  acuminate; 
lower  petioles  often  longer  that  the  blades;  heads 
sessile  in  the  axils  and  on  the  sides  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  stem  or  branches,  2"-t,"  in  diameter 
in  flower,  becoming  bright  red  and  5"-S"  in  di- 
ameter in  fruit,  and  then  somewhat  resembling 
strawberries;  seed  compressed,  ovate,  enclosed  by 
the  calyx,  or  when  quite  tnature  slightly  exserled. 

In  dry  soil,  Nova  .Scotia  to  .\laska,  south  to  New 
]i  rsey,  Illinois,  Minnesota,  in  the  Kocky  Mountains 
to  Colorado  and  Ttah  and  to  Nevada.  .Also  in  lUnope. 
June-.\uK. 

4.    CYCLOLOMA  Moq.  Knum.  Chenop.  17.       1840. 

.•\u  annual  diffusely  branched  glabrous  or  cobwebby-pubescent  herb,  with  alternate  peti- 
oled  irregularly  toothed  leaves,' and  small  sessile  bractless  flowers  in  paniclcd  interrupted 
spikes.  Calyx  ,s-lobed,  the  lobes  keeled  in  flower,  a  thin  horizontal  irregularly  dentate  wing 
developing  below  them  in  fruit.  Stamens  5.  Styles  2-3.  Fruit  (except  its  summit )  enclosed 
by  the  calvx,  depressed.  Seed  horizontal;  embryo  a  complete  ring  in  the  mealy  endosperm. 
[Greek,  circle-border,  alluding  to  the  calyx-wing.] 

.\  nionotypic  genus  of  north  central  North  .Vnierica. 


GOOSE  rO(  )T   FA  M 1 1, V. 

I.    Cycloloma  atriplicifolium  (Spreiig.)       \ 
Coult.     Cycloloma.     (Fig.   1376.  )  ""^ 

Kihliid  aliipliiift<lia  Spaii^r,  Xartr.  1"1.  Hal.  2:, vs.  iSm. 
Cvrli'loiiia f>Uilrf'li\lli(iii  Mix).  luuim.  Cluncii).  iS.  lS_)o. 
C.  all  if>liiifoH,nn  Coult.  Mem.  T(irr.  Club,  5:  i-|.v  iSci.j. 

Pale  green  or  becoming  dark  purple,  bushy- 
branched,  6'-2o'  hitjh,  the  stem  and  branches  angu- 
lar and  striate.  Leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  slender  petioles, 
irregularly  sinuate-dentate  with  acute  teeth,  i'-3' 
long  or  the  upper  much  smaller:  spikes  numerous 
in  terminal  panicles,  loosely  flowered,  i '-.','  long, 
slender;  fruit,  including  tlic  winged  calyx,  2"  broad; 
calyx-lobes  not  completely  covering  the  summit  of 
the  utricle,  which  appears  as  a  5-raj-cd  area. 

.Vloufr  streams  .-ukI  on  banks.  Mruiilciba  to  Indiana 
and  lUiniiis,  wtst  IdtJK'  Xortluvest  Ttirilnry,  Nebraska 
and  Ari/.iina.     S   mmtr. 

5.    MONOLEPIS  Schrad.   Iiul.  Scni.  Go,    4.       1830. 

Low  annnal  branching  herbs,  with  small  narrow  alternate  entiic  toothed  or  lobed  leaves, 
anil  polygamous  or  jierfect  (lowers  in  small  axillary  clusters.  C  ')yx  of  a  single  persistent 
herbaceous  sepal.  Stamen  i.  Styles  2,  slender.  Utricle  flat,  t  il  jericarp  adherent  to  the 
smooth  vertical  seed.  Embryo  a  very  nearly  complete  ring  in  i,e  mealy  endosperm,  its 
radicle  turned  downward.     [Oreek,  single-scale,  from  the  solitarj  -opal.] 

Three  known  species,  natives  of  western  Xortli  .\nierica,  the  folUiwi.ig  one  reacliinffour  lintils. 

I.    Monolepis  Nuttalliana  ( R.   &  S. ) 


Greene.     Monolepis. 


(Fig. 

i:  .(. 


iSiS.      Not 


lUilniii  (lii'iiofioilioiiii-s  Xutt.  (ien 

I.am.  178,^ 
imiicii  Xtdlaniainiiii  R.  iS:  S.  Mant.  i:  6,s.       1S22. 
J/iuf'/fpis  ii/t'iii>/>oc/ioii/i.-s  'Min[.  in  DC.  I'mdr.  13- Part 

2.  85.      1S4,). 
Moiiolcfiis  yntlalliaim  C.rcene.  V\.  I'raii.  168.       1S91. 

Slightly  mealy  when  young,  pale  green,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  when  old;  stem  3'-i2'  high;  branches 
many,  ascending.  Leaves  lanceolate  iu  outline, 
short-petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile,  yi'-ilz'  long, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  lin- 
ear or  linear-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  2-4  times 
as  long  as  the  ascending  lateral  ones;  flowers  clus- 
tered in  the  axils;  sepal  oblanceolate  or  spatulate, 
acute  or  suliacute;  pericarp  minntely  pitted,  about 
l^"  broad;  margins  of  the  seed  acute. 

In  alkaline  or  dry  soil.  Manitoba  and  the  Xortliwest 
Territory  to  Minnesota.  Nebraska,  New  Mexico  and 
southern  California.     Jnnc-Sept. 

6.  ATRIPLEX  L.  Sp.  PI.  1052.  1753. 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  low  shrubs,  often  scurfy -cancscent  or  silvery.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, petioled  or  sessile,  or  some  of  them  opposite.  P"lowers  dioecious  or  monoecious,  small, 
green,  in  panicled  spikes  or  capitate-clustered  in  the  axils.  Staminate  flowers  bractless,  con- 
sisting of  a  3-5-parted  calyx  and  an  equal  number  of  stamens;  filaments  separate  or  united 
by  their  bases;  a  rudimentary  ovary  sometimes  present.  Pistillate  flowers  subtended  by  2 
bractlcts  which  enlarge  in  fruit  and  are  more  or  less  united,  sometimes  quite  to  their  summits, 
their  margins  entire  or  toothed,  their  sides  smooth,  crested,  tuberclcd  or  winged;  perianth 
none;  ovary  globose  or  ovoid;  stigmas  2.  I'triclc  completely  or  partially  enclosed  by  the 
fruiting  bractlets.  Seed  vertical  or  rarely  horizontal;  embryo  annular,  the  radicle  pointing 
upward  or  downward;  endosperm  mealy.     [From  a  Greek  name  of  orache.] 

.■\bout  130  species,  of  ven,-  wide  geoRrapliic  distribution.     Besides  the  following,  some  .js  others 
occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  .Vmeriea. 
Animal  lierbs;  steins  or  branches  erect,  diffuse  or  ascending. 

Leaves  hastate,  ovate,  rliombic-Ianeeolate  or  linear-laiieeolate. 

Plants  green,  gl-  bnnis  or  sparingly  scurfy,  not  silvery;  leaves  sleiuler-petioled. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  several  times  longer  than  wide.  i.   ,/.  paliila. 

Leaves  triangular-hastate,  the  lower  only  1-2  times  as  long  as  wide.        2.  A.  Inistata. 


57S 


CIIlvNOI'dDlAClCAI'. 


I'tr 


rliiiil  very  sciiii'v;  Icavis  rliiiin1)ii.'-iivati',  slinrl  iKtioUd.  ;\.  ,'/.  rusi'a. 
riant?,  ikusily  silvii y:  Uavrs  lia>lati',  intiiv  or  liuk-  toiUlK-d. 

SlamiiialL'  sjiikuH  dfiisi-.  slidit;  Umvi'S  i)iti(ikil.  4.  ./.  a ixi- 11 1 cu . 

Slamiiialf  si)ikus  (.IdiifralKl  inltnni>Uil;  iii)pcr  U^avi'S  scssik'.  5.  .1.  iv^aiiso. 

I,cav<js  ()l)l(inK,  (1(M!S(  ly  silviTy,  iiitiri';  plant  iil'  SL-a  boaolii'S.  (1.  .1.  aiciuii  la, 

i-nnial  lurlis  iir  slinilis;  leaves  dbkniK  i>r  ipblatK'cotatt-,  iiitiri-;  plants  ul' tlu  wtsliiii  plains. 

"            '        '    il.  ;.  .1.  XiilUillii. 

s.  .  /.  iaiii'scciis. 


l'r\iitiuiLC  l>iac-tk-ts  subuiliicnlai-.  winitkss,  tlic-ir  sides  crested  or  tubercle 
iMuitinj;  bractlcts  appeiula^feil  by  .(  vertical  reticulated  \vin);s. 

( Fi: 


I.    Atriplex  patula  L. 


.*^prcadiii<r  Orache.      (Fii;-  '.ij^-) 

All  ifilii  /xiliila  I,.  Sp.  PI.  iii.s,^.      I7,s.v 
Alriplfv  IllUnalis  \,.  Sp.  I'l.  in.s).       175,^. 

Annual,  dark  j^rt'en,  glahrons  or  soniuwliat  scurfy 
above;  stem  much  branched,  difliise,  asccndin.i;  or 
someliines  erect,  i°-3°  long.  Leaves  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  slender-peliolcd,  or  the  uppermost 
nearly  sessile,  entire,  si)aringly  toothed,  or  ^-lohed 
below  the  middle,  acuminate  at  the  ajicx,  narrowed 
or  cuneate  at  the  base,  I'-.s'  long.  2"-!'.'  wide; 
flowers  in  panicled  interrupted  slender  mostly  leaf- 
less spikes,  and  usually  also  capitate  in  the  upper 
axils;  fruiting  bractlcts  united  onlj-  at  the  ba.se, 
fleshy,  triangular  or  rhombic,  ^"-4"  wide,  their  sides 
often  tubercled;  radicle  of  the  embryo  ascending. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast,  Nov.i  .Scotia  and  Ontario 
to  soiitlurn  New  York  and  New  Jersey.  Naturalized 
from  I'hirope.  or  perhaps  indijfeuous  northward.  Native 
also  of  .\sia.  Much  less  couiuion  tliati  the  lOUowing 
si)ecies.     July -.\UK- 

2.    Atriplex  hastata  L.     Hall)tTd-lcaved  Oraclie.     (Fig.  i,^v9-^ 

Alrif'lix  liastiUa  I,.  .Sp.  I'l.  lo.s,^.       175,^ 

A.  f'liliihoii  var.  luis/alKiii  ,\.C,ray,  JIan.  I'kl.,s.  409.  1.S67. 

Alriftlfx  f>aliila   var.   sii/'s/tim/d  ,S.   Wats.   I'roc.  .Vni. 

Acad.  9:  107.       1874. 

.\nnual,  pale  green,  or  purple,  somewhat  scurfy, 
at  least  when  young;  stem  erect  or  ascending, 
branched,  i°-2'2°  tall.  Leaves  slender-petioled, 
acuminate,  the  lower  broadly  triangular-hastate, 
seldom  more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide,  entire  or 
sparingly  toothed,  l'-4'  long,  truncate  or  narrowed 
at  the  base,  the  basal  lobes  divergent,  acute  or  acu- 
minate; upper  leaves  sometimes  triangular-lanceo- 
late; inflorescence  as  in  the  preceding  species;  the 
fruiting  bractlcts  sometimes  broader. 

In  salt  meadows  and  waste  places  mostly  near  the 
coast,  New  lirunswick  to  Suutli  Carolina,  and  in  saliut- 
soil,  Manitoba  to  liritisli  Columbia,  Nebraska  ,ind 
rtali,  .\lso  in  ICurope,  The  western  plant  is  more 
scurfy  than  the  eastern,     .^UK-Oct. 


3.   Atriplex  rosea  L.     Red  Oraclic. 
(Fis.  13S0. ) 

A/i  ip/,i   n«.V((i  I.,  Sp.  I'l.  ICd.  2.  I4<rv       I7''',v 

Annual,  pale  green  and  very  scurfy,  stem  creel  or  de- 
cumbent, usually  much  branched,  i  ^-2^2°  high.  Leaves 
ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  short-petioled  or  the  upper  .ses- 
sile, coarsely  sinuate-<lentate,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the 
ape.Y,  narrowed  or  subtruncate  at  the  base,  'j'-.v'j' 
long,  U'-i%'  wide,  often  turning  red;  flowers  mostly 
in  axillary  capitate  clusters,  often  dense,  or  some  in 
few  terminal  spikes;  fruiting  bractlets  broadly  ovate  or 
triangular-hastate,  strongly  veined,  mealy-while,  dry, 
about  y  broad,  united  only  at  their  bases,  their  margins 
toothed  or  lacerate  and  sides  tubercled. 

In  w.cste  lUaces  and  ballast.  Nova  Scotia  to  northern  New 
York  ai'd  New  Jersey.    Adveutive  from  luirope.    .\uk'    Oct. 


579 


GOOSi:i'( )( )T   I'AM I lA'. 
4.    Atriplex  argentea  Xutt.     Silvery  Orache.     (Fig.  138 1.) 

All  ifiliv  aii;fiili\i  Null.  Cifii.  i:  i^S.       iSlS. 

Annual,  pale,  densely  silvery-scurfy  or  becom- 
ing smooth,  stem  erect  or  asceutling,  bushy- 
branched,  6'-2o'  high,  angular.  Leaves  firm,  tri- 
angular-hastate or  rhombic-ovate,  mostly  acute  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  subtruncate  at  the  base, 
petioled  or  the  upper  sessile,  entire  or  sparingly 
dentate,  /^ '-2' long,  the  basal  lobes  short;  (lowers 
in  capitate  axillary  clusters,  or  the  staminate  in 
short  dense  spikes;  fruiting  bractlets  suborbicu- 
lar,  rhombic  or  broader  than  high,  2"-4"  wide, 
united  nearly  to  their  summits,  the  margins 
sharply  toothed,  the  sides  sometimes  tubercled 
or  crested;  radicle  of  the  embryo  pointing  down- 
ward. 

In  dry  iir  saline  snil.  Miiiiicsota  to  the  Northwest 
Territory,  south  to  Nebraska,  Colorado  and  I'tali. 
June-Sept. 


5.    Atriplex  expansa  S.  Wats.     Se.ssile- 
leaved  Orache.      (Fig.  1382.) 

AIn'filc.v  expansa  S.  Wats.  I'roe.  .\ni.  Acad.  9:  116. 
KS74. 

Annual,  densely  silvery -scurfy,  similar  to  the 
preceding  species,  but  stouter,  the  stem  erect, 
widely  branched,  sometimes  6°  tall.  Leaves  thin, 
triangular-hastate  or  rhombic-ovate,  toothed  or 
eiitiic,  sessile  or  the  lower  very  short-petioled, 
Yi'-lYz'  long  and  nearly  as  wide  ac  the  base; 
pistillate  flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  the  stami- 
nate mostly  in  slender  interrupted  solitary  or 
paniclcd  spikes  sometimes  4'  long;  fruiting 
bractlets  broad,  united  nearly  to  their  summits, 
tubercled,  their  margins  strongly  toothed. 

Western  Kansas  (accordinR  to  .\.  S.  Hitchcock)  to 
Cliihuahua  and  New  Mexico,  west  to  California. 
July-Oet. 


6.    Atriplex  arenaria  Xtitt.     Sea-beach 
Atriplex.     ( F'ig.  13S3.) 

Alrifilrv  aieiiai  ia  Null.  r.en.  i:  19S.      iSiS. 

Annual,  pale,  densclj-  silvery-scurfy,  stem 
bushy-branched,  6'- 18'  high,  the  branches  as- 
cending or  decumbent,  angular,  slender.  Leaves 
oblong,  entire,  acute  or  obtuse  and  umcronulate 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  very 
short-petioled  or  sessile,  ,'<'-i/4'  long,  2J2"-K)''' 
wide,  the  midvein  rather  prominent,  the  lateral 
veins  few  and  obscure;  flowers  in  axillary  clus- 
ters much  shorter  than  the  leaves;  fruiting  bract- 
lets triangular  wedge-shaped,  broadest  above, 
2"~y  wide,  united  nearly  to  the  several-toothed 
summits,  their  margins  entire,  their  sides  reticu- 
lated, or  sometimes  crested  or  tubercled;  radicle 
of  the  embryo  pointing  downward. 

On  sandy  sea  beaches,  Nova  Scotia  (?);  Massa- 
chusetts to  Klorida.     July  Sept. 


U 


7.    Atriplex  Nuttallii  vS.  Wats.     Xuttall's  Alriplex.     (Fig.  13S4.) 


All ifihv  ymuiiiii  s. 

111..      i>7(. 


Wals,   I'liio.   Am.   .Acad.    Q; 


A  finely  scurfy  pale  green  shrub,  i°-2;i°  tall, 
the  hranclit's  erect  or  ascending,  rather  stiff, 
striate  or  terete,  leafy,  the  bark  nearly  while. 
Leaves  oblon.i,',  linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  sessile,  entire,  '-'-a'  long,  2"-5"  wide; 
flowers  in  terminal  spikes  and  capitate  clustered 
in  the  axils,  often  strictly  dioecious;  fruiting 
bractlets  ovate  or  snborbicular,  united  to  above 
the  middle,  i  ","-2',"  broad,  the  margins 
toothed,  the  sides  crested,  tubercled  or  spiny. 

Ill  (b-y  or  .aUiu-  snil.  Manitoba  to  llie  Niirtliwc-st 
Ttvritni'y.  --nutli  to  Ncliiaska.  C.ilor.ul.)  and  Ni;\;ula. 


8.    Atriplex  canescens  (  Pursli)  James,     Bushy 


CtilliK"iiiii"  c'liicsii'iis 
iSM. 


Tursh.   I'l.  .\in.  Sept.  37 


Alrifyltw   iniifsifiis  James,  Trans 
(IT.)  2:17s.      1S25. 


.\m.  I'liil.  Soc. 


A  pale  densely  scurfy  shrub,  i°~3°  high,  re- 
sembling the  preceding  species  and  with  simi- 
lar foliage,  I-'lowers  in  short  terminal  spikes 
and  in  axillary  dusters,  coniinonly  dioecious, 
sonietimes  monoecious;  bractlets  ovate  in 
flower,  united  nearly  to  tlieir  summits;  in  fruit 
appendaged  by  4  broad  thin  distinct  wings, 
which  are  ^"-4"  broad  at  the  middle  and  usu- 
ally about  twice  as  high,  strongly  reticulate- 
veined,  not  tubercled  nor  crested,  toothed  near 
their  summits  or  entire, 

III  dry  (ir  saline  snil,  South  Dakota  and  Nebraska 
to  New"Mexico  and  Mexico,  wfst  to  Nevada  and 
Califonua.     July  Sejit. 


7.    EUROTIA  .\daiis,  Faiii,  PI,  2:  260,      1763. 

Pubescent  perennial  herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  narrow  leaves  and  monoe- 
cious or  dioecious  ilowcrs,  capitate  or  spicate  in  the  axils,  .Staminate  llowers  not  bracteolate, 
consisting  of  a  4.parted  calvx  and  as  many  cxserted  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers  2-bracteolate, 
the  bractlets  united  ncarlv'or  cpiite  to  their  sunnnits,  densely  covcre.l  with  long  .silky  hairs, 
2.horned;  calvx  none;  os'arv  ovoi.l,  scssi  ^  pubescent;  styles  2,  exscrted.  Seed  vertical; 
embryo  nearly  annular  in  the  mealy  endosperm,  its  ra.licle  pointing  downward,  [iTom  the 
Greek  for  hoariness  or  mould,] 


Two  known  species,  the  f.illouiiiK  of  western  North   Ainevi 
eastern  lUirope. 


ea.  the  other  of  \ve>^tei  n  .\^ia  and 


GOOSKl- 0(  )T   r A JI I L V. 

I.   Eurotia  lanata  (  Pursh)  Moq.    American 
ICiirotia.     W'liitc  Sage.     (Fig.  13S6.) 

/>ti</is  /(i)iti/a  I'ursli,  I"l,  Am.  Sc-pt.  («>2.      1814. 
ICmoliii  Itiini/it  Moi|.  ICmiin.  ClKiKip.  Si.      1S40. 

A  stellate-pubL-sccnt  erect  imich-braiiclied  slirul. 
i°-3°  liigl',  tlie  hairs  long,  wliitc  wlien  young,  hi;- 
coniing  reddish  brown,  the  branches  ascending,  very 
leafy.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolale,  short- 
petioled  or  the  upper  se.ssilc,  o'.jhisc  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  '2 '-2'  long,  1" -^^yi."  wide,  their 
margins  revolute,  the  niidvcin  prominent,  the  lateral 
veins  few;  llowers  densely  capitate  in  the  upjjcr 
axils,  forming  terminal  leafy  spikes;  bracts  lanceo- 
late, 1"-!^"  long  in  fruit,  appendaged  by  4  tufts  of 
spreading  hairs;  calyx-lobes  acute,  pubescent;  utricle 
loose,  the  pericarp  readily  separating  from  the  large 
seed. 

In  dry  si>il.  Xortliwcst  Ttrritory  li>  wcstL-rn  Nebraska 
and  Xcw  Mexico,  .Nevada  and  California.     June.Sepl. 


581 


8.    KOCHIA  Kolh;  Schrad.  Joiirn.  Bot.  i:  307.   />/.  J.       1799. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  sessile  narrow  entire  leaves,  and 
perfect  or  pistillate  llowers,  sometimes  bracteolate,  clustered  in  the  axils.  Calyx  5-lobed, 
herbaceous  or  membranous,  wingless,  or  sometimes  developing  a  horizontal  wing,  enclosing 
the  fruit.  Stamens  3-5,  their  filaments  linear.  Ovary  ovoid,  narrowed  upward  into  the 
style;  stigmas  2.  I'tricle  pear-shaped  or  oblong,  the  pericarp  membranous,  not  adherent 
to  the  seed.  Seed  inverted;  the  testa  thin;  embryo  annular;  endosperm  little  or  none. 
[Name  in  honor  of  W.  D.J.  Koch,  I77i-t.S49,  Director  of  the  Botanical  Garden  at  Erlangen.] 

.About  ,?,s  spcoies,  mostly  natives  of  the  ( )ld  World,  llie  following  introduced  from  ICurcjpe.  An 
indigenous  species,  K.  .Imci  icaiia,  occurs  in  the  western  I  iiiled  Stales. 


I.   Kochia  Scoparia  (L.)  Roth.    Kocliia. 

(Fig.  13S7.) 

Clinii'piHiiinn  Si(ipcir/ii  I,.  ,Sp.  I'l.  221.       175,5. 

KiH/iia  Srofian'a  Roth;  Sclirad.  Neues  Joiun.   liot. 
3:  S5.      1809. 

Annual,  pubescent  or  becoming  glabrate,  stem 
erect,  slender,  rather  strict,  Ijranched,  leafy,  i°- 
2,'2^  tall.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  cili- 
ate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  i'-2'  long,  i"-2" 
wide,  the  upper  gradually  smaller;  flowers  sessile, 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  forming 
short  dense  bracted  spikes;  fruiting  calyx-seg- 
ments each  with  a  short  triangular  horizontal 
wing. 

In  waste  places.  Ontario.  Vermont  and  norllieni 
New  York.  .Vdventive  from  ICurupe.  Native  al.<o 
of  .\sia.     Jidy-.Sept. 


9.    CORISPERMUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  4.       1753. 

Annual  herbs,  with  alternate  narrow  entire  i-nerved  leaves,  and  perfect  bractless  small 
green  flowers,  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  forming  terminal  narrow  leafy  spikes,  the  ujipcr 
leaves  shorter  and  broader  than  the  lower.  Calyx  of  a  solitary  thin  broad  sepal,  or  rarely  2. 
Stamens  1-3,  rarely  more,  and  one  of  them  longer.  Ovary  ovoid;  styles  2.  I'tricle  ellipsoid, 
nlo^tly  piano  convex,  the  pericarp  firmly  adherent  to  the  vertical  seed,  its  margins  acute  or 
winged.  Embryo  annular  in  the  somewhat  fleshy  endosperm,  its  radicle  i)ointing  downward. 
[Greek,  bug-seed.] 

.\1)out  10  species,  natives  of  llie  north  temperate  and  subarctic  zoiu's.  Only  the  following  is 
known  to  occur  in  North  .\meiica. 


J, 

r 


I 


^■■-■=,.i.>*^^'..-,^>jr--..w 


582  CHKXoroDIACI'Ai;. 

I.    Corispermum  hyssopifolium  I,.     Bug-SLcd.     ( I'ig.  i.v'^S.) 

Col  ispcriiiKiii  liy^.-iofti/nliiiiii  I,.  S|>.  I'l.  .|. 


■;5,i. 


Glabrous  or  pubescent,  rather  pale  grceii, 
soiiiewhat  llcshy,  stem  striate,  erect,  sometimes 
zigzaj^,  usually  inucli  branched,  6'-2°  tall,  the 
branches  slender,  ascending  or  divergent,  spar- 
ingly leafy.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  sessile, 
'2'-2'  long,  \"-2"  wide,  cuspidate  at  the  apex; 
upper  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  appressed- as- 
cending, or  at  length  spreading,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  y^'-Yz'  long,  scarious-mar- 
gined;  utricle  \"-2"  long,  ',"-1"  thick,  nar- 
rowly wingcil,  obtuse,  subacute  or  mucrouate 
by  the  persistent  styles. 

In  sandy -ic 111,  shiircs  of  the  C.reat  I.nkes  to  the 
Xortliwi-sl  Tirrilory,  .\rctic  .\nKTi(.-ii  and  liritish 
Cohinibia,  south  to  Kansas.  Texas  and  .\ri/ona. 
.Mso  in  Ivurope  and  .\sia.  'IMk-  small fruitt-d  form 
(var.  iiiiiidCiirf'Kiu  S.  Wats. .)  occurs  from  K.uisas 
southward.     Jiily-Sc))!. 


10.    SALICORNIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  3.       1753. 

Fleshy  glabrous  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  terete  branches,  the  leaves  re- 
duced to  mere  opposite  scales  at  the  nodes,  the  flowers  sunken  3-7  together  in  the  axils  of 
the  upper  ones,  forming  narrow  terminal  spikes,  perfect  or  the  lateral  ones  staminate. 
Calyx  obpyramidal  or  rlioniboid,  fleshy,  3-4-toothed  or  truncate,  becoming  spongy  in  fruit, 
deciduous.  Stamens  2,  or  sometimes  solitary,  cxserted;  filaments  cylindric,  short;  anthers 
oblong,  large;  ovary  ovoid;  styles  or  stigmas  2.  I'tricles  enclosed  by  the  spongy  fruiting 
calyx,  the  pericarp  membranous.  Seed  erect,  compressed;  embryo  conduplicate;  endo- 
sperm none.     [Name  Greek,  salt-horn;  from  the  saline  habitat,  and  horn-like  branches.] 

.\boul  10  sptcit'S,  natives  of  saline  soil,  widely  distributed  in  both  the  Old  World  and  the  New. 
Only  the  following  are  known  to  inhabit  Xorlli  America. 

Annuals;  stem  erect. 

Scales  very  short,  acute  or  blunt:  spikes  i"-i '  •"  in  diameter.  i.  .S'.  hcrhacea. 

.Scales  nuicronaU'-tipped;  spikes  2'  -3"  in  diameter.  2.  5.  Digt'lovii. 

Perennial  by  a  woody  root.stoek;  stems  trailing  or  decund)ent.  3.  S.  aiii/tijrua. 


I.    Salicornia  herb^cea  L.     Slender  Glasswort.      (Fig.  1389.) 


Sii/uoriiiu  Kinof>aia  var.  In  iharra  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  3.     1753. 
Salidornia  licrhacca  I,.  .Sp.  I'l.  VA.  2,  5.      1762. 

Annual,  6'-2°  tall,  stem  erect,  much  branched, 
the  branches  slender,  ascending  or  nearly  upright, 
their  joints  2-4  times  as  long  as  thick.  Scales  acute 
or  rather  obtuse,  i "  long  or  less,  broadly  ovate  or 
wider  than  long;  fruiting  spikes  i'-3'  l<5ng,  about 
ija"  in  diameter;  middle  flower  of  the  3  at  each 
joint  twice  as  high  as  the  lateral  ones,  reaching 
nearly  to  the  top  of  the  joint;  utricle  pubescent. 

In  salt  marshes,  .\nticosti  to  ('.eorgia;  about  salt 
springs  in  central  New  York;  in  saline  soil  from  Mani- 
toba to  Urilisli  Columbia,  south  to  Kansas  and  I'tali. 
-Mso  in  ICurope  and  .\sia.  The  plant  often  turns  bright 
red  in  autumn,  forming  vividly  colored  areas  in  the  salt 
marshes,  hence  called  Marsh  Samphire.    July-Se])t. 


^.  b- 


C.OOSKI'OOT   I'AMIIA'.  5'^i 

2.    Salicornia  Bigelovii  Torr.     Higelow's  Glasswort.     (Fig.  13^0.) 


Siiliiiiinia  iinii  roitiila  liiutl.  I'l.  Host.  I'M.  2,  2. 
1S24.      Not  I.iiK.  lSi7- 

Saliioriiiii   I'lixiiiua  Mdij.  in  DC.  I'rculr.   13; 
I'lirt  2,  145.      1.S49.     N'cit  I,.     17,1,^. 

SiiliiKiiiia    /•'ijif/ofii  Turr.    Hoi.   Mcx.    Hound. 
.Suiv.  1S4.       lS,59. 

Annual,  stem  and  branches  stout,  erect  or 
nearly  so,  2'-l2'  tall.  Scales  ovate  or  trian- 
gular-ovate, sharply  inucronate,  i^'-i/i" 
long,  at  length  spreading;  fruiting  spikes 
/'j'-Z/i'  long,  2"-3"indianielt'r,  their  joints 
not  longer  than  thick;  middle  flower  slightly 
higher  than  the  lateral  ones,  reaching  very 
nearly  to  the  end  of  the  joint;  utricle 
pubescent. 

In  salt  niarshfs.  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida  and 
Texas.    I'lant  bright  red  in  autumn.    July-Sept. 


3.    Salicornia  ambigua  Miclix.     Woody  Gla.ss\vort.     (Fig.  1391.) 


Saliioniia  aiiibiiiiia  Jliclix.  I'"l.  Ilor.  .\ni.  i:  2. 
iSo.v 


Perennial  by  a  woody  rootstock,  stem  trail- 
ing or  decumbent,  6'-2°  long,  the  branches 
ascending  or  erect,  slender,  nearly  or  quite 
simple,  rather  long-joiuted,  3'-S'  long. 
Scales  broadly  ovate  or  wider  than  highi 
acute  or  obtuse,  appressed  or  slightlj'  diver- 
gent; fruiting  spikes  \i'-\]z'  long,  about  2" 
in  diameter,  their  joints  not  longer  than 
thick;  flowers  all  about  eejually  high  and 
about  equalling  the  joints. 


On  sfa  beaches  and  salt  meadows,  Massachu- 
setts to  IHorida  and  Texas,  and  on  tlie  Pacific 
Coast.  Perhaps  identical  with  S./ni/ioi.sa  I,., 
of  PUirope.     .VuK.-Sept. 


II.    SARCOBATUS  Xee.s  in  Max.  Reise  N.  A.  i:  510.       1839. 

An  erect  much  branched  shrub,  with  spiny  branches,  alternate  linear  fleshy  entire  ses- 
sile leaves.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  the  staminate  in  terminal  ament-like  spikes, 
the  pistillate  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  rarely  several  together.  Staminate  flowers  without  a 
calyx;  stamens  2-5  together  under  peltate  rhombic-ovate  acute  spirally  arranged  scales; 
filaments  short.  Pistillate  flowers  sessile  or  very  nearly  so;  calyx  compressed,  ovoid  or  ob- 
long, slightly  2-lipped,  adnate  to  the  bases  of  the  2  subulate  exserted  papillose  stigmas,  ap- 
pendaged  by  a  narrow  border  which  expands  into  a  membranous  horizontal  wing  in  fruit. 
vSeed  vertical,  the  testa  translucent,  double;  embryo  coiled  into  a  flat  spiral,  green;  endo- 
sperm none.     [Name  Greek,  flesh-thorn,  from  the  fleshy  leaves  and  thorny  stems.] 

A  mouotypic  genus  of  western  North  America. 


. 


"{ 


HEN01'0DIAc!T'Ai:. 

'i.   Sarcobatus  vermiculatu's  (Hook.) 

Torr.     Grease -wood. 

(Fi^.  1.^92.) 

Jl(t/isi})  iTiiiiindiUo  Ilijok,  l-l.  lioi     Am.  2:   12S. 

I8.?S. 
Siiirii/>ii/tif  :'(T)iiit  iilai  Is  Tmr.  I'.nuirv's  Ki)).  i.icj. 

.84S. 

Glabrous  or  the  youiij,'  foliiiKc  soinewhat  pu- 
bescent, jnucli  branclied,  2  -id'  hif;b,  the 
branches  sli},'htly  angled,  leafy,  nearly  white, 
some  of  them  leafless  and  spinedike.  vSlem 
x'-},'  in  diameter;  wooil  yellow,  very  hard; 
leaves  obtuse  or  subacute,  '..'-i,'>'  long,  i"- 
1',"  wide,  narrowed  at  the  base;  spikes  of 
.staniinatc  llowcrs  U'-''  h'Uj,'.  i'2"-2"in  dia- 
meter, cyliudric,  short-pcduncled  or  sessile; 
wing  of  the  calyx  4" -6"  broad  when  mature, 
conspicuously  veined. 

In  dry  alkaline  and  saline  siiil,  wislirn  Ne- 
braska. "Wycniinn  In  Nivada  and  Xew  Me.\ioo. 
Wood  txlei'isively  ustd  fcjr  liul.  for  wanl^f  better, 
in  till' niiiiins  \v1k  If  it  <iciiir>  Jmu-  Ji(w  >'i"it 
mature  Sijil.-Oot. 

12.  DONDIA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  261.  1763. 
[SuAKD.v  I'orsk.  1"1.  AEg.  Arab.  69.  />/.  /S/>.  1775.] 
Fleshy  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  narrowly  linear  thick  or 
nearly  terete  entire  sessile  leaves,  and  perfect  or  polygamous  bractcolatc  flowers,  solitary  or 
clustered  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft,  the  segments  sometimes  keeled  or 
even  slightly  winged  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  utricle.  Stamens  ,=;.  ,Stylcs  usually  2,  short. 
Pericarp  separating  from  the  vertical  or  horizontal  seed.  I-;mbryo  coiled  into  a  flat  spiral. 
Endosperm  wanting  or  very  little.  [lu  honor  of  Jacopodi  Doiidi,  Italian  naturalist  of  the 
fourteenth  century.] 

Abiiut  50  si)ecies,  iif  wide  Kcng-rapliic  distribution.     Iksidts  tlie  fnllduiiiK. 
in  the  western  and  S(]Ullicni  |)arts  of  Xorth  America, 


scmie  6  iilliers  dccur 


Annuals  of  the  Atlantic  sea  cnast. 

Dark  Kreen,  iint  glaucous;  sepals  acutely  keeled:  seed  black. 

Light  green,  glaucous:  sepals  scarcely  keeled;  seed  dark  red. 
I'erennial  of  the  western  plains. 


I.   /'.  . } inn  iiiuia. 
:.  IK  null  iliiiia. 
T,.  IK  lii'fu'fssa. 


1.    Dondia  Americana  (  Pens.)  Brit- 
ton.     Tall  vSea-Blile. 
(Fig.  1393.; 

Sdlsola  s<iha\:\r.  Aiiwiicaiia  Pers.  Syn.  i:  296. 

1S05. 
Siidcda  /iiii-iiris  van   raino.ui  ,S.   Wats.    I'loc. 

Am.  Acad.  9;  87.      1874. 

Annual,  dark  green  or  purplish  green, 
not  glaucous,  stem  erect,  strict,  i°-3°  tall, 
pale  green  or  nearly  white,  branched,  the 
branches  .slender,  very  leafy,  erect-ascend- 
ing or  sometimes  recurved,  more  or  less  se- 
cuud.  Leaves  of  the  stem  linear-subulate, 
yi'-iyi'  long,  those  of  the  branches  much 
shorter,  somewhat  3-angled,  lanceolate-sub- 
ulate, widest  just  above  the  base,  the  upper 
surface  flat;  sepals  purple-green,  glaucous, 
acutely  keeled  or  almost  winged;  seed 
orbicular,  black,  shining,  ]'/'  broad. 

On  salt  marshes  and  along  salt  water  ditches. 
Nova  .Scotia  to  New  Jersey  and  probably  fur- 
ther .south.     Aug.-  .Sept. 


i 


.M 


4 


(■OOSIU'OOT    lAMII.V. 


5S5 


2.    Dondia  maritima  ( I,. )  Druce.     I,o\v  vSca-Blite.     (Fig.  i394- 


Oir;iii/>iHfiiiiii  iinii  ih'iiiiim  I,.  S]).  PI.  231.    175,^ 
SiiKiidi  iiKii  ilhiiii  Dutiiiiil.  I'M.  Ik'lK-  2i.     1^27. 
Ihiiidiii  iiiai  itiiiui  DriR'c,  Ann.  Scut.  Nul.  Hist. 

1896:   .1.'.  IN  111. 

Annual,  palc.nreen  an(lsonie\vli;il).(liUicous, 
stem  erecl  or  decunibent,  bu.sliy-branched, 
S'-IS'  liiKli,  l)ecoininn  brownish,  the  branches 
ascendin),'.  Leaves  5"  12"  lonjj,  those  of 
the  braiK-lies  not  conspicuously  shorter  than 
the  ii]i])er<)nes  of  the  stem,  vannltJ,  broad- 
est at  the  base;  sepals  pale  K''C'-"n,  rounded  or 
very  obtusely  keeled,  somewhat  rou>;hencd; 
seed  orbicular,  dark  brownish  red,  shining, 
aljout  I  "  in  iliamctcr. 

On  sea  beaclRs,  stmiy  and  tuuildy  sliores,  and 
ill  s.ill  niarslics.  Maine  to  siiutlieiii  New  York. 
Also  on  the  coiists  of  ICurope.  Our  plant  is, 
perhaps.  spccifK-ally  ililTerent  from  llie  ICuro- 
|nan.     July  Supt. 


3.    Dondia  depressa  (  riir^li )  liriltun.     Western  Blitu.     (Fig.  io95' ' 


Salsola  (/fpirssa  I'ursh,  Fl.  .\ni.  Sept.  1117.    1S14. 

Siiarda  lifftrrsM  S.  Wats.  Hot.  Kiiin's  IC.\]>.  294. 
1S71. 

Perennial  by  a  deep  slender  woody  root  or 
sometimes  annual,  branched  from  the  base 
atul  usually  also  above,  6'  2^  tall,  the 
branches  decumbent  or  ascending,  usually 
very  leafy.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  y<'-\' 
long,  broadest  at  or  just  above  the  base,  or 
the  upper  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  and 
cointiiouly  much  shorter;  sepals  acute,  one 
or  more  of  thcni  strongly  keeled  m  fruit; 
seed  about  "i"  in  diameter,  rather  dull,  miu- 
utely  reticulated. 


In  saline  soil,  Jliiinesola  to  Hk-  Xorthwc-.l 
Territory,  south  to  Xebniska.  Coloniilo  and 
Xevada.'    June -.\uij;. 


13.    SALSOLA  h.  Sp.  PI.  222.       1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  bushy-branched  herbs,  with  rigid  subulate  prickle-pointed  leaves, 
and  sessile  perfect  2-bracteolate  flowers,  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  sometimes  several  together. 
Calyx  5-parted,  its  segments  appcndaged  by  a  broad  membranous  horizontal  wing  in  fruit 
aud  enclosing  the  utricle.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  depressed;  styles  2.  Utricle  flattened.  Seed 
horizontal;  embryo  coiled  into  a  conic  spiral;  endosperm  none.  [Name  Latin,  a  diminutive 
of  salsus,  salty.] 

.'\bout  ,so  st)ecios,  of  wide  KeoRiaphic  distrilnilioii  on  seashores  and  in  saline  districts,  occa- 
sionally pernicious  weeds  in  cultivated  grounds. 


Caly.x  coriaceous,  not  conspicuously  veined;  i)l 
Caly.\  nienibranous,  very  strongly  veined;  phui 


1;  i)lant  niariliine 


it  an  inhind  weed. 


5.  Kali. 
S.  Traiiiis. 


5^6  CHKNOrODIACHAI-: 

I.    Salsola  Kali  L.     Saltwort. 

Sil/Sii/<1  A'tl/l  I,.  Sj),   I'l.   222.        17,S.v 

Annual,  jjliibrous  or  i)fteii  pubescent,  loosely 
iniicli  branched,  1^-2°  liigli,  the  branches  as- 
cendinji  or  spreading,  mostly  stout,  sotncwhat 
ridjjed.  Leaves  dull  j^reen  or  grayish,  3"-  ni" 
long,  succulent,  lanceolate-subulate,  swollen  at 
the  base,  the  inidveiu  excurrent  into  a  stout 
yellowish  green  prickle;  (lowers  solitary  in  the 
axils;  wing  of  the  persistent  calyx  nearly  orbi- 
cular, lobcd,  becoming  lacerate,  not  conspicu- 
ously veined,  2"-4"  in  diameter;  calyx  coria- 
ceous, not  conspicuously  veined,  its  wing  not 
longer  than  the  ascending  lobe. 

(In  sea  beaches,  Cape  Hretun  Island  to  Florida 
Also  in  Hurope  and  .\si;\.    July  .Sejit. 


2.  Salsola  Tragus  L.     Ktt.ssian  Thistle. 
(.I'iR-  1 397-) 

S,l/sn/,t   Ti,ji;iis\,.  Sp.  IM.  VA.  2,  322.       \-(^2. 
Siilsi'1,1  h'liii  var.   Triii;tis  Mocj.  in  DC.  Pmdr.   13: 
I'art  2,  1S7.       iS4(). 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  bushy 
branched,  the  branches  usually  slender.  Leaves 
and  outer  branches  usually  bright  red  at  matu- 
rity; leaves  not  noticeably  swollen  at  the  base, 
linear,  prickle-tipped,  less  fleshy;  calyx  mem- 
branous, conspicuously  veiny,  its  wing  longer 
than  the  ascending  lobe. 

In  cultivated  fields  and  waste  places,  New  Jersey 
to  Oiitariii,  the  Xortliwest  Territory  and  K.tnsas.  .-V 
very  tmnblescinie  weed  in  many  parts  of  the  Central 
and  Western  States,  Naturalized  froiu  northern 
Ivurope  or  .Asia.     July-,Se))t. 


Family  16.     AMARANTHACEAE  J,  vSt.  Hil.  K.xpo.s.  Fain,  i:  204.     1805. 

Amaranth  I'amu.y. 

Herbs,  .some  exotic  genera  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  simple 
mostly  entire  thin  leaves.  Flowers  small,  green  or  white,  perfect,  monoecious, 
polygamous,  or  dioecious,  bracteolate,  variou.sly  clustered,  usually  in  terminal 
.spikes  or  axillary  heads.  Petals  none.  Calyx  herbaceous  or  membranous,  2-5- 
parted,  the  segments  distinct  or  miited  at  the  base,  etjual,  or  the  iimer  ones 
smaller.  Stamens  1-5,  mostly  opposite  the  calyx-segments,  hypogynous;  fila- 
ments distinct,  iniited  at  the  l)a.se,  or  into  a  tube;  anthers  1 -celled  or  2-celled. 
Ovary  ovoid  or  stibglobo.se,  i-celled;  ovule  solitary  in  the  following  genera,  am- 
phitropous  (several  in  some  tropical  genera);  style  short,  elongate<l  or  none; 
stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  a  utricle,  circum.scissile,  bursting  irregularly  or  indehi.scent, 
I -seeded  in  our  genera.  Seed  mostly  smooth;  embryo  amuilar;  endosperm 
mealy,  usually  copious. 

About  .(o  genera  and  425  species,  widely  distrilnited,  most  abundant  in  warm  regions. 

Anthers  2-celIed;  leaves  alternate. 
Calyx  5  p.-irted  or  of  5  sepals. 
Calyx  of  the  i)istill.ate  flowers  wanting. 
Anthers  i -celled;  leaves  opposite. 

riowers  in  small  axillary  clusters. 
I'lowers  variously  spicate  or  paniculate. 

Calyx  ,s-cleft;  filaments  united  into  a  tube. 
Calyx  5-parted;  filaments  united  at  tlie  base. 


1.  Aiiiariiii/liKs. 

2.  Aciiiiln. 

,^.  Claiiolhrix. 

-|.  Fiiteliiliia. 

5.  Irisiiir. 


I  IM' 


AMARANTH    lAMILV. 


587 


-Uv  -linrlrv  tliiiii  llu   lia\c>. 


iiilhwisUrii  ^iii'ciis. 


.1.    tCtl'i\fli\VII^ 

A.  Iiyhiiiliis, 
A.  spiimsiis. 


4.   .).  hiiloitlrs. 


6.  A.   Toriryi. 

7.  A.  I\iliiifi  i. 
in  wiislc  pliid."-. 

s.  .1.  I i villus. 
g.  A.  ili'tle.x  IIS. 

10.  .1.  ffis/iiis. 

11.  A.  piniiiliis 


Rough  Pigweed.     (Fig.  1398.) 


I.  AMARANTHUS  I..  S]).  I'l.  yS.j,  1753. 
Annual  branclit'il  erect  or  dillusely  spreadiiiK  k1'''"'0'i^  '"■  inibusceiil  liurlis,  most  of  tlie 
species  weeds,  with  alU-riiate,  petiolcd  piniiatily  veined  entire,  undulate  or  crispeil  leaves 
and  small  monoecious  polynamous  or  dioecious  ^rt'cn  or  purplish  mostly  .^-Itracteolate 
flowers  ill  dense  teiiiiiiial  sjiikes  or  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  of  2  5  distinct  sepals.  Stamens 
2-,s;  aiilliers  2-celled,  loiif-iludiiially  dehiscent.  Styles  or  stiKinas  2  or  3.  I'ruit  an  ovoid  or 
obloiiK  utricle,  circumscissile,  ImrstiliK  irrei,'ularly  or  imlehisceut,  2-.^  beaked  by  the  persis- 
tent .stvles.    I'.mbryo annular.     [Creek,  unfading  flower,  from  the  dry,  uiiwitheriiiK  bracts.] 

About  50  siiecic-s  of  Willi-  uvouiapliic  di-Uibutinii.     l!i>i(U-  llu-  follnwiiiK  -(iiiK  2.'  nUK-r>  occur 
in  till  sonlin-Mi  and  wi;-li-rn  I'niud  Stair-.. 
I'lricli-  i-irciiinsci'.>ili-,  llu-  l.iii  lulling  awiiya>  a  lid. 

l-'lowi-i-^.  at  K-;i>l  Uu-  upinr.  in  di-ii>i-  U-niiiiial  spiln-s 
.\xils  nol  spiiu-  bearing. 

Siiikc>  >tont,  t  "-7"  thick. 
.Spike-  slL-!uU-r.  2  '  -,V'  thick. 
.\  i).dr  of  -loiil  spiiu-s  in  e.-u-h  a.vil. 
l-'Iowcrs  all  in  small  axillary  clii-U-i-.  r 
riant  i)ro!-Uali-;  M-pal-  .(  or  ,s. 
1'1,-inl  civet.  liiishy-l)raiiclu-d:  >cpats  ^^. 
llricU-  iniU-hisccnl.  imnibiaiious.  coriaccon-  or  fli-shv. 

rppd  llowcrs  ill  tt-rniinal.  more  or  U-sM-loimalid  >pikc- 

Si-pals  5.  clawed;  llowt-rs  ilioecioiis:         "'         '   ' 

liract-..  cusiiidalc  lipi>cd.  shoil. 
liiacl-  siibulali-.  loll^;  atul  -liarji. 
Sepals  2  or  ,\.  obloutf  or  spalnlatc;  liowt-rs  mmuu-cious  or  polygamous; 
I'tricU-  smooth,  dry,  scarious. 
I'lricli-  lU-sliv.  v.s  lu-rvcd. 
I'lowcrs  all  in  smairaxillavy  clii-ti-rs  shorter  than  llu-  leaves. 
I'lanl  nol  Ik-sliv;  stem  iiroslrali-;  li-avi-s  crisped. 
Sea-coasl  llish'y  plant:  sUin  sliorl.  riict;  leaves  not  crisped. 

1,    Amaranthus  retroflexus  L. 

Aniai aiilliiis  iilinlliW  lis  I.,  Sp.  I'l.  "ji.ii.       17.S.V 

Roughish-puberulent,  rather  lij^ht  Krccn,  stem 
stout,  erect  or  ascending,  commonly  branched,  i°- 
10°  tall.  Leaves  ovate,  rhombic-ovate  or  the  upper 
lanceolate,  sleiuler-])etioled,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  the 
larger  3'-6'  long,  their  margins  undulate  or  entire; 
flowers  green,  densely  aggregated  in  terminal  and 
axillary  spikes,  which  are  sessile,  stout,  obtuse 
or  subacute,  ovoid-cylindric,  erect  or  ascending, 
I, '-2','  long,  4"-7"  thick;  bracts  subulate,  twice 
as  long  as  the  5  scarious  narrow  ly  oblong  or  slightly 
spatulate  mucronate-tipped  and  often  emarginate 
sepals;  stamens  5;  utricle  slightly  wrinkled,  thin, 
circumscissile,  rather  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

.\  weed,  in  cnllivated  and  w.iste  soil.  throUKhonl 
North  .\merica  except  tin-  exlri-ini;  north.  .-Mso  in  lui 
rope.     Naturalized  from  tropical  .Vinerica.     .\ns;.-()cl. 

2.    Amaranthus  hybridus  L.      Slender 
Pigweed.     (Fig.  1399.) 

AduiiiIiiIIiiis  liyhiidiis  I,.  ,Sp.  I'l.  9Q0.       175.1. 
.\iiiai\iiilliHs  livpiiLlhiudiitiiiis  I,.  .Sp.  I'l.  991.      I75,S. 
.-I.  (7//('r(i,(/<;i7/i'.v  Willd.  Amaranth.  .•?4.   pi.  10.  I.  n/.      1790. 
Aiiiai iiiiliis  i)iloii>shi(liys  var.  Iiybiidtis  S.    Wats,    in  \. 

Cray.  Man.  ICd.  6,  42.S.       1S90. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  darker  green, 
or  purple,  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous;  stem  usually 
slender,  erect,  usually  branched,  2°-8°  tall.  Leaves 
bright  green  on  both  sides  or  paler  beneath,  usually 
smaller,  slender-petioled;  spikes  liuear-cylindric,  axil- 
lary and  forming  dense  terminal  panicles,  ascending, 
somewhat  spreading  or  drooping;  bracts  subulate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  5  oblong  acute  or  cuspidate  sepals; 
stamens  5;  utricle  scarcely  wrinkled,  circumscissile. 

.\  weed,  in  waste  (fronnds.  range  of  the  precediiifr  spe- 
cies.    Naturalized  from  tropical  America.     Aug. -Oct. 


588 


AMARANTHACI'.Ai:. 


It^l 


m 


Amaranthus  hybridus  paniciilatut  1 1,.  I  I'liiiu  \  llray.  Mini   T<iii 
.■liit(iiini//iii^  /'iiin,  ii/,i/ii\  I.,  S|i,  I'l.  l-^il.  .'.  II"''        I7''t 

I'luwiis  :iii(l  l'(i|i:H!f  nicin   ni  k-ss  iUi]>ly  liiiifiil  « itii  till  ur  iiiii|ili'; 
iiml  tpr.nts  siKirtii,     kaiiKi'  "i  ll'i  typr,  Imi  U  ss  almtidiiu 


.  C'liil>,  5;  M.S.       l*M. 
U;ivis  •.(iimtiim-.  lamidliite 


3.    Amaranthus  spinosus  I,.     Siuiiy 

Ainaraiilli.      (  l''i>;.  14(H).  ) 

.\iiiiii  tiiilliii\  \f>iiii'iiis   I,.  Sp.  I'l.  cn>i.       175,V 

katluT  ilurk  nn-eii,  >,'liilirous  or  soiiii-wliat  pu- 
l)csi'i-nt  above,  stem  stout,  orci-t  or  ascciidiii),;, 
ricl(4f<l,  iisimllv  imicli  bram-licd,  smiictiiiifs  red,  r^- 
4  liinli.  I.tiivcs  ovate,  rli<iiiil)ic-o\ate  or  the  upper 
lanceolate,  slemlcr-pctiolcil,  acute  at  both  cikIh,  1 '- 
,V  loi'K.  witli  a  pair  of  rinid  sti])ular  spines  '4'-!' 
lonjj  at  each  node,  the  niidvein  excnrrent;  (lowers 
in  numerous  capitate  axillary  clusters,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  ]ietioles  and  in  dense  termin.il 
linear-cylindric  spnadiuy  or  droopinK  spikes  i '-6' 
lonji;  l>raits  lanceolate  sidiul.ite  about  as  lon>{  as 
the  5  scarious  oblong  nuuronate-lipiicd  l-iicrvcd 
sepals,  and  the  thin  imperfectly  circumscissile 
Utricle;  stamens  -,. 

Ill  waste  ami  iiiltivalid  soil,  Ma»acliii'-ttt-i  tn  I't  iin 
sylvatiia.  ( iliioanil  Kansiis.  mpuIIi  In  I'lnrida  and  Mexico. 


4.    Amaranthus  blitoides  S 

rrostiate  Aniaraiitli.     (  Im>^.  1401.) 

.1.  Ii!iliii(l,-K  S.  Wats.  I'liic.  Am.  .\eail.  12:  2'},.  1S77, 
Nearly  or  quite  ulabrou.s,  rather  pale  >;reen, 
stem  dilTuscly  branched,  prostrate  and  spreading 
on  the  jjroutul,  ridjjed,  6'-2°  lon^;,  often  formiufj 
mats.  Leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  '+'-i'lonj;, 
obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  slen- 
der petioles,  sometimes  longer  than  the  blailes; 
flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters  mostly  shorter 
than  the  petioles;  bracts  lanceolate-subulate,  lit- 
tle longer  than  the  4  or  5  oblong-lanceolate  acute 
or  cuspidate  sepals;  stamens  y,  utricle  nearly 
smooth,  circumscissile,  ccjualling  or  slightly 
longer  than  the  sepals. 

In  waste  places,  especially  alons;  the  i)rincilial 
routes  of  travel,  Maine  to  sduilurii  ( )iitari(i  and  Mill- 
nesiita,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Missouri  ami  Kansas. 
Naturalized  from  west  of  the  Kocky  .Mountains, 
where  it  appears  tn  be  inuiiienous  from  I'lali  and 
]une-(Xt. 


Natnrali/i  (1  trum  tropical   .\merica 
weed  siiutlnv.ird.     June   Sept. 

Wats. 


.\   troubkxitne 


jlorado  to  Mexico, 


Tuin- 


'  r.Vv 

1 7f>,V 
busliy- 


5.    Amaranthus  graecizans  L,. 

ble-wced.     (Fi<;;.  1402.  ) 

.li)iiiriiiilliiisi;raiui:aiii  I.   Sp.  I'l.  <)C>i>. 
Aiiiai'tuilliiis  iilhiis  ],   .Sp.  I'l.  I';(l.  2.  MO-t. 

Glabrous,  pale  green,  stem  erect, 
branched,  whitish,  6'-2°  tall,  the  branches  slen- 
der, ascending.  Leaves  oblong,  spatulate  or 
obovate,  ^i'-iYz'  long,  slender-petioled,  papil- 
lose, the  midvein  excnrrent;  flowers  polyga- 
mous, several  together  in  small  axillary  clusters 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  conmionly  not  longer 
than  the  petioles;  bracts  subulate,  puugeut- 
pointed,  spreading,  nmch  longer  than  the  3 
membranous  sepals;  stamens  3;  utricle  wrinkled, 
circumscissile,  longer  than;  he  sepals. 

In  waste  and  cultiv.ated  sol.,  throuKhout  North 
America.  Naturalized  from  tropical  America. 
The  leaves  fall  away  in  aulunni,  ami  on  the  western 
plains  the  plant,  thus  denuded,  is  freely  uprooted 
and  blown  before  the  wind,  whence  the  popular 
name.    June-Sept. 


AMARANTH  I'AMII.V. 


5«y 


6.    Amaranthus  Torreyi  (A.  (iray;  Ikiitli 

(  Fiw.  140.V) 

.Iiii'i/i'l:  yiii    '/'ill  III  I  A.  C.niy,   I'mc  Am,  Ai'iiil.  5;  id;. 

Aiiiuiiiiihis    '/'ill  1 1)  I    lliiilli.;  S.  Wiil'^.    r.nl,  Ciil.  J-   12. 
iKHo. 

(rlat)rous  or  iit-arly  so,  stem  stout  or  sleiidiT, 
crc-t,  ^roovt'd,  usiuiUy  iiuicll  braiiclied  above,  2"  - 
i"  tall.  Leaves  laiiecolate  or  rlloitihic-lauccolate, 
thill,  narrowed  above  to  a  rather  lihiiit  apex,  inoslly 
cuiieatc  at  tlie  l)ase,  I  '.■'4'  lonjC.  ,'+'-''  wide,  sleli- 
der-pctioled;  Howcrs  dioecious,  Ijoriie  in  terminal 
sleiidir sometimes  panicled  spikes  and  in  small  ax- 
illary clusters;  brads  shorter  than  or  about  ei|U.il- 
lin)^  tile  ,s  sepals,  cuspidate;  sc])als  of  the  ])istillate 
(lowers  obovate  or  bro.idly  spatulalc,  clawed,  obtuse 
or  em.'irj^inate,  those  of  the  stamiu.ite  llowers  nar- 
rower and  subacute;  utricle  dry,  indeliiscent. 

In  dry  ''oil,  wcstirti  Kil)r.iska  to  Ncvad.i,  ■^outli  to 
Mi\ic<i.     I'latil  with  tilt  aspict  (if  .!( ///(A/.     Jam-  Auk. 


7.    Amaranthus  Palmeri  S.  Wats.      I'al- 
iiiL-r's  Amaranth,      l  I-'ij^.  1404.) 

.Iiiiiiriiii/'ins  /'iiliiiiii  .S.   Wats.   I'ruc.  .\iii.   .Xcad.   12: 
-•71.       \<:<i. 

Somewhat  similar  to  the  precediu),'  species,  stem 
erect,  slender,  branched,  2°-3^  tall,  usually  pubes- 
cent above.  Leaves  ovate,  rhombic -ovate  or  the 
upper  lanceolate,  blunt  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  prominently  veined,  sleiidcr-|)etioled,  the 
lower  petiole  often  longer  than  the  blailes;  llowers 
dioecious,  borne  in  elongated  erect  or  drooping 
.spikes  often  i'  long  or  more,  and  some  of  them 
commonly  in  small  clusters  in  the  upper  axils; 
bracts  subulate,  spiny-awiied,  spreading,  twice  as 
long  as  the  sepals;  sepals  5,  spatulate,  clawed; 
utricle  dry,  indeliiscent. 

In  dry  soil,  western  Kansas  (aocordinpf  U>  \.  S. 
Ilitcliciicki  to  Texas  and  Mexico,  wist  to  California. 
Jvnii-  St  pt. 


8.    Amaranthus  lividus  L.     Purplish 
AinaraiUh.      (Fig.  1405.) 

.{iiiiiiinil/iiis  h':iiliis  I..  .Sp.  IM.  991.      175.^. 

Kmoliis  liziiliis  Miu).  in  DC.  I'rodr.   13:  Part  2,  275. 
1849. 

C.labrous,  rather  succulent,  purplish-green,  stem 
erect,  slender,  branched,  i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  ovate, 
entire,  i'-3'  long,  strongly  cmarginate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  slendcr-petiolcd;  flowers 
monoecious  or  polygamous,  in  dense  terminal 
spikes  and  in  capitate  axillary  clusters  usually  much 
shorter  than  the  petioles;  bracts  shorter  than  the 
2  or  3  obloug  or  spatulate  sepals;  utricle  dry,  scar- 
ious,  smooth,  indehiscent,  longer  than  the  sepals. 

In  waste  places,  eastern  Massachusetts  to  soutlicrn 
New  York,  .\dventive  from  tropical  .\nicrica.  July- 
Sept. 


590 


AMARANTHACI'Ai;. 
9 


Amaranthus  deflexus  L. 

Ainaraiith,     (  I'i'-;.  Mt-)*"'. ) 


Low 


.1  mm  (iii///in  i/rf/i'  I  IIS  I..  M;iiil.  2:  :;i)5 
J:ii  lo/tis  d,Jli\x  IIS  KaC.  IL  Till.  3^  4'-'- 


I  >;,(!. 


C.labrous,  purplish-f^reeii,  ratlier  succulent,  stem 
usually  uuicU  luanched,  iicit,  slout  or  slcmlcr, 
l'^-^"  tall.  Leaves  ovate  <ir  oval  obtuse  retuse  or 
eniargiiiate  at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the 
base,  i'-,s'  long,  J.'-ijj'  wide,  sleiuler-petioled, 
the  petioles  often  as  lonj,'  as  the  blades  or  the 
lower  ones  longer;  llowiTs  polygamous  in  dense, 
mostly  short  and  thick  terminal  sjiikes  and  ca])i- 
tale  in  the  axils;  bracts  shorti-r  than  the  2  or  3  ob- 
long or  si)atulate  sepals  usually  very  short;  utricle 
fleshy,  3-5-uervcd,  smooth,  indehisccnt,  rather 
shorter  than  the  sepals. 

In  wasli'  ijlacfs  and  halla~l  ailing-  tlit-  coast,  Massa- 
cluisitts  In  Miutli.rn  New  Vi.rU.  Also  •.,  Calirnrni.-i. 
rmbablyadvinlMi.-  I'rcini  Irniiiciil  Anu-rica.  July  Si  pt. 


10. 


Amaranthus  crispus  ( Lesp.  cS:  Tliev 

(l-i^.  1407- 


(.■a\c(l  Aiiiaranth. 


/■111  Villus 
6:  656. 


1  I  is/^lls 


I.csp.  iS;  TIkv.  linll.  S' 
llrauii;  A.   Crav 


lint.  l"ranct 
Ma.i.  I'M.  6,   4JS 


.liiiaraii/iis  rri.s/>iis 
1890. 

Pubescent,  stem  copiously  branched,  slender, 
spreading  on  the  ground,  prostrate,  forming  mats 
S'-2},°  in  diameter.  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
mostlv  acute  at  the  apex  and  narrowed  at  the  base, 
])etioled,  .\"-\'  long,  their  margins  remarkably 
crisped;  petioles  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the 
bhwies;  flowers  all  in  small  axillary  clusters  shorter 
than  the  petioles;  bracts  lanceolate,  cuspidate, 
shorter  than  the  ,S  spatulate  spreading  sepals;  sta- 
mens (^always?)  3;  utricle  wrinkled,  indehisccnt, 
about  as  long  as  the  sepals. 


In  waste' 
bany,  N.  Y. 
June-Sept. 


placts.   Ni'W  York  city,  lirooklyn  and  .\1 
Also  in  l''ranct'.     Nati've  rcg-ii>n  unknown 


n.   Amaranthus  pumilus  Raf. 

Ainarantli.      (  Imj;-.  1408.  ) 

.f  mill  iiii/iis  piniii/iis  Kal'.   Mini.   Kcp.   (11. 


Coast 

5:  ^'«■^■ 


JCii.to/iis  /'iimi/iis  Qhnpm.  l-'l.  S.  .States,  ,^ 

Clabrous,  fleshy,  branched,  the  branches  pros- 
trate or  ascending,  3'-S'  long.  Leaves  ovate, 
rhombic-ovate  or  suborbicular,  most  of  them 
clustered  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches,  ob- 
tuse or  cmarginatc  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  prominently  veined,  peti- 
olcd,  3"  -lo"  long,  the  veins  often  purple;  flowers 
few  together  in  small  axillary  clusters;  bracts 
lanceolate,  suliacute,  shorter  than  the  5  oblong 
obtuse  sepals;  stamens  5;  anthers }  cllow;  utricle 
fleshy,  indehiscent,  faintly  5-ribI)ed,  slightly 
wrinkled,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals 
when  mature;  seed  very  large  for  the  geims. 

( )n  sea  beaches,  Rhode  Islaiul  to  N'cirtli  Carolina. 
June-Sept. 


AMARANTH   FAMILY. 


591 


'^? 


0. 


5:  ,V>"- 

isr», 


2.    ACNIDA  L.  Sp.  1027.       1753. 

Annual,  erect  or  ilecunibcnt,  glabrous  brancliiug  herbs,  similar  to  the  dioecious  Amar- 
anths, with  alternate  petioled  thin  pinnately  veined  leaves.  Flowers  small,  green,  1-3- 
bracted,  in  terminal  and  axillary,  continuous  or  interrupted  s])ikes,  or  clustered  in  the  axils. 
Staminate  flowers  consisting  or  5  scarious  erect  i -nerved  mucronate  sepals  longer  than  the 
bracts,  and  as  many  stamens;  filaments  subulate,  distinct;  anthers  2-celled.  Pistillate  flowers 
without  a  calyx;  ovary  ovoid  or  subglobose;  stigmas  2-5,  papillose  or  plumose,  short  or 
elongated.  Vtricle  fleshy  and  indehiscent,  or  membranous  and  bursting  irregularly  or  cir- 
cumscissile;  seed  erect,  smooth  and  shining.     [Greek,  without  nettle.] 

.About  4  siJLcits,  natives  of  eastern  North  America  and  the  Wtst  Indies. 

t'trick-  flisliy,  auKled,  in(U-liiscent;  salt-niarsli  plant.  i.  .(.  cannahina. 

t'lricU-  nuini)nitious,  dchiscfut  or  iiulchisceiil,  not  aiiKled;  plaiUs  of  frt'sli  water  swamps. 

1.  A.  laniiii  isciiia. 

I.    Acnida  cannabina  L.     vSalt-marsh  Water-hemp.     (Fig.  1409.) 

Ac'iiii/a  laiiiiiiliiiii!  I,.  .Sp.  I'l.  1112-.      1755. 

A.  iusoiaif>a  Miclix.  1"1.  Hor.  .\ni.  2:  2,^4.   />/.  .5".       i^>?,- 

Succulent;  stem  stout  or  slender  (sometimes  1'  mi 
<lidmeter  at  the  base!,  usually  nmch  branched,  . 
10°  tall,  the  branches  ascending.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
acuminate  but  generally  blunt-pointed  and  apiculate 
at  the  apex,  2'-6'  long,  '4 '-i^V  wide,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  entire  or  slightly  undulate;  petiole  usually 
shorter  than  the  blade;  staminate  spikes  i'-5'  long, 
usually  dense;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-ob- 
long, acute,  acuminate  or  obtusish,  cusjndate  or  mu- 
cronate; fertile  spikes  dense  or  loose;  stigmas  slender, 
papillose-hispid,  'i"  long;  utricle  fleshy,  indehis- 
cent, 3-5anglcd,  subglobose  or  obovoid,  i"-2"  long 
when  mature,  becoming  black,  much  longer  than 
the  bracts. 

In  .alt  andbrackish  niarslus,  and  up  tin-  rivirsto  fresh 
water,  Massachusetts  to  I'lorida.     July  .\iiK- 

Acnida  Floridana  .S.  Wats.  I'roc.  .\m.  .\cail.  10:  376.  a  tnoiv  skndir  plant,  of  tin-  southern  .Xt- 
lantic  coast,  with  narrower  skiickr -petioled  leiives,  the  flowers  in  elonnaled  interrupted  spikes, 
and  a  smaller  utricle,  may  occur  in  southern  Virginia. 

2.    Acnida  tamariscina  (Niitt.)  Wood. 
Western  Water-hemp.    (Fig.  1410.) 

A  nun  a  II I  IIS  /iiiiiarruiiiiis    Nutt.   Trans.  .\m.    I'liil.   Soc. 

I  II.  1  5;  165.       iS.^.v.C- 
Aiiik/ii  liiiiiai  isiiini  Wood,  l!ot.  S:  Fl.  2.sy.      \>'~.\- 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  much  branched, 
erect,  the  branches  usually  slender,  erect-ascending. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  2'-6'  long, 
mostly  long-acuminate,  but  sometimes  obtuse  at  the 
apex  and  mucronate  or  cuspidate-tipped,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  the  peti'  .^s  commonly  shorter  than  the  blades; 
spikes  mostly  loose  or  interrupted,  often  5'  long;  se- 
pals lanceolate,  subulate-acuminate;  stigmas  plumose, 
rather  short;  utricle  memliranous,  not  angled,  ,'2'"-!" 
long,  circumscissile;  bractlcts  lanceolate,  cuspidate. 

In  swamps,  Illinois  to  .South  Dakota,  Louisiana  and 
New  Mexico      July  Sept. 

Acnida  tamariscina  tuberculata  ( Mtxi  )  ("line  &  liray,  Hot.  Gaz.  20:  157.      iS(xs. 
Acnida  liih,-iriilal,i  Moq.  in  DO.  I'nidr.  13:  I'arl  2.  27.'*.      1S49. 
Aiiiida  hiiiiiiri.uiiia  var.  siihiiiuia  S.  Wats,  in  .\.  Gray,  Man.  I'M.  6,  429.      1890. 

Tall,  erect,  sometiuu'S  io'~  liitfli.  with  llexuous  branches;  inflorescence  spicate:  utricle  ovoid, 
tuberded,  indeliiscent.  Vermont  to  Manitoba,  Temiessee  and  .Nebraska.  This  and  the  followinif 
varieties  perhaps  cot\stitute  a  distinct  species. 

Acnida  tamariscina  concatenjita  (Mo(|.)  nine  S:  Uray,  Dot.  Gaz.  20:  i.sS.      iSq.s. 
Amiiia  aimiiibiiia  \:\-.  ioiualfiiula  Mo(i.  iti  DC.  I'rodr.  13:  I'art  2,  27S.      1849. 
Afontilia  laman'.uina  var.  toncalrniiln  .\.  Gray,  Man.  VA.  5,  41.V      1867. 

.Stem  often  deeuud)enl;  flowers  larijer,  in  separated  Klo-.nerules.     Range  of  preceding  variety. 

38 


592 


AMARANTHACI'Ai;. 


Acnida  tamariscina  prostrata  nine  iS;  liray,  ]!(it.  C.n/..  20:  15*.      i^^95- 
Sttins  (lilTu-t;  .iiul   iimstraK-   or  suiuitinus  asc  ndinjf ;  kavis  rauly  iiver    1'    luiiK,  sj)atulaU'; 
flciwtrs  in  axillary  clu-<tcrs  iir  in  si-paral.d  fjluniirults.     Michigan  and  Sdulli  Jiakcita  to  Jlissonri, 


3.    CLADOTHRIX  Xutt.;  Moq.  i-.  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part  2,  359.       1849. 

Annual  or  perennial  ilitTusely  branched  stellate-pubescent  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  or 
slightly  undulaie  petioled  leaves,  and  yery  small  perfect  ,^-bracted  flowers,  solitary  or  clustered 
in  the  axils.  Calyx  of  5  e(iual  pilose  erect  dry  oblong  i-ncrved  sepals.  Stamens  5,  hypogy- 
noHS,  their  filaments  united  at  the  base,  their  anthers  i-celled.  Ovary  subglobosc;  style  short; 
stigma  capitate  or  2-lobed.  Utricle  globose,  indehisccnt.  [Greek,  branch-hair,  from  the 
stellate  pubescence.] 

About  (  -ipecits.  iial'vesof  SdUtliwcslern  North  .\nierica  and  Mexici). 

I.  Cladothrix  lanuginosa  Xutt.    Cladotlirix. 
(Fig.  14:1.) 

Ailivrinilhis  /iiiii<i;iiii'Stt  Xutt.  Trans.  .\ni.  I'liil.  .Soc.  1  II. ) 

5:'i(i6.       iS.vv,?:-' 
Clitit<illiii  \    lainii;iiiitia  Nntt.;    M(i(i.  in    DC.    I'rodr.    13: 

I'art  ?.  %l)0.       i.s^g. 

Perennial,  somewhat  woody  at  the  base,  or  sojuetimcs 
annual,  stetn  terete,  much  branched,  sometimes  thick- 
ened at  the  nodes,  the  branches  prostrate  or  ascending, 
4'-l2'  long.  Leaves  orbicular,  broadly  ovate  or  rhom- 
bic-ovate, obtuse  or  acute,  usually  narrowed  at  the  base, 
entire,  inconspicuously  veined,  rather  firm,  2"-i2" 
wide,  the  petioles  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  blades; 
flowers  '."  l)roador  less,  mostly  clustered  in  the  axils 
of  small  upper  leaves  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

In  dry  soil.  Kansas  to  Texas,  Arizona  and  Mexico. 
June-.Sei)t. 

4.  FROELICHIA  Moeiich,  Meth.  50.       1794. 

.\nnual,  erect  woolly  or  silky,  branching  or  simple  herbs,  with  opposite  sessile  entire  or 
slightly  undulate  uairow  leaves,  or  the  lower  and  basal  ones  contracted  into  petioles.  Flow- 
ers perfect,  3-bracted,  often  bracteolate,  in  panicled  dense  spikes.  Calyx  tubular,  nearly 
terete,  5  "left  or  5-toothed,  very  woolly,  its  tube  longitudinally  crested  and  sometimes  tuber- 
cled  in  fruit.  Stamens  5,  their  filaments  united  into  a  tube,  which  is  5-cleft  at  the  summit  and 
bears  the  i-celled  anthers  between  its  lobes.  Ovary  ovoid;  style  slender  or  wanting;  stigma 
capitate  or  penicillate.  Utricle  itidehiscent,  enclosed  by  the  tube  of  united  filaments.  [Name 
in  honor  of  J.  A.  Froelich,  a  German  botanist.] 

.\l)out  12  species,  all  .\merie.iii.  Itesides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  the  .Southwestern 
.State-^. 

Stout.  2'^-4'  tall;  crests  of  fruitiuR  caly.\  continuous,  dentate. 
Slender,  10-20'  tall;  crests  of  fruitinK  calyx  interrujjted. 


1.  /■".  Floi  iilana. 

2.  F.  giacilis. 


I.    Froelichia  Floridana  (Xutt.)  Moq. 
Florida  F'roelichia.     (fig.  1412.) 

OfilolhiCa  Floridatia  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  79.      1818. 
Froelichia  Floi  iiiana  Mo(|.  in  DC.  I'rodr.  13;  Part  2,  420. 
1849. 

Stem  stout,  2°-4°  tall,  the  branches  slender,  erect- 
ascending,  leafless  above.  Upper  leaves  linear  or  lin- 
ear-oblong, sessile,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
I '-3'  long,  the  lower  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse 
or  acute  at  the  a])ex,  3'~6'  long,  '2'-!'  wide,  narrowed 
into  margined  petioles;  spikes  mostly  opposite,  nar- 
rowly ovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  subacute,  ^'-i' 
long:  fruiting  calyx  with  protuiucut  longitudinal 
wing-like  toothed  crests. 

In  dry  soil,  Illinois  and  Minnesota  to  Nebraska  and 
Colorado,  south  to  Tennessee,  Florida,  Kansas  and  Texas. 
June  Sept. 


i.uilis  >rii(|.   in   DC.   riddr.   13:   I'arl  2,  42U. 
Similar  to  the  prcccdinj^  species  but  the  stem  slcii- 


/■'loi  III  hill 
I  S4f  J. 


AMARANTH    FAMILY.  593 

2.   Froelichia  gracilis  Motj.     Slender 
Froelicliia.      i  Fi<,r.  14 13.) 

(ler,  branched,  especially  from  the  base,  or  sometimes  ^^  |( 
simple,  u/- 20' tall.  Leaves  all  linear  or  linear-oblong,  *^? 
acute  at  both  ends,  y"-2'  long,  sessile  or  the  lower 
commonly  spatulate,  obtnsish  and  narrowed  into  very 
short  petioles;  spikes  alternate  or  opposite,  oblong, 
mostly  obtuse,  '4  '- 1 '  long;  fruiting  calyx  with  5  longi- 
tudinal rows  of  processes  or  these  coufluent  into  inter- 
rupte'l  crests. 

In  dry  soil,  wistini  Xcbriiska  and  Colorado  to  Texas. 
Perhajis  iiiterifradt'^  with  the  iireceding  sjjecies.  June- 
vScpt. 


5.    IRESINE  P.  Br.  Civ.  iS:  Xat.  Hist.  Jam.  35S.       1756. 

Annual  or  perennial  tall  herbs,  with  opposite  broad  petiolcd  thin  leaves  and  very  small 
polvganious  perfect  or  dioecious  3-bracted  white  flowers,  in  large  terminal  panicles  or  pan- 
iclcd  spikes.  Calyx  5-partcd,  the  pistillate  usually  woolly-pubescent.  Stamens  5,  rarely  less; 
fdanients  united  by  their  bases,  filiform;  anthers  i-celled.  Utricle  very  small,  subglobose, 
indehiscent.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  woolly  pubescence.] 

About  20  species,  natives  nf  warm  and  temperate  rtttioiis.  liesides  the  following  another  occurs 
in  the  sduthwestern  I'nited  States. 

I.    Iresine  paniculata  (L. )  Kimtze. 
Blood-leaf.     Juba's  Btisli.     (Fig.  1414.) 
Ctlosia  f)iiiiuiilal<i  L.  .Sp.  I'l.  206,      175,^ 
Insiiu-  tdosioidrs  \,.  Sp.  I'l.  I';d.  2.  1456.      1763. 
Irishic paiihiildla  Kuntze,  Kev.  den.  I'l.  542.      i.'^i)!. 

.•\nnual,  stem  erect,  usually  branched,  slender, 
2°-5°  tall,  glabrous  or  nearlv  so.  Leaves  ovate, 
ovate-lanceolate  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  2'-(>' 
long,  sleuder-petioled,  pinnately  veined,  nearly  or 
quite  glabrous;  flowers  very  numerous,  i"  broad 
or  less,  in  large  terminal  much  branched  panicles; 
calyx  and  bracts  silvery,  dry;  pistillate  flowers 
white-villous  at  the  base,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
bracts. 

In  dry  soil.  Oliio  to  Kansas,  south  to  I'lorida  and 
Texas.  V.'idely  distributed  in  tropical  ,\nurica. 
.\UK.-  Sept. 

Family  17.     PHYTOLACCACEAE  Lindl.  Xat.  Sy.st.  Kd.  2,  213.      1836. 

I'okkwi;i:d  I-.-vmii.v. 

HerKs  ( .some  tropical  species  shnil)s  or  trees )  with  alternate  entire  mostly  ex- 
stipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  ix)lygamous  or  monoecious  usually  racemose 
flowers.  Calyx  4-5-parted  or  of  4  or  5  distinct  sepals,  its  .segments  or  sepals 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx-segments 
or  sepals  and  alternate  with  them,  or  more  numerous,  hyiiogynotis;  filaments 
subulate  or  filiform,  distinct  or  united  at  the  base;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs 
longitudinally  dehiscent,  often  nearly  separated.  Ovary  superior,  several-celled 
in  most  of  the  genera;  ovules  solitary  in  the  cavities,  amphitrojxius.  Styles  as 
many  as  the  carpels,  .short  or  none:  stigmas  linear  or  filiform.  Fruit  a  Ijerry  in 
the  following  genus,  capsular  or  samaroid  in  .some  tropical  genera.  Endosiierm 
of  the  seed  mealy  or  fleshy. 

About  22  nener.i  and  Ss  spteies,  mostly  in  the  tro))ics. 


594 


rHYTOLACCACKAE. 


I.    PHYTOLACCA  L.  Sp.  PI.  41.       1753. 

Tall  perennial  herbs  (some  tropical  species  woody),  with  ample  petioled  cxstipiilatc 
leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  which  by  the  further  growth  of  the  stem  be- 
come opposite  the  leaves.  Pedicels  bracted  at  the  base  and  often  1-3  bracted  above.  Calyx 
of  4  or  5  persistent  rounded  sepals.  Stamens  5-15,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx;  anthers 
mostly  oblong.  Ovary  subglobose,  composed  of  5-15  distinct  or  somewhat  united  carpels. 
Fruit  a  depressed-globose  5-15-cclled  fleshy  berry.  Seeds  i  in  each  cavity,  erect,  compressed; 
embryo  annular  in  the  mealy  endosperm.  [Name  Greek  and  French,  referring  to  the  crimson 
juice  of  the  berries.] 

About  10  spfcii's,  the  following  of  casttTn  North  .'Vnierica,  the  otliors  of  tropical  distribution. 

I,  Phytolacca  decandra  I.,.  Poke.  Scoke.  Pigeon-berry.  Garget,  (tig- 1415.) 

Pliylolaaa  dccaiidra  I,.  Sp.  I'l.  VA.  2.  6.^.     1762. 

A  glabrous  strong-smelling  succulent  erect 
branching  herb,  4°- 12°  tall,  the  root  peren- 
nial, large,  poisonous,  the  stem  stout,  its  pith 
divided  into  disks  separated  by  lens-shaped 
cavities.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pinnately  veined,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  both  ends,  8'-i2'  long;  petioles  '/z'-\' 
long;  racemes  pednncled,  2'-S'  long;  pedicels 
divergent,  2''-6"  long,  each  with  a  subulate- 
lanceolate  bractlet  at  its  base  and  usually  2 
similar  ones  above;  flowers  perfect;  calyx 
white,  2"-y  broad,  its  sepals  suborbicular, 
or  oval;  stamens  10,  slightly  shorter  than  the 
sepals;  ovary  green,  lo-celled;  styles  recurved; 
berry  dark  purple,  ^''-d"  in  diameter,  3"-4" 
high,  very  juicy,  its  10  carpels  conspicuous 
when  dry. 

In  various  situations,  Maine  and  Ontario  to 
Minnesota,  Florida  and  Texas.  .Sometimes  a 
troublesome  wei^d.  Xaturalizedin  Ivurope.  The 
young  shoots  are  eattn  likeas])ar.-i;fus.  June- Sept. 
ikrries  ripe  .Aug. -Oct.     .Vlso  called  Inkbcrry. 

Family  i8.     NYCTAGINACEAE  Lintll.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  213.     1836. 

FouR-o'ci.ocK  F.\Mn.v. 
Herbs  (some  tropical  genera  trees  or  .shrubs)  with  simple  entire  leaves,  and 
regular  flowers  in  terminal  or  a.xillary  clusters,  in  the  following  genera  sul)- 
tended  by  involucres  of  distinct  or  united  bracts.  Petals  none.  Calyx  inferior, 
usually  corolla-like,  its  lim]>  campanulate,  tubular  or  salverforni,  4-5-lobed  or 
4-5-toothed.  Stamens  hypogynous;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  2-celled,  dehis- 
cent by  lateral  .slits.  Ovary  enclosed  by  the  tube  of  the  perianth,  .sessile  or 
stipitate,  i-celled,  i-ovnled;  ovule  camjiylotropjus;  .style  short  or  elongated; 
stigma  capitate.     Krtiit  a  ribbed,  grooved  or  winged  anthocarp. 

.\bout  17  Keiiera  and  2,=;o  species,  of  wide  treoRrapliic  ilislribution.  most  abundant  in  .America. 
Involucre  of  united  bracts;  pairs  of  leaves  eciual.  i.  .Mliiuiin. 

Involucre  of  separate  bracts;  pairs  of  leaves  mostly  inietiiud.  2.  .■Uirmiiti. 

I.    ALLIONIA  Loefl.  Iter  Hisp.  181.       1758. 
[Oxvn.\i'Hiis  Iv'Hcr.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  i:  185.     1797.] 

Forking  herbs,  with  opposite  equal  leaves,  and  involucres  in  loose  terminal  panicles. 
Involucre  ^lotjed  (of  5  partially  united  bracts)  3-5-flowered,  becoming  enlarged  and  rcticu- 
late-veineil  after  flowering.  Perianth  campanulate,  its  tube  constrictc'  above  the  ovary,  its 
limb  corolla-like,  deciduous.  Stamens  3-5,  general'y  3,  unequal,  hypogynous.  Fruit  ob- 
ovoid  or  clavate,  strongly  ribbed,  pubescent  in  our  species.  [Name  in  honor  of  Chas. 
Allioni,  1725-1S04,  a  botanist  of  Turin.] 

About  20  species,  natives  of  North  and  South  .America,  one  Asiatic. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate  or  oblong-ovate,  all  petiolt'd. 
Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  only  the  lower  petioled. 

Plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so  except  the  inflorescence. 

Plant  densely  pubescent  all  over. 
Leaves  linear,  sessile. 

Plant  tall,  i°-2°  high;  branches  erect-ascending. 

Plants  low,  4'-io'  high,  diffusely  branched;  branches  divergent 
Involucres  axillary,  their  lobes  ovate -oblong,  acute. 


I.    .1.  IIJ't/dQillfll. 


A.  tilhiiia. 
A.  hirsiila. 


4.  A.  lineal  is. 


5- 
Involucres  clustered  at  the  ends  of  branches,  lobes  semicircular,  obtuse,   ft 


„(.  Bod i III. 
A.  litiihi. 


w 


I'OUR-O'CI.OCK   FAMILY. 


595 


I.    Allionia  nyctaginea  Michx 

AU  Kill  ill  iifc/i!i;!iifu  Michx.  I'M.  ISor.  Am.  i:  liw.     I.^),?. 
Oi  jfni/i/iiis  iiyc/iif;iiifiis  Swt:fl,  Ilort.  liril.  429.       ISVJ. 

Stem  angled,  often  4-si(lcd  below,  rather  slender, 
glabrous  or  but  slightly  pubescent,  i°-3°tall.  Leaves 
broadly  ovate,  2'-^'  lo'ig.  ''-3'  wide,  acute  at  the 
apex,  cordate,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,  all 
petioled  except  the  small  bract-like  uppermost  ones, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  peduncles  and  pedicels  com- 
monly somewhat  pubescent;  involucre  shorter  than 
the  flowers;  perianth  red;  stamens  3-5,  exscrted; 
style  exserted;  fruit  oblong  or  narrowly  obovoid, 
very  pubescent. 

In  dry  soil,  Miiintsota  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  Illi- 
nciis.  Louisiana,  Tixas  atul  New  Mexico.     May-.\ug. 

Allionia  nyctaginea  ovata  (Pursli)  JIoroiiK.  Mem.  Torr. 

Club,  5:  146.      1894. 
.Mlioiiia  iKuila  I'ursli,  I'l.  .\m.  Kept,  97.     1814. 
Ovvliafiliiis  in'c/ai;iiii'iis  var.  ohloiit;  if  alius  Torr.   Hot. 
Mex.  Hound.  Surv.  174.     iS.s^. 

Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  oblanceolate  or  obovate, 
not  at  all  cordate  at  the  base;  inflorescence  very  i)ul)es- 
cent.     Nebraska  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 


Heart-leaved  Umbrella-wort.     (Fig.  1416.) 


2.  Allionia  albida  Walt.     Pale  Unibrella- 
wort.     (Fig.  141 7.) 

AHionia  alliitia  Walt.  V\.  Car.  .S4.      17SS. 
Ovvlxifiliiis  alliidiis  Choisv  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part  2, 

Stem  erect,  furrowed  or  striate,  4-sided  below, 
i°-3°  tall,  glabrous  or  pubescent  above,  the  pe- 
duncles and  branches  commonly  more  or  less 
glandular  and  viscous.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, 3-veincd  from  the  base,  glabrous, 
pubescent  or  ciliate,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower 
short-petioled;  involucre  much  enlarged  in  fruit, 
pubescent,  ciliate,  becoming  whitish  and  purple- 
veined;  perianth  pink  01  lilac;  stamens  and  style 
often  exserted;  fruit  with  5  or  6  obtuse  hispid 
ribs,  roughened  in  the  furrows. 

.South  Carolina  to  .South  Dakota  and  Colorado, 
south  to  Florida,  Missouri  and  Texas,     May-.^ug. 


3.    Allionia  hirsuta  Pur.sh.     Hairy  I'm- 
brella-wort.     (Fig.  1418.) 

Alliiiiiiii  /lirsii/a  I'ursh,  V\.  .\ni.  Sept.  72S.     1814. 
Ox  vim  fill  IIS  /;(/-,?H/»,vChoisy  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  P.irt  2, 

4.5,5-      18-19- 

Stem  slender,  i°-3°tall,  erect,  angled  and  stri- 
ate, glandular-pubescent,  especially  at  the  nodes, 
occasionally  glabrate  toward  the  base.  Leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
sessile  or  the  lowest  sometimes  short-petioled, 
pubescent,  i  '-3'  long;  branches  and  petioles  very 
pubescent;  iuflorfscence  usually  contracted; 
stamens  ofte.;  ,•,;  fruit  narrowly  obovoid,  the  ribs 
obtuse,  sometinie-s  with  low  intermediate  ribs  in 
the  furrows. 

In  dry  soil,  Minnesota  to  the  Northwest  Territory, 
Kouth  to  Wisconsin,  Colorado  and  Texas.     ]uly-.\UB. 


If 


m 

mi 


CTAC.INACEAE. 

4.   Allionia  linearis   Pursli.     Xarnnv-leaved 
rnihrella-wort.      (.Fis-  1419-) 

Allionia  /iiicn  is  Pursli,  I'l.  Am.  Sept.  72S.  iM 4. 

Co/l  nil  Ilia  am;  iis/i/i>/i(7  Xutt.  Krasi-r's  Cat.     Naiiit-  oulv, 

O.xyhapliiis  aiii;iisli/oliiis  Swcc-t,  Ilort.  Hrit.  420.  iS,V). 
Stem  sleiuler,  terete  or  soniewliat  4-aiiKleil  hclow, 
glabrous, glaucous,  I  °-4^°  tall, erect,  the  branches  aud 
peduncles  sometimes  pulierulcnt.  Leaves  linear, thick, 
i-nerved,  l'-2,'i'  long,  i'/i^'-Y'  wide,  obtuse  or  acute 
at  the  apex, sessile  or  the  lower  occasionally  short-peti- 
oled;  involucre  about  3-flowercd,  green  before  flow- 
ering; perianth  purple,  longer  than  the  involucre;  sta- 
mens and  style  exserted;  fruit  commonly  roughened 
in  the  furrows  between  the  5  prominent  ribs. 

In  dry  soil,  Minnesota  to   rtali,  south   to  Texas  and 
Jlexico.     June-Aus- 


Allionia  Bodini  (Holzinger)  Morong.     Bodin's  Umbrella-wort. 

Xat.  Hl'H).  i:  2^;. 


1420.) 


Oivhaplnis  llodiiii  HolzitiKt.r.  Coiitr, 

//.  .'/.      1893. 
Allionia  Jloiiini  Morotig;.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  3,s5 


1894. 


Low,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent,  stem  whit- 
ish, ditTusely  branched,  slender,  2'-$'  high,  the 
branches  divergent.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  sessile, 
%'-i\'  long,  \"  wide  or  less,  slightly  narrowed  at 
both  ends,  fleshy;  involucres  solitary  and  short-pe- 
duncled  in  the  upper  axils,  finely  pubescent,  about 
3"  broad  when  mature,  5-lobed  to  about  the  middle, 
thelobesovatc-oblong,  acute;  fruit  narrowly  obovoid. 


obtusely  5-ribbed,  very  pubescent. 


high. 


In  dry  soil,  eastern  Colorado  and  western   Kansas. 
June-July. 


6.    Allionia    Bushi  Britton.     Bii.sh's 

Umbrella-wort.      (Fig.  142 1.) 

.lllionia    HiirJii  liritton,   liuU.  Torr.    Club,   22.    22,^. 

Low,  glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy,  stem  nearly 
white,  diffusely  branched,  about  8'  high,  the 
branches  slender,  widely  divergent.  Leaves  nar- 
rowly linear,  sessile,  i'-3'  long,  i"-i|2"  wide, 
blunt,  their  width  almost  uniform  from  base  to 
apex;  involucres  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  at  first  campanulate  and  longer  than  the 
flowers,  at  length  rotate  aud  becoming  10"  broad, 
membranous,  pubescent,  finely  reticulate-veined, 
their  short  lobes  semicircular,  rounded,  the  mid- 
veins  prominent. 

In  dry  ground;  Jackson  Co.,  Missouri.     .\ug. 

2.    ABRONIA  Jus,s.  Gen.  44S.       1774. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  petioled  thick  entire  leaves,  one  of  each  pair 
somewhat  larger  tl'in  the  other.  Stems  ascending,  erect  or  prostrate,  branching,  mostly  glan- 
dular-pubescent, with  clustered  or  solitary  numerous-flowered  involucres  on  long  axillary 
peduncles.  Flowers  sessile,  usually  conspicuous.  Periautli-tube  elongated,  tubular  or  fuu- 
nelform,  the  limb  spreading,  s-lobed,  the  lobes  obcordatc  or  etnargiuate.     Stamens  3-5,  uu- 


iji 


I'Ol'R-O'CLOCK   TAMILV. 


597 


cciual,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  perianth;  anthers  linear-oblong,  included.  Style  filiform. 
Fruit  dry,  i-,s-winged,  the  winj^s  broad  or  narrow,  reticulate-veined.  Seed  cylindric,  smooth, 
shining.     [Name  from  the  Greek,  graceful.] 

About  i.i  sptcic'S,  all  Ann  lican.     lUsiiks  the  following,  sonic  i 
AineriL'a. 

I'trtiiiiial:  Ibiwcrs  white;  winifs  of  the  fruit  l"  broad  or  less. 
Annual;  flowers  i)ink;  wings  thin,  4"-7"  broad,  very  conspicuous. 


others  occur  in  western  Notth 


1.  A.  frnffiniis. 

2.  A.  iiiiciaiithu 


I,   Abronia  fragrans  Xutl.     White 
Abronia.     (Fig.  1422.) 

Ahionia  fia^rain'iiwW.:  Hook.  Kewjourn.  Hot.  5: 
261.      1853. 

Perennial,  viscid-pubescent,  stem  erect  or  as- 
cending, usually  much  branched,  i°-2°  high. 
Leaves  oval,  ovate  or  oblong-elliptic,  petioled, 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  cuncate,  truncate  or  rounded 
at  the  base,  I'-z'i'long;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
5  or  6,  large,  ovate  or  obovate,  white;  flowers 
while,  very  numerous  in  the  involucres,  5"-io" 
long,  fragrant,  opening  at  night;  fruit  4"-5" 
high,  coriaceous  with  5  or  sometimes  fewer,  un- 
dulate coarsely  reticulated  wings  about  i"wide, 
which  do  not  close  over  its  summit. 

In  dry  soil,  Iowa  to  Nebraska  and  Montana,  south 
to  Texas  and  Mexico.     June-.\ug, 


2.  Abronia  micrantha.     (Torr. )  Choi.s. 
Pink  Abronia.     (Fig.  1423.) 

Tiipleiidi\i)ii    in  ic  ran  I  hum    Torr.   Kreni.   Rep.  c/). 

Ahionia  Diicrantlia  Chois.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part 

2,  4,^6.      I><49. 
Abronia  Cyclof<lera  A.  (".ray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.) 

15:  .V9'    '  '•'^53- 

Annual,  glabrous  below,  tuore  or  less  glandu- 
lar-pubescent above,  stem  ascending,  branched, 
i°-2°  high.  Leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  pre- 
ceding species  in  size  and  outline;  involucral 
bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate; flowers  several  or  numerous,  about  9" 
long,  bright  pink;  calyx-limb  4'"-S"  broad; 
fruit  nearly  1'  high,  its  2-4  membranous  wings 
^"-■j"  broad,  entire-margined,  shining,  very 
conspicuous,  glabrous,  united  over  the  body  of 
the  fruit,  beautifully  reticulate-veined. 

In  dry  soil,  western  Nebraska  to  Wyoming  and 
Nevada,  south  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico.  June-Aug. 


Family  19. 


1864. 


AIZOACEAE  A.  Br.;  Ascliers.  Fl.  Brand.  60. 
C\Ri'ET  \vi;un  Family. 
Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  woody,  ino.stly  prostrate  and  branching,  with  fin 
our  species)  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves  and  solitary  cymose  or  glomerate  per- 
fect, small  regular  flowers.  Stipules  none  or  scarious,  or  the  petiole-bases 
dilated.  Calvx  4-3-cleft  or  4-5-parted.  Petals  .small  or  none  in  our  species. 
Stamens  peri'gvnous,  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals,  fewer,  or  more  numerous. 
Ovary  usually  free  from  the  calyx,  3-5-celled,  and  ovules  luimerous  in  each  cell 
in  our  species.  Fruit  a  capsule  with  loculicidal  or  circumscissile  dehiscence. 
Seeds  amphitropous;  seed-coat  crustaceous  or  membranous;  endosperm  scanty  or 
copious;  embryo  slender,  curved. 

22  genera  and  about  500  species,  mostly  of  warm  regions,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones, 
Fleshv,  sea-coast  herbs;  leaves  opposite;  capsule  circumscissile.  i.  SfSiiviinii, 

Not  fleshy;  leaves  verticillate;  capsule  .vvalved,  2-  J/o/lngo. 


598 


AIZOACEAE. 


m 


I.   SESUVIUM  L.  Syst.  Kd.  lo,  1058.      1759. 

Fleshy  (lecuiiibeiit  or  prostrate  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  solitary  or  clustered  axil- 
lary pink  or  purplish  flowers.  Stipules  none,  but  the  petioles  often  dilated  and  connate  at 
the  base.  Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse.  Petals  none.  Stamens 
5  (k\  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Filaments  filiform,  sometimes  united  at  the  base. 
Ovary  3-5-cclled.  Styles  3-5,  papillose  along  the  inner  side.  Capsule  membranous,  oblong, 
3-5-celled,  circumscissile.     Seeds  round-reuifonii,  smooth;  embryo  annular. 

About  4  species,  natives  of  sea-coasts  and  saline  reRions.  liesidcs  the  following,  audtluriiccurs 
in  the  Southern  .States  and  in  the  alkaline  areas  of  the  Far  West. 


I.    Sesuvium  maritimum  (Walt.)  B.S.P.     Sea  Purslane.     (Fig.  1424.) 


P/iaiiKurum  tnari/iiuiini  Walt.  l-'l.  Car. 
117.      17s,'*. 

Scsnziiiiii  f>ni/aiiili mil  V',\\.  Hot.  S.  C.  >S: 
(la.  i:  ,S56.      1.H21. 

ScSHzinm  maiilhniiiii  li.S.P.  Prel.  Cat. 

N.  Y.  20.      1888. 

Annual,  glabrous,  decumbent  or  as- 
cending, rarely  erect,  branches  2'-i2'' 
long.  Leaves  obovate  or  spatulate, 
entire,  rounded  or  slightly  eniarginate 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  a  petiole  or 
the  upper  ones  sessile,  4"-l2"  long; 
flowers  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  about 
1"  broad,  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils; 
stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  calyx- 
lobes;  capsule  ovoid,  about  2"  high, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Sands  of  the  seashore,  eastern  Long 
Island,  X.  Y.,  to  Florida.     July-Sept. 


2.    MOLLUGO  L.  Sp.  PI.  89.      1753. 

Herbs,  mostly  annual,  much  branched,  with  verticillate,  or  in  some  species  basal  or  al- 
ternate leaves,  and  small  cymose  or  axillary  whitish  flowers.  Stipules  scarious,  membran- 
ous, deciduous.  Calyx  5-parted.  Sepals  persistent,  scarious-margiued.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  3-5,  when  3  alternate  with  the  cells  of  the  ovary,  when  5  alternate  with  the  sepals. 
Ovary  ovoid  or  globose,  usually  3-celled.  Capsule  usually  3-celIcd,  3-valved,  loculicidally 
dehiscent.    Seeds  small,  the  testa  smooth,  granular  or  sculptured. 

About  12  species,  most  of  them  of  tropical  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs 
in  the  Southwestern  States. 

I.   MoUugo  verticillata  L,.     Carpet- 
weed.     (Fig.  1425.) 

Molluf^o  verticillala  I,.  Sp.  PI.  Sg.      1753. 

Prostrate,  glabrous,  not  fleshy,  much 
branched,  spreading  on  the  ground  aud 
forming  patches  sometimes  20'  in  diameter. 
Leaves  verticillate,  in  5's  or  6's,  spatulate,  ob- 
ovate or  linear,  entire,  obtuse,  6'''-i2"  long, 
narrowed  into  a  petiole;  flowers  axillary,  less 
than  i"  broad;  pedicels  filiform;  sepals  ob- 
long, slightly  shorter  than  tiie  ovoid  capsule, 
which  appears  roughened  by  the  projecting 
seeds;  seeds  reniform,  usually  smooth  and 
shining. 

In  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds,  New 
Brunswick  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south  to 
Florida,  Texas  and  -Mexico.  Native  of  the 
warmer  parts  of  .'\nierica,  now  widely  distrib- 
uted as  a  weed.  Also  called  Indian  Chickweed. 
May-Sept. 


Index  of  Latin  Names. 

[Classes  and  Families  in  sm  \i.r.  CM'ir  \i.s;  jjenera  in  heavy  face  ;  synonyms  in  iia/ics.] 


Abama 

4(X) 

Americana 

401 

Abies 

■>(> 

rt//'n 

,M 

lialsaniea 

57 

Cdllill/c'll.slS           5. 

.56 

C'liioliiiiiDia 

5'"' 

Fraseri 

57 

.}fin  ittiia 

55 

III, i;  III 

55 

Abronia 

5¥> 

Cyiloplcia 

597 

fniftrans 

597 

niicraiitlia 

597 

Achroanthes 

475 

nicinopliylla 

475 

iini  folia 

476 

At  hvi  iiii/lit'^ 

Itl  Illl^'lllllSll 

592 

Acnida                 5S9 

591 

tiinnal)ina 

591 

l«"l(iri(lana 

5<»" 

nisniiir/ia 

59' 

tamariscina 

591 

llihirciddlu 

59" 

Acorus 

5^'4 

Calamus 

3f'4 

Aiii'stiiliiiin 

III /'ill  II  III 

10 

(iifolaliim 

21) 

Inpfiihtifiiiii 

10 

Ihriise 

10 

p/ii/l  iiftiros 

-5 

pi>i\/>LHiiiii(les 

,v^ 

'riuiyplciis 

15 

Adiant'um 

27 

Capillus-Vciitris 

27 

palatum 

27 

Adicea 

553 

puMiila 

553 

A.'Kilof^ 

aroiiHilicu 

■77 

Agave 

445 

Virtfinica 

445 

Agropyron 

226 

(inc.   Ti  nil  mm 

caiiinum 

22S 

ilasystachyum 

227 

gitiiicinn 

22('. 

"re  pens 

226 

ttnerum 

227 

iniilalfiiile 

22S 

violaitum 

2-7 

Agrostis 

159 

aiioiilcs 

155 

alba 

159 

algida 

150 

allissima 

162 

(iraihnoidfS 

160 

aspera 

>5I 

aspeii/dlia 

KJO 

bicrijfolia 

153 

canina 

l6(i 

•    i'onipressa 

I5<> 

(lypliiiidia 

■  55 

diffusa 

■  43 

el'ala 

162 

Agrostis 

Allium 

Andropogon 

IvUidttiana 

ir,o 

tricnccum            \ 

■412 

Klunuratus 

102 

t\arata 

I()0 

vinialc 

4'3 

Hallii 

lOI 

ti  1  i/'d  1  III  i  s 

142 

Alliisoriis 

J-Iahpciisls 

104 

liyemalis 

161 

aiiosliclioldcs 

28 

Jam  e sii 

■03 

I'lidica 

■54 

Alnus 

5" 

mac  roil  rum 

102 

inlermetlia 

162 

Alndbttula 

5' 2 

viarilimus 

lOI 

juiiica 

■54 

glutinosa 

^■3 

pror'iiicialis 

102 

la/i/olia 

■  S''^ 

incana 

5^2 

saicliaroides 

■03 

l(iii!ii/olia 

■  5^ 

maritima 

513 

scoparius 

lOI 

Ml  X  iiiiiiii 

142 

ruKi'sa 

5^2 

Torreyanus 

■03 

Niivai-AnKliac 

162 

serriilala 

5^2 

1 'a  i;  ill  a  Ills 

102 

piiii,  i//iii  ti 

■44 

riridis 

5^2 

Virifinicus 

102 

ptrcinians 

ifii 

Alopecurus 

'■•S 

Androstephium 

4^5 

iiiii-iiiosa 

■43 

aurtstis 

148 

cotrnleum 

■•'^ 

rul)ra 

i6i 

alpinus 

■49 

■riolaci'UiH 

416 

1  iipeslris 

161 

iirisliilalii.' 

■49 

ANCIOSI'KRMAK 

61 

Si  a  hill 

161 

/'iil:'iis 

■49 

Aiioiiyma 

sii  ii/iiiii 

156 

Ktniculatus 

■49 

ail  11  a  III  a 

526 

S/>iiii:di/i 

167 

Miiiispiiii-iisis 

■57 

la  pi  la  la 

443 

siiholifi'ia 

142 

prattnsis 

■49 

Anthoxanthum 

131 

sylz-aliia 

■59 

AmARAN  rilACKAK 

586 

(idoratum 

■3i 

If  II  III' flora 

144 

Amaranthus 

587 

Apera 

167 

1  'i  Iff,  11,(11 

■53 

III /his 

588 

Spica-VL-nti 

167 

:-iili;iiiis 

■  59 

blitoides 

5S8 

Aplectrum 

48. 

Aira 

168 

crispus 

590 

liyemalc 

481 

III/ nil  lira 

■94 

ililoi  iishiiliys 

5S7 

spicatum 

481 

nil  opiii  piiica 

■7" 

(Ufltxus 

59" 

AUACKAi; 

360 

iiicspilnsii 

169 

Kraecizans 

sJ^s 

Aritiilliohiinii 

carycipliylka 

168 

liybridus 

587 

mi  lilt  III  III 

535 

i,<n  iili-a 

■^7 

hypoiliiiiidriaiits 

587 

p  It  si  II  tt  III 

535 

ii  isliila 

■94 

lividtis 

5H9 

Arctagrostis 

157 

tliw  iiosa 

■7" 

I'almiri 

5«9 

lati  folia 

■  57 

iiiiiiciiides 

21(1 

paiiiiiilaliis 

588 

Arethusa 

469 

nil  Ida 

'93 

pumilus 

590 

liulbosa 

469 

I'hiiisala 

■  92 

ritroflexus 

587 

spiral  a 

48. 

pracfiix 

169 

spinoHus 

588 

see  Pogonia 

467-8 

pill  pill  fa 

185 

litiiiiirisciiiiis 

591 

Arisaema 

36' 

siibspiiala 

171 

Torriyi 

589 

iilroritbciis 

361 

Aizii.\li;ai-; 

597 

A.MARvi.i.inAtKAi-: 

443 

Draioiitium 

3'>l 

Aletris 

425 

A  ma  ry II is 

triphyllum 

361 

a  lire  a 

426 

Alaiiiasio 

444 

Aristida 

ii^ 

l'arini>sa 

425 

Anihloiiyiie 

Americana 

■36 

Alisma 

f<4 

Tornyi 

589 

basiramea 

'.-H 

iiiidi/olia 

St. 

A  III  ia  Ill/nil  III 

desniantlia 

'37 

I'lantat;u-a(iiiatit 

a    8,s 

It'itiiaiilhnidrs 

406 

dicliotoma 

M3 

ttiKllum 

J<5 

tiiiisiarltiA  iiiiiu 

403 

dispersa 

■36 

siihulala 

92 

Xiilhillii 

405 

j'asclrulala 

■36 

Al.ISMACICAi: 

84 

Ammophila 

if)6 

grracilis 

■33 

Allionia 

594-'> 

arciiaria 

166 

lanata 

'35 

albida 

595 

It  I'll  iidiiiacea 

166 

lauosa 

135 

lUidini 

5'/' 

Amphicarpon 

KK) 

oligaiitha 

135 

liushi 

59''' 

Ampliicarpoii 

IIO 

purpiirascens 

■34 

hirsuta 

595 

J'lii  sliii 

1 10 

purpurea 

■35 

litit-aris 

59'-' 

Aiiacliaris 

ramosissima 

■34 

nyctaKinca 

595 

Caiiadfiisls 

93 

slricta 

■  36 

ovala 

595 

Andropogon 

I()0 

tuberculosa 

■36 

Allium 

411 

aliipciiiivides 

98 

ARISTdl.oCHIACKAE  ,S,V 

CanatUtise 

414 

iiiitliiff  nils 

178 

Aristolochia 

539 

cernmnn 

4'3 

«;;!,'<'«/('//. s' 

101 

Clematilis 

540 

nnitahilc 

414 

arifyraeus 

lOI 

macropliylla 

540 

Nntlallii 

4^4 

azviiaieiim 

104 

Serpentaria 

540 

oniillioffaloides 

415 

Ilil-.'isii 

1 01 

Siplio 

540 

rtlioulatum 

4'5 

dissitiflorus 

102 

tomentosa 

54' 

Schoenoprasum 

412 

KllioUii 

■03 

Arrhenatherum 

■73 

stcllatum 

4^3 

furcatus 

102 

aveiiaceum 

■73 

si  rial  11  III 

4'5 

fflaiiLiis 

■03 

elatius 

173 

<)(J<) 

iNi»i;x  or  1,. 

VTIN    NA.MIvS 

.Iriiin 

Betula 

Calamagrostis 

Carex 

/>i(i,iiii/iiiiii 

.^f.i 

|)a|iyrifira 

.Sof» 

II  ill  lis /a 

l^>5 

easl.inia 

3 '9. 

320 

h  if'liyHiiiii 

.('■I 

iKipuliI'dlia 

508 

sli  lila 

165 

ci'plialoidea 

348 

I  7/  i,'  i mill  HI 

.i62 

piiinila 

511 

sii:;i/ii,i 

I'll 

I  eplialopliora 

349 

344 

Arundinaria 

2,W 

:in\li.s             ,si2 

513 

Calamovilfa 

160 

eliordorliiza 

3)1 

llllli  1  HSflll  Hill 

2.?.? 

Itl  fill  II  mil 

brevipilis 

166 

Colliiisii 

292 

tii-ta 

2,?.? 

1  '11  i;iiin  mil 

20 

loiil^ifolia 

167 

1  mil  III  mi  is 

,133 

Aril  mill 

lU,-lia 

Calla 

3'>.1 

coiiiosa 

.101 

j't'sliinJt'i'a 

2a) 

,iph  1  //./ 

4S1 

palustris 

363 

imiipiii  ta 

21/) 

J'lii  aiiinilfx 

18-t 

Blitum                  ,S7i 

57" 

mil;  i/liii  /''lia 

362 

coiuiiiiia 

332 

Icila 

2.VI 

Hiiiiiis/lnii  iiiis 

571 

( 'al/iL^i'iiK  III 

eoiijimela 

342 

»ee  Calamagrostis 

capitatuiu 

57') 

III  Him  ill  t 

,580 

coiioidea 

,125 

6vf> 

1  III  iifpoilifiilis 

577 

Calochortus 

421 

i.'slilhl 

3"^ 

Asarum 

:s,?s 

iiliiiiiiiiii 

57' 

Cunnisoni 

422 

eostellata 

3"- 

iirifoliimi 

■S.W 

.Viilliil/iiiiimii 

577 

Nutlallii 

422 

Crawei 

323 

,160 

CiinaiUnsc 

.s,^>< 

riihi  II  III 

574 

(  a  liip,  It;  11 II 

i-riiiita 

3' 4 

,115 

inarriiiitlium 

5,1'* 

Boehmeria 

53,1 

pllliilitlll  \ 

4s,) 

1  li  sill  la 

357 

Virsjiiiicum 

5,1^ 

cyliudlica 

531 

Ciilviiiiiiiii 

erislalella 

3,57 

Asparagus 

»2S 

Botrychium 

2 

iiiii;  ii\/il'oliii 

S'li' 

Cms  eorvi 

343 

(iUk'inalis 

42S 

Ixiteak- 

2 

Calypso 

477 

ciyptocarpa 

314 

.-{■if^iiliiiiii 

,i;i  iiiilr 

4 

I'm  iiilts 

477 

ill!  la  var. 

.151 

SIC  Dryopteris 

,?-i^ 

lancecilalum 

4 

biilbosa 

477 

cusi)idala 

3" 

Asplenium 

22 

I.unaria 

3 

Caiiiiiiu'ii 

Havisii 

318 

acriistii'hoicks 

2(^ 

lualricariaeloliuin     ,5 

/'l  il-.il  I 

423 

dihilis 

32U 

.121 

aiiK'i^'ti  folium 

2| 

simplex 

2 

Camptosorus 

21 

ikeoiniiosita 

343 

Uradkyi 

2') 

tenialum  and  var 

,1 

rln/opliyllu- 

21 

delkxa 

,131 

rhriiiiiiii 

2,1 

X'irKiiiiaiuiin 

1 

Campulosus 

'77 

lieweyana 

354 

t'l>ciiiii<ks 

2,! 

Bouteloua 

179 

aroinalicus 

'77 

digitalis 

32S 

Fili.x  foeiniiia 

21) 

curtipeiKlula 

180 

Cannabis 

5.V> 

(li-taiis 

324 

fiintamitii 

2,S 

hirsuta 

IS) 

saliva 

.5.1' > 

IioiiKlasii 

312 

tiKintaiium 

2,S 

olitfo^lacliya 

iSo 

Capriola 

175 

l>i  iiimiioiidiaiia 

338 

parvuUiui 

2,1 

nitiiiiiisii 

l,S,) 

Daclyloii 

'75 

diirifolia 

3,18 

piniiatitkluni 

22 

Brachyelytrum 

))'. 

Carex 

284-3'"' 

ihm  ma 

,132 

plalyniurou 

2,? 

amiii/mii 

14'' 

abai'la 

2(^2 

all  ilia  la  var. 

3.50 

rlii'iifiliylUi 

21 

erectum 

14') 

abbnviala 

324 

I'lleocliaris 

34^' 

Kula  miiraria 

2S 

Briza 

"»9 

aculil'onnis 

.m 

lull  nil  III  si  i 

.134 

llii-l\f>liioii1is 

26 

Oiiiiii/t'iisi's 

211 

adusla 

,157 

exilis 

,14" 

Tricliomancs 

2) 

media 

'99 

aestivalis 

3' 7 

exleiisa 

323 

viridc 

24 

minor 

IW 

alala 

3.59 

festucacea 

3,59 

Aspirlla 

HkipMi;i.i.\ci:.\i-: 

374 

al/h!  sili/iilia 

332 

filifolia 

339 

Ifyslrii 

2,5.? 

Bromus 

219 

al/iiiaiis 

311 

filiforinis 

,1"5 

1  'iriiiniiij 

I2V 

asper 

220 

alboliilesceiis 

3,^'i 

lilipiiidiila 

3'4 

A//irrn/>(iffiiii 

breviaristatiis 

22,5 

Albiirsina 

,129 

llaccospeinia 

,122 

i<lii;t>s/itLlivii:, 

1,S, 

brizaerorinis 

223 

alopeeoidea 

344.  .145 

flava 

323 

.■;24 

Atriplex 

57S 

cilialus 

219 

al])iua 

7,1  •», 

llixilis 

319 

are  11  aria 

579 

ereetus 

220 

altoeaulis 

,126 

foeiiea 

.157 

35S 

arg:eiitea 

579 

i;ii;aiilt'iis 

21S 

ambusta 

297 

follieulata 

293 

cancsceiis 

580 

liordeaceus 

222 

ampliibola 

.121 

formosa 

318 

32'! 

oxpaiisa 

579 

Kalmii 

221 

aiii;iis/ala 

.lo"* 

Frankii 

.101 

hastata 

578 

iiinllts 

222 

apii  /■! 

,1"'' 

Hraseri 

3.1'i 

lilloialis 

578 

I'orteri 

221 

aiiii,i.\  yar. 

327 

I'lasfiiana 

3,16 

Nutlallii 

580 

pill  i;a  IIS           2i() 

221 

aqualilis 

.v; 

fulva 

324 

pat  u  la 

57« 

racemosus 

222 

arela 

.152 

fusea 

,107 

rosea 

578 

Sell)  adfri 

224 

arelala 

,120 

f;ii;aiilea 

294 

2'>5 

Avena 

'72 

secalinus 

222 

III  ilia 

.155 

ffiahia 

,121 

flali'ii- 

'7,3 

s<|uarrosus 

22,5 

arenaria 

342 

(jlareosa 

353 

fatiia 

17.5 

sterilis 

221 

ai ill  laiillia 

357 

glauea 

315 

flax  e  ace  lis 

'7' 

teetorum 

220 

;iristata 

.102 

glancodea 

322 

mollis 

171 

unioloides 

224 

Asa-Crayi 

293 

f!lii/iti  tan's 

293 

paliisliis 

171 

Broussonetia 

529 

Assiiiiboinelisis      319 

Goodenovii 

309 

i'cinisvU'iiiiiia 

171 

papyri  fera 

529 

Allantica 

3.50 

liiacilis 

299 

Sniithii 

■72 

Brunnichia 

5(,8 

all  ala  irrala 

.1"6 

Kracillima 

317 

s/>iiala 

174 

cirrhosa 

569 

atratiforniis 

.106 

irrandis 

295 

striata 

172 

lliiclilo,- 

alio/iisia 

313 

Rranularis 

322 

Azolla 

35 

ilaiHioidis 

'83 

aurea 

,13'-  2' 15 

gravida 

.145 

Carolinana 

35 

Bulbilis 

'83 

Hmkii 

3,1^ 

(iiayi 

293 

Halts 

dactyloides 

183 

liaileyi 

2'« 

Krisea 

321 

.122 

XVI  miciilala 

584 

BlKM.'\\.Vl,\Ci:.\K 

455 

llai  lallii 

3' 2 

ICynandra 

3>5 

Beckmannia 

181 

Burmannia 

4,55 

liilhiidi 

284 

gyiiDLiales 

.14i> 

erucaeformis 

181 

biflora 

456 

I!  ill  a  villa 

2<)4 

ffaleaiia 

322 

Helamiaiicia 

Calamagrostis 

i'),i 

liickiiellii 

Tfm 

Halei        294 

322 

.143 

Clihwnsis 

453 

aiiiiai  ia 

it)6 

bicolor 

'33' 

Hartii 

.^ 

HKTtl.ACKAK 

506 

hifX'ipilis 

160 

liigelovii 

,110 

Haydeni 

Betula 

508 

breviseta 

164 

hiaiida 

327 

Heieonastes 

,152 

alba 

5.« 

Canadensis 

163 

lli'iilliaiia 

B(> 

lielfioslachya 

323 

Alttobelula 

512 

cinnoide.s 

16s 

bromoides 

354 

liirsiila 

3>6 

3>7 

Alniis              512.51.^ 

eonfinis 

">5 

brunnescens 

.151 

hirta 

,106 

glandulosa 

5'" 

I.appoiiica 

'65 

buUata 

2'>8 

Hitclicockiana 

325 

letita 

5"> 

I.an({;>dorfii 

164 

Jill  ihaiimii 

,1"7 

Hiippneii 

,110 

lutea 

5>" 

loiigifdlia 

167 

lUi'spilosa 

.W 

Houghton  ii 

.105 

jric/iatixii 

311 

Macouniana 

'63 

canescens 

.15'.  ,152 

liypeiboiea 

3'" 

nana 

5'" 

iieKlecta 

165 

capillaris 

.12fJ 

liystricina 

,1.x. 

ni(?ra 

509 

Aullalliaiia 

■65 

capitata 

3.19 

incurva 

.14' 

occidentalis 

51)9 

Pickfiiiigii 

"•4 

Carevana 

32S 

interior 

350 

.15' 

papyracea 

509 

Porteri 

164 

Caroliniana 

317 

intuiiiescens 

29.^ 

292 
.1,1.? 
,101 
20 
,1.12 
.142 
.125 
,110 

,1-6 

323.  ^f>■> 

3l'l.  MS 

.is; 

3.S7 
343 

314 

35« 

3'i 
.118 

■520,  321 

.141 

3,14 

354 

.128 

124 

,U2 

ana    iv"^ 

3,12 
350 
346 
334 
340 
383 
359 
339 
30s 
314 

L  322 

,12.1.  :,^A 

119 
.1.=i7.  I.5S 

291 
31**.  ,120 

,101 

336 
324 

.107 

294,  29.1 

321 

353 

3aa 
493 
309 
299 

3' 7 
295 
3«2 

.14,S 
29,1 

121,  322 
1M 
14" 
322 
4.  322,  343 
299 
308 

i  .1,S2 

I'a  323 

3'6,  317 

306 
ina       325 

310 

305 
3to 

31X) 

341 

,150.  35' 

s  293 


INDI'X   OI"    I..\TIN    NAMI'S. 


601 


Carex 

hiii;i(a  313 

J.itlR'sii  337 

h'llicskfllli  \2m 

/am'ciinua  v- 

laifiipitia  3.ii 

liiKiipixliiii'li^'*  3.i'' 

laiuiifiii"'*'!  i'i5 

laxiciilniis  329 
laxillora    327-^121),  322 

I,iMviii\Mirtliii  3li( 

IfiiUiularis  itxj 

kliorina  3.S') 

leplaka  XV) 
liiiKisa               313.  .'iM 

littiiralis  31:; 

liviila  331 

loiiKirostris  iH) 

I.ouisianica  2((4 

lupulifciriiiis  Ji»l 

hipulina  :!<i4 

luriila  2in) 

niacnikoUa  315 

Matftllaiiica  313 

tiiatciila  341 

maritima  3'  I 

iiiaiiiiiii  314 

Meadii  3-'7 

viidiii  334 

vieiiihianuifa  2^/) 

iiifml)raiiiipacta  21/1 

Jfi(//(ii<iit  2^)2 

Miilniii  \  iaiia  2i|2 

iiiiiroiflihliin  2S3 

viilianu  311 
luiliaris            295,  2ip 

till  rain'/ is  3.s!S 

iiiisaiulra  31 - 

iiKiiiilf  297 

Mulilenbcrgii  349 

imiricata  34S 
JIuskinguniC'iisis  335 


Carex 

Kidiiwskyaiia 

iilrni  III  :■<! 

ti-tvnlUxa 

rc-trorsa 

Kiclianlsoiii 

;  /;' '''" 

riparia 

rcista 

rash  a/a 

ruprstris 

sahii/dsa 

salitia 

Sa//iii  iisis 

Sarlwillii 

t-axatilis 

scabrata 

sial'iiiii 

Scliwiiiiilzii 

scirpiiicUa 

sciiparia 

sL-tacia 

sc-tii'dlia 

.Sliortiaiia 

sicfata 

silicua 

Siiii/liii 

spaiKaiiioiiks 

sipiarrosa 

s/i//ii/a/a  var. 

.s/nii>/if>is 

slciuiphylla 


29). 


Ill  II lit  a 

nardina 

Nebraskt'iisis 

iiiKronuu'Binata 

Norvi'Kica 

Novae-AiiKliae 

oblita 

Oeilcrt 

Oliuyi 

o/itiaii/lia 

oligocarpa 

olitfospcTiiia 

oi'a/a 

oxyk'pis 

pallesceiis 

f>a/iiil('sa 

panicea 

I'arryaiia 

pauciflora 

pedicel  lata 

Pnkii 

pedunculata 

Peniisylvaiiioa 

picta 

planlaKinea 

platyphylla 

podocarpa 

polys/acliya 

l)()lymorpha 

po/yirichoides 

Pot/ei  i 

praecox 

piairea 

prasiiia 

prateiisis 

I'seudo-Cyperus 

3C»,  301 
ptychocarpa  330 

pubescens        336,317 
pulta  295, 296 

Kaeana  295 

tamosa  344 

rariflora  312 


322 
,14" 

,>.Si 
324 
321 

323 
297 

2S5 

32.'> 

295 

3,6 

3"8 
324 
,103 
.1,1" 
,1"7 

2S3.  2<)2 
333 
334 
333 
333 
3.?6 

3,^" 
3,1" 
3' 3 
,152 
326 
3.W 
315 

3.1,=; 
344 
31 ' 
3.54 


329. 


294i 


stirili 

.S/iin/iii'i 

stipala 

stratniiR-a 

s/i  ia/a 

stricta 

s/iir/ii'i' 

styliillexa 

styldsa 

subspatliacta 

siil>ii/a/a 

Sii//i:'aii/ii 

supiiia 

sycliiKicepliala 

Uiiella 

Uiicra 

It'ii/aiiitala 

U-miifliira 

U-iiuis 

terctiiiscula 

tctauica 

Texensis 

Toneyaiia 

Toiiiyi 

torta  " 

tribuloides 

triceps 

trichocarpa 

trisiKTiiia 

Tuckerniaiii 

typliinoides 

unibellata 

iilriculata 

iirsiim 

I'a/i/ii 

z'as;iiia/a 

varia 

vi'iius/a  minor 

zrrriuosa 

vestita 

virescetis 

viridula 

viilfraris 

riiipina 

vulpinoidea 

Walteriana 

Willdeiiovii 

Xaiapriisis 

xaiitliocarpa 

vaii/liophysa 

xeraiitica 

Xfiiharpa 
Carpinus 


31" 
32" 
347 

2()S 
.(32 

,V>,1 
347 
202 

3,V"< 

3.S« 

U",  3'1 

21/) 
3"4 
,Vt*' 
3"" 
337 

3^1 
.>3^ 
.1"3 
,1.S.S 

3'7 

34S 
3"I,  .V>2 
3.S" 
,V>I 
341 
.1.S" 
337 
343 
3.SS-,l6<J 
3"4 


321J, 


328 
,1"7 
3'" 
292 

3>7 

•560 
346 

299 

3.S2 

.121 

.141 
326,  327 

.147 
3'^.  324 

324 
311,  3'4 
3,sf'.  3.S7 
316,  317 

,V'2 

3,=i3 
2(».S 
3(12 
335 
2<)7 
333 
•?()6 
326 
3.U 
3-' I 
315 
.1"4 
V" 
324 
310 
342 
34.5 
3"4 
337 
349 
.145 
292 

35,S 
3o,S 
506 


Carpinus 

Caroliiiiiina 

(7/1,'""""" 
Caiya 

ai/<a 

aiiiaia 

o/i:ar/ormis 

ftiii  tiiia 

/iiiiirii/iisa 
X  f  Hicoria 
Castanea 

(Uiitata 

piitnila 

zvs<a  var.  Aniii. 
Catabrosa 

ai|u,itica 
(  aii/iiiia 

//rii/is 

(,'nai/a/iipi'iisis 
C'l/i'sia 

fia  nil  II I  a  la 
Celtis 

Mississippicnsis 

iicciilentalis    536, 

fill  in  i la 
Cenchrus 

Ca  III/ i  Ilia  nils 

raiTiiiosa 

tribuldides 
Ccia/iH'liloa 

/in::iaris/a/a 
Ceri'sia 

t/ II  i /a  IIS 
Chamaecyparis 

sp/iat-roii/ia 

tliyiiides 
Chaiiiaelirium 

Carol  i  II  ianinn 

lutcuiii 
Chaniaiiaphis 

i;/aiiia 

I/a/iia 

vei/ici//a/a 

xiiii/is 
Cheilanthes 

Alabaiiiensis 

dcal/ia/a 

Rracili.s 

laiiosa 

lanuginosa 

tomentosa 

Cllr.NOI'ODI.VtK.M'. 

Chenopodium 


album 


^^?l• 

r 

316, 
.1091 


aiubrosioides 
authelminticum 
Herlandieri 
Bouws-Hetiricus 
Hoscianum 
Rotrys 
capi/a/iivi 
I'renioiitii 
glaucuiu 
hybridum 
leptophylluin 
inari/imiim 
niiil/ifidiim 
niurale 
polyspernuini 
Scoparia 
rubrum 
u.'.)icum 
viride 
Chloris 
curiipendu/a 
\  . .ticillata 

Cl(()RII'KTAL.\K 

Chrosperma 

iiiuscaetoxicum 
Chrysopogon 

avenaceuB 

nutans 
Cinna 

arundinacea 

glontera/a 


Cinna 

/a/iiii/is 
latifnlia 
/'riii/n/ii 
Cladium 

tiiari^-ciiido 
Cladothrix 

lanuginosa 
Clintonia 
boreal  is 
I  i/iii/a 
inii/)it/a/a 
unibelUilala 
Coi  1 

dai/y/oidi's 
Co/ pod  ill  III 

/a/ifo/inm 
Comandra 
livida 
pallida 
unibellata 
Cii.M.Mi;i.lN.\(.i;.\K 
Commelina 
aiiiai  ia 

CDinniunis        375, 
diiliia 

erecla  373. 

Iiirlella 
/oiii;i/'o/ia 
nudilliira 
ViiKiiiica 
il'i//drniirii 
11)6   Comptonia 
3S        iiereirriua 
5()    Ciiiios/y/is 

Annricana 
CiiNV.\i.i..\i<i.\L'i;.\i. 
Convallatia 
liij/ora 
loiiniin/a/a 
niajalis 
raifiiiosa 
s/i//a/a 
/lifo/ia 
Cooperia 

Druiunioudii 
Coprosnian/hiis 
lifi  /taiiiis 
/a  111111/0/ ins 
Corallorhiza 
Ciirallorhiza 
inna/a 
Jfaciat'i 
,57",  .571        niultiflora 
575       (idontorhiza 

373  striata 
372       Wi.steriana 

374  Corispermum 
572       liysBopifoliuni 
374    Coiiiucopiae 
376        a//issinia 

572  /liiiiia/is 
571       p/iiiiiians 

573  Corylus 
,48, 371        Americana 

385       rostrata 
376    Crypsis 
573       sclioeiioides 
371        sqiiariosa 


,Vi6 
.5"7 

4'\S 
4H5 
4«l 
4^7 
4.H(, 

t^S  '> 
.S14 
,5I,S 
.51,5 

.  5'.5 
194 
194 

Hi 
81 

.593 
526 
527 
527 
526 
127 
127 
I  "3 
'27 

223 


,5<) 
("2 
4"2 

402 

126 

127 

I2f) 

126 

.1" 

.1" 

32 

31 
31 
31 
31 
.5*)f) 
57" 


381    Cryptogramma 

acrosticlioides 
C/fiiiinn 

Americanum 
Ciipressiis 
disticha 
Ihyoides 
482   Cycloloma 
402       atriplicifolia 
p/aiypliyl/um 
Cym/iidium 
liyema/e 
odon/orhizOH 
pii/chd/um 
Cynodon 
'  Dac/ylon 


574 
573 

1-8 
178 


4"3 
■"3 
104 
104 

1,58 
158 
102 


In2 

1,58 
1,58 
281 
281 
.592 
.592 
428 
42S 
429 
421) 
429 

98 

1.57 
536 
537 
.5,f> 
5/) 
,174 
375 
375 
376 
3S0 

375 
375 
375 
376 

37'> 
4S8 
4S9 

446 
427 
4,U 
433 
434 
434 
429 
4.1" 
4.1" 
444 
444 

4,19 
4,19 
477 
478 
478 
479 
479 
478 

479 

478 
5S1 
,582 

162 
161 
161 

507 
5"7 
508 

147 

183 

28 

28 

177 

58 

,59 

576 

577 
577 

481 

478 
480 

175 


fin  2 


INI>i;X    (»I'    LATIN    NAMl'S. 


\       1 

i    ; 


i  j 

CynoButus 

2(»l 

Dichtomena 

.III;  if>/iiis 

\^2 

latifolia 

257 

cristaliis 

2(»i 

li  iiiiuifliala 

2,S». 

/lIl/llUS 

iHl 

Dicksonia 

12 

CVI'IKACKAK 

2.M 

/>iliisiii\,  nlii 

12 

Cyperus 

-Ml 

piimliliilmla 

12 

ac'intiitiatiis 

i.V> 

I>Kuim,i;ijiim;s 

4S2 

III  i  sill  Ins 

2,17 

/>ii;  Hill  lit 

til  inttUiiiU't'ifs 

2t7 

lili/i'i  mis 

1 1  r 

/t'lili/u  I'liii 

2.|(i 

liiiiiiilusii 

1 1 1 

(III,  (lllllllS 

2.?^ 

/'iis/fiilttii/i'^ 

ii«l 

ciiiii|>rissus 

2.V-< 

siiiiniiiiiiilts 

1 1 1 

lylitidriius 

2-4  S 

IHuSi.iiki;ali:.\i-: 

4  4" 

•Uiitatus 

2.|ii 

Dioscorea 

4  47 

tliaiidnis 

2,^(1 

villcisa 

447 

t'chiiiatiis 

210 

I'inlis 

liiiKiliuaniii 

24.^ 

III  lilt  lit 

5*^1 

ij^iuUntiis 

2)1 

Diplachne 

lS(, 

trvlliriirliizds 

2)1 

fascitiilaris 

1,S(. 

fifox 

2|2 

1  iiiiilit 

1<)C) 

/ii  1  iii;i>usiciis 

242 

Disporum 

4.V 

filiculiiiis 

245 

laniiKiiiciMini 

4.11 

flavcscins 

2.^5 

tracliviarpum 

4.i2 

flavicoimis 

2.<7 

Distichlis 

niS 

fuscus 

2,(1) 

niiii  Hi  mil 

I.^H 

•  ".ravi 

24f. 

spicata 

108 

Haiti 

241 

Dondia 

5X4 

Hallii 

2411 

AnuTii-ana 

5^4 

IIasi)aii 

2,V) 

<Uprissa 

5«5 

HiiiiKlitdiii 

240 

maritinia 

5H5 

Ily,ti,i 

24c. 

J  h  tiiaiiiit 

iiiflfxiis 

2,r 

hoi  iiilis 

4:" 

Laiicnstrictisis 

244 

iiiiihilhiliila 

429 

Mi  ilia  11  I  ill  II  Its 

242 

Piamiiliiiin 

niicrciiloiitiis 

2,?7 

foiliiUnit 

/-.> 

Nultallii 

2,Vi 

Dryopteris 

1,1 

ovularis 

245 

acriisticlididrs 

"4 

f>iii  :iis 

242 

iiiiili'iiht 

15 

pliymalndes 

241 

r.iKittii 

IS 

pseudoviKctus 

2,?S 

iiraunii 

15 

refrattus 

244 

cristata 

16 

retrofractus 

244 

ililiilitia 

is 

rivularis 

2,V' 

l"ilix  mas 

17 

nituiulus 

24(1 

fra(fraiis 

Ifi 

Sfhwiiiiilzii 

2.1« 

('ii)lditaiia 

17 

SpilllliliillS 

247 

iiili-i  iiiiiliii 

iS 

specidsus 

242 

I.<iiuliitis 

'4 

striKosus 

24.^ 

niarjriiuilis 

Toi  lYVi 

24.S 

Novtl>oracensis 

15 

Cypripedium 

•457 

siiimlata 

16 

acaulu 

4.S7 

spinulosa 

IS 

nihil  in 

4,S>< 

TlitlypUTis 

15 

ariitimim 

457 

Dullchium 

247 

hiilhifSHin 

477 

aruiidinaciiiiii 

247 

caiididuin 

4.S*< 

s/tiilliiiii-iiin 

247 

hirsiituiii 

4,SS 

Dupatya 

,172 

parviniirum 

45<i 

llavidula 

,V.> 

f^iibesi'tiis 

45*^ 

Dupontia 

2(19 

n-Kinae 

45« 

C'lioliyi 

210 

spfihihile 

458 

I'islitri 

209 

Cystopteris 

12 

Eatonia 

192 

bulbiftra 

12 

DiiitUyi 

■93 

frajjilis 

1,1 

niliila 

KM 

iiiiiiitana 

1,? 

obtusata 

U)2 

Dactylis 

2t») 

I'tiinsylvaiiica 

193 

Klimierata 

2flo 

Echinodorus 

85 

stt  Spartina 

175-7 

CDrdifiiliiis 

86 

Dactyloctenium 

iSs 

piiiviilus 

85 

Atgyi)tiiini 

1S2 

radicaiis 

86 

.Ifi;  tfiliaciiiii 

1S2 

losli  aliis 

86 

Danthbnia 

173 

h'lllllllS 

85 

A  11,11  i 

174 

Eleocharis 

24S 

compressa 

174 

acicularis 

252 

sericca 

174 

acuttiinata 

255 

spicata 

'74 

albida 

254 

D'ischainpsia 

169 

atnipiirpurea 

2,SI1 

atroijurpurea 

170 

capitata 

25" 

caespitosa 

1 69 

comfiiissa 

255 

flcxnosa 

170 

KiiKelmanni 

251 

/hytii.t  ia 

i\/iiisfloit{es 

248 

Macoiiniaiia 

■Cm 

inlcrnicdia 

255 

Diairliena 

interstiiicta 

24S 

Americana 

196 

mclanocarpa 

254 

Dichtomena 

256 

micnicarpa 

253 

colorata 

256 

luutata 

249 

Eleochatig 

ixhn  atii 

cilivai'ta 

cvata 

paliistriH 

piliii  iriiii  lis 

f>XKiiiitiit 

l/llllih  IDIl^rilhtlll 

rn^l,  llata 
tiniiis 
'/'"'  1  ivaiiit 
tortilis 
tricDstata 
tulnrcubisa 
ll'ilhoili 
Wcilfii 
/Cli'i'!;iiliis 

lU  III  ,  111 II. i 

Eleusine 

.■liX',\/'liii 

Iiidii-a 

mill  imialii 
/■'li'ilt'ii 

Cmiitilciisis 
Elymus 

.  \mi  I  i  III  It  IIS 

arciiarius 

Canadriisis 

ci'iidfiisatiis 

vlyniiii(Ks 
liiiii  il'oliiis 

ulainiis 

Macdiiiiii 

Sif'ii  iiifi 

Siliiiiiiiii 

slrialus 

Virgiiiictis 
Elyna 

IWllardi 

sfiiiiiht 
Elylnisfii'iiinm 

LiililKiiiiiiim 
Epipactis 

ii'ir.iillarioiiiis 

llillibiniiif 

liilil'ulia  var, 

viridiflora 
ICoi  isi:i'.\cE.\K 
Equisetum 

arvtiisc 

fluviatile 

liytinale 

latvinntiim 

liiiiiisinii 

litturale 

paliistre 

prateiise 

rcilmstum 

srirpiiidfs 

sylvaticiiiii 

varicKatuin 
Eragrostis 

laiiipeslris 

capillaris 

(  iiiiiliiiiiiiiii 

ciirtipc'dicellata 

HraKnistis 

iiyl/iiiigoiia 

Ffanliii 

Iiypnoidcs 

major 

iiiiX'islac/iya 

iiiiiiiii 

oxylipis 

pectinacea 

pildsa 

fiDiii'Kiiles 

Turstiii 

rtfracla 

1 1  pill  IIS 

sicundi  flora 
si'ssilispica 


EtagroRtt!! 

249  tiuliddis  Mil 

3,V>  Erianthus  iy< 

2.SI  alciprciirdi<lc-s  1^ 

2,SI  brivibarbis  09 

262  I  mil  pail  us  99 

2(1!  '.utliarnldis  If) 

2|M  I';i<iii(..\ii..\ci  Ai:  ,171 

2  Id  Enocaulon  ,171 

2,S(i  ililiifn  ,\-}, 

2,s,S  III  III  iiliilinii  .^71 

2,s,l  rdniprissuiii  ,(72 

2,S(  (ItcaiiKllliirc  ,("2 

.',S4  IlitviJttliim  Sl\ 

25,t  y;iiiif>liiiliHiis  y;2 

2S2  s(  iitaiiKiiliiru  ,171 

252  Eriochloa  1 10 

pnly.liiiliyti  lid 

.'(d  ]>uiK'tata  110 

IM  Eiii>iiiiiiii 

182  iu\fiititlii  141 

181  Eriogonum  ,■542 

1S2  alatuiii  542 

Alliiii  ,S43 

ii,i  aimuum  544 

2,(i>  hiiriiaiili-  546 

2,(1  oampaiuilatuiii  .si6 

21,2  (.ermiuiii  ,S46 

2,(1  Cdiyiiibdsiiiii  544 

2.(2  fftiisiim  ,S44 

2,(2  rtavuiii  545 

2,(1  1;  iiii/iliiiliiii/i':  ,S4,S 

2'(i  Jaiiiisii  ,S4( 

2(,(  Uu'luidnyiiiiiii  ,S4'i 

2,(1  /.iiiillifiiiii'i  iitiiiim 

23'  54 1 

2,(2  Idlljjildliuill  ,'i4,( 

2,(d  mil  I itiilliiim  ,S46 

2,(d  iiiicrdtluiuni  ,S44 

28;  iiiiiUictps  ,S45 

284  pill  :i/liiniiii  545 

284  paucifldruiu  545 

sfi  itfiiiii  ,S4,(,  54.5 

267  '/ ('  I II II II  III  ,S4  \ 

469  Eriophorum  271 

47,(  alpimiiii  271 

4f<j  ill  pi  III  I II  III  272 

469  iypti  iiiiiiii  271 

461)  jrracik-  27; 

(,=;  lull  fill  ill  III  27]( 

,(,S  pdlystailiyon  27( 

(6  nissidliim  272 

(7  Sclieuchzeri  272 

,(8  h  iijiiiiiiiin  27,( 

,(8  vaniiiatutii  272 

,(7  \'ir(;iiiiciim  27( 

(7  Erythronium  419 

,(7  albidiiiii  420 

,(6  Aiiuritaiiiliu  420 

,(S  a  Hi;  I,  sill  I II  III  420 

,(9  hiiiiliiiiiim  420 

,(6  iiitsaclidrttiiii  421 

,(9  i)rdi)ullaiis  421 

1 87  Eurotia  jso 

191  lanata  5S1 

188  P'lixohis 

1 89  iiisfiiis  ,ii9o 

190  i/illiiiis  590 
189  liiiiliis  589 

188  piiiiiiliis  590 
18S  Fa(,.\<.i.ai;  513 

192  Fagopyrum  ,s,s3 

189  iWiiili  Ilium  55^ 
189  I'aKdpyniiii  55]^ 

189  Tataricuiii  ,s,s4 

191  Fagus  ,si4 

190  Anuricana  ,si4 

188  Ciisia  Ill-It  515 

189  /I'l  riii; iitra  ,si4 
|S()  p II  III  Ha  ,515 

191  Festuca  215 

192  ileciiiiihiiis  185 
191  diaiidra  196 
iqo  tliiiiiisciila  217 
191  elatior  217 


.19 

'J') 

'19 
,(71 
,i7' 
.(7,^ 
.17' 
,r-' 
.(72 
.(7,1 
,17^ 
,17' 
110 
I  III 

1 10 

M' 

5\2 
,S4,( 
,S4l 
,Mi> 

1  ,S  l'> 
.■)4'> 
,St4 
.S44 
545 
545 
,S4,( 
54^' 

til  II  III 

.S41 
54,5 
M6 
544 
.545 
545 
545 
54,?.  545 
54,t 
271 
271 
272 
271 
27,^ 

275 
27.? 
272 
272 

273 
272 

419 
420 
420 
430 

420 

1         421 
4-'i 

581 

590 

590 
589 
590 
513 
553 
553 
553 
554 
514 
SH 
515 
514 
515 
«I5 


flJ7 
ai7 


Festuca 

Jasiiiiilans 

1H6 

JiiiiUiiis 

2I,( 

KiKiiilU'H 

2|,H 

Myuros 

2II1 

imtHiis 

■2\^ 

mliifliiia 

21'] 

civiiiii 

217 

pi  (iti'iisis, 

217 

ru1)ni 

3l6 

scal)iilla 

217 

SliDitii 

2\^ 

li'llilhl 

2l'p 

11  iiiolt'iili'< 

221 

Fimbristylis 

2,59 

aiiluiiiiialis 

2()il 

HiiUt:i  iiiiiiiia 

.■(H) 

ca  pit  till  is 

25>i 

castaiica 

2.S9 

ioiif,'es/a 

iHi 

Inxa 

2611 

snadicia 

J.59 

Vahlii 

2(1(1 

Fritillaria 

419 

,i//>,i 

422 

atrnpuipiiria 

419 

Froelichia 

,>'!- 

I'loiiilaiui 

,><>•; 

uracilis 

,5'y,( 

Fuirena 

274 

lii\pidii 

274 

simplex 

274 

s(|iiarr()sa 

274 

Gemmingia 

45-' 

Cliinctisis 

45,i 

(,'i.siipifi  h 

pahiiiila 

/ 

(.7li  rriii 

siu  Panicularia  2 

U1-21 ) 

(I'oiiopyi  Hill 

Aiiti'i'it'ttiiii  III 

,v,,-< 

(I'lim/vi'iii 

stc'Peramium 

474  5 

('.k,\mim;.\i-: 

'() 

Graphephorum 

2111 

yt's/iii'iit'i'iiiii 

20<^ 

'/fflllll.SIIIII 

1S6 

tiulicdiduum 

2111 

Gymnopogon 

■7"^ 

anibiKUUS 

17,S 

brcvifolius 

'7'i 

raifiiiiisiii 

'7^ 

CiV.mnosi'KKM.m: 

4'i 

Gyrostachys 

47" 

( iiR',  Spiraiilln 

,?  1 

cermia 

47' 

Kracilis 

47-' 

la/t/o/i(i 

470 

odorata 

47' 

plaiilajfiiita 

471J 

prai-ciix 

471 

Roinanzcifliaua 

470 

simplex 

47-' 

Gviiiiiosliiliiini 

'/{yslii\ 

2.v? 

Gyrotheca 

442 

capitala 

44,! 

tiiuloi  ia 

44,! 

Habenaria 

.(6(1 

( iiic,  Oi  cliis  ill 

pari ) 

bkphari(rl(iUis 

4f>5 

bracti'ata 

4(',5 

ctliaris               464, 465 

clavfllata 

463 

crislata 

46» 

dilatata 

462 

fiiiihi  iaia 

.}6() 

flava 

464 

grandinora 

4(1*) 

Hookeriaiia 

4(ji 

liyperborea 

.(62 

ititeRra 

46.! 

laccra 

465 

leucophaea 

465 

tiivea 

462 

INDl.X    0 

••    I.ATIN    NAMKS. 

( 

JO,3 

Habenaria 

Hystrix 

2V1 

[uncus 

iililu^ata 

461 

IIy>trix 

2,l,( 

Cierarili 

(85 

(irliic'ulata 

461 

resi'ne 

5(*,( 

(rnenei 

(87 

pcramoiiia 

.}6(i 

ii'liisioidrK 

.V*,( 

tfyiiinocarpns 

.(8.( 

(isyt'ddf^ 

4r.*i 

paiiii'ulata 

.5'»,t 

/.irisii 

,(8,( 

/;  uiiHltila 

46,( 

Iiiiii,\ci:.\i-; 

447 

liinifistylis 

,,8.H 

I'll  l'\il  IIS 

.(64 

Iris 

447 

inaruinatus 

,,)<.S 

:ii  ii/is 

4'>,( 

apliylla 

4.50 

mariliinii-- 

,(84 

Il.\)  .MllIIOU.\l.K.\l: 

4*2 

Cardliiiiaiia 

44(^ 

ineKacepliaUls,?92 

(91 

Ifiiiiiilliiiiiii 

irihlata 

451 

niilitaris 

,('»' 

III  lite  in 

.5,!7 

ill  pi  III 

4Sd 

lllllllll  OSIIS 

.(97 

Heleochloa 

147 

Ihiri  iinkii 

4,5" 

iidddsus 

.(92 

M-llm  IKiiiUs 

'47 

fulva 

4.S'> 

pill :  illoiin 

.(97 

Helonias 

4(11 

C.f  rmatiiea 

4,50 

peldcarpns 

(')(> 

iisptliiiitU'idl's 

4(1' 

.1,' ;  iitilis 

4.S'> 

pilinm 

,('/> 

liullata 

4(12 

luxaKdlia 

t48 

pdlycephalns 

,W.( 

i,'  1  ii  III  i  II  I'll 

4",( 

llddki-ri 

449 

re  pens 

,(88 

Hemerocallis 

41(1 

laciir.lris 

45' 

Kicliardsdiiianiis 

.(91 

flava 

4" 

Slissdurieiisis 

449 

nibustiis 

.(()5 

I'lilva 

411 

prisiiiatica 

4.50 

Roeineriaiins 

,(8t 

Hemicarpha 

275 

rseudacdnis 

45' 

scirpoides 

,(9,( 

inicranllia 

275 

viriia 

452 

secundns 

.(86 

.s  iihsijiiti  1 1 1  'sa 

275 

versicolor 

448 

setacens 

3X7 

Heteranthera 

,i79 

/  'iigiiiica       448,  4,S(i 

.S'w;  nil  ii 

.(8,( 

(luliia 

380 

ISdr.TACKAK 

45 

SpiillltIS 

,(97 

i;i  iiiiiima 

^Si) 

Isoetes 

45 

slytfiiis 

389 

limiisa 

;,8(j 

Jli  iiiiiiii 

46 

siihlilis 

.V>> 

reiiiformis 

l8(i 

liiitleri 

48 

tennis 

?86 

Hexalectris 

4S(i 

tcliiiKispdra 

4ft 

Tdireyi 

.(92 

apliyllus 

4S1 

ICiiKeliiiaiiiii 

48 

triiidus 

.V85 

si/iiiiiiinsiis 

4S1 

lacustris 

46 

triKlnmis 

.((>> 

Hicoria 

4>i4 

iiitiii'ospoi  a 

.(6 

\'aseyi 

3*' 

(iiic.ri/'.Kf  o'-A/.v- 

liielaiKipdda 

4." 

Juniperus 

59 

liiiis  ill  part  1 

iiiiti  imlii 

47 

cdnimunis 

59 

alba 

4,S6 

riparia 

47 

nana 

60 

ai|uatica 

4''<5 

saccliarata 

47 

Saliina 

60 

glabra                .(Sf 

.4^7 

Tiickeniialii 

4'' 

.Sihiiiiii 

60 

laciiiiiisa 

4.H6 

/ 1  ill 

\'ir(finiaiia 

(•HI 

micmcarpa 

4M1 

III  II III 

452 

Kobresia 

^l^ 

iiiiiiinia 

4^5 

Chiiiciisis 

45.( 

biiiartita 

2S4 

(ivata 

4«5 

Ixophorus 

125 

iiii  iiiin: 

28 » 

I'L-taii 

4«4 

line.  Si  la  rill) 

siiipiiiu 

284 

Slllilllil 

4*1 

Klaucus 

126 

Kochia 

.581 

Ilici  oilltm 

Italicns 

127 

Americana 

.581 

illpillil 

',?-• 

verticillatus 

126 

iili  ipliii/olia 

577 

hoi  i\ilis 

',1  ' 

viridis 

126 

Scdiiaria 

581 

pitiiiitioia 

',(2 

Kdl.ANllACKAI'. 

Juglans 

■t'-^.! 

Koeleria 

'93 

Holcus 

168 

48.i 

cristata 

I'M 

illpillUS 

'.(2 

cineiea 

484 

iiilidii 

'94 

llalipeinii 

1(14 

iiigra 

48,! 

Piiiiisyl-.aiiica 

'93 

laiialiis 

168 

loiiieiilosa 

,(86 

A'ofiiii;  ia 

III  \  »v 

197 

see  Hicoria 

484-4-<7 

/sill  lid  ira 

542 

iHloiahis 

',(2 

JINC.VCI.Al; 

,V8l 

Korycatpus 

196 

Homalocenchrus 

I2S 

Juncoides 

.?0 

ai  n iiili iiott'iis 

196 

1  inc.  /.I'fi  sill  1 

(inc.  l.iiriilii) 

diandrus 

!(/) 

kiuicularis 

12(| 

cainpestre 

,to8 

Kyllinga 

247 

(iryznidi'?^ 

I2() 

liyperbdrenm 

,V)8 

iii'ii  iilala 

275 

Vii'ijiiiii'iis 

129 

neiiiordsnm 

,197 

ocularis 

245 

llOIIIOtlKflll 

nivale 

.i(>8 

piimila 

247 

iiiiH'i'iiiitliitm 

5,W 

parviflorum 

.(97 

lAlclllUtlllllfS 

Hordeum 

22,S 

Iiilosniii 

.('/i 

n'liitni  ia 

443 

jlibaUini 

22() 

spicaUini 

^')7 

Lachn(Kaulon 

373 

imirimim 

229 

Juncus 

,581 

anceps 

373 

iKidiisum 

228 

acuininatus 

.W5 

Afiiliaii  I  ii 

373 

pi  Illt'llSt' 

228 

IllpillUS 

.Wl 

I.apKi  lea 

pusilUiiii 

229 

ai  isliilaliis 

,,88 

Canadensis 

5.(3 

Humulus 

52(» 

articnlalus 

,V>' 

La  p pa  i^o 

I.upiilii'* 

5,V' 

iispfr 

.(92 

laceiHosa 

105 

llyaiiiitlius 

lialticns 

.184 

Larix 

54 

boll  voidt's 

424 

biKluiiiis 

.(89 

Aiiifricaiia 

54 

lacfinosiis 

425 

bracliycarpus 

,v;,( 

lariciiia 

54 

Ifvdroiliiu  is 

bracliycepliaUis      ,v>4 

f.efisia 

'lOidi/olia 

94 

bnfonins 

.585 

see  Homalocenchrus  1 29 

Spoiiffiii 

94 

bulbosns 

,W 

Lkitxkriackak 

489 

Hymenocallis 

444 

Caesarieiisis 

.W2 

Leitneria 

489 

(iccidLiitalis 

445 

iiiiiipfsti  is 

.(98 

Kloridaiia 

489 

HvMKNdl'IlVLI.A- 

Canadensis 

.('H 

Lkmnackak 

.365 

ci:.\i'. 

6 

castaneus 

.189 

Letnna 

365 

Hypopellis 

CdiiKloiiieralus        ,^8,^ 

AiiKoletisis 

365 

'oltliisa 

II 

dchilis 

.TO5 

gibba 

,367 

fhpopin  mil 

dicliotomus 

.387 

minor 

y,6 

III  liiillaliiin 

28.! 

dilTusissiinus 

59'> 

paucicostata 

•t'§ 

Hypoxis 

4-15 

etTusns 

.(82,  Tfil, 

perpusilla 

.(66 

CI  l-illl 

446 

£iiffehnaiiui 

393 

polyiliiza 

.3^5 

liirsuta 

446 

filiformis 

383 

trisulca 

366 

I 


604 

iNi)i:x  Ol-  I,. 

VTIN"    NAAlIvS. 

Lemna 

Manisuris 

Myrica 

Osmunda 

Val(livi;iii!i 

;,66 

niRosa 

ICHI 

eirifera 

4.<,s 

C'layloniana 

f) 

I.emohys 

MAKAN'rAL'ICAl'. 

454 

dale 

487 

iiilei  iiipla 

6 

hviu  iiiUiiim 

42.! 

Marisiiis 

.tfyi  iiiplrris 

Ian  mlala 

4 

l.ipldiilhiis 

1  vliiniriiiis 

245 

i;  lacilis 

,1' 

J. 11  nana 

,1 

sec  Heteranthera 

,^So 

Mai  i St  IIS 

Nai  mi.\ci:ai; 

C5 

regalis 

5 

Leptochloa 

182 

1  iliina/iis 

246 

Naias 

So 

Slriitliioplei  is 

9 

mticronata 

1.H2 

JIaksii,i;a(.i;ai: 

•V! 

fle.xilis 

81 

leriiala 

,1 

Leptorchis 

476 

Marsilea 

^^ 

urai-illinia 

81 

1  'in;  iniaiia 

4 

liliifolia 

476 

iiiiu  1  oiia/a 

,vt 

(iaiidaliipensis 

.^l 

Ostrya 

,5"7 

I.uisilii 

477 

iialaiis 

,vt 

llldiid 

81 

Vir(;iniana 

5"7 

Lepturus 

225 

(|uadrifolia 

,*,' 

major 

80 

/  'iixiiiii'i' 

5"7 

filifurmis 

226 

vestita 

,vi 

marina 

80 

Oxvhapliiis 

ftiiiii,  iilii/iis 

■79 

MA^  al'ACi:ai: 

,*r 

Nardus 

224 

see  Allionia 

,594- f> 

Leucociinum 

411 

Mayaca 

,VK< 

slricla 

224 

ani;iisli/oliiis 

59'> 

immtaiuitu 

411 

Aubkti 

.;6^ 

Xasmylliia 

/lodini 

,S</i 

I.imalkai; 

410 

.Viiliatii  ii 

;,68 

arliiiilala 

y;\ 

liirsiiliis 

59,S 

Lilium 

4lf. 

Medt'ola 

4,!5 

.\ai  lluiiinii 

Oxyria 

,551 

II  mi  ill  inn 

417 

Virniiiiana 

4,V5 

Amrricaiiiim 

401 

iliiryna 

5^.1 

Canadtiise 

417 

Ml.I.ANril  AL'KAK 

,VW 

i;liiliiiosiiiii 

4(HI 

/( .11/01  mis 

,■'3.; 

Cari)liiiiaiiuin 

41S 

Melanthium 

400 

ossi/iai,nnii 

401 

Paepalanthus 

.>".> 

Catesbaei 

4'7 

i;laiiiinii 

1'  '5 

pnh(  lis 

4.K) 

flavidulus 

,c.i 

C.rayi 

418 

liyhriilinn 

407 

Nazia 

'"5 

l\ini  iiiliinn 

IMiiladelpliicum 

416 

latifiilium 

4"7 

raceniosa 

■o.S 

i'ai  oliniiiitiim 

445 

superl)niii         41; 

,4'8 

niiist'at'lo  yitii  111 

4",! 

Nemastylis 

452 

incidenliile 

445 

tiKfintim 

419 

parviflonim 

4"7 

acuta 

452 

Panicularia 

210 

uiiibcllatnni 

4>7 

1  aci  iiiosinii 

40) 

i^i-mmi/lora 

452 

( inc.  (,'lyiei  ia  ) 

Limnobium 

94 

VirKiiiicuiu 

4116 

Xfollia  ' 

aculi  flora 

21,1 

SpoiiKia 

94 

Melica 

•94 

see  Gyrostachys 

47"  2 

Americana 

212 

Limodorum 

4S0 

a  II  is. u' ma 

'95 

piilhsiins 

474 

an,i;  iislala 

215 

f>r,it\o\ 

471 

diffusa 

'95 

Xiphiihliinii 

Canadensis 

21  I 

tubercisum 

48.. 

imitioa 

195 

a,  rosliilioides 

'4 

dislans 

215 

II  III /'ol  ill  III 

4S., 

parvi  flora 

'95 

laiiosiim 

,11 

elongala 

212 

I.if'iii  is 

Poiini 

'95 

piiiuiilohitliiiii 

12 

fluitans 

21,1 

tilii/dlia 

47'| 

Smilliii 

172 

Notholaena 

,12 

laxa 

21  1 

/.(Hselii 

477 

Mil  roslylis 

dial  ha  la 

,12 

nervata 

21  2 

Lipocarpha 

-'75 

inonophylla 

475 

nivea 

,12 

nblusa 

21  1 

niaiMilata 

27,S 

opliioi^lossoidfs 

476 

Nuthoscordum 

4'5 

pallida 

21,1 

l.iijiiidamhai 

Milium 

'4' 

bivalve 

4 '5 

Panicum 

I  12 

asfiti'iii/'olia 

489 

anipliiiarpoii 

110 

si  rial  II  III 

415 

a^rostidi  forme 

115 

pri  ei;i  ilia 

489 

cilialinn 

1 10 

Xvcta(;ixaci:ak 

,^94 

ai;  rosloides 

115 

Listera 

472 

lOiiiprrssiiin 

109 

Oakfsia 

amaruni 

122 

australis 

47.^ 

effusum 

'4' 

piiht-riila 

4I" 

aiiiips 

115 

coiivallarioiiles 

47,^ 

pii  in  lain  III 

Iln 

sissilil'olia 

4'«> 

angustifolinm 

122 

cordata 

47,^ 

^^illa 

Onoclea 

s 

autumnale 

124 

Lolium 

225 

coci  iilfa 

416 

sensibilis 

9 

liarbulatum 

120 

pireniic 

22,S 

Molinia 

187 

Strulliiopteris 

9 

boreale 

119 

tenuilentum 

225 

coenilea 

'87 

Oiiyiliiinii 

eampeslre 

12.1 

Lophiola 

44f, 

JldXDCdTVI.EDONl'.S   62 

drnsinii 

V) 

capillare           12 

1.    124 

Americana 

446 

Mollugo 

5f»8 

Oi'HiiKii.ossACi'.vi 

I 

earinaliim 

114 

(III  It'll 

446 

verticillata 

SO"* 

Ophioglossum 

1 

clandestinuni 

IlS 

/.ii/t/iioiarfiiis 

S6 

Monolepis 

577 

vulKatum 

I 

colonum 

",1 

Lophotocarpus 

86 

clii'iiiipodioidt's 

577 

Opiirys 

coniniutatnin 

"7 

calycimis 

87 

Nuttal  liana 

577 

iirniia 

17' 

ionsaiii;niunnn 

122 

Lorant!i.\ce;ae 

.S.U 

MdKACKAK 

527 

Corallorlii:a 

478 

Crusgalli 

"1 

/.  11:  II  la 

Morus 

527 

I'ordcia 

17,1 

Cnrlisii 

"4 

see  Juncoides 

,V»6 

alba 

52S 

lilii/iilia 

47'> 

Diulvlon 

'75 

I.VCOIMiDIACKAK 

,w 

papyi  i/iia 
runra 

52') 

J.oi-selii 

477 

dehile 

125 

Lycopodium 

}f) 

528 

moiiiiplnllos 

475 

depauperatum 

121 

alpiiium 

42 

Muhlenbergia 

'4' 

Oplollina 

dicliotoniutii 

120 

alopecuroides 

4" 

anibiRua 

'4,^ 

rioridaiia 

,592 

diff'nsnm 

124 

anncitinum 

42 

capillaris 

'45 

OKCIIIDACKAK 

4,5') 

diKitarioides 

"4 

apod  inn 

4.S 

coniata 

144 

Orchis 

4,59 

dixariialinu 

"4 

Caroliniiiinim 

4,i 

dehilis 

■45 

lissa 

466 

dizrixens 

124 

clavalum 

4,< 

diffusa 

144 

rotundifolia 

4(i<i 

eloUKatum 

"5 

complanattiin 

4,? 

tree  la 

146 

speclabilis 

4,5V 

lili/oi  nie 

1 1 1 

dcndioidiiim 

4' 

gloineiala 

'4,1 

see  Habenaria 

.\(yiy~h 

flexile 

124 

inutidatiini 

41 

Rracillinia 

145 

Omithogalum 

42,1 

,i;i  nil  11  la  III  til 

'2,1 

hiciduliiiu 

4f' 

Mexicana 

142 

hiialve 

415 

tribbum 

'2,=; 

(ibscurum 

41 

niicrosperma 

'45 

liirsiiliiiil 

44" 

glahriim 

1 1 1 

1  iipestir 

44 

pungens 

146 

nutans 

424 

X  la  11  linn 

126 

sabiiiaeffiliiim 

42 

raceniosa 

'4,1 

umbellatum 

42.1 

liiaiis 

"4 

silaf;iiiiiides 

44 

sobolifera 

'42 

Orontium 

,1t>4 

liirlelliini 

",1 

SelaKo 

40 

sylvatica 

'4,1 

ai|uaticuni 

,i':-4 

hispid  inn 

11. 1 

Lygodium 

/ 

tenui  flora 

144 

Oryzopais 

yvt 

in  vol  III  mil 

121 

palmatum 

ll'illdinn:  ii 

'44 

asperifolia 

14" 

llaliiiim 

127 

Afiiilina 

Munroa 

'8,1 

Canadensis 

',W 

lanKuinosum 

121 

am  aiilioia 

529 

s((uarrosa 

'8,1 

cusi)idata 

141 

lalilolinm 

"5 

Macounastrum 

54' 

Muscari 

424 

juncea 

1 ,19 

laxiflorum 

"9 

Islandicum 

542 

botryoifies 

424 

melanocarpa 

140 

lima  re 

1 1 1 

Mainnllicmiim 

raccinosutn 

425 

inembraiiacea 

'4' 

louKifolium 

116 

Caiiademe 

4.?i 

MVKICACEAK 

487 

inicrantlia 

140 

macrocariHin 

"7 

Malaxis 

Myrica 

487 

()SMrM>.\t:i:AK 

4 

meliiariiim 

"4 

11  It  i  folia 

47f> 

asplcnifolia 

489 

Osmunda 

,s 

microcarpon 

116 

Manisuris 

HJ(l 

Carolinensis 

488 

ciniiamoujea 

5 

miliaeeum 

12,1 

Panicum 

mi  mis 

•^t 

ufi  :,iMi III 

1 17 

nitiduni 

1 31 

n  lilt  mu 

i-^l 

(ibliisutii 

IM 

f>(i II ,  iff i< ni in 

I  is 

pedum  iilaliiiii 

1  I-' 

rorteriiiiium 

1 17 

proliferum 

i:;.i 

putiesccns 

I  2 1 

nillllllnSlllll 

121) 

riistriituiii 

1  IS 

Siiiii^  II i iiith' 

1  1  1 

Sii'/idi  iiiiil        I  IS 

121 

Scri1)iurianuin 

IlS 

jipliacrocarpon 

llti 

sliii  liim 

121 

vernicdsum 

125 

Vi  ilii  illaliim 

12'l 

virKatuiii 

122 

:iri(lf 

126 

visciihim 

121 

Walti-ri             II,', 

I  17 

Wilcuxiaiiuin 

I  Kl 

xaiUliophysiim 

1  I> 

Ptinliiiitliiis 

Chilli  II sis 

45i 

Parietaria 

5.V4 

IViinsj-lvanica 

5,vl 

Paspalum 

l",S 

..iii/iii;  Hum 

1 1 1 

nil  lull  ill  III 

IcjS 

ciliatifolium 

'"7 

cdiiipressuni 

ICKI 

(liisyftliyllum 

'"7 

dcbile  ' 

KkS 

jlilatatuin 

107 

disticlium 

K.6 

Etiiollii 

1(H) 

filil'iiriiie 

1 1 1 

l''l(iriilamtm 

10 

t!  11 1  til  IIS 

llltl 

laeve 

hiS 

lonKipedunculatum 

iiKjiiosfifiiiniiii 

IdS 

iiienibranactum 

I<.*) 

Afii/Kin.viaiiiim 

II  l<) 

tmicrunatuiii 

II  Z) 

o-alinn 

1117 

pas])aloi(les 

Il«( 

plalViaiilon 

!(*) 

piibtsfeiis 

I  "7 

saiiguiiiale 

I  1  I 

setaceuiii 

1 117 

liislailiviiiii 

IIK) 

ira/ic/i'titiiim 

I(l() 

Pellaea 

29 

atri)purpurea 

^9 

(lensa 

:•>" 

i;iiiti/is 

2l» 

Stellcri 

2C| 

Peltandra 

^f'i 

aiha 

362 

saRittac-folia 

;/'-' 

uiidiitala 

;/i2 

VirKiiiicii 

;,62 

Peramium 

474 

(inc.  (,'i>odycra) 

Men/iesii 

475 

pubescens 

47 1 

repens 

474 

Phalaris 

'.V 

Aniiriiaiia 

',^1 

arutidinacea 

i;,n 

Caiiarieiisis 

',^1 

Caroliniana 

l.Vi 

ii  iiaii/iit  mis 

IM 

i  11 /er  III  I'd  ill 

l.V 

iiiyziiii/fs 

121) 

I'll  la 
IViiii  iiaceum 

l,Vi 

mnrilimiiin 

,S'»S 

Phegopteris 

l.S 

iNi)i:.\  ( 

Phegopteris 

Ill/ill  I  I'll 

Dryoptcris 

lifrxaKiiIKiplera 

I'lietiopttris 

p  '/ipudioidfs 
Philotria 

Canadensis 
Phippsia 

altrula 
Phleum 

alpiinim 

pratfiise 

si'/h'i  imidts 
Phoradendron 

llavesct-ns 
Phiagmites 

,  It  III  III  II II  is 

l'lirai<"iiUs 

I'lIVKlI.AClALI-.Al; 

Phytolacca 
(l.caiidra 
Picea 

,llh,i 

Canadensis 

Mariana 

II  It; I  a 
rubra 

I'll  I, I 

piiiiiila 
I'i.\aci;ai: 
Pinus 

alhu 

aiislralis 

hitlsitiiiia 

/niiiisiiiini 

CillKldtllsis 

divaricala 
tcliinata 
I'ldsti  i 

iiiiips 
lai  uiiia 
mil  is 
iiii;  III 
pahislris 

pilldll/il 

ponderosa 

l)unKens 

resinosa 

ritfida 

I II lira 

Striibiis 

Tat  da 

\'irKiniaiia 
Planeia 

a(|uatica 
Pliiniiilliira 

see  Habenaria  |6 

liolopi-liilii 

I  id  II  lid  if  III  ia 
Pleuropo)^on 

Sabinii 
Poa 

abbreviata 

nil  oidcs 

alpina 

alsodes 

illldilltl 

iiiii;iisliila 

annua 

ai/iiiiliia 

arida 

autuninalis 

brevifolia 

liuckleyann 

I  i/(',s  ill 

I II  pi  I  III  lis 
Cnioliiiiiiiiii 
cenisia 
Cliapnianiana 
conipressa 
ii  isliilii 
debilis 
disljiis 
til  I  III;  11 1 II 


)!■    I,. 

ITIN    NAMKS. 
Poa 

Polygonum 

605 

I'J 

Kl  iigioslis 

'^9 

scandens 

5'i6 

IV 

flava 

2115 

setaceuin 

559 

"> 

//(■  I  IIOmI 

216 

Tiiliii  iiiiin 

554 

II) 

Klauca 

2"5 

tenue 

HA 

") 

(jluniaris 

21  iS 

Virtfinianuni 

561 

'ir-i 

livpiiiiidcs 

192 

viviparuni 

555 

'l^ 

1  iiltiiiipla 

191 

Zuccarinii 

567 

'5" 

laxa 

2<'5 

riii.vi'uiiiALr.Ai; 

8 

I5'> 

iiiiiriliiihi 

214 

Polypodium 

52 

'47 

luninralis 

2' 15 

liiilhi/i  iiiin 

12 

14S 

ml  :  I'.lii 

212 

iiisliilinii 

I'l 

147 

old  II  ^11 

21  1 

di  lain  III  III 

iS 

147 

piiliiiini'ii 

11,11 

Ihyopli'iis 

19 

5.i,S 

pill  •'ill 

I.sS 

I'ilixfiiemina 

26 

5,15 

prateiisis 

2114 

Fill  v-iiuis 

17 

IN) 

pseudiipratensis 

2d4 

foil  III  nil  III 

25 

IS4 

1  I'll  iiilii 

191 

'ft-a:^ili- 

15 

184 

si'slci'tiiidi's 

1S4 

fin  11  III  II  s 

1() 

5',)3 

seroliiiii 

2i'5 

tii'xiii^oiioplci  a 

19 

594 

sylvestris 

2116 

i III  a  II II  III 

55 

594 

If  II II  ifi  dill 

2dS 

/.oiiiiiilis 

14 

54 

hiiiiis 

iss 

III  art;  ill  nil' 

17 

54 

li  iiliodis 

IMI 

niiiiitiiiniin 

15 

54 

trivialis 

2d4 

.\o:ihornieiisc 

15 

55 

Wulfii 

2117 

old  II  Sinn 

II 

55 

Pogonia 

467 

J'lifiiopliiis 

■9 

55 

alTinis 

46S 

pdlypodiiiides 

55 

divaricata 

4HS 

Kohiiliiiiiinn 

19 

5.Vi 

ophioiflosstiides 

4'>7 

spiiiiilosinii 

18 

49 

pt'lldllllt 

4'i7 

vnljjrare 

52 

5" 

triautlidpbdra 

4'''7 

Polypogon 

157 

54 

verlieillata 

46> 

Miinspeliensis 

'57 

51 

1'iii,m.ii.\aci:ai-; 

541 

I'olvslii  liiiiii 

i,i 

57 

Polygonatum 
biffiiruni 

4.i5 

I'liN  riaiKKiAci'.Ai: 

579 

52 

455 

Pontederia 

579 

5'i 

cuiiiniutatum 

454 

ciirdata 

579 

52 

i;  ii;iiiili'lllll 

154 

Iniiiifolin 

579 

52 

Polygonella 

,Sf,.s 

liiiiosa 

,^8(, 

57 

Anierieana 

56S 

Populus 

4'li> 

52 

articulata 

5f)S 

acuminata 

491 

54 

criiiiiilfs 

,S()S 

alba 

49" 

5- 

Polygonum 

5,54 

a  III;  II  hi  In 

495 

55 

III  If 

SI'h  1 

angustifdlia 

491 

51 

aniphibium 

555 

Alhcnii'iisis 

492 

54 

arifoliuni 

5'i7 

balsamifera 

491 

51 

articulatum 

50N 

inndicnns 

491 

55 

aviculare 

561 

Carolinensis 

495 

51 

Ikllardi 

562 

deltoides 

495 

55 

cani]>iiruni 

5f>4 

dilnlnlii 

495 

5«5 

Careyi 

559 

Krandidf ntata 

492 

5" 

cilinode 

5<'5 

heteniphylla 

492 

55 

Cunvolvulus 

5^)5 

monilifrin 

495 

5- 

cristatnni 

566 

nigra 

495 

525 

iiispii/iiliiiii 

5^17 

tremultiides 

492 

526 

dciisiftm  inn 

556 

Potamogeton 

65 

DdUglasii 

5'->5 

alpinus 

6,S 

1.  4'>5 

dunietiiruni 

5fi'i 

amplifolius 

67 

4f>5 

eniersum 

556 

niii;iislifoliiis 

7" 

4f»i 

erectum 

Sf',^ 

■    Clnyliinii 

f>7 

lip 

exsertum 

5f>5 

(ompi  issus 

72-74 

196 

/■'n.iii'pyi  inn 

555 

cdufervdides 

72 

2(11 

f;liitiiiiiii 

5<'2 

crispus 

72 

2112 

HartwriKhtii 

55':> 

diversifolii's 

7f) 

215 

Hydnipiper 

5'xi 

I'axoni 

(» 

2'M 

hydmpiperdides 

56(1 

filiforniis 

11 

2117 

iiiiiiiiiiiii 

557 

flahellnlus 

7« 

21  kS 

inearnatuni 

557 

ffnilnns 

(iS 

215 

lapatbi  folium 

557 

idlidsus 

"5 

21 11 

littdrale 

5f'2 

I'riesii 

f^ 

212 

IdiiKistylum 

55^1 

tfeinmiparus 

21  iS 

niaritiihuni 

5^12 

ffiiiiniiieiis 

fig 

2(i(. 

III  ill- 

5fi> 

heterdphyllus 

fi9 

207 

.'ifiilileiiheixii 

55f> 

Hillii 

7.1 

21  kS 

iinilosii  III 

557 

liyliiidiis 

76 

2115 

Opeliiusanum 

559 

lilinoensis 

70 

ISS 

dfientale 

5'" 

interruptus 

7^ 

lSS-() 

I'ennsylvanicum 

557 

lateralis 

75 

2115 

I'ersiciiria 

55.S 

kiiH-hites 

fi,s 

2112 

)ersieariiiides 

55''< 

lucens 

7" 

2112 

'drtdricense 

55'' 

iiiajoi 

74 

2112 

punotatum 

,s6d 

Mysticus 

7> 

.  Yi 

Kayi 

5^5 

natans 

(16 

214 

ranidsissinium 

5'M 

yiai^arensis 

75 

21  2 

saKittatutii 

5i'7 

Nuttallii 

''7 

6o6 


INI)i:X   Ol"    LATIN    N.\Mi;S. 


I; 


Potamogeton 

Razoumofskya 

.S.V5 

Salicornia 

Silii'lleia 

Oiiktsiaiuis 

(>6 

pusiUa 

,5.1,5 

Jiiiropaea  var. 

,S'^2 

i;i  ainiiiea 

,,So 

ohtusifdlius 

r,i 

Redfieldia 

lS(i 

fi  iilicosa 

5>^.? 

Siilla 

I'aiiiii  iiiilaiiiis 

"5 

titxuosa 

1% 

lierbacea 

5^2 

/■'rasei  i 

42.i 

paticitto)  us 

r.i 

A'l  iimliiiiii 

iniiinuiala 

5'^,? 

Scirpus 

2()1 

poctiiiatus 

77 

iisiii'oiilt's 

.n 

I  il  tiinica 

5.'<.! 

ai  il  iilai  is 

252 

l)erloli;itus 

71 

Kiilll'Oiiliii 

Salix 

49.? 

ai  iiiiiinalns 

255 

praeloiigiis 

71 

tilifiH  iiii'i 

226 

adenophylla 

5"4 

Aniericanus 

265 

pillclllT 

67 

rii'^osii 

Km 

alba 

4'/' 

all  I'piiipiii  1  IIS 

250 

pusillus                7. 

-7" 

Roubieva 

575 

aniyKdaUiides 

495 

atrovireiis 

26g 

Ri)l)l)insii 

-,s 

tnuUifida 

57f> 

ani;iis/ata 

5".1 

aiiliiiniialis 

260 

1  n/c-stiiis 

().s 

Rumex 

.547 

arctica 

502 

caespitosus 
Californicus 

262 

niiilus 

7\ 

Acitusa 

.S4X 

arnyrocarpa 

5"" 

267 

spatlnilafformis 

'_"' 

AcflDStlla 

547 

liabyliinica 

4f/, 

cainpcstris 

207 

Spirillus 

/  / 

altis^iinns 

.S4'l 

balsaniifera 

,S"4 

Canl\\i 

2f.6 

/i  ii/iohtis 

Ilritannica        sn) 

55' ' 

Harclayi 

5"4 

lapiflai  is 

25» 

Till  ktiiiui  III 

"2 

C(inpl(iniiratus 

551 

Kebbiana 

49'< 

capilaliis 

250 

Vasiyi 

74 

crisixis 

,551 

Hrownii 

502 

easlaiieiis 

2.S9 

Zizii 

~i  t 

il  if;  VII  IIS 

55.i 

Candida 

,5"! 

Clintoni 

26.5 

zosteracfolius 

-2 

/■'iii;ilmaiiiii 

54« 

ion  iilia 

4./, 

cylindricus 

266 

I'l  (isai  lis 

hastatuhis 

.54^ 

cordata 

,S".? 

cyperinus 

271 

laiiiigiiiosii 

t.3' 

liydii'liipiilliiiiii 

5.S" 

Cnllii  i 

,5"5 

debilis 

264 

liaiiiYiai  piiiii 

t,^-' 

inaritiiiiiis 

.552 

desertoruni 

,5<Ji> 

divaricalus 

27" 

Psilocafya 

~Si 

i>l)tusil'oIius 

.552 

discolor 

\-*) 

fi/nisi'loides 

248 

nitciis 

-',S7 

i>ccidi;inalis 

,5,5' > 

II  iiHi-pliala 

4'W 

/il  ii'pliiirniil 

271 

ryiuhi'spitmidi-s 

'x^7 

III  liii  iiliiliis 

.5.5" 

faUata 

494 

fluviatilis 

268 

scirpoides 

-'5^ 

I'atiiiitia 

.S.V 

'fliiviatilis 

497 

i;iiiiiies,eiis 

252 

I'TKKIIKll'IIVI'A 

1 

ptrsicarinidis 

,552 

fraRilis 

4'»'> 

Hallii 

264 

Pteris 

jS 

pulclur 

552 

Klauca 

5"l 

iiilei  iiii'diiis 

255 

Alahaiiiensis 

.\" 

salicifoliiis 

549 

i;  1  III  His 

,5"" 

inleislinclns 

248 

aquiliiia 

iS 

sanRuiiRiis 

,S5' 

Klaucophylla 

,S".i 

lacustris 

266 

all  opii)  pill  III 

J>) 

vcnosus 

54S 

lierbacea 

.505 

liplolepis 

266 

caiiiiiila 

JS 

verticillatiis 

549 

liuniilis 

49-^ 

lineatus 

270 

i;riii  I'.'ts 

->'l 

Ruppia 

78 

liiiis;i/i>lia 

497 

iiiariliinm       266 

26S 

'Sli-ll,-ii 

J4 

maritinia 

79 

Inciila 

495 

mill  aiilliiis 

275 

Puccinellia 

2\\ 

liiiiisliis 

79 

Missouriensis 

,5",i 

niicrocarpus 

26(> 

ainiides 

215 

ucoidtiitalis 

79 

niyrtilloides 

.5"5 

niucrouatus 

26f, 

aiiKUstata 

^',S 

Rynchospora 

276 

nigra                4(14 

495 

mil  la  I  IIS 

249 

(listans 

-'I4 

{ inc.  Sclim mis) 

petiolaris 

5'"" 

nanus 

262 

maritiiua          21  \ 

-''5 

alba 

J*"" 

phylicifolia     sun 

5"2 

II  Hens 

257 

Pyrularia 

5,?7 

axillaris 

27'l 

pi  inniilfs 

Yf) 

Olneyi 

265 

itli-i/ri  ii 

XM 

cai)illai.'ca 

27.S 

purpurea 

497 

iK-aliis 

251 

puliira 

537 

II  plialaiilliii 

279 

reticulata 

497 

paliiili  is 

251 

Quamasia 

422 

cnrniciilala 

276 

I'oslralii 

49^ 

pauciflorus 

262 

hyacinthina 

US 

cynmsa 

2S1 

sericea              4<»t^ 

.5".? 

I'eckii 

27" 

Que'rcus 

51.S 

fiisca 

279 

iristis 

4'« 

Ijlanifolius 

26,, 

aciiniitiata 

522 

Klonii-rata 

27S 

I'va  ursi 

5"5 

ixilyphyllus 

26.> 

allia 

520 

(fracikiita 

279 

vestita 

49-^ 

piini;eiis 

26.S 

a>iihii;ii,i 

,S1'> 

inexpansa 

2.S) 

vitninalis 

,S"i 

i/iiadi  aiiiiiilaliis 

249 

iii/liil/i<i! 

.S"> 

KniLsktrnii 

27^ 

-.ilillina 

4'^' 

1  eliKl'i  ailiis 

*il 

luoi/'ii 

.S2I 

llliliinshlillVil 

276 

War.lii 

495 

robustus 

268 

Hrittoiii 

.SI8 

nitens 

•!57 

Salsola 

5^5 

ii'siellafns 

25(> 

cdcciiu-a 

.S'7 

oliKantlia 

2"" 

ilipi  1  \sa 

5^5 

rufus 

2r37 

(liKitata 

,=iiH 

pallida 

277 

Kali 

.SM) 

Sniitliii 

2^.4 

faliahi 

,SI« 

pa  nil  II  la  la 

27H 

salsa  var. 

5^*4 

spadiii  IIS 

2.S9 

lietfropliylla 

5I'i 

siii  poiili-s 

25'^ 

Tragus 

fi^d 

subterniinalis 

26, 

ilii  i/'olia 

,Sl^ 

Torn-yana 

2S0 

S.\l.viNi.\(.i;.\i; 

M 

siipi  nils 

264 

iiiibricaria 

S2() 

Sagittaria 

^1 

Salvinia 

M 

sylvaticus         26.S 

26I) 

laiirifnlia 

5"') 

anibi^ua 

90 

natans 

.vl 

Tall 'I'll 

267 

I.iana 

,S2(1 

arifiilia 

Ho 

S.\N  IAI..\CK.\i; 

5.i'' 

le  II II  is 

255 

lyrala 

52 1 

calycina 

.s- 

Sarcobatus 

.58.1 

Torreyi 

26.S 

iiiacroi-arpa     ,s-'o 

52  r 

iristata 

91 

venniculatus 

5S<4 

1 VI- HI  is 

253 

Marylaiidita 

5r« 

cuneala 

so 

Sail  > mm 

liilii  1  iiiIhsiis 

25,? 

Michauxii 

,S22 

ICiiKtdnianniana 

.ss 

If  pi' IIS 

471 

falilii 

26" 

iiiiiiDr 

,S2i) 

faUala 

<(<| 

S.\rKtK.\i.'i;.M-: 

4H2 

rulidiis 

266 

.tfll/l/illthli;^!! 

522 

Kraminia 

91 

Saururus 

4.S2 

tColfii 

25* 

nana 

,SI>^ 

III  Ifi Dpiivlla 

'f 

cerinius 

1S2 

Selena 

aSi 

iiiRra                  ,si8 

.Sl'> 

lanoifiilia 

<c> 

Savastana 

i,ii 

la  \  a 

282 

ol'liisiloha 

5-!'> 

latifolia 

.HS 

alpina 

i.i-' 

oligautlia 

281 

olivatfiirinis 

521 

lonKiloba 

,S9 

odorata 

i.P 

paucitlora 

2S,< 

I)aluslris          516 

52" 

lonifi  rostra 

SH 

paucillnra 
Schedonnardua 

i.P 

reticularis 

2S2 

IMii'llos             .siH 

•SI') 

nalaiis 

92 

179 

Torteyana 

282 

platanoidfs 

.S2I 

))lalypliylla 

92 

panieulatus 

'79 

trigloinerata 

2S2 

priniiidfs 

.S2,l 

plihisifiis 

S8 

'/'iwiinus 

"79 

verticillata 

2f<,? 

rrimis              ,S2<) 

,S22 

piisilla 

92 

Si;iii;ri.ii/,i;Ri.\i:i.:.\i:  S2 

Scolochloa 

2<k; 

rubra                516 

SlH 

latliians 

86 

Scheuchzeria 

St 

festucacea 

2<V 

Kudkini 

,SlH 

riffida 

'CI 

palustris 

S| 

Scolopendrium 

21 

Stella  III 

52" 

saifillae/i'lia 

HS 

Si.Fliz.\i:.\ti:.\i-; 

Sdopeiulriuni 

2\ 

Ti'xana 

,S'7 

subulatn 

92 

Schizaea 

:iili;air 

2\ 

liiuliii  ill 

."i"? 

teres 

9" 

pusilla 

Si;i..\i.im:i,i..\i.i;.\i-: 

4t 

tridfnlala 

.S2" 

lariahilis 

.H.H 

Si  Imiiiiis 

Selaginella 

44 

velutiiia 

517 

S.\i.iL'.\ci:.\K 

49" 

uiaii Si  Hides 

2S| 

apus 

45 

linns 

,S7.( 

Salicomia 

.5H2 

t  II J  IIS 

2(17 

rupestris 

44 

VirKiiiiaiia 

.S3.! 

anibiKua 

5^.1 

Sihoenus 

selagiuoides 

44 

Kajaiiia  orala 

.S'x» 

HiRelnvii 

58,1 

see  Rynchospora  2; 

f)-So 

spinosa 

44 

11 

•14 
45 
44 
44 
44 


INDEX 

OF   LA 

TIN   NAMES. 

607 

Serapias 

Sporobolus 

Triclwchloa 

Uvularia 

viridiflora 

469 

cu.spidatus 

«53 

micrnspcrma 

145 

ample.vi/olia 

4.12 

Sesleria 

depauperaltis 

153 

Trichodiiim 

grandiflora 

409 

dadyloidci 

183 

heterolepis 

155 

see  Agiostis 

159 

perfoliata 

409 

Sesuvi'um 

598 

Indicus 

154 

Ttichomanes 

6 

pubcrula 

410 

maritimum 

.Sf^ 

junceus 

154 

radicans 

6 

se.ssilifolia 

409 

penlandrum 

.=i<j8 

longifolius 

15» 

Tricuspis 

Vagnera 

429 

Setaria 

minor 

•52 

purpurea 

185 

(inc.  Smilacina 

) 

daclvloides 

>8.5 

neglectus 

152 

Triglochin 

82 

amplexicaulis 

429 

see  Ixophorus    1 26 

127 

pilo«uB 

'52 

elata 

83 

racemosa 

429 

Sieglingia 

.84 

serot '.lus 

.56 

maritima 

•o-' 

stellata 

430 

dccumbens 

>85 

vaginacflorus 

1,52 

palustris 

83 

trifolia 

4,10 

purpurea 

i«5 

Virginicus 

153 

striata 

83 

V'AI.I.ISNKRIACEAIi 

92 

seslcrioides 

184 

Stenanthium 

4"3 

triandra 

83 

Vallisneria 

92 

stricta 

185 

angiislijoliiiin 

4"3 

Trillium 

435 

.spiralis 

93 

Sisyrinchium 

45.1 

gramintum 

4"3 

eernuum 

4.17 

I'asiya 

anceps              453 

454 

robustiim 

4"4 

erectum 

437 

loniata 

144 

angtisti  folium 

454 

Stenophyllus 

25« 

erytliroearpuni 

4,18 

Veratrum 

407 

Atlamii'uni 

151 

capillaris 

25S 

grandiflorum 

437 

anirusti/oliuni 

4"3 

Ilei  iinidiiiHii 

45.^ 

Stipa 

•37 

nivale 

43*> 

lii'leum 

402 

KTaiuiiuiitUs 

45.1 

aveiiacea 

',!« 

recurvatum 

4.1'' 

parvijiorum 

407 

IHKllOlllllunt 

454 

hai  Ihila 

'.18 

rhiiiiiboideum 

4.17 

viride 

408 

Silaiiioii 

hiioiiir 

|^>^ 

sessile 

4,lf' 

Woodii 

408 

ilyiiioidcs 

2^2 

(tipillaiis 

'45 

midulatum 

4.18 

Vilfa 

Smii.ackai-; 

4iH 

comata 

i.l'^ 

Triddia 

see  Sporobolus 

52  6 

Smt/iiciiia 

ill 'Ida 

l,V» 

iiiprea 

1.S4 

]  'isiu  in 

bi/iiliii 

4.1' 

Macounii 

137 

deciimkens 

'85 

Jiavescens 

535 

see  Vagnera 

429 

iiiniibniiiaiiit 

141 

stritia 

'85 

Windsoria 

Smilax 

4,18 

Hiiliai  dsonii 

',17 

Tripsacum 

97 

siritia 

185 

liuua  iiox 

44' 

spartca 

,18,  1.19 

dactyloides 

98 

pallida 
Woodsia 

213 

cadiiKi 

140 

/  'ii);hnia 

',1« 

Ti  iptei  el  I  a 

9 

ecirrluila 

4,19 

viridula 

",18 

coerulea 

4.56 

alpina 

10 

glauca 

44" 

Streptopus 

432 

Tripleridiuin 

glabella 

10 

liaslahi 

44' 

ampKxifolius 

432 

inieranlliiim 

.597 

hyperbiirea 

10 

herbacea 

4,V) 

lUIIII^QlllOSIlS 

43' 

Trisetum 

170 

llvensis 

10 

hispida 

4.|u 

roscus 

4,11 

flavescens 

171 

obtusa 

II 

lauccolata 

442 

Siiacda 

pahislie 

'7' 

Oregatia 

II 

laurifolia 

44' 

dipiTssa 

,5.^5 

I'ennsylvanicum 

171 

scopulina 

1 1 

I'seudo-Cliiua 

441 

linearis  var. 

,5^4 

prahnse 

171 

Woodwardia 

20 

pulvt)  ulcnta 

4.W 

niai  ilinia 

5«5 

sul)spicatum 

171 

angiisli/olia 

20 

quadianiiiilaris 

440 

Syinphuarpiis 

Trilidini 

areolata 

20 

rutuudifolia 

440 

/oitidiis 

^(>.^ 

see  Agropyion  226 

228 

Virginica 

20 

spiinilosii 

44" 

Syntherisma 

I II) 

Tsuga 

55 

Wolffia 

367 

tamiiifolia 

4,19 

filiformis 

1 11 

CauadeiisiB 

.56 

lirasiliensis 

,167 

lainnoidfs 

44' 

i;  la  bra 

III 

Caroliniana 

.56 

Columbiana 

.167 

Walltri 

442 

linearis 

III 

TvrHACKAK 

()2 

Xanlliosoma 

Sorghum 

104 

pratroi- 

III 

Typha 

62 

saffillaefolia 

362 

avfiuiceiim 

11)4 

sanguinalis 

III' 

angustifolia 

63 

Xerophyllum 

4ui 

Halepeuse 

104 

si'iiitina 

III 

latifolia 

62 

asphodeloides 

401 

H  Ida  Hi 

104 

villosa 

III 

I'dora 

93 

setifoliuin 

401 

Sl'AKC.ANIACKAK 

til 

Taxackak 

61 

Ulmackai; 

523 

Xyrid.\ckak 

368 

Sparganium 

audrocladuin 

6.1 

Taxodium 

57 

Ulmus 

524 

Xyris 

168 

64 

distichum 

58 

alata 

525 

Caroliniana 

37" 

angiiitifoliuin 

64 

Taxus 

61 

Americana 

524 

communis 

.1('9 

curycarpum 

f',^ 

banala 

61 

cam  pest /is 

524 

difformis 

369 

ftuilain 

64 

brfi'ij'iilia 

61 

fulva 

525 

elata 

37" 

minimum 

64 

Caiiadi-nsis 

()I 

pitbescens 

525 

fimbriata 

370 

simplex 

64 

minor 

61 

raccmosa 

524 

llexuosa 

.169 

Spartina 

'75 

Thalia 

4,S5 

Uncinia 

284 

Jupaiai 

37" 

allei  nifloia 

177 

dealbata 

455 

microglochin 

285 

montaiia 

,169 

cyuosuroides 

175 

Till  si  inn 

Unifolium 

43" 

torta 

37" 

f;  labia 

iniibtilaliiin 

5,16 

Canadense 

43' 

Yucca 

426 

trracilis 

176 

Thuja 

58 

Uniola 

197 

an^ustifoiia 

427 

J  Uinta 

176 

iiccidentalis 

58 

araiilis 

'97 

baccata 

426 

patens 

176 

Tillandsia 

374 

laxa 

197 

filamentosa 

427 

polystacliya 

176 

usneoides 

374 

latifolia 

'97 

glauca 

427 

stricta 

'77 

Tipularia 

479 

paiiiculata 

.9.8 

Zannichellia 

79 

Spathyema 

,/>,! 

dist'idiir 

480 

spieala 

198 

palustris 

80 

foelida 

,16,1 

unifolia 

48.1 

siriila 

.98 

Zephyranthes 

443 

Sl'KKMArOI'IIVTA 

49 

Tofi      JL 

^m 

I'lacline 

Atamasco 

fA 

Spiiaiilliis 

glutinosa 

4(« 

asperi/olia 

140 

Zizania 

dccipii-iis 

475 

palu.stris 

3W 

inieraiitlia 

140 

aquatica 

128 

giaiiiiiira  var. 

471 

piibisii-iis 

4IX) 

1  aeeinosa 

140 

Hiiliacea 

128 

sec  Gyrostachys  471 

racinuisa 

4<TO 

rKTICACKAK 

5.1" 

Zizaniopsis 

127 

Spirodela 

.lf'5 

Toxylon 

528 

Urtica 

.S3' 

miliacea 

128 

potyrliiza 
Sporobolus 

.lf'5 

pomifenim 

529 

diamacdryoides 

532 

Zostera 

8j 

'5" 

Ti  ailiriiKtia 

ntindriiu 

534 

marina 

82 

(inc.  rU/a) 

ptilvshichya 

176 

difaritata 

533 

Zygadenus 

404 

airiiides 

'55 

Ttadescantia 

,177 

dioica 

.531 

elegans 

405 

argutus 

1.S4 

brevicaulis 

37H 

gracilis 

53" 

glaberrimus 

404 

asper 

'5' 

fif  t  lima 

378 

puniila 

533 

fllauius 

4"5 

aspcrifolius 

',S< 

tnontana 

377 

urcns 

512 

leimantlioides 

406 

brevifolius 

15,1 

pilosa 

37H 

Urticastrum 

532 

Nuttallii 

405 

compressus 

',s( 

rosea 

378 

divaricatum 

l^ 

venenosu-s 

4"5 

eryptandrus 

'.55 

Virginiana 

377 

Uvularia 

39 


I     !' 


Index  of  English  Names. 


1 1 


Ahck-  -,<)o 

Abronia  .s  17 

Ailaiii  ami  Ivvo  1^*1 

Adam's  Neidlu  427 

AiUliT's  Mdutli        f7.=>  fi 
AI)I)1:k's  TuNdiK 

I'AMII.V  I 

Adder's  Toiifjue  2,  4211 

Apave  415 

AUltr  ,Si^  ,i 

AUioiiia  .si),S 

Alpine  Historl  ,s,i,s 

AMAKAN'TH  I'AMIl.VsSd 

Amaranth  .S''^!'^  ')<> 

Amarvm.isI'amii.v  (4,( 

Amphicarixm  1 10  , 

Anaroste])liium  416 1 

Arbor  vilae  5H 

ArctaRroslis  I,S7  ] 

Aretluisa  4Ih; 

Arislida  i.VV" 

liranchccl  i,i4 

liusliy  l.it) 

ICrect  I ,?() 

l''e\v  flowered  i,i5 

I'orked  i.M 

Purple  i.iT 

I'uri)lisli  134 

Seabeach  136 

Slender  i,V! 

Western  1,^7 

Woolly  I3,S 

Arrow-arum  .^ba 

Arkow-grass  1''amii^v 

82 

Arrow  tfrass  f<,^ 

Arrow  head  Si-yo 

ARRUWKUCJT  I'AMILV 

454 

A  RIM  Family  .^Ck) 

Arnm  ,lf>2  .i 

Asanim  5.V**  'J 

Asparagus  42S 

Aspen  4*12 

Aspliodel  ,^99,  401 

Atamaseu  I.ily  444 

Atriplex  579  *^" 

A/.oUa  35 

Hald  Cypress  5S 

Bald  Rush  257-8 

Balmof-C.ilead  491 

Balsam  I'"ir  57 

Balsam  Poplar  491 

Barley  22S-9 

Bastaid  Toadflax      sM' 

Bayhkrrv  Kamii.y  4S7 

Bayberry  4X8 

Beaked  Rusli  277 

Brown  279 

Capillary  278 

Capitate  279 

Clustered  278 

Kewflowercd  277 

Oriiss  like  280 

Knieskern's  278 

Nodding  280 

Pale  277 

Slender  279 


Beaked  Rush  ' 

Torrey's  2S0 

White  277 

Beekmannia  iSi 

liKKCll  1''amii.y  51,^ 

Beech  ,s<6,  514 

lieeehfern  19 

Billwurt  4ii<»-  10 

Bindweed  ,s''5 

BiKcii  Family  .sofi 

Bireli  5"^  'i 

American  White     50S 

Black  510 

Canoe  5111) 

Cherry  510 

Dwarf  51 1 

Ctlandular  510 

Cray  51" 

I,ow  5" 

Paper  509 

Red  5'«J 

River  ,stx) 

Scrub  5'" 

Sweet  5H) 

Western  Red  ,S(K) 

Yellow  510 

BiRTIIWllKT  I'"AMII  Y 

5.?7 
Birthwurt  540 

Bistort  355 

Bitternnl  485 

Blackberry  I.ilv         45,5 
Black  Walnut  48,; 

BlazinK-stur  402 

Blite  576, 5><4-5 

Blood-leaf  -,93 

BlodiavoRT  I'amily 

442 

Blue  Beech  .S06 

Blue -eyed  Grass         .^s^ 

Blue  I'lag  44''>-5'>: 

BoK  asphodel  401  I 

Bouteloua  l8ci  1 

Brachyelytrum  14'' 

Brake',  Bracken      2S   50 

Brome  Cirass         21924 

Barren  221 

Corn  22,^ 

Downy  220 

I'ringed  219 

I     Hairy  220 

Quakegrass  22,^ 

Schrader's  224 

Smooth  221 

CpriKht  220 

Bruunicliia  5fxj 

liicKWiiicAT  Family 

54' 

Buckwheat      55,}  6,  s6<> 

BulTalo-nut  s,V 

BuRseed  582 

Bulrush  265 

Bog  266 

California  267 

Canby's  266 

Dark-green  269 

Great  266 

Leafy  269 


Bulrush 

OIney's  265 

Peck's  270 

Prairie  267 

Reddish  270 

River  268 

Salt  Marsh  26S 

Small-fruited  2()<) 

Spreading  270 

Torrey's  265 

Wooil  268 

Brxcn  ii.(i\vi;r 

1''AMI1.V       ,VJ9 
Bunch  (lower  40*^'  7 

Bur-head  8(, 

BfEOLWNIA  I'"aMILY 

455 
Burmannia  456 

Bi'R  Ri:i:i)  I'amily     6,1 
Bur  leed  6,^-4 

Calamns-rool  .iO.) 

Calypso  477 

Cane  2,^,? 

Cari'kt-wkkii  F'amily 
597 
Carpet-weed  598 

Carrion-flower  4,^1) 

Catbrier  440 

Cat  TAIL  Famiia-      62 
Cat-tail  62-3 

Cedar  58  60 

Chain  fern  20 

Chair-maker's  Rush  265 
Clieat.  Chess  219-24 

Chestnut  5>5 

Chickweed,  Indian   598 
Chiiuiuapin  515 

Chive  Garlic  412 

Chives  412 

("hloris  178 

'  Christmas-Rreen  4,^ 

ICIadothrix  592 

I  Clearweed  53,1 

ClilT-brake  29-30 

Climbing  False 

Buckwheat     566 
Climhinc.  I'kr.v 

Family       7 

Climbi;ig  Fern  7 

Clintouia  42S  9 

Cuii-Moss  Family   ,^9 

Club-moss  40  3 

Club-rush  262 

Clinton's  2(13 

Chairmaker's  265 

Dwarf  262 

;      Few-flowered  262 

Hall's  264 

Red  267 

Smith's  264 

Tufted  262 

Water  263 

Weak-stalked         264 

Wood  263 

:  Colic-root  425-t> 

1  Comandra  536-7 

CoNiKKRS  49-53 

I  Cooperia  444 


Coral-root  47^-9 

Crested  481 

ICarly  47* 

Large  479 

Small-flowered  478 

Striped  479 

Wister's  478 

Cork -elm  524 
Cork  woiiK  Family 

489 
Cork-wood  489 
Cotton-grass  271-3 
Cotton-woiid  491-3 
Couch-grass  226 
Cresteil  Dwarf  Iris    431 
Cucumber-root,  In- 
dian 435 
Curly-grass  7 
Cycloloina  577 
Cypress  58 
Cyperus  234 
Awned  237 
Baldwin's  246 
Ihown  239 
Coarse  242 
Coast  237 
lilegant  237 
I';ngelniann's  243 
F'lat  238 
Globose  245 
Grav's  246 
Hale's  341 
Hall's  240 
Houghton's  246 
Lancaster  244 
Low  236 
Marsh  23S 
Michaux's  242 
Nuttall's  236 
'      Pine  barren  245 
Red  rooted  241 
Reflexed  244 
R')UKh  244 
Schweinitz's  238 
Sheathed  239 
Shining  236 
Short  pointed  239 
Slender  245 
Straw  colored  243 
Toothed  240 
"i'ellow             235,  241 
Cypress  '        58 
Cystopteris  12-13 
Darnel  225 
Day-flower  375  6 
Day  Lily  411 
Dichromena  256-7 
Diplachne  186 
Disporum  43'  2 
Ditch-moss  93 
Dock  548-51 
Bitter  552 
Bloody  551 
Broad  leaved  552 
Clustered  551 
Curled  551 
Fiddle  552 
Golden  358 


i-W-\-»A.."  .„'  --r^.iv' 


iNDHX  or  i-;x(;i,isir  nami;s. 


12-13 
22,S 

375  6 
411 

256' 7 
186 

431-2 
93 
548-51 
552 
55  > 
552 
55« 
SSI 
559 
838 


nock  ' 

(Ireat  Water  .s,sn 

Pale  541) 

I'iiliciK'c  ,S5" 

I'ciicliUiived  ,s.|<; 

Red  veined  551 

Sour  ,s(S 

Smaller  (Irccii  551 

Swamp  549 

Tall  .sjc) 

Veined  ,S4S 

Water  550 

Western  550 

White  550 

Willow-leaved  540 

r)oor-wee<l  561 

Dratfon  root  ,^61 
1)1  CK\vi;i;ij  I'amii.v 

3''>5 

Duckweed  y),s  7 

Dulicliium  247 

Diipatya  ,^7.? 

Dupontia  2111) 

Dutchman's  ripe  5411 

Katoiiia  i<)2  3 

I?el  grass  S2,  tn 

IVI.M    I'AMII.Y  52( 

ICliii  524  () 

IClyiia  2S4 

Ivqnisetuni  39 

Ivragrostis  188 

lUunt-scaled  192 

Capillary  18S 

Clustered  191 

CreepiuK  192 

l-'rank's  iSS 

Hair-like  iq\ 

I,ow  i,S9 

Meadow  191 

Prairie  190  ' 

Purple  i()() 

Pursh's  1S9 

Short  stalked  ic/i 

Strong  scented  i.xc) 

Tufted  i.sS 

IvrioRonum  542-6 

Allen's  S43 

Annual  544 

Branched  545 

Crisp  leaved  544 

I'Vwflowercd  545 

James'  543 

I.oUK-leaved  543 

I,<mg-rooted  54*1 

Narrow-leaved  546 

Nodding  546 

Slendi'r  544 

Winged  542 

Yellow  ,s.is 

Kurotia  581 

False  Aloe  445 

False  Huckwheat  56^) 

False  (larlic  415 

False  Hellehore  4r>S 

False  Nettle  ^^4 

False  t)at  171 

F'cather  Cieraniiim    574 

Ff.rn  Famii.iks  1-33 

F'ern  i  -1;'^ 

Beech  19 

Brake,  Bracken  28-30 , 

Bristle  '  6 

Brittle  13 

Chain  20 

Christmas  14 

Cinnamon  ,s 

Clayton's  6 

Clin-brake  21^30 

Climbing  7 

Curly-grass  7 

Cystopteris  1213 

Goldie's  17 

Grape  2-4 

Hartford  7 

Hart's  Tongue  21 


l-ern 

llay-scetited 

Holly 

I,ady 

l,ip 

Maiden  hair 

Male 

Moonwort 

New  York 

Oak 

Ostrich 

Polypody 

Rock-brake 

Royal 

Sensitive 

Shield 

Spleenwort 

Sweet 

Venus  hair 

Walking 

Wall  Rue 

Wood 

Woodsia 
I'Meld  Sorrel 


12 
14   15 

20 

30  3' 

T- 
-/ 

17 
3 
15 
I') 
9 
32-3 

28 

5 

9 

I,S   IS 

22  26 
4S9 
27 
21 
25 
17 

lO-II 

547 


1'ii.mv-1'"i:kn  Famii.v  6 

l'"inibristylis 

259  •'o 

I'Morin 

I.S9 

I'irs 

57 

l-'lag                364, 

y\^  51 

I'leur-delis         447,  450 

I'lorida  Moss 

374 

I'lower  de-luce 

447 

I'ly-poison 

403 

Fol'R-o'CI.OCK  F. 

iM- 

Il.V 

59-1 

Fox-tail            126 

I  |8  I) 

Fragrant  Hickorj 

48(. 

I'ritillaria 

419 

I'roelichia 

5',l2-3 

I'rog's-bit 

94 

iMiirena 

274 

C.arget 

594 

Carlic 

112  15 

C.erauinm,  I'eath 

fr   574 

(rlasswort 

5S2  3 

(iolden  Club 

304 

(iood  King  Henry     5)4 

GoosiCKdorl-'AMii.v  5fx) 

Goosefoot 

570  0 

Ikrlandier's 

572 

Hose's 

572 

City 

573 

Cut-leaved 

57'> 

I'"eatlierGeraniuni  574 

I"rcnu)nt's 

572 

Good  King  Henry  571 

Jerusalem  Oak 

.574 

Many  seeded 

571 

Mapie -leaved 

573 

Narrow-leaved 

57" 

Nettle  leaved 

573 

Mexican  Tea 

575 

Oak  leaved 

57" 

I'ereunial 

574 

Red 

574 

Turnpike  Geranium 

I'oright 

0/1 
5;  3 

White 

570 

Wormseed 

575 

Grape-fern 

2-4 

Grape-Hyacinth 

424  5 

Graphephoruni 

210 

Grass  I'amii.v 

94-233 

Grass 

94-233 

Arctagrostis 

157 

Aristida 

133-7 

Barnyard 

03 

Barley 

228  -<> 

Bear 

427 

Beard      98,  101 

■3.  "57 

ileckmaiinia 

181 

Bent              160 

-2,  167 

Bermuda 

175 

Black 

3S5 

Irass 

Black  Oat  138 

Itlue-eyed  4534 

Blue  2112,  204 

Blue  joint  163 

Bottle  brush  233 

Brachyelytrum  nh 

Bronie  219  24 

Boutelona  180 

Buffalo  183 

Hnr  127 

Canary  131)  i 

Cane  233 

Carnation  330 

Catch  fly  V29 

Chess             219,  221   3 

Chloris  17S 

Cockspur  113 

Couch  221) 

Cotton  271  3 

Cord  1 7I) 

Crab,          109.  Ill,  iSi 

Curly  7 

Daniel  22,s 

Diplachne  186 

Dog's-tail  2(Ki 

Dog's  tooth  I7,s 

Dropseed      14  |,  15(0 

Dupontia  2<«j 

Fatonia  192  3 

Jul  72,  93 

ligyptiaii  182 

ICragroslis  188-92 

l'"alsc  Oat  171 

]''alse  Red-top  203 

Fescue  216  8 

I'inger  ill 

l'"iorin  139 
iMix-tail         126,  I  j8  <) 

( '■ania  (fS 

C.oose  214 

Grama  180 

Graphephorum  210 

Gymnoi)ogoii  178-1) 

Hair   145,  161,  168-170 

Hard  226 

Heather  183 

Hedgehog  127 

Herd's  1 17,  i,S9 

Holy  132 

Hungarian  127 

Indian  104 

Indian  Rice  128 

Ivray  225 

Johnson  104 

Joint  106 

June  204 

Koeleria  194 

Kory  carpus  k/) 

I.eptochloa  182 

I.yine  -J32 

Manna  21 1-3 

Manisuris  loo 

Mat  22) 

Mat  weed  KV) 

Marsh  175,  177 
Meadow 

201  -7,  212,  21!  3 

Melic  193 

Mesciuitc  180 
Millet 

1 10,  123,  127,  I  (1 

Molini.i  187 

Mountain  Rice  139-41 

Muhlenbergia  142  6 

Munro's  183 

Nard  224 

Nimble  Will  144 

Nut  24 1 
Oat          13S,  171 -4,  i(»8 

Orchard  200 

Oryzopsis  141 

Panic  1 13-123 

Phippsia  150 

Phleum  148 


609 

Grass 

Pigeon  126 

PIeuroi)ogon  196 

Pluiiie  (fi) 

Porcupine  139 

Poverty  133 

Prickle  103 

yuake.  Quaking     199 

(Jnitch  22b 

kattlesnake  21 1 

Kav  223 

Reilfieldia  iSh 

Red  top     139,  1,84,  203 

Reed         12S,  131),  1,58, 

163  7,  176,  1S4 

Rice  I  28,  139  40 

Rice  Cut  129 

Rush  Cat's-tail         147 

Rush  151   4 

Rye  223,  230 

Sand  183 

.Sand  reed  iW) 

.Sallnieadow  176 

Schcdnnnardns       179 

.Scoloehloa  209 

Scutch  1 73 

.Scutch  Cane  233 

Sea  Oats  19S 

.Seneca  132 

Sieglingia  183 

.Small  Cane  233 

Smut  1S4 

.Soft  168 

.S|)ear  201-3,  203  S,  214 

Spike  197-8 

S(|uiriel-lail  229 

.Stagger  444 

.Star            380,  423,  446 

Stipa  137-8 

Sweet  Vernal  131 

Terrell  2^0 

Thin  161 

Timothy  147 

Tootliache  177 

Tumble-weed  12^ 

V'lvet  168 

Water  t)ats  1 2S 

Wheat  227-8 

White  129 

Whorl  194 

Wild  Oat  1734 

Wild  Rye  2,VJ-2 

Windlestraw  167 

Wire  134.  iSi 

Wirebeut  224 

Witch  12^ 

Wool  271 

Yard  181 

Yellow  eyed  3(j9-7o 

Grass  pink  480 

Grass-wrack  82 

Grease  wood  384 

Green  Arrow-arum    362 

Green  Brier  440  2 

Green  Dragon  361 

Ground  Hemlock         61 

Ground  Pine  41 

Gyninopogon  178  o 

llackberry  526 

Hair  Grass 

Farly  169 

l.ong  awned  143 

Mount.ain  170 

Rough  161 

Silvery  168 

Tufted  169 

Wavy  170 

Hartford  F'erii  7 

Hart's-tongue  21 

Hazel-nut  507-8 

Hellebore  '    4aH 

Helleborine  ,\(x) 

Hemicarpha  275 

Hemlock  36.  61 

Hemp  530,  391 


Ik'. 


6io 

Hickory  4^1-7 

l)i({  SliaK-bark  4«6 

llitter-iiut  4HS 

I'raKrant  .(Sft 

KiiiK-niit  4S6 

Mocker-nut  .jsf) 

Pecan  tS4 

Pig-nut  4S7 

Sliaif-bark  4SS 

Shell-bark  4S5 

Small  fruited  4S6 

Swamp  4S,s 

White-heart  4S6 

White  Walnut  485 

Hop  s.io 

Hop-Hornbeam  507 

Hornbeam  506-7 

Horned  Rush  276 

Horsebrier  440 

HoKSKTAII,  KaMII.V    ^S 

Horsetail  .^57 

Hyacinth  42,V,S 

Hymenocallis  445 
Indian  Chickweed    sgH 
Indian  Cucumber- 
root  4,^5 

Indian  Poke  408 

Indian  Turnip  ,V)i 

Inkberry-  ,S94 

Iresine  .so,! 

Iris  I'"amii.y  447 

Iris  451-2 

Iron-wood  507 

Ivray  225 
Jack-in-thc-pulpit      ,^6i 

Jerusalem  Oak  574 

Joint-weed  ,s6.S 

Juba's  IJusli  59,^ 

Juniper  59-<><> 

King-nut  4S6 

Knotgrass  ,s6i 

Knotweed  561 

Hellard's  ,s62 

Hushy  564 

Douglas'  s'JS 

Krect  56,^ 

Japanese  567 

Long-fruited  56,1 

I'rairie  564 

Ray's  563 

Seaside  562 

Shore  562 

Slender  564 

Virginia  561 

Kobresia  284 

Kochia  ,sHi 

Koeleria  194 

Korycarpus  196 

Kyllingia  247 

Ladies'  Slipper  457 

Large  Yellow  458 

Rani's-liead  457 

Showy  4,s,S 

Small  While  45H 

Small  Yellow  459 

Stcmless  457 

Lady-fern  26 

Lady's  Thumb  ,ssS 

Ladies'  Tresses  470-2 

Fragrant  471 

Grass-leaved  471 

Hooded  470 

Little  472 

Nodding  471 

Slender  472 

Wide-leaved  470 

r<amb's  (Quarters  570 

Larch  54 

Leek  412 

Leitneria  489 

Leptochloa  182 

Leucocrinum  411 

Lii.Y  Family  410 
Lily                       411-44 

Asa-Gray's  418 


INIU'X 

OF 

K.N 

ISH   NAMHS 

Lily 

Notholacna 

Atamasco 

444 

Nut-grass 

lilackberry 

4S< 

Nut-rush 

Canada 

4'7 

Oak 

Carolina 

41S 

Harrcn 

nay 

411 

Hasket 

Mariposa 

422 

Bear 

Philadelphia 

4.6 

Black 

Red  416-17 

Southern  Red         417 
Tiger  419 

Turk's-cap  418 

Western  Red  417 

Wild  Yellow  417 

Wood  416 

Yellow  417 

Lii.v-()1'-thk-Vai.i.i;y 

Family  427 

Lily-of-the- Valley    4,^1, 
4.14 
Lip-fern  .^o  .;i 

Lipocarpha  27,s 

Lizakd's-Taii-  1'am- 

II.Y  482 
Lizard's-tail  482 

Long-moss  374 

Lophiola  446 

I.ophotocarpus  87 

Macounastrum  542 

Maiden-hair  Fern  27 
Mariposa  Lily  422 

Marsh  Samphire  582 
Marsii.ka  Family  33 
Marsilea  33-4 

Mayaca  Family  '367 
Mayaca  368 

Mat- weed  166 

Meadow  Grass 

201  -7,  2I2-I,S 

Annual  201 

Arctic  215 

Flat-stemmed         202 

I-'owl  205 

Grove  207 

Prairie  204 

Reed  212 

Roughish  204 

Slender  21.S 

Spreading  214 

Wavy  21)3 

Wood  21 15 

Melanthium  407 

Me:   can  Tea  575 

Millet     KKi,  123,  127,  141 

MisTLKTOK  Family 

534 

Mistletoe  535 

Moccasin  Flower      4.S7 

Mocker-nut  486 

Molinia  1S7 

Monolepis  577 

Moonwort  3 

Moss,  Long,  l'"lorida374 

Moose  ivlm  525 

Mountain  Rice      139-41 

Mud  Plantain         '    380 

Muhlenbergia       142-46 

I'lliform  145 

Hairy  144 

Marsh  1.(3 

Meadow  142 

Minnesota  143 

Prairie  146 

Rock  142 

Slender  144 

Small-seeded  143 

Wood  1 43 

MuLHKRRY  Family ,S27 

Mulberry  528-9 

Naias  80-1 

Necklace  Pojilar       493 

Neniastylis  4,^2 

NicTTi.K  Family       530 

Nettle  531-34 

Noah's  Ark  457 


32 
241 

281  -3 

516-23 
51.^ 
522 
51'^ 
517 
Black-jack  518 

Bur  521 

Chestnut  522  3 

Cow  522 

Iron  520 

Jerusalem  374 

Laurel  319 

Live  323 

Mossy-cup  521 

Overcup  321 

Pin  ,si() 

Post  520-1 

Quercitron  317 

Red  316 

Rock  Chestnut  522 
Scarlet  317 

Scrub  318 

Scrub-chestnut  523 
Shingle  320 

Spanish  318 

.Swamp  516-21 

Texan  Red  317 

Water  319 

White  320-1 

Willow  519 

Yellow  522 

Oak  Fern  19 

Oat  138 

False  171 

Purple  172 

Sea  198 

Smith's  172 

Wild  173 

Oat  Grass  17  V  4 

Black  138 

Oil-nut  484,  337 

Onion,  wild         413-413 
Orache  57'H-<) 

Orchid  F-\mii.y       436 
Orchis  459-66 

Bog  461,  462 

Craiie-tly  480 

Crested  Yellow  464 
I'-en  477 

Fnngeless  Purple  466 
Hooker's  461 

Large  Purple  fringed 
46<i 
Large  Round-leaved 
461 
Leafy  Green  462 

Long-bracted  463 

Northern  Bog  461 
Pale  Green  464 

Prairie  White-fringed 
465 
Purple-fringed       4^)6 
Ragged  463 

Showy  431) 

SmallGreeiiWood  463 
Small  Northern  Bog 
461 
Small  Pale  Green  464 
Small  Round-leaved 

4--., 
Small  So.  Yellow  463 
Smaller  Purple- 
fringed  466 
Southern  Small 

White  462 

Tall  Leafy  Green  462 
Tall  White  Bog  4(>2 
Tubercled  4*14 

White-fringed         jfis 
Yellow-fringed       464 
Ory/opsis  l|i 

Osage  Orange  529 


Osier  496-501 

Ostrich-fern  9 
Panieuin,  Panic  Grass 

114  25 

Agrostis  like  113 

Barbed  120 

Beaked  115 

Blunt  114 

Diffuse  124 

I'orked  1 20 

Gaping  114 

Gibbous  123 

Hairy  121 

Hispid  118 

Large-fruited  117 

Lax-flowered  iig 

Long  1 1 5 

Long-leaved  116 

Narrow  1 1 4 

Narrow  leaved  122 

Northern  11 1) 

Porter's  117 

Round-fruited  11(1 

Scribner's  Ii8 

Sea-beach  1 22 

Shining  120 

.Slender  118 

.Small-fruited  116 

Spreading  123 

.Starved  121 

Tall  Smooth  122 

Variable  117 

Velvety  121 

Warty  1 23 

Wilcox's  1 19 

Wirv  124 

Wood  124 

Paper  Mulberry  329 

Paspaluin  103 

Ciliate-leavcd  107 

Crab-grass  109 

Field  108 

I'lat  UK) 

I'lorida  108 

Joint-grass  ii/j 

Long  stalked  108 

Slender  107 

Tall  107 

Walter's  106 

Water  106 

Pecan  484 

Pellitory  5,14 

Persicaria  555 

Bristly  550 

Carey's  33c) 

Dense  flowered  336 

Dock -leaved  337 

Marl  Wright's  330 

Lady's  Thumb  358 

Long-styled  35f< 

( )|)cIousas  550 

Pale  557 

Pennsylv.'inia  557 

.Slender  Pink  337 

.Southwestern  338 

.Swamp  356 

Water  555 

I'liippsia  Ifio 

I   ileum  148 

I'lUKICRKL-WKICI) 

Family  379 

Pickerel-weed  379 

I'ig-nut  4'*7 

Pigeon  Berry  594 

Pigweed  570,  387 

Pink  Family  49 

Pine 

Bull  sa 

Canadiiin  5' 

C.-mdlewood  53 

Frankincense  ,S3 

(Georgia  31 

Gray  32 

Ground  41 

Hard  51 


.1    a 

■t    ■ 


120 

114 

184 

I30 

114 

135 

121 

iiS 

i'7 

119 

lis 

116 

in 

;a 

122 

11.) 

117 

(1 

116 

IlH 

122 

120 

iiS 

a 

116 

123 

121 

122 

117 

121 

125 

119 

124 

124 

ry 

529 

lo.S 

eil 

107 

109 

108 

109 

108 

106 

d 

108 

107 

107 

106 

106 

484 

5M 

555 

559 

559 

eret 

55*' 

d 

557 

hfs 

55<> 

mil) 

55H 

d 

55S 

550 

557 

lia 

557 

nk 

557 

trii 

55^ 

^s(> 

555 

150 

148 

K.KI) 

\M1I 

V      .S79 

ed 

379 

4^7 

y 

59» 

S70.  5*^7 

Y 

49 

52 

51 

od 

5,', 

;nse 

5,1 

51 

52 

41 

51 

INDHX   OF   KNGLISII   NAMKvS. 


611 


Pine 

i  Red-root 

44,1' 

Sagittaria                 90-92    5 

Hickory 

5.1 

«ed  top                 I,S9,  '84 

Saltwort 

.586 

Hudson  Bay 

52 

Keed              128,  iM),  184 

Saiainia  1'amii.v 

.VI 

Jersey 
I,iil>riulor 

52 

Keed  Crass 

16,1-7 

Salvinia 

,V1 

52 

Kog 

'f'5 

iampliirc,  Marsh 
Sand-reed 

.582 

Loblolly 

5,1 

I.angsdorf's 

1 64 

if)6 

I.ongr-leaved 

5' 

I.ong-leaved 

167- 

SandaiavooI)  Famii.v 

Northern  Scrut) 

52 

Macoun's 

'f',1 

5.16 

Old-field 

5,1 

Narrow 

165 

Savin 

60 

Pitch 

5,1 

Nuttall's 

165 

Schedonnardus 

'79 

Red 

51 

Pickering's 

164 

Scheuchzeria 

84 

Sap 

5,1 

Porter's 

164 

Scolochloa 

209 

Scrub 

52 

.Salt 

176 

Scoke 

.594 

Short-leaved 

52 

Sea  sand 

166 

.Scottish  .Asphodel 

.199 

Southern 

51 

Short-haired 

166 

Scouring  Rush 

.18 

Spruce 

52 

Wood 

'.S'^ 

Sea-Blite                   584  5 

Table-niountain 

5.? 

Kice 

128 

•Sea- Purslane 

5'*8 

Torch 

,S,( 

Kicliweed 

5,1,1 

SKiMiii  Famii.v 

2,14 

Virginia 

5> 

Kock  brake 

28 

.Sedge                    292 

-^fxi 

Western  Yellow 

51 

Roubieva 

576  ^ 

Alpine 

.lof' 

Weymouth 

50 

RllVAI.  Fkrn 

Arctic  Hare's-foot  ,?,s,^ 

White 

.SO 

I'"AMII,\ 

1 

,\ssiiiib<)ia 

.119 

Yellow 

5" 

Royal  I'ern 

5 

Awl-fruited 

.11,1 

PlNlv-AI'Pl.i:  l''.\MII.Y 

Ruppia 

79 

Awned 

,1o2 

.174 

Rr.sii  Famii.v 

,V8I 

Back's 

,1,18 

Pink,  Swamp 

402 

Rush 

.1«2 

Bailey's 

2W 

Pipe-vine 

.54' 

Awl -leaved 

,187 

Barratt's 

.112 

Pll'KWOKT  I'amiia 

.17' 

nald 

257  « 

Bent 

.128 

Pipewort 

57 '-,1 

Baltic 

.1«l 

Bicknell's 

.160 

Planer-tree 

52f> 

Bavonet 

,19' 

Bigelow's 

.I'o 

Plantain             S5,  474-5 

Bekked 

277 -So 

Black 

.106 

Pleuropogon 

196 

Black-grass 

,185 

Black-edged 

5,15 

Pogonia                   467-8 

Kog 

,182 

Blackened 

297 

PoKK-VVKKU  1''aMII,V 

Brownish-fruited   .W) 

Bladder 

29,1 

591 

Bulbous 

,190 

Blunt  Broom 

.156 

Poke,  Pokcweed 

.594 

Bulrush 

265-70 

Boott's 

.l.lf' 

Poke,  Indian 

4.« 

Canada 

,(94 

Bottle 

297 

Polypody 

,12,1 

Carolina 

,1'M 

Bristle-leaved 

.1,12 

P()N1)\vki;i)1''amii 

V   65 

Chair  maker's 

265 

Bristle-stalked 

.1.19 

Pondweed 

5<)-.Si 

Chestnut 

,189 

Bristly 

.101 

AlRa-like 

72 

Common 

.1*<2 

Bristly-spiked 

.14f> 

Hlunt-leaved 

7,1 

Creeping 

.188 

Uroiid-leaved 

.1,10 

Capillary 

76, 

Club 

262-4 

Broad-winged 

,159 

Clasping-leaved 

7' 

Clustered  Alpine    t,X() 

Brome-like 

.1.54 

Curled-leaved 

72 

Diffuse 

.196 

Brown 

.107 

ICel-grass 

72 

I'orked 

3S<7 

Browned 

.157 

Faxon's 

68 

Clomerate 

.1«.1 

Brownish 

.151 

Fennel-leaved 

/  / 

C.rass-leaved 

.188 

Bur-reed 

.148 

l-'iliform 

/  / 

C.reene's 

.187 

Button 

21>S 

Floating 

(/) 

Highland 

.1«5 

Capitate 

.1.19 

Fries' 

74 

Horned 

276 

Carey's 

.128 

Hill's 

7,1 

Jointed 

.19' 

Carnation -grass 

.1.10 

Illinois 

70 

Knotted 

.192 

Carolina 

.117 

Interrupted 

78 

I.oiig  styled 

.188 

Cattail 

.102 

Large-leaved 

67 

Many-headed 

.19,1 

Chestnut 

.1'9 

I.eafy 

7.1 

Mat 

2()6 

Clustered 

.144 

I.ong  leaved 

68 

Moor 

.189 

Coast 

.140 

Mystic  Pond 

/  ' 

New  Jersey 

•     ^Q2 

Collins' 

21)2 

Northern 

(),S 

Nut 

2S1    S,( 

Crawe's 

.12.1 

Nuttall's 

f'7 

Pennsylvania 

.18,< 

Creeping 

.14' 

Oakes' 

«) 

Richardson's 

,191 

Crested 

.157 

Opposite-leaved 
Rafmesque's 

75 

Roenier's 

,184 

Curved 

.141 

7<> 

Scirpus  like 

,19.1 

Cuspidate 

.111 

Robbins' 

78 

Sea 

.184 

Cyperiis  like 

.100 

Shining 

70 

Secund 

.186 

Dark  green 

.121 

Slender 

74 

.Sharp  fruited 

,195 

Davis' 

.118 

Small 

75 

vShorl-fruited 

,19.5 

Dense  I.ong-beakeil 

Spatulate-leaved      fx) 

.Slender 

.186 

.I'"' 

Spiral 

/  / 

Small-headed 

.194 

Dewey's 

354 

Spotted 

67 

.Soft 

.182 

Dcmglas' 

.142 

Various-leaved 

69 

Spike 

248-56 

Downy  (ireen 

.1i'> 

Vasey's 

74 

Stout 

.195 

Drooping 

.1" 

White-stemmed 

71 

Thread 

.18.1 

Drooping  Wood 

.120 

Ziz's 

70 

Three-floweiei 

.190 

Dry-spiked 

,155 

Poplar 

490^,1 

Three  square 

265 

Fasten! 

,1,10 

Prince's  Feather 

5fc' 

Toad 

.185 

Kminons' 

,1,14 

Purslane,  Sea 

.5<>S 

Torrey's 

.192 

I'eseue 

.1.59 

Putty-root 

481 

Twig 

281 

Few-flowered 

292 

yi'IlIAVDRT  FAM 

ll.v  45 

Two-flowered 

?.'^'t 

l-'ew  fruited 

.125 

(Juillwort 
Quitch-grass 

4,S-8 

Vasey's 

.186 

I'ew-seeded 

295 

226 

Yard 

.186 

Fibrous-rooted 

.1.1.1 

Rattlesnake  Plantain 

Wood 

39«.-8 

Field 

.125 

474-5 

Russian  Thistle 

586 

l>*ox 

.145 

Red  Cedar 

^'  f«> 

Rye 

2V-2 

Fox  tail 

•'i! 

Redfieldia 

186 

.Sage,  White 

■581 

Fragile 

296 

Sedge 

I'rank's 

.1"' 

p'raser's 

,1,1'> 

l''riiige<l 

,1'4 

(".lancescent 

,122 

("tlancous 

.1'5 

Ciolden-fruited 

,1,1' 

Cioodenough's 

.1"9 

C.raceful 

.1'7 

Crass-like 

.1.10 

Cray 

.121 

Cray's 

29.1 

Creen 

.124 

Creenish-white 

.159 

Hairy-fruited 

.102 

Hairy 

.10*' 

Hair  like 

.120 

Handsome 

.1'8 

Ilare'sfool      ,VS1 

.1.S6 

Hart  Wright's 

2')<) 

Hay 

.157 

Havden's 

.108 

Heavy 

.115 

Hidden  fruited 

,114 

Hillside 

,155 

Hirsute 

,1"' 

Hitchcock's 

,125 

Hop 

294 

Hop-like 

294 

Hoppner's 

.I'O 

Houghton's 

.105 

Hudson  Bay 

.152 

Inland 

.1.50 

Involute-leaved 

.14' 

James' 

.1.17 

Large 

295 

I.arge-panieled 

.14.1 

Leavenworth's 

.149 

Lenticular 

.H'') 

Lesser  Panicled 

.144 

Lesser  Prickly 

.148 

Little  Prickly 

.1.5i> 

Livid 

.1,1' 

Long 

29,1 

Loiig-awned 

.I'.l 

Limg-beaked 

.1'9 

Long-bracted 

.12,1 

Long-stalked 

,1,1,1 

Loose-flowered 

.127 

I.oose-flowered 

Alpine  ,^2 

Low  Northern 

.1.12 

Louisiana 

21)4 

Magellan 

.11.1 

Marsh  .Straw 

.158 

Meadow- 

.122 

Mead's 

.127 

Mud 

,11. •! 

Muhlenberg's 

,149 

Muskingum 

,155 

Nard 

,140 

Narrow-leaved 

,121 

Nebraska 

,1"8 

Necklace 

21)7 

New  liugland 

.1.14 

Nodding 

.115 

Northeastern 

296 

Northern 

.1.14 

Northern  Clustered 

.152 

Northern  Meadow  354 

Norway 

.151 

Oval-headed 

.149 

Pale 

.124 

Parry's 

.1'>7 

Particolored 

.1.1' 

Pennsylvania 

.1.1.1 

Plantain-leaved 

.129 

Pointed  Broom 

.1.56 

Porcupine 

.liio 

Pubescent 

.1.1(> 

> 

Rae's 

295 

Raven's  foot 

.14.1 

Redowsky's 

.14" 

) 

Reflexed 

.147 

11    "" 


6l2 

SedRC 

Rilrorsc  2(»S 

Kil)1)e(l  ,V<> 

Kii'liardson's  ,(,1- 

Kivor  bank  ,VM 

Rock  .VV'^ 

KourIi  ,VM 

Kiisset  2()«) 

Sallow  20<) 

Salt  marsh  ,U" 

Sand  .U2 

Sartwell's  .vtf> 

Scliwi-init/.'s  ,?o<i 

Scirptis  like  ,v^7 

Seaheacli  35^ 

Seaside  .^i ) 

Sliatpsealcd  t,\X 

Sheathed  ^2(> 

Short-leaved  312 

Short's  ,VM 

Silvery  ;,?> 

Slender  ,v\S 
Slender  stalked      ,^20 

Slender  Wood  ,^2S 

Soft  Vox  ,^(2 

Soft  leaved  ^^h 
Sonthern  ("•lancoiis 


INDEX  OF   ENGUSII   NAMES. 


S6i) 
4.VH 


,S»o 


,V.S 

Sparse  flowered  .^52 

Spreading  .^2i) 

Sfiuarrose  ,^t>i 

Stellate  ,147  1 

Straw  ^S>^ 

Snninier  317  | 

Swamp  ^^'^ 

Texas  347 

Thicket  ^^o 

Thin  frniled  ,^22 

Thin-leaved  ,U^ 

Thread  leaved  XV) 

Three  frnited  ,1,S,i 

Turrey's  ,^24 

Tuckernian's  29.H 

Tussock  ;>ii^ 

Twisted  ,V  1 

Umbel-like  3,15 

Variable  ,126 

Variegated  ,307 

Velvet  ,",04 

Vernal  ,3,1,S 

Walter's  ,104 

Water  .v*) 

Weak  Arctic  ,l,lH 
Weak  Clustered  ,l.s,1 
White-Hear  ,i2q 

White-scaled  ,1,S,S 

Willdenow's  .3,17 

Wood's  ,126 

Woolly  ,30,s 

Vellow  ,32,3 

Vellow-fruited  34,s 
Vellowish  292 

Si;i..\(;iNi;i.i.A  I-'amii.v 
44 

SclagincUa  44-s 
Sensitive  I'eru  9 

Serpentary  .'i4o 

Sheep-sorrel  .S-i? 


ShaR-bark  4S,S-6 

Shell  bark  Hickory  4S,s 
Shield  fern  i,s  iX 

SieKlingia  iJ^.S 

Silver  leaf  Poplar  4<)i 
Skunk  Cabbage  .36,1 
Slippery  Kim  .S2,s 

Small  fruited  Hickory 

4W, 
Smartweed 
Smii.ax  I'amii.y 
Smilax 
Snake-mouth 
Snake-root 
Solomon's  Seal 

430  I 
Sorrel  547 

Southern  Haeklierry 

527 
.57.? 
42') 
<,  214 
203 
203 

21  kS 
202 
20^) 
21..S 
20S 
201    2 


.  433- t 

S.  ,S,S3 


Sowbane 
Spanish  liayonet 
Spear  grass      201- 

Alpine 

Arctic 

Huckley's 

Chapman's 

h'lexuous 

("ilaucous 

I.arge-flowered 

I,ow 


Mountain 

Northern 

I'rairie 

Sea 

Short-leaved 

Sylvan 

Weak 

Wolf's 

I'lDKRWORT  1 


Spiderwort 
Spike  rush 

Ueaked 

Hlack-frnited 

Bright  green 

Capitate 

Creeping 

lingelmanns 

I'lat-stemmed 

Knotted 

Large-tubercled 

Matted 

Needle 

Ovoid 

Pale 

I'urple 

(Quadrangular 

Robbins' 

Slender 

Small-fruited 

Three-ribbed 

Twisted 

White 

Wolf's 
Splcenwort 
Spikenard 
Spruce 
Stagger-grass 


Star-grass     .^Si,  42,";,  446 
Star-of- Hethlehem 

An 

Stenanthium 
Stenophyllus 
Stipa 

Strawberry  Blite 
Sugar  berry 
Swamp  Hickory 
Swami)  Pink 
Sweet  Fern 
439  I  Sweet  Klag 
467    Sweet  dale 
Tacamahac 
Tamarack 

Tapk-ckass  Family  92 
Tape  grass  93 

Teartliunib 
Thalia 

Three-stiuare 
Thistle,  Russian, 
Timothy 
Toad -flax 
Tofieldia 

Trailing  Christmas 
green 
Tumble-weed      123, 
Turkey  beard 
Twayblaile 
Hroad-lipped 
Heart-leaved 
Large 
Loesel's 
Southern 
Twisted  Stalk 
llmbrella  wort 
I'ncinia 
Venus  hair 
Wahoo 
Wake-robin 
Walking  fern 
Willi  Kne 
2,s6    Wai.nt  r  1"ami 
2,S4    Walnut 

250  Water  .Arum 
2,So    Water  Heeeh 

251  Water  Ivlni 
Water  Hemp 
Water  Hickory 
Water  Oats 
Water  Pi,'pi)er 
Watkr  Plantain 

Family  S) 


203 

20,S 

208 
214 
207 

20<l 
2o() 
207 
AMILV 

374 
.377  ^ 
24s 


2.SI 
2,';,s 
24S 

2.S3 

252 
2,S1 
249 
2,SO 
249 
249 

2.S5 
2.S3 
2,S4 
2,S3 
2,S4 
2,52 

22-26 
429 

,S4-,S.S 
444 


-4 
4i>.V4 

2.SH 

>.17  8 

.S7ft 

.';26 
48.S 

402 

489 
.164 
487 

491 

.S4 


.Sf>7 
4.S,S 
2<.,S 
,SSf, 

U7 

400 

43 

,sss 
401 
473 
473 
473 
476 

477 

473 

432  3 

.WS  '> 

28s 

27 

,S2,S 

4,16-S 

21 

25 

4^1 
483-5 

^(•^ 

526 
59' 
485 
12H 

,560 


Water  Plantain  85 

Water  Thyme  93 

Water  weed  93 

Waxbcrry  488 

Wax  nivrtle  488 

Wheat-grass  227 -S 
White  Arrow-arum    ,162 

White  Hellebore  408 


White-heart  Hickory 

486 
White  Sage  .581 

White  Walnut        4S4-5 
Wild  dinger  ,s,l8 

Wild  Hyacinth  423 

Wild  Onion        4>,3.  4I5 


Wild  Spikenard 
Willow  1'"amii.v 
Willow 
Arctic 
Kalsam 
Harclay's 
Kearbe'rry 
Bebb's 
Hitter 
HIack 
Blue 
Bog 
Brittle 
Broad  leaved 
Crack 
Desert 
Dwarf 
Dwarf  C.ray 
I'tirry 
C.laueous 
('.lossy 
('.round 
('.olden  Osier 
Hairy 

Heart-leaved 
Hoary 

Huntingdon 

Missimri 
Net  veined 

Northern 

( )sier 

Peach  leaved 

Prairie 

Purple 

Pussy 

Ring 

River  bank 

Rose 

Robert  Brown's 

Sage 

Sandbar 

Shining 

.Silky 

Silver 

Slender 

Tea-leaved 

Ward's 

Weeping 

Whipcord 

White 
Wolfha 
Wood  Rush 
Woodsia 

Woolly  Pipe-vine 
Wormseecl 
Yam  Family 
Yam  root 

YKI.LDW-KYKn 

Grass  Family  ,168 
Yellow-eyed  Grass  369- 
37'i 
Yellow  Flag 
Ykw  Family 
Yew,  American 
Zannichellia 
Zizaniopsis 
Zygadenus 


429 
49" 
4'H 
502 

504 
,504 
.505 
498 
497 
494 
496 

.S05 
496 
5<M 
49b 

505 
499 
.504 
499 
495 
,502 
496 
498 
.S03 
,501 
496 
,503 
497 
.SOI 
49^'.  .S'>' 
495 
498 
497 
499 
4</> 
497 
497 
,502 

499 
497 
495 
499 
5<J" 
,500 
,502 
495 
496 

497 
496 

3(>7 
.396-8 

lO-II 

541 

.575 
446 

447 


451 
61 
f)i 
80 
128 
404-6 


42q 

■   49" 

49-» 

SC)2 

!s>«4 
,S04 
.S"S 
40« 
497 
494 
406 

S"5 
496 

S03 
496 
5(xi 

5'>,S 
4W 
,S"4 
4<»9 
495 
502 
496 
4(>S 
5"3 
S"i 
496 

497 
S'" 
\(/>,  ,S"" 
495 
49« 

497 
4<}9 
496 

497 

497 

's   502 

499 
497 
495 
499 
500 
500 
502 

495 
496 

497 
496 

367 
396-H 

lO-II 

le   541 

575 
446 

447 

ii.v  368 

ass  369- 

370 

451 

61 

61 

80 

138 

404-6 


